
r Library of Congress. I 



= m 
® 
'0. 

gg M 

1 ^UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.^! 

mm 9 - 16 '- &m 



Chap. .ID 

Shelf. ZB-H 



BEETON'S 



CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 




Antony and Cleopatba in Egypt. 



BEETON'S 



Classical Dictionary. 

a &£cIopa>tua of 

GREEK AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, 
MYTHOLOGY, AND ANTIQUITIES. 



WITH APPENDICES, 

CONSISTING OF TABLES OF 

THE ERAS OF GREEK AND ROMAN LITERATURE; GREEK AND ROMAN 
CHRONOLOGY; ROMAN WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND MONEY; 
GREEK WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND MONEY; 
PR ON UNCI A TION; ME TRE. 



WARD, LOCK AND CO. 
LONDON: WARWICK HOUSE, SALISBURY SQUARE, E.C. 
NEW YORK : BOND STREET. 

It 



.Bf/ 



BEETON'S 
CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Abac8snum 



A 

Abacenum, d-bd-cce'-num, an ancient town 
of Sicily, W. of Messana and S. of Tyndaris. 

Ab^e, ab'-ce, a town of Phocis, famed for an 
oracle of Apollo ; after Xerxes' invasion, the 
Abantes migrated to Eubcea, and some thence 
to Ionia. 

Abalus, ab'-dl-us, an island in the German 
Ocean, where, it was believed, amber dropped 
from the trees. 

Abantes, d-ban'-tes, the ancient Eubceans. 

Abantias, ab-an' -ti-as (fern.), and Aban- 
TIADES, ab-an' -fi-a-des' (masc), a patronymic 
of the descendants of King Abas of Argos, 
such as Perseus, Danae, Atalanta, &c. 

Abantidas, d-ban'-ti-das, tyrant of Sicyon, 
after his murder of Clinias, Aratus's father, 
264 B.C., was assassinated 251. 

Ab ARB area, db -ar-bdr 1 -e-a , a Naiad, mother 
of ^Esepus and Pedasus, by Bucolion, Laome- 
don's eldest son. 

Abarimon, ab-a-rl'-mon, a country of 
Scythia, near Mount Imaus. The people were 
said to have their toes behind their heels, and 
able to breathe only their native air. 

Abaris, db'-dr-is. 1. A man killed by Perseus. 
2. ARutuliankilledbyEuryalus. 3. A Scythian, 
son of Seuthes, lived during the Trojan war, 
or the age of Croesus : he received from Apollo 
a flying arrow, by which he gave oracles and 
could transport himself anywhere : he returned 
to the Hyperborean regions from Athens with- 
out eating: he made the Trojan Palladium 
with the bones of Pelops. Probably two persons 
of the same name have been confounded. 

Abarus, d-bd'-rus, also called Mezeres and 
Ariamnes, an Arabian prince who deserted 
Crassus in his expedition against Parfhia. 

Abas, db'-as. 1. A river of Armenia Major, 
where Pompey routed the Albani. 2. A son 
of Metanira, changed into a lizard for laughing 
at Ceres. 3. The 12th king of Argos, famous 
for genius and valour : father of Proetus and 
Acrisius, by Ocalea : he built Abse, and reigned 
23 years, 1384 B.C. 4 & 5. Two companions 
of ./Eneas, one killed in Italy, another in the 
storm after leaving Carthage. 6. A Greek, 
killed by ./Eneas in the Trojan war. 7. A Latian 
chief who helped ./Eneas against Turnus, and 
was killed by Lausus. 8. A centaur, famous 
for skill in hunting. 



Abradatas 



Abassus, a-las'-sus, a town of Phrygia. 

Abastor, a-bas'-tor, one of Pluto's horses. 

Abatos, db'-d-tos, an island in the lake near 
Memphis, burial-place of Osiris. 

ABDALONYMUS,rt<J'-<^«-/5'-«j/-OT?«,adescend- 
dant of the kings of Sidon. He had to main- 
tain himself by working as a gardener : was 
made king in room of the deposed Strato, on 
capture of Sidon by Alexander. 

Abdera, ab-de'-ra, a maritime city in Thrace, 
founded by Hercules in honour of Abderus, 
and beautified by the Clazomenians and Teians. 
The air was unwholesome, and the people of 
a sluggish nature, whence the phrase Abde- 
ritica mens for stupidity : however, it was the 
birthplace of Democritus, Protagoras, Anax- 
archus, and Hecatjeus. 

Abderus, ab-de'-rus, a man of Opus, in 
Locris, armourbearer to Hercules, torn to 
pieces by the mares of Diomedes, intrusted 
to him when Hercules warred against the 
Bistones. Abdera was built in his honour. 

Abella, a-bel'-la, a town of Campania, 
famed for its nuts [nieces Avellance) and 
apples. 

Abelux, ab'-e-lux, a Saguntine noble, 
favoured the Roman party against Carthage. 

Abenda, a-ben'-da, a town of Caria, where 
temples were first raised to the city of Rome. 

Abia, ab'-i-a, formerly Ire, I'-re, named 
after a daughter of Hercules, a maritime town 
of Messenia. 

Abu, ab'-i-i, a Thracian people who lived 
on milk, esteemed celibacy, and disapproved 
of war. 

Abila, ab'-il-a, or Abyla. i. A mountain of 
Africa, 18 miles from Calpe (Gibraltar), on 
the opposite coast of Spain. The two moun- 
tains are called the Columns of Hercules, and 
said to have been united till he made a com- 
munication between the Mediterranean and 
Atlantic. 2. A town of Ccele-Syria. 

Abnoba, ab'-no-ba, a mountain of Germany. 

Aborigines, ab'-dr-l'-gin-es, the original in- 
habitants of a country : especially the people 
conducted by Saturn into Latium, where they 
taught the use of letters to the king (Evander), 
assisted ./Eneas against Turnus, and were the 
progenitors of the Latini. 

Aborrhas, d-bor'-rhas, a river falling into 
the Euphrates on its east side, near Arcesium. 

Abradatas, ab-rad-d'-tas, a king of Susa, 
who, on his wife being captured and humanely 



2 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Abrocomas 



treated by Cyrus, surrendered : he fell in his 
first battle as Cyrus's ally, and his wife stabbed 
herself. 

Abrocomas, ab-rod-o-mas, a satrap of Arta- 
xerxes Mnemon. 

Abron, ab'-ron. i. An Athenian writer on 
festivals and sacrifices. 2. A grammarian of 
Rhodes, who taught rhetoric at Rome. 3. An 
author of a treatise on Theocritus. 4. A 
native of Argos, famous for debauchery. 

Abronius, ab-ro'-ni-us, Silo, a Latin poet in 
the Augustan age, wrote some fables. 

-Abronychus, ab-ron'-y-chus, an Athenian, 
ambassador with Themistocles to Sparta. 

Abrotonum, ab-rdt'-dn-tcm. 1. The mother 
of Themistocles. 2. A city between the Syrtes, 
in Africa. 

Abrypolis, ab-ryp'-ol-is, an ally of Rome, 
dispossessed by the last Macedonian king, 
Perseus. 

Absinthii, ab-sin'-thi-i, a people on the 
coasts of Pontus. 

Absorrus, ab-sor'-rus, Absyrtis, ab-syr'-tis, 
or Absyrtides, ab-syr'-ti-des, the islands in 
the Adriatic where Absyrtus was killed. 

Absyrtos, ab-syr'-tos, a river falling into the 
Adriatic near Absorrus. 

Absyrtus, ab-syf-tus, a son of iEetes, king 
of Colchis. His sister Medea, when she fled 
with Jason, murdered him, at Tomi, or at 
Absorrus, near Istria, and strewed his limbs in 
her father's way, to stop his pursuit : according 
to others, he was not sent in pursuit of, but ac- 
companied her. 

Abydos, d-by'-dos. 1. A town of Egypt, famed 
for Osiris's temple. 2. A city of Asia, nearly 
opposite Sestos, in Europe, built by the Mile- 
sians : famous for the loves of Hero and Lean- 
der. Here Xerxes built his bridge of boats 
over the Hellespont. 

Abyla, db'-y-la [see Abila). 

Acacallis, ad-a-call'-is, a nymph, mother 
of Miletus, Philander, Phylacis, &c, by 
Apollo. 

Academia, dd-d-de-mi'-a, a place near 
Athens, surrounded with lofty trees, and 
adorned with covered walks, the seat of Plato's 
school, called the Old Academy to distinguish 
it from the second Academy, founded by Ar- 
cesilaus, and from the third by Carneades. 

Academici, dd-d-de'-mi-ci, the philosophers 
of the Academia (q. v.). 

Acamas, dc'-dtu-ds. 1. Son of Theseus and 
Phaedra, went with Diomedes to demand Helen 
from the Trojans: was father of Munitus by 
Laodice, Priam's daughter : engaged in the 
Trojan war : built Acamantium, in Phrygia, 
and, returning to Attica, gave his name to a 
tribe at Athens. 2. A son of Antenor, in the 
Trojan war. 3. A Thracian auxiliary of Priam. 

Acantha d-can'-tha, a nymph loved by 
Apollo, and clianged into the acanthus. 

Acanthus, d-can'-thus. 1. A town near 
Mount Athos, founded from Andros. 2. A 
town of Egypt. 

Acarnan, d-car J -ndn, and Amphoterus, 
tmn-photf-er-us, sons of Alcmaeon and Cal- 



Acb-sea 



lirrhoe : when infants, Jupiter granted their 
mother's prayer that they should quickly grow 
up to avenge their father's murder. 

Acarnania, d-car-nd'-ni-a, anciently Cure- 
tis (named from Acarnan), a district of Epirus, 
divided from ^Etolia by the Achelous, famed 
for its breed of horses. The people were 
very rude ; whence the proverbial porcus 
Acamas. 

Acasta, d-cad-ta, one of the Oceanides. 

Acastus, d-cad-tus. 1. Son of King Pelias, 
of Thessaly, and Anaxibia, married Astydamia 
(q. v.) or Hippolyte, who fell in love with 
Peleus, when in exile at Acastus's court. Peleus, 
rejecting her addresses, was accused of at- 
tempts on her virtue, and left exposed to the 
Centaurs, but delivered by Vulcan, at Jupiter's 
order, and he afterwards put Acastus and 
his wife to death. 2. The second archon at 
Athens. 

Acca Laurentia, ac'-ca lau-ren'-ti-a. 1. 
The wife of Faustulus, King Numitor's shep- 
herd : she reared Romulus and Remus ; and 
from her bad character was called Lupa ; 
whence the story of the twins being suckled by 
a wolf : the Larentdlza were an annual celebra- 
tion in her honour. 2. A companion of Camilla. 

Accia, acd-i-a, or Atia, d'-ti-a, daughter of 
M. Atius Balbus and Julia, and mother of 
Augustus : died about 40 b. c. 

Accius, L. , acd-i-us. 1. A Roman tragic poet, 
born 170 B.C., translated some of the tragedies 
of Sophocles, and wrote on Roman subjects ; 
but of" his numerous compositions only a few 
fragments are preserved : he was much es- 
teemed at Rome. 2. Tullius, tul'-li-us, a 
prince of the Volsci, who received Coriolanus 
on his banishment from Rome. 

Acco, ad-co, a chief of the Senones, 53 B c. 

Aceratus, d-ce'-rd-tus, a soothsayer who 
remained alone in Delphi when the inhabit- 
ants fled on the approach of Xerxes. 

Acerina, a-ce-ri'-na, a colony of the Bruttii 
in Magna Gracia, taken by Alexander of 
Epirus. 

Acerr^e, d-cer'-r<z. 1. A town of Campania, 
near the Clanius. 2. A town of the Insubres. 

Acersecomes, d-cer-sec '-o-mes, the unshorn, 
i.e. Apollo. 

Aces, a'-ces, a river of Central Asia, proba- 
bly the Oxus. 

Acesines, d-ce-sl'-nes. 1. A river of Sicily, 
near Tauromenium. 2. A tributary of the Indus. 

Acesta, d-ces'-ta, or Segesta, a town of 
Sicily, called after King Acestes, and built by 
iEneas for some of his companions left on his 
voyage. 

Acestes, d-ces'-tes, son of Crinisus and 
Egesta, king of the district near Drepanum, in 
Sicily, assisted Priam at Troy, and entertained 
./Eneas on his voyage, and in commemoration 
of his taking part in the funeral of Anchises on 
Mount Eryx, iEneas built Acesta. 

Acetes, d-cd-tes, an attendant of Evander. 

Ach^ea, d-chcd-a, an epithet of Pallas, from 
her temple in Daunia being defended by dogs, 
which attacked every one but Greeks {Achat), 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



3 



Aclisei 



and of Ceres, from her lamentations (axea) 
for the loss of Proserpine. 

Achjei, a-chez'-i. i. Descendants of Achseus, 
(q. v.), migrated from Thessaly to Pelopon- 
nesus, were expelled by the Heraclidae about 
eighty years after the Trojan war, seized the 
twelve Ionian cities on north of Peloponnesus, 
Pellene, ^Egira, -<Egae, Bura, Tritsea, JEgion, 
Rhypae, Olenos, Helice, Patrse, Dyme, and 
Pharae. The three last and Tritaea formed, 
about 284 B.C., the Aclicean league: in alli- 
ance with Philip they fought against the 
iEtolians, and extended their borders by con- 
quest : at last, after one year's war with the 
Romans, the league was destroyed, 147 B.C. 

2. The poets apply the name to all the Greeks 
indiscriminately. 3. A people of Asia on the 
borders of the Euxine. 

Ach^emenes, a-cheef-men-es. 1. A Persian 
king, progenitor of Cyrus. His descendants, 
AcHvEmenid^e, d-chce-meji' -id-ce , were a dis- 
tinct Persian tribe, and were especially charged 
by the dying Cambyses to maintain the Persian 
supremacy over the Medes. 2. A Persian 
governor of Egypt under Xerxes. 

Ach ^emeni a, d-chce-men'-i-a, a district of 
Persia, called after Achasmenes. 

Ach^emenides, d-c/us-men'-zd-es, an Itha- 
can, son of Adramastus, abandoned by Ulysses 
on the coast of Sicily, where iEneas found 
him. 

Achseus, a-chce'-us. 1. A king of Lydia, 
hanged by his subjects for extortion. 2. A son of 
Xuthus, of Thessaly : after accidentally killing 
a man, he fled to the Peloponnesus, and gave 
his name to the inhabitants, Achcei: he after- 
wards returned to Thessaly. 3. A tragic poet 
of Eretria, born 484 B.C., wrote about forty 
tragedies (now lost), of which only one gained 
a prize. 4. A tragic poet of Syracuse, author 
of ten tragedies. 5. A relation of Antiochus 
the Great, and governor of Tarsus : disputed 
the sovereignty eight years with Antiochus : 
betrayed by a Cretan, his limbs were cut off, 
and his body, sewn in the skin of an ass, was 
exposed on a gibbet. 

Achaia, d-chd'-z-a. 1. A country of Pelopon- 
nesus, N. of Elis, on the Bay of Corinth, origin- 
ally called iEgialus, or^Egialea (sliore) ; it was 
named Ionia from the Ionians settling there, 
and then Achaia on the Achaei dispossessing 
them. 2. Original seat of Achaei in Thessaly. 

3. The Roman province, formed 146 B.C., 
included Peloponnesus and North Greece south 
of Thessaly. 

AcharnvE, a-char'-nce, a. village of Attica. 

Achates, d-chd'-tes, a friend of ./Eneas, re- 
nowned for his fidelity ; whence the proverbial 
/idtts Achates. 

Acheloiades, d'-che-lo-l'-dd-es, the Sirens, 
daughters of Achelous. 

Achelous, dck-e-ld'-us. 1. The son of Oceanus 
or Sol, and Terra or Tethys, god of the river 
Achelous, in Epirus. As a suitor of Dei'anira, 
he contended with Hercules, and changed 
himself into a serpent and then an ox, when 
Hercules broke one ot hi", horns, which he re- 



Achilles 



gained in exchange for Amalthea's horn, and 
Achelous in disgrace retired into his waters. 
The river Achelous rises in Mount Pindus, in 
Epirus, divides Acarnania from ^Etolia, and 
falls into the Ionian Sea, having formed some 
alluvial islands at its mouth. 2. A tributary of 
the Alpheus, in Arcadia. 3. A river flowing 
from Mount Sipylus. 

Acherimi, a-cher'-z-mi, a people of Sicily. 

Acheron, dch'-e-rdn. 1. A river of Thes- 
protia, falling into the Bay of Ambracia, and 
from the dead appearance of its waters called 
one of the rivers of Tartarus : its god was a son 
of Ceres, without a father, who concealed him- 
self in hell for fear of the Titans, where he was 
changed into a bitter stream, over which the 
souls of the dead are first conveyed. By 
another mythe, he was son of Titan, and 
plunged into hell by Jupiter for supplying the 
Titans with water. The name Acheron is 
often used for hell. 2. A river of Elis, in 
Peloponnesus. 3. A river of South Italy. 

Acherontia, dch'-e-ron'-ti-a. 1. A town of 
Apulia, in the mountains. 2. A town on the 
Acheron. 

Acherusia, dch'-e-ru'-si-a, a lake near Mem- 
phis, over which the bodies of the dead were 
ferried by Charon in his boat Baris, from which 
the Greek mythe of the Styx, &c, was derived. 
2. Other lakes. 

Achillas, d-chil'-las, a general of Ptolemy, 
murdered Pompey the Great. 

Achillea, d-chil-le' -a. 1. A peninsula near 
the mouth of the Borysthenes. 2. An island at 
the mouth of the Ister, where was Achilles' 
tomb, over which birds never flew. 3. A 
fountain of Miletus, whose waters rose salt, 
but afterwards sweetened. 

Achilleienses, d-chil' -lei-en' -ses, a people 
near Macedonia. 

Achilles, a-chil'-les. 1. Son of King Peleus, 
of the Myrmidones, and Thetis : when an infant, 
he was plunged by his mother into the Styx, 
and made invulnerable, except in the heel, by 
which she held him : was taught by Phoenix 
music and the art oi war, and medicine by 
Chiron the Centaur. To keep him from his 
doom at Troy, Thetis sent him disguised as a 
female to Lycomedes' court, where Neoptole- 
mus was born to him by Deidamia. As Troy 
could be >aken only by the aid of Achilles, 
Ulysses, as a merchant, came to Lycomedes' 
court, offering jewels and arms for sale, when 
Achilles, by choosing the arms, betrayed him- 
self. He went to Troy with an invulnerable 
suit of 'armour, made by Vulcan at Thetis's re- 
quest. Deprived by Agamemnon of the maiden 
Briseis, who had fallen to his lot at the division 
of the booty of Lyrnessus, he abstained from 
the war till the death of Patroclus (q. v.) : he 
then slew Hector, and thrice dragged round 
Troy the corpse, tied by the heels to his 
chariot, at last yielding it to Priam for a ran- 
som. In the tenth year of the war, Achilles 
fell in battle at the Sceean gate ; but, according 
to others, when addressing Polyxena, of whom 
he was enamoured, in the temple of Pallas, he 



4 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Aehilleus 



was wounded with an arrow in the heel by Paris, 
of which he died : he was buried at Sigseum, 
and received divine honours. Polyxena 
perished on his tomb, — by one version, volun- 
tarily, by another, at the hand of Neoptolemus. 
The Thessalians yearly sacrificed a black and 
a white bull on his tomb, and Alexander, on 
his march to the conquest of Persia, offered 
sacrifices on it. After the siege of Troy, 
Achilles is said to have married Medea, or 
Iphigenia, in Leuce, a sort of separate Elysium. 
"When young, he declared his preference, on 
his mother asking him, for a short life of mili- 
tary fame and glory, to a long life of obscurity 
and retirement. 2. Tatius, ta'-tt-ics, a native 
of Alexandria, converted from paganism, and 
made a bishop, in time of the emperor Claudius: 
he wrote a history of great men, on the sphere, 
tactics, &c. 

Achilleus, a-chil' -lens , or Aquileus, a- 
guil'-eus, a Roman general in Egypt, who 
rebelled against the emperor Diocletian, and 
reigned for five years at Alexandria : the em- 
peror overcame him after a long siege, and 
ordered him to be devoured by lions. 

Achili.ides, d-chil-ll'-des, Pyrrhus, son of 
Achilles. 

Achivi, d-cJil'-vi (see Ach^ei). 

Achradina, a-chrd-din'-a, part of Syracuse. 

Acidalia, a-ci-dal'-i-a, epithet of Venus, 
from her fountain (in which the Graces bathed) 
of that name in 1'ceotia. 

Acilia, a-ct-U-a. 1. A Roman plebeian family 
which traced its pedigree up to the Trojans. 
2. Lex, enacted 198 B.C., for planting five 
colonies in Italy. 3. Another, also called Cal- 
PURNIA, cal-pur'-ni-a, excluding from the 
senate and public office all guilty of bribery at 
elections. 

Acilius Balbus, M., a-cl'-li-its, hal'-hus. 1. 
Consul, 114 B.C. 2. Glabrio, glab'-ri-o, tri- 
bune of plebs, with a legion quelled a servile 
insurrection in Etruria : when consul, 191 B.C., 
he obtained a triumph for his conquest of 
Antiochus at Thermopylae ; he contested the 
censorship with Cato, but withdrew on account 
of his cempetitor's false measures. 4. Son of 
the preceding, erected to Piety the temple his 
father had vowed for victory at Thermopylae, 
on the spot where a woman had fed with her 
milk her aged father, who was imprisoned by 
the senate and deprived of food : he also raised 
a golden statue, the first in Italy, to his father. 
5. A man accused of extortion, and twice de- 
fended by Cicero : proconsul of Sicily, and 
lieutenant of Caesar in the civil wars. 6. A 
consul, whose son was killed by Domitian out 
of envy of his strength. 

Acis, a'-cis, a Sicilian shepherd, son of 
Faunus and Symsethis, passionately loved by 
Galatasa, was crushed to death by his rival 
Polyphemus with a piece of rock, but changed 
by the gods into a stream on Mount iEtna. 

Acmon, ad-mou, son of Clytus, and native 
of Lyrnessus, accompanied ^Eneas into Italv. 

Acmonides. ac-mdn'-t-des, one of the Cy- 
clopes. 



Acrotatus 



Accetes, d-ccd-tes, pilot of the ship whose 
crew carried off Bacchus when asleep, was 
alone preserved when they were changed into 
sea-monsters for ridiculing the god. 

Aconteus, a-con'-te-tis, a famous hunter, 
changed into stone by Medusa's head at the 
nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. 2. A 
person killed in the wars of ./Eneas and 
Turnus. 

Acontius, d-con'-tz-?(s, a youth of Cccs, 
who at Delos fell in love with Cydippe : unable 
to obtain her, he wrote these verses on an 
apple, and threw them into her bosom : — 

" Juro tibi sanctae per mystica sacra Dianse, 
Me tibi venturam comitem, sponsamque fu- 
turam." 

Cydippe read the verses, and, compelled by 
the oath she had inadvertently made, married 
him. 

Acradina, ac-rd-dl'-na, the citadel of Syra- 
cuse. 

AcR^EPHiA, ac-rce'-fihi-a, a town of Bceotia. 

Acraga.s, ad-rd-gas (see Agrigentum). 

Acratus, d-cra!-tus, a freedman of Nero, 
sent into Asia to plunder the temples. 

Acrion, ac-fi'-dn, a Pythagorean philo- 
sopher of Locris. 

Acrisioneus, ad -rls-i-o' -ne-us, a name of 
the Argives, from a king Acrisius, or from 
Acrisione, ad -ris-i-d' -ne , a town of Argolis, 
called after Danae, daughter of Acrisius. 

Acrisioniades, ac-ris 1 '-i-d-nl '-a-des, a name 
of Perseus, from his grandfather, Acrisius. 

Acrisius, ac-ris '-i-us , son of Abas, king of 
Argos, and Ocalea, daughter of Mantineus, 
and twin-brother of Prcetus (whom, after many 
dissensions, he drove from Argos), and father 
of Danae : being told by an oracle that 
Danae's son would put him to death, he con- 
fined her in a brazen tower, where she was 
wooed by Jupiter in a golden shower, and 
gave birth to Perseus : the mother and babe 
were exposed on the sea, but preserved. On 
Perseus becoming famous, Acrisius went to 
Larissa to see him, where he was accidentally 
killed by a quoit thrown by Perseus. 

Acroceraunia (-orum), ac ' -rd-ce-rau'-m-a , 
a promontory of Epirus, with the mountains 
Acroceraunia projecting between the Ionian 
and Adriatic. 

Acrocorinthus, ac' -To - co -rin' - thus , a 
mountain on the Isthmus of Corinth, with 
Venus's temple at the top, and Corinth at the 
foot. 

Acron, ad-ron. 1. A king of Casnina, killed 
by Romulus after the rape of the Sabines, and 
his spoils dedicated to Jupiter Feretrius. 2. A 
physician of Agrigentum, educated at Athens 
with Empedocles. 3. A friend of ^Eneas, 
killed by Mezentius. 4. Helenius, he-len'-l- 
tis, a Roman grammarian, 5th century a.d. 

Acropolis, ac-rofi'-dl-is, a citadel, — especi- 
ally that of Athens. 

Acrotatus, ac-rof-d-ites. 1. Son of King 
Cleomenes of Sparta, assisted the Agrigentines 
against Agathocles of Syracuse, and died before 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



5 



Acrothoum 



his father, leaving a son, Areus. 2. A son of 
Areus, was greatly loved by Chelidonis, wife 
of Cleonymus, who called in Pyrrhus to avenge 
his wrongs. 

Acrothoum, ac-ro-tlw' -11m, or Acrothoi, 
ac-ro-thd'-i, a town on Athos. 

Acta, ac'-ta, or Acte, ad-te, a name of 
Attica. 2. The peninsula on which Mount 
Athos is. 

Actmx, ac-tce'-a, a Nereid. 2. Ceres. 

Action, ac-tcd-on, a farOns huntsman, 
son of Aristaeus and Autonoe (whence his 
name Atctdndeiics heros), was changed into a 
stag and devoured by his dogs for seeing Diana 
bathing. 

Act^eus, ac-tce'-us, made himself master of 
a part of Greece, which he called Attica, and 
married his daughter Agraulos to Cecrops. 

Actia, ac'-tl-a. 1. The mother of Augustus. 
2. Annual games to Apollo, in honour of 
Augustus's victory at Actium. 3. A sister of 
Julius Caesar. 

Actium, ad-ti-um, a town and promontory 
of Epirus, scene of Augustus's victory over 
Antony, 2nd September, 31 B.C., for which 
games were instituted, and a new town built, 
called Nicopolis. 

Actius, ad-ti-us. 1. An epithet of Apollo, 
from Actium, where he had a temple. 2. 
Navius, na'-vi-us, who cut a loadstone 
through with a razor, to convince Tarquin and 
the Romans of his skill as an augur. 

Actor, ac'-tor, father of Mencetius. 2. 
Father of Astyoche. 3. A friend of ./Eneas. 

Actorides, ac-tor'-id-es, epithet of Erithus, 
son, and of Patroclus, grandson of Actor, &c. 

Actoris, ad -tor-is, a maid of Ulysses. 

Aculeo, C, a-ciil'-e-o, a famous Roman 
lawyer, uncle of Cicero. 

Acusilaus, a-cu'-si-la'-tis, an Argive, writer 
on genealogies, 525 B.C. 

Ada, a'-da, sister of Artemisia, and wife of 
Idricus, after whose death she gained the 
Carian throne, but, expelled by her younger 
brother, she retired to Alinda, and surrendered 
it to Alexander, who afterwards set her over 
Caria. 

Adamas, ad'-a-mas, a Trojan prince, killed 
by Merion. 

Adamastus, ad-a-mas' -his , the father of 
Acha^menides. 

Addua, ad'-dil-a, a river of Gallia Cisal- 
pina. 

Adelphius, a-del'-p7u-us, a friend of M. 
Antoninus, whom he accompanied into Parthia. 
He wrote a history of the expedition. 

Adgandestrius, ad-gan-des'-tri-iis, a Gallic 
prince, who, without success, asked the Romans 
for poison to kill Arminius. 

Adherbal, ad-her'-bal, son of Micipsa, 
besieged in Cirta, and killed by Jugurtha, 
112 B.C. 

Adiabene, ad'-i-a-be'-ne, a district of As- 
syria. 

Adimantus, a-dl-mmi'-his. 1. An Athenian 
commander, captured by the Spartans at ^Egos- 
potami, 405 B.C., but spared. 2. The com- 



Adula 



mander of the Corinthian fleet on Xerxes' inva- 
sion, 480 B.C. 

Admeta, ad-me'-ta. 1. Daughter of Eurys- 
theus, and priestess of Juno's temple at Argos : 
received from Hercules the girdle of the queen 
of the Amazons. 2. An Oceanid. 

Admetus, ad-me'-his, son of Pheres and 
Clymene, king of Pherae, in Thessaly, married 
Theone, daughter of Thestor, and, on her 
death, Alceste, daughter of Peleus. Apollo 
tended the flocks of Admetus for nine years, 
and the Fates granted him that Admetus should 
never die if another person laid down his life 
for him, which Alceste did. _ Admetus had ob- 
tained Alceste's hand by bringing, by Apollo's 
aid, a chariot drawn by a lion and a wild boar 
to Pelias. He was one of the Argonauts, and 
was at the hunt of the Calydonian boar. 

Adonis, a-dd'-nis, son of Cinyras by his 
daughter Myrrha, was the favourite of Venus. 
When hunting he was killed by a wild boar he 
had wounded, and was changed by Venus into 
the anemone. Proserpine restored him to life, 
on condition of his spending half the year with 
her : this mythe refers to the alternation of 
summer and winter. Temples were raised to 
Adonis, and festivals, Adonia, dedicated. The 
time of their celebration was unlucky: on 
that day Nicias's fleet sailed from Athens for 
Syracuse. 

Adramyttium, ad-ra-myf-fi-wn, an Athe- 
nian colony on the coast of Mysia, near the 
Caycus. 

Adrana, ad'-ra-na, a river in Germany.^ 

Adrastia, a-dras'-ti-a, a daughter of Jupiter 
and Necessity, and called Nemesis, the 
punisher of injustice. 2. A daughter of Melis- 
seus, reared Jupiter. 

Adrastus, a-dras'-tus. 1. Son of Talaus and 
Lysimache, king of Argos, gave his daughter 
Argia to the banished Polynices, and marched 
against Thebes. He alone survived of the 
leaders, and fled to Athens, where he received 
assistance from Theseus : eventually he died 
through grief at the death of his son yEgialeus, 
and was commemorated by a temple and annuai 
festival at Sicyon. 2. A disciple of Aristotle. 
3. A Phrygian, son of King Gordius, having 
accidentally killed his brother, fled to Croesus, 
and received the care of his son Atys : in hunt- 
ing a wild boar, Adrastus slew the prince, and 
killed himself on his tomb. 4. A soothsayer, 
son of Merops. 

Adria, ad'-ri-a. 1. Atown in Gallia Cisalpina. 
2. A town of Picenum. 3. Adrianum, ad-?-i- 
a'-num, or Adriaticum Mare, ad ri-a'-tlc-um 
mar'-e, the sea between Illyricum and Italy. 

Adrianus, ad-rl-a'-nus (see Hadrian us). 

Adrimetum, ad-ri-me' '-turn , a town of 
Africa, on the Mediterranean, built by the 
Phenicians. 

Aduatuca, a-du-a'-tu-ca, a fort of the 
Eburones. 

Aduatuci, a-du-a'-tu-ci, a people of Gallia 
Belgica. 

Adula, a-du'-la, now St. Gothard, a moun- 
tain among the Rhaetian Alps. 



6 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Aciuls 



Adule, a-du'-le, a coast city of ./Ethiopia. 
_ Adyrmachidte, a-dyr-mach'-id-ce, a mari- 
time people of Africa, near Egypt. 

Mk, <d-a , a huntress, changed into an island 
of the same name by the gods, to rescue her 
from the pursuit of her lover, the river Phasis. 
On it was /Ea, the capital of Colchis. 

yEacides, <z-a'-ci-des. i. A king of Epirus, 
son of Neoptolemus, expelled by his subjects 
for his continual wars with Macedonia. 2. Any 
descendant of /Eacus. 

^Eacus, ce'-a-cus, son of Jupiter and ^Egina, 
daughter of Asopus, king of the island QEnopia. 
His people being destroyed by pestilence, 
Jupiter, at his request, transformed ants into 
men ; whence yEacus called them 3'fyrmidones 
(from fivpun?, ant). For his integrity he was 
made judge of hell, with Minos and Rhada- 
manthus. There were /Eacea, ce-a-ce'-a, games 
in his honour, at /Egina. 

J&mk, ce-cd-a (1. see /Ea). 2. An epithet of 
Circe, and also of Calypso. 

/Eantides, cc-an'-ti-des, a tyrant of Lamp- 
sacus, friend of Darius, and husband of a 
daughter of Hippias, tyrant of Athens. 

/Eas, ce'-as, a river of Epirus, falling into 
the Ionian Sea, but described by Ovid as a tri- 
butary of the Peneus, and meeting other rivers 
at Tempe. 

meatus, ce-a'-frcs, son of Philip and brother 
of Polyclea, was descended from Hercules. An 
oracle having said that whoever of the two 
touched first the land on crossing the Achelous, 
should obtain the kingdom, Polyclea pretended 
to be lame, and was carried across by him, 
but, when near the shore, leapt from her bro- 
ther's back. /Eatus married her, and reigned 
with her. His son Thessalus gave his name 
to Thessaly. 

/Edessa, cp-des'-sa, or Edessa, e-des'-sa, 
also /Eg/e, ce'-gce, a town near Pella, the 
burial-place of the Macedonian kings. Alex- 
ander was not buried there, and so, in accord- 
ance with an oracle, the monarchy ended. 

/Ediles, cB-dl'-les, Roman magistrates, of 
three grades, — Plebeii or M mores, Majdres, 
and Ceredles, charged with the care of build- 
ings, police, and markets. The plebeian cediles 
were two, first created with the tribunes, and 
presided over the more minute affairs, pro- 
curing a due supply of provisions. The majores 
and the ce7-eales had greater privileges, and 
occupied ivory chairs ; the office was the pri- 
mary step to greater dignities. 

tEdituus, Val., cE-dif-ii-tts, a Roman epi- 
grammatist and amatory poet, before the age 
of Cicero. 

Aedon, a-e'-don, daughter of Pandareus, 
and wife of Zethus : jealous of Niobe's having 
more children, she determined to kill the elder, 
but by mistake killed her own son, Itylus ; 
when trying to commit suicide, she was 
changed into a nightingale. 

/Edui, ce'-dii-i, a nation of Celtic Gaul : they 
were victorious over the Sequani, who called 
in Ariovistus, of Germany, and gained the 
superiority ; but the arrival of Cjesar again 



J3Dgid.es 

restored the sovereignty to the iEdui, whom 
also he eventually reduced. 

/Eeta, tz-d-ta, or /Eetes, ce-e'-tes, king 
of Colchis, son of Sol and Perseis, was father 
of Medea, Absyrtus, and Chalciope, by Idyia, 
an Oceanid : he killed Phryxus, who had fled 
to his court on a golden ram to gain the fleece, 
which the Argonauts recovered by means of 
Medea, though guarded by fire-breathing bulls 
and a dragon. 

/Eetis, ce-e'-tis, or /Eetias, ce-e'-tl-as, or 
jEetine, ce-e-tl'-ne, Medea. 

/Eg.e, ce'-gce. 1. A town in Achaia, on the 
Crathis. 2. A town in Macedonia. 3. A town 
in Eubcea. 

Mgjem, ce-gcB'-ce, a seaport of Cilicia. 

/Eg/eon, ce-gcd-dn {see Briareus). 

/Egteum Mare, tz-gce'-nm mar'-e, part of 
the Mediterranean, between Greece and Asia 
Minor, now the Archipelago ; full of islands — 
the Cyclades, Sporades, &c. 

/Egaleos, eE-gal'-e-ds, or /Egaleum, ce-gaV- 
e-nm, a mountain of Attica, opposite Salamis, 
on which Xerxes viewed the battle of his and 
the Greek fleets. 

/Egan, a'-gan, the /Egean Sea. 

Agates, ce-gaf-tes. 1. A promontory of 
/Eolia. 2. Three islands opposite Carthage, called 
Arcs by Virgil, near which Catulus defeated 
the Carthaginian fleet under Hanno, 241 B.C. 

/Egeleon, ce-gel'-e-on, a town of Macedonia. 

/Egesta, cE-ged-ta, 1. Daughter of Hippotes, 
and mother of /Egestus, or Acestes. 2. A town 
of Sicily, near Mount Eryx, called Segesta, or 
Acesta, destroyed by Agathocles. 

vEgeus, cd-geus, son of Pandion, and king 
of Athens, went to consult the oracle about 
children, and on his return, stayed at the 
court of Pittheus of Trcezene, whose daughter 
/Ethra he married. He told her, if she had a 
son, to send him to Athens as soon as he could 
lift a stone under which yEgeus had concealed 
his sword. The son was Theseus, who came 
to Athens when yEgeus was living with Medea ; 
she attempted the life of Theseus, who es- 
caped and revealed himself by the sword to 
/Egeus. When Theseus returned from Crete, 
after the death of the Minotaur, he forgot to 
hoist, as agreed on, the white sails as a signal 
of success ; and yEgeus, concluding he was 
dead, threw himself from a high rock into the 
sea, 1235 B.C. 

/Egiale, ce-gi'-al-e. 1. Sister of Phaeton. 2. 
A daughter of Adrastus, married Diomedcs, 
who, for her unfaithfulness during his absence 
in the Trojan war, settled in Daunia. 

jEgialea, ce'-gi-al-e'-a. 1. An island in the 
Ionian Sea, near the Echinades. 2. Another 
in the Cretan, near Peloponnesus. 3. An 
ancient name of Peloponnesus. 

/Egialeus, ce-gi'-dl-eus, son of Adrastus and 
Amphitea, alone was killed in the expedition 
of the Epigoni. 

/Egialus, ce-gi'-al-us (1. see Achaia). 2. A 
city of Asia Minor. 3. A city of Thrace, near 
the Strymon. 

/Egides, ce-gl'-des, patronymic of Theseus. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



7 



-aSgilia 

TEgilia, cE-gU'-l-a, an isle W. of Eubcea. 
a. An isle between Crete and Cythera. 

^Egina, <z-gi'-na, daughter of Asopus, had 
./Eacus by Jupiter (changed into flames), and 
afterwards married Actor, son of Myrmidon. 
2. Formerly CEnopia, an island in the Saronic 
Gulf ; repeopled, after a pestilence, by the 
transformation of ants, at yEacus's prayer. 
The people surrendered to Darius ; were 
warred against by the Athenians, and expatri- 
ated ; they settled in Peloponnesus, but were 
restored after Lysander's conquest of Athens, 

404 B.C. 

^Egiochus, ce-gi'-och-us. 1. An epithet of 
Zeus, from his being brought up by the goat 
Amalthasa in Crete, and using her skin instead 
of a shield in the war with the Titans. 2. 
Minerva, to whom Zeus gave the aegis. 

^Egiplanctus, ce-gi-pianc'-his, a. mountain 
in Megaris. 

JEgira, ce-gl'-ra. 1. A town between iEtolia 
and Peloponnesus. 2. Of Achaia. 

./Egirussa, cE-gi-rus'-sci, a town of ^Etolia. 

iEGis, ce'-gis, the shield of Jupiter (see 
^Egiochus) ; he gave it to Pallas, who placed 
on it Medusa's head, which petrified all who 
gazed on it. 

./Egisthus, cz-gis'-thus, king of Argos, son of 
Thyestes and his daughter Pelopea. Thyestes 
was told he could avenge himself on his brother 
Atreus only by a son by himself and his 
daughter ; to avoid this he consecrated her 
to Minerva ; but afterwards, not recognizing 
her, a son was born to him, and exposed by 
the mother, but preserved. Pelopea married 
Atreus, who sent iEgisthus to murder Thy- 
estes ; but recognizing him from his own 
sword, which Pelopea had kept, Thyestes sent 
him to murder Atreus, after which ./Egisthus 
ascended the throne, and banished the Atreidae 
— Agamemnon and Menelaus, — who fled to 
Polyphidus of Sicyon, and next to CEneus of 
./Etolia. They married the daughters of Tyn- 
darus, king of Sparta, to whom Menelaus suc- 
ceeded, while Agamemnon went to claim Argos. 
But ./Egisthus became reconciled to the Atrei- 
dae, and was made guardian of Agamemnon's 
kingdom and wife Clytemnestra during his 
absence at Troy. He lived in adultery with 
her, and the two murdered Agamemnon on 
his return, and then were publicly married. 
Orestes,' Agamemnon's son, had been sent by 
his sister Electra to his uncle Strophius, king 
of Phocis, where he became very intimate 
with his cousin Pylades. He returned to 
Mycenae ; and Electra having given out that 
he was dead, ./Egisthus and Clytemnestra went 
to thank Apollo for it, when Orestes, who 
had been concealed in the temple, killed 
both, and they were buried without the city 
walls. 

./Egitium, (S-gM'-i-icm, a town of ./Etolia. 

./Egium, ce'-gi-tcm, a town on the Corinthian 
isthmus, where Jupiter was fed by a goat. 

iEGLE, ceg'-le. 1. A nymph, daughter of Sol 
and Neaera. 2. One of the Hesperides. 

,/Egocerus, cpg-o'-cer-us, or Capricornus, 



.Sgyptus 

an animal into which Pan transformed himself 
when flying before Typhon in the war with 
the giants. 

^Egon, ceg'-on. 1. A shepherd. 2. A name ot 
the JEgean. 3. A boxer of Zacynthus, who 
dragged a large bull by the heel from a 
mountain into the city. 

./Egospotamos, cz'-gos-pot'-am-os, or Goafs 
River, a river and town in the Thracian 
Chersonesus, scene of Lysander's victory over 
the Athenian fleet, 405 B.C. 

./Egypsus, cE-gyp'-sits, a town of Mcesia. 

./Egyptii, ce-gyp'-ti-i, inhabitants of ALgyp- 
tus (q. v.). 

/Egyptium Mare, ce-gyp'-ti-znn mar'-e, that 
part of the Mediterranean which is on the coast 
of Egypt. 

^Egyptus, tz-gyp'-ttis. 1. Son of Belus, and 
brother of Danaus, to whose fifty daughters he 
gave his fifty sons in marriage. Danaus had 
fled to Argos, being afraid of his brother's 
fifty sons ; they followed him from Egypt into 
Greece. Danaus accepted them as sons-in-law, 
but induced his daughters to murder their 
husbands the first night of their marriage, — 
which all did, excepting Hypermnestra, who 
spared Lynceus ; and ./Egyptus was killed by 
his niece Polyxena. 2. A country of Africa, 
bounded on the E. by Arabia, N. by the 
Mediterranean, W. by Libya, S. by ./Ethiopia ; 
watered by the overflowing of the Nile, and 
named from iEgyptus, Danaus's brother ; di- 
vided into Lower, near the Mediterranean, 
and Upper, towards the S. Upper iEgyptus 
was famous for Thebes ; but Lower was the 
most populous, and contained the Delta (q. v.), 
and the chief part of it was formed by de- 
posits of the Nile. The Egyptians, who are 
considered of ./Ethiopian origin, reckoned 
themselves the most ancient nation ; they 
were noted for superstitious veneration of ani- 
mals, especially the cat, the crocodile, and the 
bull, which were honoured as much as Isis. 
It is said to have once contained 20,000 cities, 
the most famous of which were Thebes, Mem- 
phis, Alexandria, Pelusium, Coptos, Arsinoe. 
Its pyramids and canals have immortalized 
its kings. Its priests, who formed a caste, 
were noted for historical, or rather mytho- 
logical knowledge, and traced the monarchy 
up to the gods, and believed, in Herodotus's 
time, it had lasted 11,340 years. The history 
of ^Egyptus may be divided into four epochs : 
the first, from the foundation of the monarchy 
under Misraim, son of Ham, 2188 B.C., to its 
conquest by Cambyses, 525, or rather its re- 
volt again, 414, when Amyrtaeus was made 
king ; the second, from his reign, including 
his successors, Psammetichus, who succeeded 
408 ; Nejphereus, 396 ; Acoris, 389 ; Psammu- 
this, 376 ; Nepherites (four months) and Nec- 
tanebis, 375 ; its conquest by King Ochus, of 
Persia, 350 ; and ending with the death, 323, 
of Alexander, conqueror of Persia : the third, 
from the refounding of the monarchy by the 
first of the Ptolemies, 323, including in the 
line Philadelphus, 284 ; Euergetes, 246 ; Philo- 



8 



BEL TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



pator, 221 ; Epiphanes, 204 ; Philomater, 180 
and 169, conjointly with Euergetes II. (or 
Physcon), for six years ; Euergetes II., 145 ; 
Lathurus Soter and his mother Cleopatra, 
116; Alexander of Cyprus and Cleopatra, 106; 
Lathurus Soter restored, 88 ; Cleopatra II. six 
months, and Alexander II. nineteen days, 81 ; 
Ptolemy (surnamed Alexander III.), 80 ; Dio- 
nysius Auletes, 65 ; Dionysius II. with Cleo- 
patra III., 51 ; Cleopatra III. with young 
Ptolemy, 46 ; ending with its conquest by 
Augustus, 30 B.C. : and the fourth, under the 
Romans, to its conquest by the Arabs, a.d. 
638. {See Provincia.) 3. The ancient name 
of the Nile. 

^Elia Lex, ce!-Ti-a. 1. Enacted by ./Elius 
Tubero, tribune, 196 B.C., to send two colonies 
among the Bruttii. 2. Another, 186 B.C., ordain- 
ing, for public business, the observance of the 
heavens by the augurs, and authorizing the 
magistrates to postpone the business. 3. By 
JElius Sextus, a.d. 3, enacting that all slaves 
who had been imprisoned or bore marks of 
punishment should be set free, but not made 
citizens. 4. Jerusalem was called ^Elia after its 
restoration by the emperor ^Elius Hadrianus. 

^Elianus, Claudius, ce-U-d'-nus, clati'-di-us, 
a sophist of Praeneste, in the reign of Hadrian ; 
taught rhetoric at Rome, and wrote some ex- 
tant works on animals, miscellaneous history, 
&c, in Greek. He died, aged sixty, a.d. 140. 

^Elius, ce'-H-us, and ./Eli a, a'-U-a, a Roman 
plebeian gens. 

^Elius, Hadrianus, ee'-U-tis, had-rz-d'-mis. 
1. An African, grandfather of the emperor Ha- 
drian. 2. Publius, pub'-li-tis, one of the first 
quaestors chosen from plebeians. 3. Q. JE. 
P^etus, pce'-tus, son of Sextus or Publius. A 
woodpecker perched on his head in the senate- 
house, when an augur said, if he preserved the 
bird his house would flourish and Rome decay, 
and if he killed it, the reverse. ^Elius bit off its 
head. All the youths of the family were killed 
at Cannae, after which overthrow the Roman 
arms met with success. 4. Sejanus, se-jd'-uus 
(q. v.). 5. Sextus Catus, sex'-tus cd'-tus, 
censor with M. Cethegus, separated the sena- 
tors from the people at the public spectacles. 
6. Spartianus, spar-ti-a'-mis, biographer of 
Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and M. Aurelius. 7. 
Tubero, tu'-be-ro, grandson of L. Paulus, aus- 
tere in morals, and opposed to the Gracchi. 8. 
Verus Cesar, ve'-rus cce'-sar, the name of 
L. C. Commodus Verus, after adoption by 
Hadrian ; made praetor and consul by the 
emperor, he soon showed his incapacity. He 
died of drinking an antidote. He was father 
of Antoninus Verus, whom Antoninus Pius 
adopted. 9. Sextus P^etus, sex'-tus pce'-tus, 
consul 188 B.C., a lawyer, commended by Cicero 
for his knowledge, and called corddttis homo 
by Ennius. 10. Stilo, sti'-lo, a native of 
Lanuvium, teacher of M. Ter. Varro, and 
author of some treatises. 

Aello, d-el'-ld. 1. One of the Harpies. 2. 
One of Actaeon's dogs. 
^Elurus, (e-lu'-rus{3L cat), a deity worshipped 



./Eneas 



by the Egyptians in Bubastis, where cats were 
embalmed and buried. 

^Emathion, ce-math'-t-on, and ./Emathia, 
CE-viath' -i-a {see Emathion). 

^Emilia, CE-mil'-i-a. 1. A noble family in 
Rome, descended from Mamercus,son of Pytha- 
goras, and called 'Aifi6\o<; for his blandness, or 
from /Emilius, son of Ascanius : its branches 
were Lepidi, Pauli, Scauri, &c. 2. A vestal, who 
rekindled the fire of Vesta by putting her veil 
over it. 3. The wife of the elder Africanus. 4. 
Lepida, lep'-id-a, married the younger Dru- 
sus ; she was very licentious, and, when ac- 
cused, committed suicide. 5. A part of Italy, 
called also Flaminia. 6. A public road from 
Mediolanum to Ariminum. 7. Lex, enacted 
by dictator ./Emilius 445 B.C., limiting the 
censorship (formerly quinquennial) to one year 
and a half tor actual tenure. 8. Another by 
yErnilius Mamercus, consul 363 B.C., or- 
daining that the eldest praetor should fix a 
nail in the Capitol on the ides of September. 

^Emilianus, <e-viW -l-d' -mis. 1. Scipio Afri- 
canus the younger, son of P. ^Emilius, and 
uniting the Scipio and ^Emilii families. 2. C. 
Julius, jn'-ll-us, a native of Mauritania, 
proclaimed emperor after Decius's death, but 
soon after murdered by his troops. 

^Emilius, cB-mil'-i-us. 1. A beautiful youth 
of Sybaris, whose wife met with the fate of 
Procris (q.v.). 2. Censorinus, cen-so-ri'-mis, 
a tyrant of Sicily. 3. A triumvir with Octa- 
vius {see Lepidus). 4. Macer, md'-cer, a poet 
of Verona in the Augustan age. 5. Marcus 
Scaurus, mar'-cus scmi'-rus, a Roman, about 
100 B.C. ; left an autobiography, 6. A tragic 
poet in the age of Tiberius. 7. Mamercus, 
md-mer'-cus, thrice dictator, and conqueror of 
Fidenae : he limited tenure of censorship to 
eighteen months. 8. Pap-inianus, pd-pln'-i- 
a'-nus, a jurist, made by the emperor Severus 
governor to his sons Geta and Caracalla, and 
murdered by Caracalla's soldiers for upbraiding 
him for killing Geta, then his partner in the 
empire : from his school the Romans have had 
many able lawyers, called Papinianists. 9. 
Pappus, pap'-pus, a censor, who expelled from 
the senate P. Corn. Ruffinus for having more 
than ten pounds of silver plate at his table, 276 
B.C. 10. Regillus, re-gil'-his, triumphed for 
conquering the general of Antiochus at sea. 
11. Scaurus, scau'-rus, a noble but poor Ro- 
man, whose father was a coal-merchant : he 
became aedile and praetor, and fought against 
Jugurtha: his son Marcus, son-in-law of 
Sulla, when aedile, built a splendid theatre. 

^Enaria, ce-nd'-rl-a, or Pithecusa, pi-the- 
cii'-sa, or Inarime, tn-dr'-i-me, an island in the 
Bay of Puteoli, abounding with cypresses, 
and, formerly, mineral waters: Typhosus lay 
under it. 

/Enasius, ce-nd'-si-us, a Spartan ephor, 431. 

^Enea, ce-ne'-a, or ^Eneia, ce-nei'-a, a town 
near Thessalonica, founded by iEneas. 

^Eneades, (Z-ne'-d-des, any descendant of 
JEneas. 

^Eneas, ce-ne'-ds. 1, Called Phis from his filial 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



9 



JEneia 



affection, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and 
Venus, reared by a nymph, and taught by 
Chiron ; married Creusa, daughter of Priam, 
by whom he had Ascanius. In the Trojan war 
he fought with Diomedes and Achilles, but he 
is accused by some of betrajung, with Antenor, 
his country : he 'lived at variance with Priam, 
which may have accounted for the perfidy, if 
the charge be true : from the flames of Troy he 
carried on his back Anchises and the household 
gods, and led Ascanius, leaving Creusa (q. v.) 
to follow : he retired to Ida, and built twenty 
ships, and visited his ally Polymnestor in the 
Thracian Chersonesus, Delos, the Strophades, 
Crete, and Epirus, and then King Acestes at 
Drepanum, in Sicily, where he buried his father; 
thence he sailed for Italy, but was driven to 
Africa, and was hospitably entertained (accord- 
ing to an anachronism of Virgil) by Queen 
Dido of Carthage, whom he gave a garment of 
Helen, and who became enamoured of Jhim ; 
but yEneas left suddenly by order of the gods, 
and Dido (q. v. ) killed herself : he was driven 
to Sicily, and went thence to Cumse, where 
the Sibyl conducted him to the lower world to 
hear the fates of his posterity/ After a voyage 
of seven years, and the loss of thirteen ships, 
he reached the Tiber, where King Latinus re- 
ceived him, and promised him his daughter 
Lavinia, betrothed to Turnus by her mother 
Amata. Turnus declared war, and, in a com- 
bat with ^Eneas, was killed. ./Eneas married 
Lavinia, and in her honour built Lavinium : he 
succeeded Latinus, and, after a short reign, 
was killed in war with the Etrurians, or 
drowned in the Numlcus. Strabo says ./Eneas 
never left his country, but rebuilt Troy ; and 
this was evidently Homer's belief: some sup- 
pose that he fell to the share of Neoptolemus, 
and was with Andromache carried to Thessaly, 
whence he escaped to Italy ; others that, after 
coming to Italy and establishing Ascanius, he 
returned to Troy. The Caesars traced their 
origin to iEneas ; and his wanderings and ad- 
ventures in Italy form the subject of the great 
Latin epic, the sEneid of Virgil. 2. Silvius, 
sil'-vi-tts, a son of ./Eneas and Lavinia, so 
called from his mother having retired into a 
wood after the death of /Eneas ; he succeeded 
Ascanius in Latium, though opposed by his 
predecessor's son Julius. 3. A Spartan ambas- 
sador to Athens, in the eighth year of the Pelo- 
ponnesian war. 4. An ancient writer on tac- 
tics, epitomized by Cineas, Pyrrhus's friend. 
5. A Platonist, of Gaza, converted to Chris- 
tianity, a.d. 485, and author of Theophrastus , 
a dialogue on immortality. 

./Eneia, ce-nei'-a, or ^Enia, ce-nl'-a, the Jani- 
culum (q. v.). 

./Enesidemus, ce'-ne-si-de'-7Jitcs. 1. An Argive 
general. 2. A Cretan writer, pupil of Pyrrho 
the Sceptic. 

/Enianes, ce-ni-a'-ues, an ancient race, 
migrated from Ossa to South Thessaly, on the 
Sperchetus. 

./Eniochi, <e-fii'-ock-i, a people of Asiatic 
Sarmatia. 



-aiJsar 



./Enus, ce'-nus, a city of Thrace, at the east 
mouth of the Hebrus. 2. A river in Rhaetia. 

./Enyra, ce-ny'-ra, a town of Thasos. 

iEoLiA, cE-dl'-l-a. 1. A name of Arne, daughter 
of /Eolus. 2. Or ./Eolis, ce'-ol-is, a country of 
Asia Minor, near the yEgean, with Troas on 
the N. and Ionia at the S. ; and named from 
/Eolus, son of Hellen, who migrated from 
Greece about 1124 B.C.; the inhabitants, 
yEoLES, (z'-dl-es, or /Eolii, ce-ol'-i-i, had twelve 
considerable cities, Cumae and Lesbos being 
the most famous, and held many of the neigh- 
bouring islands. Sappho and Alcaeus being 
natives of Lesbos, the former is called JEoha 
puella, and lyric poetry AZolhcjii carmen. 3. 
An ancient name of Thessaly. 4. See ZEolIvE. 

iEoi.iVE, ce-ol'-l-cE, or ./Eolia, ce-dl'-l-a, and 
^EoLiDES, ce-ol'-i-des, seven islands N.E. of 
Sicily,— Lipara, Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, 
Ericusa, Phcenicusa, and Euonymos ; they 
were the retreat of the winds, whose king was 
iEolus : they were also called Vulcauice and 
HepJuzstiddes, now Lipari. 

./Eolida, ce-ol'-id-a. 1. A city of Tenedos. 
2. A city near Thermopylae. 

./Eolides, ce-dl'-i-des, a patronymic of 
Ulysses — from his mother Anticlea being preg- 
nant by Sisyphus, /Eolus's son, when she 
married Laertes — and of Athamas and Misenus. 

2. See /Eolle. 

iEoLUS, ce'-ol-its. 1. Son of Hippotus, was 
made by Juno king ox winds, in -/Eolias : he gave 
Ulysses, on his return from Troy to Ithaca, all 
the adverse winds in bags ; but his companions 
from curiosity opened them. 2. A king of 
Etruria, father of Macareus and Canace. 3. 
A son of Hellen, and husband of Enaretta. 
' ./Eora, ce-d'-ra, a festival of Erigone at 
Athens. 

./Epytus. cs'-py-ttcs. 1. King ol Messenia, 
son of Cresphontes and Merope, educated in 
Arcadia by Cypselus, his mother's father : he 
regained his kingdom by killing the usurper 
Polyphontes, who had forced Merope to marry 
him. 2. A son of Hippothous, forcibly entered 
Neptune's temple near Mantinea, and was 
blinded by salt water from the altar : he was 
killed by a serpent in hunting. 3. A mythical 
king of Arcadia. 

Mqui, ce'-qui, or ./Equicoli, ce-qui'-col-i, or 
^EquicoL/E, cz-qul'-col-ce, a people of East 
Latium, near Tibur, very hostile to infant 
Rome, and conquered finally 302 B.C. 

./Erias, ce'-rl as, an ancient king of Cyprus, 
who built the temple of Paphos. 

Aerope, a-er'-o-pe, wife of Atreus (q. v.). 

./Eropus, cer'-op-iis. 1. A general of Epirus, 
in Pyrrhus's reign. 2. Regent of Orestes, 
infant son of Archelaus, king of Macedonia. 

3. A mountain of Chaonia. 

vEsacus, ce'-sa-aes,a. river of Troy, near Ida. 
2. A son of Priam by Alexirrhoe, or by Arisba ; 
enamoured of Hesperia, he pursued her into 
the woods ; the nymph flung herself into the 
sea and was made a bird, and ^Esacus, following 
her example, was made a cormorant. 

iEsAK, ce'-sar, or ,/Esarus, ctf-sar-us, a river of 



IO 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



.iEschines 



Magna Graecia, falling into the sea near Cro- 
tona. 

./Eschines, ces'-chin-es. i. An Athenian 
orator, rival of Demosthenes, about 342 B.C. : 
son of Atrometus, he boasted of noble descent, 
but was reproached by Demosthenes for his low 
birth. Their rivalry began when ambassadors 
at Philip's court, 347, where /Eschines was 
bribed : iEschines impeached Ctesiphon when 
he proposed a golden crown as reward for 
Demosthenes, regarding which we have the 
extant rival orations of .<Eschines in 
Ctesipjiontem and Demosthenes de Corona. 
./Eschines was defeated, and retired to Rhodes, 
where he died 314. 2. A disciple of Socrates, 
author of several dialogues. 

iEscHRiON, ces'-chri-on. 1. A Mytilenean 
poet, intimate with Aristotle, accompanied 
Alexander into Asia. 2. A physician, com- 
mended by Galen, and a writer on husbandry. 

iEscHYLUS, tzs'-chyl-7(s. 1. Asoldier and tragic 
poet of Athens, son of Euphorion, and brother 
to Cynaegirus, born 525 B.C., fought at Mara- 
thon, Salamis, and Plataea, and wrote ninety 
tragedies, of which forty gained prizes, but only 
seven are extant : viz., Prometlietis vinctus, 
Septem contra T/icbas, Persee, Againemnon, 
Choephorce, Eumenldes, SuppUccs : he first 
introduced two actors, gave suitable dresses, 
and removed the commission of murder from 
the stage. His imagination was strong and 
comprehensive, but too wild, fruitful in prodi- 
gies, but disdaining probabilities : his style is 
obscure. He was accused of impiety and con- 
demned, but pardoned, on, it is said, his brother 
Amynias uncovering an arm of which the hand 
was lost at Salamis. He withdrew to Sicily, 
where he was killed, 456, by an eagle dropping 
a tortoise on his bald head, supposing it to be 
a stone. He is said to have been addicted to 
intoxication. 2. A native of Cnidus, who 
taught rhetoric to Cicero. 

^Esculapius, (es'-ciil-a'p-i-us, the god of 
healing, son of Apollo by Coronis, or by 
Larissa, daughter of Phlegias. The mother 
was killed by Apollo with lightning, from 
jealousy, but the babe in her womb was saved, 
and educated by Chiron ; by another version, 
the mother, to conceal the birth, exposed the 
child near Epidaurus, where he was fed by a 
goat of Aresthanas, and guarded by the dog of 
the flock. yEsculapius was physician to the 
Argonauts, and restored many to life, for 
which Jupiter, at Pluto's complaint, struck 
him dead : Apollo, in anger, killed the Cyclops 
who made the thunderbolt. iEsculapius, after 
death, was worshipped at Epidaurus, Perga- 
mus, Athens, Smyrna, &c. ; goats, bulls, Iambs, 
and pigs were sacrificed, and the cock and 
serpent were sacred to him. A temple was, 
291 B.C., raised to him at Rome for his being 
supposed to have driven away a pestilence, 
when he hid himself as a serpent among the 
reeds in an island of the Tiber. ^Esculapius 
was represented with a large beard, in one 
hand a serpent-wreathed staff, and the other 
hand supported by a serpent's head. 



Aetion 



iEsEPUS, ce-stf-pus, a son of Bucolion. 
./Esernia, cB-ser l -?ii-a, a city of the Sam- 
nites. 

.ffisis, a?-sis, a river of Italy, separating 
Umbria from Picenum ; and a town on the 
same. 

^Eson, cz'-son. 1. Son of Cretheus, and twin- 
brother of Pelias, succeeded his father in 
Iolchos, but was soon exiled by Pelias. He 
married Alcimede, by whom he had Jason. 
Jason demanded the kingdom of Pelias, who 
persuaded him to go in search of the golden 
fleece ; on his return with Medea, she filled 
the veins of ^Eson with the juice of certain 
herbs, and so restored him to youth. iEson 
killed himself by drinking bull's blood to avoid 
the persecution of Pelias. 2. A town and river 
of Thessaly. 

^Esonides, ce-so'-ni-des, patronymic of Jason. 

/Esopus, (E-sd'-pus. 1. A Phrygian slave, 
liberated for his sallies of genius. He travelled 
through Greece and Egypt, but chiefty resided 
in Lydia with Crcesus, who sent him to consult 
the Delphian oracle ; the Delphians, offended 
with his sarcasms, accused him of stealing a 
vessel from the temple, and threw him from a 
rock, 561 B.C. The fables now circulating 
under his name include those of wits before 
and after his age. 2. Claudius, ciau'-di-ics, 
a Roman actor, intimate with Cicero, and 
possessor of an immense fortune ; his son 
melted precious stones to drink at his enter- 
tainments. 

iEsuLA, es'-su-Ia, a town on a mountain 
between Tibur and Prseneste. 

^Esyetes, cE-sy-e'-tes, a Trojan, from whose 
tomb Polites spied out what the Greeks did in 
their ships during the Trojan war. 

^Ethalia, ce-thal'-i-a, or iE/THERiA, ce-tlter 1 - 
i-a, an island between Etruria and Corsica, 
now Elba. 

^Ethalides, (z-thal' -i-des , a herald, son of 
Mercury : his soul migrated into Pythagoras. 

^Ethion, ee'-thi-dn, a man slain at the nup- 
tials of Andromeda. 

^Ethiopia, ce-thl-o'-pi-a, a country of Africa, 
S. of Egypt, divided into East, near Meroe, 
and West, near the Mauri; but little known 
to the ancients, though Homer styles its inhabi- 
tants the justest of men and favourites of the 
gods. The name of ^Ethiopia was given to 
every country whose inhabitants are of a black 
colour. 

jEthon, ceth'-dn. r. A horse of the sun. 2. A 
horse of Pallas, which shed tears at the death 
of his master. 3. A horse of Hector. 

./Ethra, ath'-ra. 1. Daughter of Pittheus, 
king of Trcezene, was mother of Theseus by 
/Egeus (q. v. ) : she was carried away by Castor 
and Pollux when they recovered Helen, whom 
Theseus had stolen : she went with Helen to 
Troy. 2. An Oceanid, generally called Pleione, 
and wife of Atlas. 

Aetion, d-ef-i-on, or Eetion, e-ef-i-on. 
1. The father of Andromache, was killed at 
Thebes, with his seven sons, by the Greeks. 2. A 
famous painter, who painted Alexander going 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



ii 



.ffiJtna 



Agathoclea 



to celebrate his nuptials with Roxane, a painting i 
so much admired at the Olympic games that 
the president gave him his laughter. 

^Etna, af-iia, a mountain of Sicily, famous 
for its volcano (first mentioned by Pindar), in 
action for nearly 3, coo }-ears. It is 2 miles in 
perpendicular height, 1S0 round at the base, ; 
with an ascent of 30 ; the crater is 3^ miles in ■ 
circumference. The summit is covered with 
snow, but the sides are very fertile. Under 
JEtna Jupiter confined Typhon or Enceladus, | 
and Vulcan had his forge. 

^Etolia, ce-t&-U-a, a country bounded by ■ 
Epirus on N., Acarnania on W.. and Locris on ; 
E., named from .Etolus. Its rude inhabitants, i 
little known before, became formidable as allies 
and as enemies of Rome, after the ruin of 
Athens and Sparta, till conquered by Fulvius. ; 

jEtolus, (z-ta? -lus, son of Endymion of Elis 
and Iphianassa, was father of Pleuron and | 
Calydon by Pronoe. Having accidentally j 
killed Apis, son oi Phoroneus, he went to settle , 
in Greece, and gave his name to iEtoIia. 

Afer, af-er. 1. Any inhabitant of Africa. 2. 
An informer under Tiberius and his successors, j 
was an orator, teacher of Quintilian, and made 
consul by Domitian ; he died A.D. 50. 

Afranius, L., af-rS '-tu-us. 1. A Roman 
comic poet, imitator of Menander, 100 B.C. 2. 
A general of Pompey, conquered by Caesar in | 
Spain and at Thapsus. 3. Q. , author of a 
severe satire on Xero, for which he was put to I 
death in the Pisonian conspiracy. 

Africa, af-ri-ca, called Libya by the \ 
Greeks, one of the three parts of the ancient 
world, and the largest peninsula in the globe ; 
bounded on the E. by Arabia and the Red 
Sea, on the N. by the Mediterranean, S. and 
W. by the ocean. Greatest length, 4,300! 
miles ; greatest breadth, 3,500. Joined on E. 
to Asia by an isthmus 60 miles long, which | 
some of the Ptolemies vainly endeavoured to 
■jierce with a canal, now successfully achieved 
by M. Lesseps. Only the maritime parts were 
known to the ancients, whose imaginations 
peopled the south of it with monsters of every 



^rs, af-ri-c£-num md/-e, 
:d:terranean on the coast of 



Africans 
the part of t 
Africa. 

Africanus, af-rl-cd'-iius. 1. A blind poet, 
commended by Ennius. 2. A Christian writer I 
and chronicler, about a.d. 222. 3. A lawyer, 
disciple of Papinian, and friend of the emperor 
Alexander. 4. Epithet of the Scipios, from the I 
conquest of Africa see Scipio). 

Agagrian.e Port.e, a-gag'-ri-a'-Me ior'-te, 
gates at Syracuse, near which the dead were 
buried. 

Agamedes, dg-d-tne'-des, and Trophonius, 
two architects who made the entrance to the 
Delphic temple, and asked the god for the best j 
of gifts, and, eight days after, they were found 
dead in bed. According to another account, 
they robbed the treasury ; Agamedes was en- j 
trapped, and his brother was swallowed up by ! 
the earth. 



Agamemnon, dg-d-mem'-?ion, king of My- 
cenae and Argos, brother of Menelaus, and son 
of Plisthenes (q. v.), the son of Atreus, but 
called by Homer son of Atreus. On Atreus" s 
death, his brother Thyestes seized Argos, and 
removed Menelaus and Agamemnon, who went 
to Polyphidus, king of Sicyon, and then to 
CEneus, king of .lEtolia, where they were 
educated. Agamemnon married Clytemnestra 
(q. v.), and Menelaus Helen, daughters of Tyn- 
darus, king of Sparta, who helped them to 
recover their father's kingdom ; Agamemnon 
establishing himself at Mycenae, and Menelaus 
succeeding Tyndarusat Sparta. When Helen 
was stolen by Paris, Agamemnon became com- 
mander-in-chief of the forces against Trey ; 
and when adverse winds kept the fleet at Aulis, 
he sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia (q. v.) to 
Diana : he showed great valcur at Troy, where 
his quarrel about Briseis with Achilles made 
the latter withdraw, and inflicted great loss on 
the Greeks. After the capture of Troy, Cas- 
sandra fell to his share, and prophesied his 
murder by Clytemnestra, to which he paid no 
heed : he returned to Argos, where, as he was 
leaving the bath, he was murdered by Clytem- 
nestra and her paramour /Egisthus [q. v.), and 
afterwards avenged by Orestes. 

AgamemnoniuSj dg'-d-?>iem-non'-I-2cs, or 
Agamemnonides, ag'-d-nzem-ndji'-l-des, Ores- 

Aganippe, dg-d-nip'-pe, a famous fountain 
of Bceotda, at foot of Mount Helicon, tributary 
of the Permessus, and sacred to the Muses, 
thence named Aganippides, dg-dn-ij>'-j>ld-es. 

Agapenor, dg-d-pen'-or. 1. The commander 
of Agamemnon's fleet. 2. Son of Ancaeus and 
grandson of Lycurgas, was, after the fall of 
Troy, carried by a storm into Cyprus, and 
built Paphos. 

Agarista, dg-dr-is'-ta. 1. A daughter of Clis- 
thenes, was wooed by all the princes of Greece, 
and married Megacles. 2. A daughter of 
Hippocrates, married Xanthippus : before the 
birth of Pericles, she dreamt she had given 
birth to a lion. 

Agasicles.. dg-ds'-l-cles. king of Sparta, son 
of Archidamus. 

Agass.e, dg-as'-siz, a city of Thess-dy. 

Agasthenes, dg-a^-then-es, father of Po- 
lyxenus, fought against Troy as one of Helen's 
suitors. 

Agastrophus, dg-as '-trofih-its , a Trojan, 
wounded by Diomedes. 

Agatharchidas, d.g-d-thar' -chld-as. 1. A 
Corinthian general in the Peloponnesian war. 
2. A Samian v or Cnidian' philosopher and histo- 
rian, flourished about 177 B.C. 

Agatharchus, dg-d-i/iar'-chus, an officer 
in the Syracusan fleet. 

Agathias, dg-dtk'-i-as. t. A Greek historian 
of ^Eolia. 2. A poet and historian temp. Jus- 
tinian, of whose reign he wrote a history, in 
continuation of Procopius, and also several 
epigrams. 

Agathoclea, dg-dth'-o-ele'-a, an Eiryotian 
courtesan, marri' 3 ^ by one of the Ptolemies 



12 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Agathocles 



after destroying his wife : she and her brother 
long governed the kingdom, and attempted the 
life of the king's son. 

Agathocles, ag-ath'-o-cles. i. A debauched 
youth, son of a potter, raised to wealth by 
Damas, seized Syracuse 317 B.C., and reduced 
Sicily : defeated at Himera by the Carthagi- 
nians, 310, he for four years successfully waged 
war in Africa, thence passed into Italy, and 
won Crotona : he died 289 B.C. 2. A son of 
Lysimachus, made prisoner by the Getse ; 
ransomed, he married Lysandra, daughter 
of Ptolemy Lagus, and his aged father married 
her sister Arsinoe, who, after her husband's 
death, fearful for her children, attempted the 
life of Agathocles ; he died 283 B.C., and Ly- 
sandra fled to Seleucus. 3. A Greek of Baby- 
lon, author of an account of Cyzicus. 4. A 
Chian writer on husbandry. 

Agathon, ag'-ath-dn. 1. A son of Priam. 2. 
Of Samos, a historian of Scythia. 3. A tragic 
poet, flourished 406 B.C. 

Agathyllus, ag-dth-yl'-his, an elegiac poet 
of Arcadia. 

Agathyrsi, dg-aik-yr'-sz (named from a son 
of Hercules), an effeminate nation of Scythia, 
who had their wives in common. 

Agaui, ag-au'-i, a northern nation, fed on 
milk. 

Agave, ag-av'-e, daughter of Cadmus and 
Hermione, wife of Echion, and mother of Pen- 
theus (q. v.), killed her husband in celebrating 
the orgies of Bacchus : she was deified after 
death, having contributed to the education of 
Bacchus. 

Agelastus, a-ge-las'-tus. 1. An epithet of 
Crassus, grandfather of M. Licinius Crassus, 
from having laughed only once in his life, when 
he saw an ass eat thistles. 2. Pluto, from his 
melancholy face. 

Agelaus, ag-e-ld'-us. 1. One of Penelope's 
suitors. 2. A servant of Priam, who preserved 
Paris when exposed on Ida. 3. A king of 
Corinth, son of Ixion. 

Agendicum, ag-en'-dic-um, capital of the 
Senones. 

Agenor, a-ge'-nor. 1. King of Phoenicia, son 
of Neptune and Libya, and brother of Belus, 
married Telephassa, by whom he had Cadmus, 
Phoenix, Cilix, and Europa. 2. A son of An- 
tenor. 

Agenorides, a-ge-nor'-i-des, any descendant 
of Agenor. 

Agerinus, ag-e-ri' -mts , a freedman of Agrip- 
pina, accused of attempting Nero's life. 

Agesander, ag-es-au'-der, sculptor of 
Rhodes under Vespasian ; the famous Laocoon 
is his work. 

Agesilaus, ag-es'-t-la'-ns. 1. King of Sparta, 
of the Agidse family, son of Doryssus, and 
father of Archelaus : in his reign Lycurgus's 
reforms were made. 2. A son of Archidamus II., 
of the Proclidae famil}-, made king of Sparta 
in preference to his nephew Leotychides : 
warred successfully with King Artaxerxes of 
Persia ; summoned home against the Athenians 
and Boeotians, he traversed in thirty days the 



Agnon 

space which took Xerxes a year, and defeated 
at Coronea, 394 B.C., the allied forces of 
Athens, Thebes, Corinth, and Argos : during 
his subsequent sickness the Spartans were 
beaten in every battle, especially Leuctra, till 
he again took command. He died on his re- 
turn from Egypt, 361, his body being embalmed 
and brought to Sparta. Agesilaus was of small 
stature, and lame, and very abstemious. 3. A 
brother of Themistocles, went as a spy into 
the Persian camp, and stabbed, without fatal 
effect, Mardonius instead of Xerxes. 4. Epi- 
thet of Pluto. 

Agesipolis, ag-es-ifi'-ol-is. 1. King of Sparta, 
son of Pausanias, victorious over Mantineans ; 
was succeeded by Cleombrotus 380 B.C. 2. 
King of Sparta, son of Cleombrotus ; was suc- 
ceeded by Cleomenes II., 370 B.C. 

Aggrammes, ag-gram'-mes, a cruel king 
of the Gangarides, son of a hairdresser ; the 
queen was enamoured of his father, and made 
him governor of the king's children ; and he 
killed them to let his son by her, Aggrammes, 
gain the throne. 

Aggrin^e, ag-gri'-nce, a people near Mount 
Rhodope. 

Agid^e, d'-gi-dcB, the descendants of Eury- 
sthenes, named from his son Agis, shared the 
Spartan throne with the Proclidse, and became 
extinct in Cleomenes, son of Leonidas. 

Agilaus, a-gi-ld'-us. 1. A king of Corinth. 

2. An ephor. 

Agis, a'-gis. 1. King of Sparta for one year, 
son of Eurysthenes, was succeeded by Eches- 
tratus, 1058 B.C. 2. A king of Sparta, who 
warred against Athens and liberated many 
Greek cities; he tried to restore Lycurgus's 
institutions, but perished in the attempt, being 
strangled by order of the ephors, 240 B.C. 

3. A king of Sparta, 427 B.C., son of Archida- 
mus II., was distinguished in the war against 
Epidaurus, victorious at Mantinea, and suc- 
cessful in the Peloponnesian war. 4. A king of 
Sparta, son of Archidamus, tried, by Persian 
aid, to deliver Greece from Macedonia, but 
was conquered and slain, with 5,300 Spartans, 
by Alexander's general Antipater, 330 B.C. 
5. A Lycian, companion of ./Eneas, killed in 
Italy. 

Aglaia, ag-la'-i-a, or Pasiphae, $a- 
siph'-ci-e, one of the Graces. 

Aglauros, ag-lau'-ros, or Agraulos, 
ag-rau'-los, daughter of Erechtheus, or of 
Cecrops, changed into a stone by Mercury. 
(See Herse.) 

Agna, ag-na, a deformed woman, in 
Horace's time, who had many admirers. 

Agnodice, ag-nod'-l-ce, an Athenian virgin, 
who concealed her sex to learn medicine under 
Hierophilus. She had extensive practice, and 
was by the males of her profession accused 
before the Areopagus of corruption ; but, con- 
fessing her sex, was acquitted, and women 
were afterwards admitted to the profession. 

Agnon, ag'-non, son of Nicias, was present 
at the capture of Samos by Pericles ; in the Pelo- 
ponnesian war he went against Potidaca, but 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



n 



Agnonides 

abandoned the expedition through disease. He 
founded Amphipolis, which rebelled to Bra- 
sidas. 

Agnonides, ag-non'-id-es, an Athenian 
rhetor, put to death for falsely accusing Phocion 
of treason. 

Agonalia, dg-o-nd'-ll-a, and Agonia, 
ag-dn'-Z-a, ancient Roman festivals, thrice a 
year, for Janus. 

AGO^sC\?no\.im ! ng-5'-iiescdJ>'-i-to-ll'-7ii, 
quinquennial games on the Capitoline hill, 
when prizes were given for poetical and lite- 
rary, as well as bodily excellence ; instituted 

387 B.C. 

Agonothet^:, dg-on-oth-et-ce, judges at 
the Greek games (Olympia, Nemea, &c. ). 

Agoracritus, dg-dr-a' -crit-iis , a Parian 
sculptor, made a statue of Venus for Athens. 

Agoranomi, dg-or-d' -no-mi, ten Athenian 
magistrates, who had charge of the city, port, 
and markets. 

Agra, ag'-ra, a place of Bceotia, near source 
of Ilissus. Diana was called Agrcea from 
hunting there. 

Agr^i, ag-rce'-i, and Agrenses, ag-ren'-ses. 
1. A people of Arabia. 2. A people of yEtolia. 

AGRAGAS,ag -ra-gas, or AcRAGAS,ac'-rd-gas, 
also Agrigentum, ag-ri-gen'-tuni (q. v.), a 
river, mountain, and town of Sicily. 

Agrari^e Leges, ag-rd '-ri-ce le'-ges, laws 
for the distribution among the Romans of the 
lands gained by conquest : the most important 
were Appuleia, Cassia, Cornelia, Flarninia, 
Flavia, Julia, Licinia, Sempronia, Servilia, 
Thoria (q. v.). They were the occasion of 
fierce struggles of the poorer plebeians with 
the wealthier plebeians and the patricians. The 
latter leased large quantities of this state p?-o- 
erty at a low rental, and in many cases had 
een allowed to omit payment of the rental. 
The Agrarise Leges aimed — besides dividing 
newly-acquired territory among the poorer 
plebeians — at limiting the amount to be held 
by one person, and at re-distributing in accord- 
ance with these limitations. 

Agraulia, ag-rate'-li-a, an Athenian festi- 
val for Agraulos, daughter of Cecrops. 

Agraulos, ag-razd-los {see Aglauros). 

Agrauonit^e, ag-rau'-o-nl- tee, a people of 
Illyria. 

Agrianes, ag-rl'-d-nes, a river and people 
of Thrace. 

Agricola,. ag-ric'-ol-a, father-in-law of his 
biographer Tacitus, eminent for his virtues, 
was governor of Britain a.d. 78, and first dis- 
covered it to be an island : he was recalled out 
of envy by Doimtian, and ordered to enter 
Rome in the night : he died 93, aged 55. 

Agrigentum, ag-ri-gen '-turn , a town of 
Sicily, on Mount Agragas (q. v.), founded by a 
Rhodian colony frcm Gela : its inhabitants 
Vere ncted for luxury and hospitaluy ; the 
fionarchy was subverted by a democracy, from 
fcdrich Phalaris, 560 B.C., se'zed sovereign 
power, which was also for a while held by 
the Carthaginians, who destroyed it 405 : the 
Rszaans took it 210. 



Agrius 

Agrionia, ag-rl-o'-ni-a, annual festivals at 
Orchomenos, in honour of Bacchus. 

Agrippa, Vipsanius, M., a-grip'-pa, vip- 
sdn'-z-ns. 1. Conqueror over Sextus Pompey, 
was distinguished at Actium and Philippi, and 
victorious in his expeditions into Gaul and 
Germany : he embellished Rome with splendid 
buildings, among which was the Pantheon ; 
after two years' retirement at Mytilene, from 
a quarrel with Marcellus, he was recalled by 
Augustus, who gave him his daughter Julia in 
marriage, 21 B.C., and the charge of the empire 
during a two years' visit to Greece and Asia : 
he had formerly been married to Pomponia, 
daughter of Atticus, and Marcella, daughter 
of Octavia : he died 12 B.C., aged 51. By Julia 
he left five children, C. Ccesar Agrippa 
(adopted by Augustus, made consul at 15, and 
killed in Armenia by the treachery of Lollius), 
L. Casar A s rippa (also adopted by Augustus, 
but banished to Campania for sedition, and 
assassinated in his 26th year by order of Livia 
and Tiberius), Posthumus Agrippa, Agrip- 
pina (who married Germanicus), and Jzdia 
(who married Lepidus and was banished for 
licentiousness). 2. Silvius, sil'-vl-us, king of 
Latium, son of Tiberius Silvius, succeeded by 
Romulus Silvius. 3. A consul, conquered the 
/Equi. 4. Herod ss, he-ro'-des, son of Aristo- 
bulus, and grandson of the Great Herod, was 
tutor to Tiberius's grandchild, and imprisoned 
by the tyrant : released on accession of Cali- 
gula, he was made king of Judaea ; when 
yielding to the flatteries of the Jews he was 
struck with pedicularis morbus, and died A. D. 
43. 5. A son of Herodes, deprived of his 
kingdom by the emperor Claudius in exchange 
for other provinces : before him St. Paul pleaded. 
He was with Titus at the siege of Jerusalem, 
and died 100. 6. Menenius, men-e'-?il-us, 
a Roman general, victorious over the Sam- 
nites ; he appeased the plebs at a secession to 
the Mons Sacer by the fable of the belly and 
the members, and created the tribuneship of 
the plebs 493 B.C. 

Agrippina, a-grip-fii' -na 1. Wife of Tibe- 
rius, repudiated for Julia. 2. A daughter of M. 
Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia, the daughter of 
Augustus, married Germanicus, and, when 
Piso poisoned him in Syria, bore his ashes to 
Italy, and accused Piso, who stabbed himself. 
She was exiled by her enemy, the emperor 
Tiberius, to Pandataria, where she died of 
starvation, A. d. 26 ; she was a favourite of the 
populace ; she left nine children. 3. Jul ia, 
jii'-U-a, the daughter of Agrippina (2), 
married Domitius Ahenobarbus a.d. 28, and 
was mother of Nero : after her husband's death 
she married her uncle, the emperor Claudius, 
whom she killed to gain the throne for Nero ; 
after many cruelties and much licentiousness, 
she was assassinated a.d. 59, by Nero's 
orders. 

Agrius, ag'-ri-us, son of Parthaon, drove 
his brother GEneus from the throne, by whose 
grandson, Diomedes, he was expelled, on which 
he killed himself. 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Agrotera 



Agrotera, ag-rot'-er-a, an anniversary 
sacrifice of 500 goats to Diana at Athens, insti- 
tuted by Callimachus the Polemarch, who 
vowed as many goats as there might be killed 
of the enemy at Marathon. 

Agyieus, dg-yl'-eus, epithet of Apollo, as 
guardian of the streets at Athens. 

Agylla, d-gyl'-la, a Pelasgian town of 
Etruria, under Mezentius, when ^Eneas came 
to Italy. 

Agyll^eus, d-gyl-lce'-us, a gigantic wrestler 
of Cleonae. 

Agyrium, d-gyr'-i-um, a town of Sicily, 
where Diodorus the historian was born. 

Ah a la, d-hd'-la, surname of the Servilii 

Ahenobarbus, d-he -no-bar -bits, surname of 
L. Lomitius, and descendants, from his beard 
having been touched, and its colour instantly 
changed to that of bronze (tzs), by Castor and 
Pollux — on his discrediting the victory at Lake 
Regillus, with which they acquainted him. 
{See Domitius 2.) 

Aidoneus, d-i-do'-netts. 1. Pluto (as causing 
to disappear). 2. A king of the Molossi, who 
imprisoned Theseus, for attempting with Piri- 
thous to seize his daughter Proserpine near 
the Acheron. 

Aius Locutius, ai'-us lo-cu'-tl-us (an- 
nouncing speaker), a deity to whom a temple 
was built by Camillus, after the conquest of 
the Gauls, 390 B.C., from a plebeian, Ceditius, 
having informed the tribunes that from above 
the temple of Vesta, before the invasion, a 
supernatural voice had warned him that Rome 
would be attacked by the Gauls — a prediction 
neglected, but soon verified. 

A j ax, dj'-ax. 1. SonofTelamonandPeribcea 
or Eribcea, daughter of Alcathous, was the 
bravest of the Greeks next to Achilles: he fought, 
and at parting exchanged arms,withHector. On 
the death of Achilles he disputed possession of 
his arms with Ulysses, and was so enraged at 
the latter receiving them from the Atreidae 
that he slaughtered a flock of sheep, supposing 
them to be the sons of Atreus : he then stabbed 
himself, the blood from the wound being 
changed into the hyacinth : he was buried at 
Sigaeum, and his tomb was visited by Alex- 
ander. 2. The Loerian, son of King Oileus 
of Locris, went, as a former suitor of Helen, 
with forty ships against Troy. For offering 
violence to Cassandra, who had fled to Pallas's 
temple, on the night Troy fell, Pallas de- 
stroyed his ship on his voyage home ; he swam 
to a rock and said he was safe in spite of the 
gods, when Neptune struck the rock with his 
trident, and Ajax was drowned. His body 
was afterwards found by the Greeks, and black 
sheep offered on his tomb. 

Alabanda (-as, or -orum), dl-d-ban'-da, a 
prosperous inland town of Caria; its neigh- 
bourhood abounded with scorpions. 

AlalcomeNjE, al-al-com' -en-ce , a city of 
Bosotia, where some suppose Pallas (Alalco- 
MENEis, al-al' -com-eu-e 1 -is) was born. 

Alalia, al-al' -i-m. a town of Corsica, built 



Albula 



by a Phocaean colony, 564 B.C., destroyed by 
Scipio 262 B.C., and afterwards rebuilt by 
Sulla : it was also called A leria. 

Alamanni, dl-d-man'-ni, a people of Ger- 
many, near the Hercynian Forest, very inimi- 
cal to Rome. 

Alani, al-d'-ni, a powerful people of Sar- 
matia, near the Palus Maeotis. 

Alares, dl'-dr-es, a people of Pannonia. 

Alaricus, dl-d-rl' -ctis , king of the Goths, 
plundered Rome in the reign of Honorius, died 
a.d. 410. 

Alastor, d-las'-tor, armourbearer of King 
Sarpedon, of Lycia, killed by Ulysses. 

Alazon, d-laz'-on, a tributary of the Cyrus, 
separating Albania from Iberia. 

Alba, Silvius, al'-ba, siH-m-us. 1. Son and 
successor of King Latinus Silvius, of Latium, 
reigned thirty-six years. 2. Longa, len'-ga, 
a city of Latium, built by Ascanius 1152 B.C., 
where iEneas found, according to the prophecy 
of Helenus and of the god of the river, a 
white sow with a litter of thirty : long the 
powerful rival of Rome, it was destroyed 665 
B.C., and its inhabitants removed to Rome. 3. 
Fucentia, fii-cen'-ti-a, a city of the Marsi. 
4. Pompeia, pom-pei'-a, a town in Liguria. 

Albani, al-bd'-ui, and Albenses. al-ben'-ses, 
the inhabitants of the three cities Alba. 

Albania, al-bd'-ni-a, a country of Asia, be- 
tween the Caspian Sea and Iberia. 

Aleanus, al-ba'-nus, a mountain with a lake, 
near Alba Longa, sixteen miles from Rome ; 
on it the Latince Jerlce were celebrated ; the 
lake was drained by the Romans at the siege of 
Veii. 

Albici, al-bi'-ci, a people of Gallia Aqui- 
tania. 

Albinovanus, C. Pedo, al'-bin-o-vd'-nus, 
ped'-o. 1. An elegiac poet, contemporary with 
Ovid. 2. See Celsus. 

A-LBiNTEMELiUM,al-bi7i'-tem-e'-ii-um,a.to\vii 
of Liguria. 

Albinus, Clodius, al-bz'-nus, clo-di-us. j. A 
native of Adrumetum, in Africa, made governor 
of Britain by Commodus, a.d. 192 ; elected 
emperor by his soldiers after the murder of 
Pertinax, he was overthrown in Gaul by 
Severus, his head cut off, and body thrown 
into the Rhone, 198. 2. A praetorian, sent as 
ambassador from the senate to Sulla, during 
the civil wars, and put to death. 3. A plebeian 
who conveyed the Vestals from Rome when 
sacked by the Gauls. 4. A. Posthumus, 
posf-hiim-tis, consul 151 B.C., author of a Greek 
history of Rome. 

Albion, al'-bi-on. 1. Son of Neptune by Am- 
phitrite, established a kingdom in Britain, and 
first introduced astronomy and shipbuilding : 
he was killed with stones by Jupiter at the 
mouth of the Rhone, for opposing Hercules' 
passage. 2. The largest island of Europe, now 
Great Britain, so called from (1) its chalky 
white cliffs, or, from the Celtic, high island. 

Albis, al'-bis, a river of Germany, the Elbe. 

Albula, al'-bu-la, the ancient name of the 
Tiber. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Albunea 



Alcman 



Albunea, al-bu'-ne-a, a wood at Tibur, 
near the Anio, sacred to the Muses, and named 
from a Sibyl, who was worshipped there in a 
temple still remaining. Near it was a sul- 
phureous lake, which flowed by the Albula 
i lis 1'ie Anio. 

Alburnus, al-foir '-mis , a lofty mountain of 
Lucania, where the Tanager rises. 

Albutius, al-bu'-ti-us. i. A sordid man, 
father to Canidia : he used to beat his servants, 
lest, when they offended, he might have no 
time to punish them. 2. An Epicurean philo- 
sopher, born at Rome ; made governor of 
Sardinia, but banished by the senate. 

Alc^us, al-ccd-us. 1. A famous lyric poet of 
Mytilene, in Lesbos, 600 B.C. : he fled from a j 
battle, when his enemies hung up his armour 
in the temple of Pallas. Pie paid his addresses ! 
to Sappho. He invented alcaics, but of his 
works only fragments remain. 2. An epigram- 
matist. 3. A comic poet. 4. A son of Perseus, 
father of Amphitryon and Anaxo, from whom 
Hercules was called Alcides. 5. A son of 
Hercules by a maid of Omphale. 

Ai.CA.MKn-ES,al-cam'-e-?ies. 1. King of Sparta, 
of the Agidae family, reigned 779-742 B.C., after 
his father Telechus. 2. A statuary, 448 B.C., 
distinguished for statues of Venus and Vulcan. 

Alcander, al-can'-der. 1. An attendant of 
Sarpedon, killed by Ulysses. 2. A Trojan, 
killed by Turnus. 

Alcandre, al-cau'-dre, wife of Polybius, 
a rich Theban. 

Alcanor, al-cd'-nor, a Trojan, whose sons, 
Pandarus and Bitias, followed ^Eneas to Italy. 
2. A son of Phorus, killed by ^Eneas. 

Alcathoe, al-cath'-o-e, a name of Megara, 
in Attica. 

Alcatkous, a l-cal7i'-o-us. 1 A son of Pelops, 
who, being suspected of murdering his brother 
Chrysippus, came to Megara, killed a lion 
that had killed the king's son, and suc- 
ceeded to the kingdom. 2. Husband of 
Anchises' daughter Hippodamia, killed by 
Idomeneus. 3. A friend of ./Eneas, killed in 
the Rutulian war. 

Alce, al'-ce. 1. One of Actseon's dogs. 2. A 
town of Celtiberia. 

Alcenor, al-ce'-nor, an Argive who, with 
Chromius, survived the combat of 300 Argives 
with 300 Spartans. 

Alceste, al-ces'-ie, or Ai.cestis, al-ces'-tis, 
daughter of Pelias and Anaxibia, with her sisters 
put Pelias to death to have him restored to youth 
by Medea, who then refused. They fled to 
Admetus, who married Alceste, and was at- 
tacked by their brother Acastus, and ransomed 
from imprisonment by Alceste devoting herself j 
to death. For another version, see Admetus. 

Alcibiades, al-cl-bl'-d-des, son of Clinias ; 
and Dinomache, an Athenian general, disciple j 
of Socrates, famous for his enterprising spirit, j 
versatile genius, and natural foibles. He en- [ 
couraged the Athenians to go against Syracuse, 1 
but, from the destruction of the Hermae, he 
was tried for impiety after he had sailed, and | 
deprived of his command. He took refuge ; 



with the Spartans, and next, 412, with Tissa- 
phernes. Recalled to Athens, 411, he obliged 
the Spartans to sue for peace, made several 
conquests in Asia, and was received in triumph 
at Athens, 407 ; but in 406, unsuccessful against 
Cyme, he had to retire, and in 404 took refuge 
with Pharnabazus, whom he almost induced 
to wage war with the Spartans, when their 
general, Lysander, prevailed upon the satrap 
to murder him : slaves set his cottage on fire 
and killed him with darts, when trying to 
escape, 404, aged 46. His was a most unique 
character, uniting heroism, strategy, states- 
manship, philosophy, and debauchery. 

Alcidamas, al-cid'-d-mas. 1. Of Cos, father 
of Ctesilla. 2. A philosopher and orator, pupil 
of Gorgias, Jlor. 424 B.C., and wrote a treatise 
on Death. 

Alcidamus, al-ci-da! -mus , an Athenian rhe- 
torician, who wrote a eulogy on Dear.!:. 

Alcidas, al-cl'-das, a Spartan, sent with 
twenty-three ships against Corcyra in the Pelo- 
ponnesian war. 

Alcides, al-ci'-des. 1. Hercules, from his 
grandfather Alcseus. 2. Epithet of Pallas in 
Macedonia. 

Alcimede, al-um'-e-de, mother of Jason by 
yEson. 

Alcinous, al-chi'-o-tis, son of Nausithous 
and Peribcea, king of Phseacia, praised for his 
love of agriculture. By his niece Arete he had 
several sons and a daughter, Nausicaa. He 
entertained Ulysses, and heard the recital of 
his adventures. 

Ai.ciphron, al'-ci-phron, an elegant Greek 
epistolary writer, about a.d. 180. The epistles 
under his name are fictitious. 

Alcithoe, al-clth'-o-e, a daughter of Minyas, 
changed into a bat, and her spindle and yarn 
into a vine and ivy, for her ridiculing Bacchus's 
orgies. 

Alcm^on, alc-mce' -07i. 1. Son of Amphiaraus 
and Eriphyle (q. v.), was charged by his 
father, on going to Thebes, to avenge his 
death on Eriphyle, whom he killed, for which 
he was persecuted by the Furies till cleansed 
by Phlegeus, whose daughter Alphesibcea he 
married. Alcmaeon gave her the fatal neck- 
lace which Eriphyle had received to betray 
his father, and then divorced her for Callirrhoe, 
for whom he wished to recover the necklace 
from Alphesiboea, when he was slain by her 
brothers. 2. A Pythagorean philosopher of 
Crotona. 3. A son of Syllus, driven from 
Messenia by the Heraclidas, was founder of 
the A lanceouidce in Athens. 

AlcMy<eonid;e, alc-mcE-d'-m-da>, a noble 
family in Athens, descended from Alcmaeon (3); 
were banished, 595 b. c. , for Megacles' sacrilege, V 
and restored 560. For 300 talents they built, 
in a magnificent manner, the burnt temple of 
Delphi, 548 ; and by their influence the Pythia 
prevailed on the Spartans to deliver Athens 
from the Pisistratida?, 510 ; and one of them, 
Clisthenes, gave a new constitution to Athens. 

Alcman, aid-man, a lyric poet of Sardinia, 
630 B.C., wrote in Doric : fragments remain. 



16 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Alcmena 



Alcmena, alc-me'-tia, daughter of King 
Electryon of Argos, who promised her and his 
crown to Amphitryon if he would revenge on 
the Teleboae the death of his sons. In Amphi- 
tryon's absence against them, Jupiter assumed 
his form, and, announcing success, became by 
Alcmena father of Hercules, born at the same 
birth with Iphiclus, her son by Amphitryon. 
Near the time of Hercules' birth, Jupiter 
promised to give power over all his neighbours 
and the children of his own blood to a child 
born that day, whereon Juno delayed the 
labour of Alcmena, and hastened that of the 
wife of King Sthenelus of Argos, who bore 
Eurystheus, to whom Hercules (q. v.) was sub- 
jected. After Amphitryon's death, Alcmena 
married Rhadamanthus. 

Alcyone, al-cy'-o-ue, or Halcyone, hal-cy'- 
8-ue. i. Daughter of ^Eolus, married Ceyx, who 
was drowned when going to consult the oracle 
at Claros : Alcyone dreamed of his fate, and 
flung herself into the sea, and she and her hus- 
band were changed into halcyons. 2. A Pleiad, 
daughter of Atlas, mother of Arethusa by 
Neptune, and Eleuthera by Apollo. 3. A 
daughter of Evenus, after marriage carried 
away by Apollo. 4. Meleager's wife. 5. A 
town of Thessaly. 

Aldescus, al-des'-ctis, a river of European 
Sarmatia, flowing from the Riphsean mountains. 

Alduabis, al-du'-a-bis (see Dubis). 

Alea, al'-e-a. 1. Minerva, from her temple 
by Aleus, at Tegea. 2. A town of Arcadia, 
built by Aleus. 

Alebion, a-le'-li-on, and Dercynus, sons of 
Neptune, killed by Hercules for stealing his 
oxen. 

Alecto, a-lec'-td, on 2 of the Eumenides 
(q.Y.). 

Alectryon, d-lec' -try-on, a youth stationed 
at the door by Mars when visiting Venus, to 
watch the approach of Phcebus : he was 
changed into a cock for falling asleep. 

Alectus, a-led-tus, a usurper in Britain ; 
died a.d. 296. 

Aleius Campus, a-le'-i-7is cam' -pus, a place 
in Lycia, where Bellerophon fell from his 
horse Pegasus. 

Alemanni aZ-e-man'-ni (see Alamanni). 

Alemon, a-le r -moii, father of Myscellus ; 
founded Crotona. 

Aleria, a-ler'-i-a (see Alalia). 

Alesa, a-le'-sa, or Achronidion, a-chron- 
zd'-l-07i, a town of Sicily, made by the Romans 
an independent city. 

Alesia, a-les'-i-a, a city of the Mandubii, 
founded by Hercules, and conquered by Julius 
Caesar 52 b.c. 

Alethes, a-le'-thes. 1. King of Corinth, son 
of Hippotas, and first of the Heraclidse. 2. An 
aged companion of iEneas. 

Aletrium, a-leH-ri-um, a town of the 
Hernici, W. of Sora. 

Aleuad^s, a-let<! -a-dtz , a royal family, de- 
scendants of King Aleuas, a-leu'-as, of 
Larissa, in Thessaly, betrayed their country 
to Xerxes. 



Alexander 



Alexamenus, al-ex-am '-en-ns, murderer of 
Nabis, of Sparta, was soon after killed by the 
people. 

Alexander I., al-ex-an'-der. 1. Son of 
Amyntas, tenth king of Macedonia : he killed 
the Persian ambassadors for their behaviour 
to the women at his father's court : he first 
made the Macedonians prominent : he reigned 
43 years, and died 455 B.C. 2. Alexander II. 
son of Amyntas II., and king of Macedonia, 
was murdered by his younger brother Ptolemy, 
367 b.c. 3. Alexander III., or the Great, 
son of Philip and Olympias, born 356 B.C., on 
the night when Diana's temple at Ephesus was 
burnt by Eratostratus, which conflagration, 
with many other prodigies at and before his 
birth, was taken as an omen of his future 
greatness. He was educated by Aristotle, and 
charged with the government at 15, during 
the absence in war of his father, whom he soon 
after followed to the field, and whose life he 
saved in battle. Offended at Philip's divorce 
of Olympias for Cleopatra, he withdrew to his 
mother, but was soon recalled ; and, on Philip 
being murdered, 336, he avenged his death. 
He conquered Thrace and Illyricum, and de- 
stroyed Thebes, and, at the head of all the 
forces of Greece, invaded Asia, 334 ; defeated 
Darius at the Granicus ; conquered Asia 
Minor ; again defeated Darius at Issus, 333, 
and Arbela, 331 ; took Tyre after a siege of 
seven months, putting all to the sword ; con- 
quered Egypt, Media, Syria, and Persia ; was 
saluted as a god at the temple of Jupiter 
Ammon, and built Alexandria as his capital of 
an immense empire, to extend frcm the Medi- 
terranean to the Ganges. He invaded India, 
327, where his conquests were checked by 
King Porus (q. v.); and, after invading 
Scythia, and visiting the Indian Ocean, 326, 
he entered Babylon, 325, where, as foretold by 
the magicians, he died, universally regretted, 
323, aged 32, after reigning 12 years 8 months. 
His sudden death was ascribed to poisoning 
by Antipater, and excess of drinking. Many 
conspiracies had been formed against him by 
his officers, but discovered. The wife of 
Darius, who, with her children, had been 
kindly treated by Alexander, killed herself on 
hearing of his death. Alexander was very 
brave and truthful, but proud, and, at times, 
cruel. He forbade any one to make his statue 
but Lysippus, and any one to paint his por- 
trait but Apelles. When dying, he gave his 
ring to Perdiccas, as if to name him successor, 
and declared to his officers that the worthiest 
among them should succeed him. At first it 
was determined to name his brother Philip 
Aridaeus regent, till Roxane, then pregnant by 
Alexander, should give birth to a legitimate 
heir ; but the generals quarrelled among them- 
selves. All Alexander's family and infant 
children were put to death by Cassander 
(q.v.). {See Perdiccas, Eumenes, Ptolemy, 
Antipater, Craterus, Seleucus, Antigo- 
nus, Lysimachus, Leonatus.) 4. A son of 
Alexander III., by Roxane, killed by Cas- 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



17 



Alexandra 



Sander. 5. A king of Corinth, killed on resto- 
ration of Telestes. 6. A son of King Cassander, 
of Macedonia, joint king with Antipater, and 
killed by Demetrius. 7. Molossus, mo-los'- 
stis, a king of Epirus, succeeded Arybas ; 
banished Timolaus, and warred with the 
Romans in Italy. 8. A king of Epirus, son 
of Pyrrhus ; conquered Macedonia, and, after 
being expelled by Demetrius, again gained it 
by aid of the Acarnanians. 9. A king of Syria, 
expelled by Nicanor and his father-in-law, 
Ptolemy Philometer. 10. Bala, ba'-la, a 
merchant, succeeded Demetrius as king of 
Syria ; conquered Nicanor, by whose son, 
Antiochus Gryphus, he was killed. 11. 
PtoleMjEUS, ptdl-e-7nce'-7is, raised to the 
throne by his mother Cleopatra, reigned in 
Egypt with his brother Ptolemy Lathurus : 
Cleopatra expelled, but again recalled him ; 
he soon after killed her, and was himself killed 
by a subject. 12. Ptolem.eus II., son of 
Ptolemseus I. : educated in Cos : was, when king 
of Egypt, made prisoner by Mithridates, but 
escaped, and was restored to his throne by 
Sulla, but murdered in a few days by his sub- 
jects. 13. Ptoleivmeus III., succeeded his 
brother (Ptolemaeus II.); was, after a peaceful 
reign, banished by his subjects, and died, 
65 B.C., at Tyre, bequeathing Egypt to the 
Romans. 14. An Epicurean philosopher. 15. 
A governor of ^Eolia. 16. Paris, par' -is 
(q.v.), son of Priam. 17. Jannjeus, jan-nce 1 - 
■us, king of Judaea, son of Hyrcanus, after a 
cruel reign, died of excess of drinking, 79 B.C. 
18. A Paphlagonian magician, friend of M. 
Aurelius. 19. A Carian commentator on Ari- 
stotle, of the 3rd century a.d. 19. Trallia- 
nus, tral-li-a'-nus, a philosopher and physician 
of the 4th century a.d. 20. A poet of /Etolia, 
temp. Ptolemy Philadelphus. 21. A Peripa- 
tetic, preceptor to Nero. 22. Polyhistor, 
pol-y-his'-tor, flor. 88 B.C., wrote on the 
Roman republic and Pythagorcanism. 23. A 
poet of Ephesus. 24. A sophist of Seleucia, 
temp. _ Antoninus. 25. A physician, temp. 
Justin.'an. 26. A son of Lysimachus. 27. A 
Lycian governor. 28. A poet of Pleuron. 29. 
A Spartan general, killed, with 200 of his 
soldiers, when trying to prevent the Argives 
passing through the country of Tegea. 30. 
A tyrant of Pherse, warred with the Mace- 
donians, took- Pelopidas prisoner, and was 
murdered by his wife Thebe, 357 B.C. 31. 
Severus, se-ve'-rus (q.v., 2), the Roman em- 
peror. 

Alexandra, al-ex-an'-dra. 1. The name of 
several queens of Judaea. 2. Cassandra (q.v.), 
from assisting men by prophecies. 

Alexandri Ar^e, ai-ex-an'-d?'i ar'-ce, the 
boundaries of Alexander's victories near the 
Tanais. 

Alexandria, dl-ex-aji' -dri-a, or al-ex-an- 
dri'-a, the name of several cities founded by 
Alexander, the greatest being, in 332 B.C., on 
the W. side of the Delta, and intended as his 
capital of an immense empire from the Medi- 
terranean to the Ganges. It became a great 



Allia 



commercial emporium and literary centre ; its 
famous library, collected by the Ptolemies, 
was burnt by the caliph Omar in the Saracen 
invasion, a.d. 642. It was renowned for its 
schools of philosophy, theology, astronomy, 
and medicine. 

Alexandrides, dl-ex-aji'-dri-des. 1. A 
Spartan, father of Dorycus, Leonidas, Cleom- 
brotus. 2. A Delphian historian. 

Alexandropolis, dl-ex-an-drop'-ol- is, a 
city of Parthia, built by Alexander the Great. 

Alexas, al-ex'-as, of Laodicea, friend of 
M. Antony, and the cause of his divorcing 
Octavia for Cleopatra; lut was punished by 
Augustus. 

Alexicacus, al-ex-ic'ac-us, Apollo, from 
delivering the Athenians from a plague during 
the Peloponnesian war. 

Alexinus, dl-ex-l'-nus, a disciple of Eubu- 
lides. 

Alexion, dl-ex'-i-on, a physician, friend of 
Cicero. 

Alexirrhoe, al-ex-ir'-rho-e. 1. A daughter 
of the river-god Granicus. 2. A daughter of 
Dymus, mother of iEsacus by Priam. 

Alexis, dl-ex'-is. 1. A Samian geographer. 
2. AcomicpoetofThurium, 336B.c. 3. Ayouth, 
loved by a shepherd, in Virgil, Eel. 2. 4. A 
statuary, pupil of Polycletes. 5. A school- 
fellow of Atticus. 

Alfenus Varus, al-je'-nus var'-us, P., rose 
by genius and application from being a shoe- 
maker to be consul. 

Algidum, al'-gid-tim, a town of Latium, 
near Tusculum, about twelve miles from Rome. 

Algidus, al'-gid-us, a mountain-range of 
Latium, running from the Alban mountain to 
the Tusculan hills. 

Aliacmon, al-i-ad-mon, a river, separates 
Macedonia from Thessaly, flowing into Sinus 
Thermaicus. 

Aliartus, al-i-ar '-tus , or Aliartum, al-i- 
ar'-ttivi. 1. A town of Bceotia, near the Per- 
messus ; founded by Thersander's son, and con- 
taining the monuments of King Pandion and 
Lysander, was taken by M. Lucretius. 2. A 
town on the coast of Messenia. 

Alienus Cecina, al-i-e'-mis ccn-cl'-na, a 
quaestor in Boeotia, was made commander of a 
legion in Gaul by Galba, but was subsequently 
disgraced, and rebelled unsuccessfully. 

Alif^e, d-ll'-fce, Alifa, a-ll'-fa, or Alipha, 
a-ll'-pha, a town near the Vulturnus. 

Alimentus, dl-t-ment'-tis, Cinc, a Roman 
annalist, 200 B.C. 

Alind^e, a-lin'-da;, a town of Caria. 

Aliphera, al-ipk-er'-a, a town oi Arcadia. 

Alirrothius, al-ir-roth'-i-us,2L son of Nep- 
tune, died from attempting to cut down Pallas's 
olive on the Acropolis. 

Alledius Severus, T., al-le'-di-tts, sc-ver 1 - 
71s. 1. A Roman knight, married his niece to 
please Agrippina. 2. A noted glutton in Do- 
] mitian's reign. 

Allia, al'-U-a, a stream six miles above 
1 Rome, tributary of the Tiber, scene oi the 
' Gauls' victory over the Romans, 390 B.C. 



1 8 BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Allobroges 

Allobroges, al-ldb'-ro-ges, a brave nation of 
Ganl, near the Rhone : their city was destroyed 
by the Romans for assisting Hannibal, and 
they were conquered, 121 B.C., by Q. Fabius 
Maximus : their ambassadors were tempted by 
Catiline, but discovered his conspiracy. 

Almo, al'-mo } a tributary of the Tiber, south 
of Rome. 

Almon, al'-mon, eldest son of Tyrrhus : 
from the skirmish at his death the Rutulian 
war arose. 

Aloa, a-Io'-a, Athenian festivals to Ceres 
and Bacchus, when fruits were offered. 

Aloeus, a-ld'-ens, a giant, son of Neptune 
and Canace, married Iphimedia, who by Nep- 
tune had twins, Otus and Ephialtus, the 
Aloid^e, a-lo-i-dcE. 

Alope, al'-o-pe. 1. Daughter of King Cer- 
cyon, of Eleusis, exposed her child, Hippothoon 
(q. v.), by Neptune, who, to save her from being 
killed by her father, made her a fountain. 2. A 
harpy. 3. A town of Opuntian Locris. 

Alopece, al-d'-pe-ce. 1. An isle in Palus 
Maeotis. 2. Another in the Cimmerian Bospho- 
rus. 3. Another in the iEgean, opposite Smyrna. 

Alopeces, al-d'-pe-ces, a hamlet of Attica, 
tomb of Anchimolius, birthplace of Socrates 
and Aristides. 

Alopeconnesus, al-o' -pe-co7i-nes'-v.s, an 
^olian town in the Thracian Chersonesus. 

Alpenus, al-pen'-us, capital of the Locri 
Epicnemidii. 

Alpes, alp'-es, the highest mountains in 
Europe, separating Italy from Spain, Gaul, 
Rhaetia, and Germany, and divided, according 
to situation, into the Cottlce, CarnlccE, Gh-aice, 
Norlca;, Julice, Maritimce, P a.7i7W7iice , Pen- 
uince, PcencB, Rhcztice, Tridenti7icz , and 
Vcjicttz. The Alps, from which several rivers 
flow into the German, Mediterranean, and 
Euxine seas, are capped with perpetual snow, 
and were thought impassable till Hannibal 
marched over them, by, it is said, softening 
the rocks with vinegar. The fierce tribes on 
the Alps were not subdued till Augustus's age. 

Alpheia, al-pM-i-a. 1. A name of Diana in 
Elis, because assailed by Alpheus. 2. Arethusa, 
because loved by Alpheus. 

Alphenor, al-phd 1 -7icr , one of Niobe's sons. 

Alphesibcea, al'-phe-si-bce'-a, daughter of 
Phlegeus, married Alcmaeon, who had fled to 
her father's court after his mother's murder, 
and from whom she received the necklace 
Polynices had given Eriphyle to betray Am- 
phiaraus. Alcmaeon, being persecuted by his 
mother, abandoned Alphesibcea for Calirrhoe, 
and, endeavouring to get back the necklace 
for the latter, was killed by her brothers 
Temenus and Axion. 

Alpheus, al-phe^-us, a river of Arcadia, 
flowing through Elis. Its god fell in love with 
Arethusa, whom Diana changed into a foun- 
tain in Ortygia, a small island near Syracuse, 
where the Alpheus was supposed to rise again, 
after passing beneath the sea : he also offered 
violence to Diana. The river Alpheus was 
used by Hercules to clean Augeas's stables. 



Amandus 



Alphius, al'-pht-tcs, or Alfeus, aF-fe-vs, a 
usurer at Rome. 

Alphius Avitus, aV-phi-tis av-l'-tus, a 
writer on the Punic war and illustrious men, 
temp. Severus. 

Alpinus, al-pl'-7ius. 1. Belonging to the Alps. 
2. Cornelius, cor-7iel'-i-us, a poet, ridiculed 
I by Horace. 3. Julius, jii!-K-us, one of the 
chiefs of the Helvetii. 

Alpis, alp'-is, a small tributary of the 
Danube. 

Alsium, aT -si-ia/i, an old seaport at the 
west of the Tiber. 

Althaea, al-tJutf-a, daughter of Thestius 
and Eurythemis, married King (Eneus, of 
Calydon, by whom she had, among others, 
Meleager. Meleager's life was to last as long 
as a log of wood, placed in the fire by the 
Parcse at his birth, was preserved : on his 
killing his two maternal uncles, Althaea, who 
had preserved it, flung it into the fire and de- 
stroyed it : he immediately died, and Althaea 
killed herself. 

Alth/emenes, al-tha? -mhi-es , son of King 
Creteus, of Crete, hearing that he or his 
brothers were to be parricides, fled to Rhodes ; 
thither Creteus, after the death of his other 
sons, followed him, and, being assailed as an 
enemy, fell by the hand of Althsemenes, who, 
on recognising his father, prayed the gods to 
remove himself, and was at once swallowed up 
by the earth. 

Altinum, al-tl'-mmi, a flourishing city, 
near Aquileia. 

Altis, al'-tis, the grove round Jupiter's 
temple at Olympia, containing the Olympic 
victors' statues. 

Aluntium, a-hm'-tt-imi, a coast town in 
the north of Sicily. 

Alus, dl'-tts, "a town of Phthiotis, near 
Mount Othrys. 

Alyattes I., al-y-at '-ies. 1. King of Lydia 
for 57 years, was sprung from the Heraclidae. 
2. Alyattes II., king of Lydia, 617 — 560 B.C., 
of the Mermnadae family, and father of 
Crcesus ; expelled the Cimmerians from Asia, 
and warred with the Medes, an eclipse hap- 
pening during his battle with Cyaxares. He 
died when fighting against Miletus. 

Alyxothoe, al-yx-oth'-o-e [see Alexir- 

RHOE 2). 

Alyzia, a-ly'-zl-a, a town of Acarnania, at 
the west mouth of the Achelous, opposite the 
Echinades. 

Amalth^ea, 5.7n-al-tJi^-a. 1. Daughter of 
King Melissus, of Crete, fed Jupiter with 
goat's milk ; whence Amalthaea is called by 
some a goat, and placed in heaven as a con- 
stellation, one of her horns being given as a 
talisman to the nymphs who had taken care 
of the infant god. a. A sibyl of Cumae {see 
Sibyll^e). 

Amaltheum, ai7i-al-ihe' -um. Atticus's 
country-house in Epirus. 

Amandus, Cn. S., a-77ian'-dus, a rebel gene- 
ral under Diocletian, conquered by the latter's 
colleague. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



19 



Amantes 



Am antes, a-man'-tes, or Am antini, a-vian- 
ti'-ni, a people of Illyricum, descended from 
the Abantes of Phocis. 

Amanus, a-77id'-iius. i. A deity worshipped 
in Armenia and Cappadocia. 2. A mountain in 
Cilicia. 

Amaracus, a-ma'-rac-us, an officer of 
Cinyras, changed into marjoram. 

Amardi, a-mar'-di, a nation S. of the Cas- 
pian. 

Amarynthus, am-ar-yn'-t7ius, a village 
near Eretria, in Eubcea : from her festivals 
there Diana was called A marysia. 

Amasenus, am-a-sef-mts, a small river of 
Latium. 

Amasia, a-ma-si'-a, the capital of Pontus, 
birthplace of Mithridates and Strabo. 

Amasis, a-mci'-sis. 1. A common soldier, 
became king of Egypt, 570 B.C., and warred 
with Arabia. He refused to continue an ally of 
Polycrates, from the latter's great prosperity. 
He died 526, and Cambyses, on his invasion, 
ordered his body to be dug up and burnt. 2. 
Leader of the Persians against Barce. 

Amastris, a-jnas'-tris. 1. Wife of Dionysius 
of Sicily, and sister to Darius Codomannus. 
2. A city of Paphlagonia, on the Euxine. 3. 
See Amestris. 

Amastrus, a-7iias' -trjts , a friend of /Eneas, 
killed by Camilla in the Rutulian war. 

Amata, a-md'-ta, wife of King Latinus, 
favoured the interests of Turnus, to whom she 
had betrothed Lavinia before iEneas's arrival ; 
and, on the latter succeeding, she hanged' 
herself. 

Amathus, am'-a-thus, or Amathusia, am'- 
a-thu'-sl-a, a city on the S. side of Cyprus, 
dedicated to Venus {Amathusia). 

Amaxampeus, a7ii-ax J -am-pe'-7ts, a fountain 
of Scythia, whose waters en.oitter the Hy- 
panis. 

Amaxia, a-77iax'-i-a, or Amaxita, a-77iax- 
I'-ta.. 1. A town of Troas. 2. A place in Cilicia, 
with good wood for ships. 

Amazon es, a-7ndz , -d?i-es, or Amazonides, 
d-77idz-dn' -i-cies , the Amazons, a nation of 
women living near the Thermodon, in Cappa- 
docia, devoted themselves to all manly pur- 
suits, the name being by some derived lrom 
the right breast being cut off (a priv. and 
/aufa) to use the bow, &c. They strangled at 
birth all the male children the}' bore by the 
men of the neighbouring tribes, or gave them 
up to the fathers. They founded a kingdom, 
with a capital, Themiscyra, in Asia Minor, 
along the Euxine coasts, near the Thermodon, 
and, being defeated by the Greeks, some mi- 
grated beyond the Tanais. Their queen, 
Penthesilea (q. v.), an ally of Priam (whom 
the Amazons had before attacked), was killed 
by Achilles at Troy. They invaded Attica to 
punish Theseus for carrying off a queen 
Antiope, but were defeated, as also by Belle- 
rophon and Hercules. A more ancient tribe of 
Amazons existed in Africa. Many ancient 
authors with good reason doubted the existence 
of the Amazons. 



Ame stratus 



Amazonia, d-77idz-07z'-i-a. 1. The country of 
the Amazones. 2. A mistress of the emperor 
Commodus. 

Amazonium, d-77idz-07i'-i-u7ii, a place in 
Attica, scene of Theseus's defeat of the 
Amazones. 

Ambarri, am-bar'-ri, a people of Gallia 
Celtica, on the Arar, related to the iEdui. 

Ambarvalia, a7/i-ba7--vd'-li-a, festivals in 
April and July in honour of Ceres, when the 
Romans, led by the Arvales Fratres, went 
thrice round the fields, crowned with oak- 
leaves, and singing hymns ; a sacrifice — siiovc- 
tatintia (from sits, ovis, taunts) — of a sow, 
sheep, and bull, was then made. 

Ambialites, am'-bl-a-ll'-tes, a people of 
Gallia Celtica. 

Ambianum, a77i-bi-d'-7iii77z, a. town of Bel- 
gium. 

Ambiatinum, a.77i-bi-a-ti' -7121771 , a hamlet of 
Germany, birthplace of Caligula. 

Ambigatus, a.77i-bi-gd'-tus, king of the Celtse, 
iemp. Tarquinius Priscus, sent his nephews 
Sigovesus and Bellovesus to found colonies, — 
the former towards the Hercynian woods, the 
other towards Italy. 

Ambiorix, a77i-bi'-or-ix, king of the Ebu- 
rones, was killed in a great battle with Caesar. 

Ambracia, a7ii-brd'-cl-a, a Corinthian colony 
of Epirus, 660 B.C., near the Acheron, resi- 
dence of King Pyrrhus, called Kicopolis by 
Augustus after the battle of Actium. 

Ambracius Sinus, a77i-bra'-ci-us sin'-tts, a 
bay near Ambracia. 

Ambrones, a.77i-b7-d'-7ics, predatory tribes in 
Celtic Gaul, conquered by Marius, 102 B.C. 

Ambrosia, a.77i-brd'-si-a, the food of the 
gods (meaning i7ii77W7-tal), their drink being 
nectar : it was sweeter than honey, and very 
odoriferous : it was eaten by, and gave immor- 
tality to, Tithonus, Tantalus, Pelops, and Bere- 
nice, the wife of Ptolemy Soter. With it 
Venus healed ^Eneas's wounds, and Apollo 
saved Sarpedon's body from putrefaction. The 
gods. perfumed their hair with it. 

Ambrosius, a.77i-bros'-i-us, bishop of Milan, 
wrote against the Arians, and made the emperor 
Theodosius do penance for the murder of Thes- 
salonicans : died a. d. 397. 

Ambryssus, a.77i-brys'-siis, a city of 
Phocis. 

Ambubai^e, a77i-hl~bai' -a; , dissolute Syrian 
women at Rome, attended assemblies as min- 
strels. 

Ameles, a7n'-el-es, a river in hell. 
Amenanus, ant-en-dn'-us, a river of Sicily, 
near ^Etna. 

Amenides, a-77ie'-7ii-des, secretary of Darius 
Codomannus, set over the Arimaspi by Alex- 
ander. 

Amenocles, d-77ze'-7io-cles, of Corinth, who 
first built triremes at Samos and Corinlh. 

Ameria, d-77ie7^-i-a, a city of Unibria, 
whose osiers {a77ieri7UB sdlices) were famous 
for binding vines to the elm-trees. 

Amestratus, &-77tes'-trdt-us > a town in the 
north of Sicily. 



20 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Amestris 



Amestris, a-mes'-tris. i. Wife of Xerxes. 2. 
A daughter of Oxyartes, wife to Lysimachus. 

Amida, am'-i-da, a city of Mesopotamia. 

Amimone, am-i-mo'-ne, a daughter of 
Danaus, made a fountain near the lake Lerna. 

Amisia, a-ml'-si-a, a river in the north of 
Germany. 

Amisus, a-ml'-szis, a city on the coast of 
Pontus. 

Amiternum, am-i-ter'-num, a town of 
Italy, on the Aternus, birthplace of Sallust : 
it allied with Turnus. 

Ammianus, am-mi-a! -7ius {see Marcelli- 

NUS). 

Ammon, am'-mdn. 1. Name and temple of 
Jupiter in Libya, where he appeared under 
the form of a ram (afterwards made a constel- 
lation) to Hercules, or, according to others, to 
Bacchus, when he and his army were in great 
straits for water, in Africa, and showed a foun- 
tain, for which the temple was reared in the 
deserts, nine days' journey from Alexandria. 
It had a famous oracle, established 1800 B.C., 
by a dove from Thebais, in Egypt, another 
flying to Dodona (q.v.). The oracle enjoyed 
great repute till its flattery in pronouncing 
Alexander the son of Jupiter. A hundred 
priests were in the temple, but only the elders 
delivered oracles. Near it was a fountain, 
whose waters were cold at noon and midnight, 
and warm at morn and evening. There was 
also an oracle of Jupiter Ammon in ^Ethiopia. 
2. A king of Libya, father to Bacchus. 3. A 
famous boxer. 

Ammonii, am-md'-m-i, an African nation, 
sprung from the Egyptians and ^Ethiopians. 

Ammonius, avi-mo'-ni-ns, a Christian 
teacher of Platonism at Alexandria, a.d. 232, 
among whose pupils were Origen and Plo- 
tinus. 

Amnias, am'-iii-as, a river of Bithynia. 

Amnisus, am-nz'-sus, a port and river of 
Gnossus. 

Amor, am'-or {see Cupido). 

Amorges, a-mor'-gcs, a Persian general, 
killed in Caria, in the reign of Xerxes. 

Amorgus, a-mor'-gzis, one of the Sporades, 
birthplace of Simonides. 

Ampelus, mn'-pel-zts. 1. Son of a satyr and 
a nymph, and favourite of Bacchus, was made 
a constellation. 2. Towns in Crete, Mace- 
donia, Liguria, Cyrene. 3. A promontory of 
Ssmos. 

Ampelusia, avi-pel-u'-si-a, a promontory of 
Mauritania. 

Amphialaus, am-pJu-a-la'-2is, a famous 
Phaeacian dancer. 

Amphianax, am-phl'-an-ax, a king of 
Lycia, temp. Acrisius. 

Amphiaraides, am'-plu-a-ra'-id-es, patro- 
nymic of Alcmaeon. 

Amphiaraus, am'-phi-a-ra'-tis, son of 
Oicles, or (from his knowledge of futurity) of 
Apollo, by Hypermnestra : was at the hunt 
of the Calydonian boar, and in the Argonautic 
expedition. By his wife Eriphyle, sister of 
VLing Adrastus, of Argos, he had Alcma?on 



Amphion 

and Amphilochus. To avoid going with 
Adrastus against Thebes, where he knew he 
would perish, he hid himself, but was 
discovered to Polynices by Eriphyle for a 
necklace : he then joined the Epigoni against 
Thebes, and, when retreating, was swallowed 
up with his chariot by the earth. Alcmaeon, 
obeying his father's charge when he set out, 
killed Eriphyle. Amphiaraus was deified, and 
had a famous temple and oracle, with a sacred 
fountain, at Oropos, in Attica : those who con- 
sulted him, after purifications, sacrificed a ram 
and slept on its skin to receive in a dream the 
oracle. 

Amphiclea, am-phi-cle'-a. 1. A town in the 
north of Phocis. 

Amphictyon, am-phic'-ty-on. 1. Son of 
Deucalion and Pyrrha, succeeded Cranaus at 
Athens. 2. Son of Helenus, founded the council 
of the AmpJiictyones, who met in spring at 
Delphi, and in autumn at Thermopylae ; the 
autumn session being called Pyl&a strictly, but 
the same name was applied to the other. The 
Council, which consisted of deputies, Pylagorce 
and Hieromnemoties, from the great cities of 
Greece, exercised great influence ; it declared 
the Sacred War, supported by the states of 
Greece f r ten years, against the Phocians, for 
plundering the Delphic temple ; and they and 
their allies, the Spartans, were deprived of 
their seats in the council, the Macedonians 
being admitted instead, for their aid ; but the 
Phocians were reinstated sixty years after for 
their bravery in the Gauls' invasion under 
Brennus. 

Amphidamus, am-phi-da'-mus. 1. A son of 
Aleus, brother to Lycurgus. 2. An Argonaut. 
3. A son of Busiris, killed by Hercules. 

Amphidromia, am-phi-drdm'-l-a, a family 
festival on the fifth day after the birth of every 
child at Athens, named from running round 
the fire with the child. 

Amphigenia, am'-phi-ge-nl'-a, a town of 
Messenia. 

Amphilochia, am-phi-loch'-i-a, a tribe in 
Acarnania. 

Amphilochus, am-phW -och-tis , son of Am- 
phiaraus and Eriphyle, built Amphilochus in 
Epirus. 

Amphilytus, am-phil'-y-tus, an Acarna- 
nian soothsayer, encouraged Pisistratus to 
seize Athens. 

Amphimu-dox, am-p/um'-e-don. 1. A Libyan, 
killed by Perseus. 2. A suitor of Penelope, 
killed by Telemachus. 

Amphinome, am-phm'-o-me, an attendant 
of Thetis. 

Amphinomus, am-phin' -o-mus , and Anap- 
ius, an-dp'-I-us. 1. Two brothers, who, when 
Catana and the neighbouring cities were on 
fire, saved their parents on their shoulders, 
and for their piety were placed by Pluto in 
Leuce after death. 2. A suitor of Penelope, 
killed by Telemachus. 

Amphion, am-phl'-on. 1. The twin brother 
to Zethus, born to Jupiter by Antiope (q. v.), 
on Mount Cithaeron, whither she had fled to 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



21 



Amphipoles 

avoid the wrath of Dirce, for whom Nycteus 
had repudiated her : the babes were exposed, 
but saved by a shepherd. Amphion became a 
great musician under the instruction of Mer- 
cury, to whom he raised an altar. To avenge 
their mother, Amphion and Zethus besieged 
Nycteus's successor, Lycus, in Thebes, and 
put him to death, and tied his wife to a wild 
bull, which dragged her over precipices till 
she died. 2. A son of King Jasus, of Orcho- 
menos, by Mius's daughter Persephone, 
married Niobe (q. v.), daughter of Tantalus, 
and had, among other children, Chloris, wife of 
Neleus. When all his children, except Chloris, 
were destroyed by Apollo's and Diana's darts, 
and Niobe changed into a stone for her boast- 
ing herself greater and more worthy of immor- 
tality than Latona, Amphion killed himself. 
3. An Argonaut. 4. A famous painter and 
statuary, son of Acestor, of Gnossus. 5. A 
Greek general in the Trojan war. 

Amphipoles, am-phip'-ol-es, a magistracy 
at Syracuse for 300 years, founded by Timo- 
leon, on the expulsion of Dionysius the younger. 

Amphipolis, am-phlp' ol-is , a town sur- 
rounded by the Strymon, between Macedonia 
and Thrace, also called Acra, Strymon, 
Myrica, Eion, and Ennca Hodoi, founded by 
an Athenian colony under Agnon, Nicias's 
son, who expelled the Edonians. It was fre- 
quently the cause of wars between the Athe- 
nians and Spartans. 

Amphis, am- -phis, a comic poet of Athens, 
son of Amphicrates, contemporary with Plato. 

Amphisb^ena, ain-phis-bce'-na, a venomous 
two-headed serpent in the deserts of Libya. 

Amphissa, am-phis'-sa, or Issa. is'-sa, 
daughter of Macareus, loved by Apollo, gave 
her name to a city of Locris, near Phocis. 2. 
A town of Bruttium. 

Amphissus, am-phis' -sus , a son of Dryope. 

Amphistratus, am-pJiis' -trat-ics , charioteer 
of Castor and Pollux. 

Amphitea, am-phit'-e-a, daughter of Pro- 
nax, mother of ^Egialeus, by Cyanippus, and 
of Argia, Dei'pyle, and ^Egialea, by King 
Adrastus, of Argos. 2. Mother of Anticlea, by 
Autolycus. 

Amphithoe, am-phith'-o-e, a Nereid. 

Amphitrite, am-phl-trl'-te, daughter of 
Oceanus and Tethys, was mother of Triton, by 
Neptune. 

Amphitryon, avi-phit'ry-dn, a Theban 
prince, son of Alcaeus and Hipponome. When 
his sister Anaxo's husband, King Electryon of 
Mycenae, on his sons being killed in battle 
with the Teleboes, offered his crown and 
daughter Alcmena (q. v.) to their avenger, 
Amphitryon came forward. During his expe- 
dition, Jupiter appeared in the form of Amphi- 
tryon, and announced his success ; Alcmena 
became pregnant by the god, and bore, after 
her labour being delayed by Juno's jealousy 
till the birth of Eurystheus, Hercules, and, at 
the same birth, Iphiclus, by Amphitryon. He 
brought back to Electryon his herds from the 
Teleboes. A stick which he flung at a cow 



Amymone 



rebounded and killed Electryon, for which 
Amphitryon was expelled from Argolis by 
Sthenelus, Electryon's brother, and retired 
with Alcmena to Thebes, where he was puri- 
fied by King Creon. 

Amphitryoniades, am-phW-ry-o-m'-a-des, 
an epithet of Hercules, as the supposed son of 
Amphitryon. 

Amphrysus, am-phry' -sus. i. A river of 
Thessaly, near which Apollo in banishment 
fed Admetus's flocks ; whence his epithet Ai7t- 
phryslus, and his priestess Amphrysia. 2. A 
river of Phrygia. 3. See Ambryssus. 

Ampia Labiena Lex, am'-pi-a lab-i-e'-na. 
lex, enacted 61 B.C., by the tribunes T. Ampius 
and A. Labienus, conferred on Pompey the 
privilege of triumphal robes and a golden 
crown at the Circensian games, and a toga 
praetexta and golden crown at theatrical plays. 

Ampracia, am-pra'-ci-a [see Ambracia). 

Ami'Sanctus, amp-sand -tus; a sulphureous 
lake in the country of the Hirpini, where Alecto 
descended into hell. 

Ampysides, am-py'-si-des, Mopsus, son of 
Ampyx. 

Ampyx, am'-pyx. 1. A son of Pelias. 2. The 
father of Mopsus. 

Amulius, a-mu'-U-tis, king of Alba, son of 
Procas, and younger brother of Numitor, 
whom he deposed, killing his son Lausus, and 
making his daughter Rhea Silvia (q. v.) a 
vestal. He was put to death by her sons 
Romulus and Remus, who restored Numitor. 

Amyci Portus, am'-y-ci port'-us, a harbour 
on the Thracian Bosphorus, burial-place of King 
Amycus, of the Bebryces. 

Amycl^e, a-my'-clce. 1. A town between 
Caieta and Tarracina, built by companions of 
Castor and Pollux ; called tacitce by Virgil, 
from the inhabitants having once passed a law 
forbidding any one to circulate a report that 
the enemy was coming ; in consequence of 
which they were easily taken by the enemy. 
2. A city of Peloponnesus, built by Amyclas, 
and birthplace of Castor and Pollux, where 
Apollo (Amyclczus) had a rich temple. It was 
noted for dogs. 

Amyclas, d-my'-clas. 1. Son of Lacedsemon 
and Sparta, and brother of Eurj'dice, built 
Amyclse. 2. The master of a ship in which 
Caesar embarked in disguise. In a storm, he 
wished to put back, when Caesar, ordering him 
to pursue his voyage, discovered himself in 
the words Ccesarem vehis Ccesarisque for- 
tftnam. 

Amyclides, d-my-cli'-des. Hyacinthus, son 
of Amyclas (1). 

Amycus, am'-y-cus 1. King of the Bebryces, 
son of Neptune, by Melia or by Bithynis, 
was famous for his strength and skill with the 
cestus. He entertained the Argonauts, and 
was killed by Pollux when trying to overcome 
him by fraud in a combat. 2 & 3. Companions 
of ./Eneas, killed by Turnus. 4. A son of Ixion 
and the Cloud. 

Amydon, am'-yd-on, a city of Paeonia. 

Amymone, a-my-mo'-ne. 1. Daughter of 



22 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Amyntas 

Danaus and Europa, married Enceladus, whom 
she killed on the first night of her marriage. She 
alone of the fifty sisters (DanaTdes) was not con- 
demned to fill the leaky vessel in hell, because, 
by her father's orders, she had supplied Argos 
with water in a drought. Neptune, who had 
before saved her from a satyr, became en- 
amoured of her in this employment, and carried 
her away, producing a fountain from the rock 
on which she stood. She bore Nauplius to 
him. 2. A fountain and rivulet flowing through 
Argolis to Lake Lerna. 

Amyntas I., a-myn'-tas. i. Succeeded his 
father Alcetas as king of Macedonia, 540 B.C. 
On his son Alexander murdering the envoys of 
Megabyzus for their insolent behaviour to the 
ladies of the court, Bubares came with an army 
for vengeance, but married the daughter of 
Amyntas, and defended his possessions. Amyn- 
tas died 500. 2. Amyntas II., son of Mene- 
laus, was king of Macedonia, 393 B.C., after 
his murder of Pausanias. Expelled by the 
lilyrians, he was restored by the Thessalians 
and Spartans. He warred with the lilyrians 
and Olynthians, and died at a great age, 369, 
being succeeded by his son Philip (father of 
Alexander the Great), who murdered his bro- 
thers Alexander, Perdiccas, Archelaus, Ari- 
dseus, and Menelaus. 3. Another king of 
Macedonia, of whom little is known. 4. A man 
who succeeded Deiotarus as king of Gallo- 
grcecia. 4, 5, & 6. Officers of Alexander. 7. A 
son of Antiochus. 

Amyntianus, a-myn'-ti-an'-tts, temp. Anto- 
rti.ius, wrote eulogies of Philip, Olympias, and 
Alexander. 

Amyntor, d-myn'-tor. 1. King of Argos, son 
of Phrastor, blinded his son Phoenix for offering 
violence to his concubine Clytia. 2. A Dolo- 
plan general. 3. A son of TEgyptus, killed by 
Damone on the night of his marriage. 

Amythaon, am-y-tha'-oii. 1. A son of King 
Cretheus of Iolchos, by Tyro, married Ido- 
mene, who bore Bias and Melampus. After 
the death of Cretheus, he established himself 
with his brother Neleus in Messenia, and regu- 
lated the Olympic games. 2. A son of Hippa- 
sus, killed by Lycomedes. 

Amythaonius, dm' -y-thd-on' -i-ns , Melam- 
pus, son of Amythaon. 

Amytis, a-i7iy'-tis. 1. Daughter of Astyages, 
wife of Cyrus. 2. A licentious daughter of 
Xerxes, wife of Megabyzus. 

Anaces, dn'-d-ces, or Anactes, an-ac'-tes, 
name of Castor and Pollux. Their festivals 
were called Anaceia. 

An ach arsis, du-d-cJiar'-sis, a Scythian phi- 
losopher, one of the seven wise men, 550 B.C. 
He travelled in Greece, where he became a 
friend of Solon ; he tried to introduce Greek 
customs into Scythia, but was killed by his bro- 
ther, the king. Several inventions have been 
attributed to him. 

Anacreon, an-ac'-re-on, a lyric poet of Teos, 
532 B.C., favoured by Polycrates and Hippar- 
chus, son«f Pisistratus ; he was very intemper- 
ate, and enamoured of a youth Bathyllus. He 



Anaxagoras 

died at 85, choked with a grape-stone. Some 
of his odes are extant. 

Anactoria, an-ac-tor'-i-a, and Anac- 
TORIUM, an-ac-tor'-t-um. 1. A town of Epirus, 
near the mouth of the gulf of Ambracia, founded 
by a, Corinthian colony, and the frequent cause 
of quarrel between the Corcyreans and Corin- 
thians. Its inhabitants were removed by 
Augustus to Nicopolis. 2. Ancient name of 
Miletus. 

Anactorie, an-ac-tor'-i-e, a woman of 
Lesbos, loved by Sappho. 

Anagnia, an-ag'-ul-a, a city of the Hernici, 
where Antony struck a medal on the divorce of 
Octavia. 

Anagogia, dn-d-gd'-gl-a, a festival at Eryx, 
in Sicily, in honour of Venus. 

Anagyrontum, d?i' -d-gy-ron' -tiun, a hamlet 
of Attica. 

Anaitis, dn-d-l'-tis. 1. A goddess of Armenia, 
whose festivals were celebrated with the greatest 
licentiousness and intemperance. 2. A name 
of Diana among the Lydians. 

Anaphe, an'-a-phe, an island in the Cre- 
tan sea, where Apollo (Aiidphceus) had a 
temple. 

Anapus, d-iid'-piK, a river of Acarnania. 
2. A river near Syracuse. 

Anartes, a-,i-ai J -tes, a people of Lower 
Pannonia. 

Anas, an' -as, now the Guadiana, in Spain. 
Anauchidas, du-au'-c/ud-as, a Samian 
wrestler. 

Anaurus, an-au'-rus, a river of Thessaly. 
near the base of Mount Pelion. 

Anausis, dn-au'-sis, one of Medea's suitors. 

Anaxagoras, an-ax-ag'-or-as. 1. Succeeded 
his father, King Megapenthes of Argos, sharing 
the throne with Bias and Melampus, who had 
cured the women of Argos of madness. 2. A 
philosopher of Clazomenae, born 500 B.C., son 
of Hegesibfllus, disciple of Anaximenes, and 
preceptor of Socrates, Euripides, Pericles, &c. 
He travelled in Egypt. The previous systems 
of Greek philosophy had been entirely physi- 
cal, endeavouring to resolve the Universe into 
its primordial elements, and to find the 'Apx»';, or 
First Principle, or (with them, Material) Cause 
of all, which Thales, like Homer and the mytho- 
logists, thought was water, Anaximander /ire, 
and Anaximenes air. Anaxagoras first intro- 
duced as his apx'l Intelligence, NoDc, which, 
alone pure and unmixed, impersonal and im- 
material, had two attributes,— to move and to 
know, and exercised a catalytic agency on the 
chaotic mass, in which it originated a rotatory 
movement. This chaos consisted of Homceo- 
meries, or elements which were always united 
and identical, and incapable of being decom- 
posed. Anaxagoras has been blamed for 
making but little use of his principle, and being 
chiefly physical like his predecessors. He sup- 
posed the sun to be a ball of fire about the size 
of Peloponnesus, and that the moon was in- 
habited. His philosophy was deemed impious ; 
he was accused, and defended by Pericles, but 
banished. He died in his seventy- second year, 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Anaxander 



428 B.C., at Lampsacus. When the inhabitants 
asked him before his death how to comme- 
morate him, he asked them to make the anni- 
versary of his death a holiday for the boys, 
whieh was carefully observed. 

Anaxander, dn-a.x-au 1 -der. 1. One of the 
Heraclidse, son of Eurycrates, and king of 
Sparta. In his reign the second Messenian 
war began : he had a son Eurycrates. 2. A 
general of Megalopolis, taken by the Thebans. 

Anaxandride j, an-ax-an '-dri-des . 1. King 
of Sparta, 560 — 520 B.C., son of Leon, and father 
of Cleomenes I. and Leonidas. He was the 
first Spartan who had two wives, having 
divorced the first for her barrenness, by order 
of the Ephors. 2. A son of Theopompus. 3. A 
comic poet of Rhodes, temp. Philip and 
Alexander, wrote over 100 plays, of which ten 
obtained the prize ; a few fragments are pre- 
served. He was starved to death by order of 
the Athenians, for satirizing their government. 

Anaxarchus, an-ax-ar '-chits. 1. An atomic 
philosopher of Abdera, 340 B.C., friend of 
Alexander, after whose death he was seized 
and pounded in a stone mortar with iron ham- 
mers, by orders of Nicocreon. 2. A Theban 
general. 

Anaxarete, an-ax-ar 1 -e-te , a girl of Sala- 
jnis, whose lover, Iphis, hung himself, from her 
pride. 

Anaxibia, au-ax-lb '-i-a. 1. A sister of Aga- 
memnon, wife of Nestor. 2. A daughter of 
Bias, and niece of Melampus, married King 
Pelias of Iolchos. 

Anaxidamus, an-ax '-i-da' '-mus, succeeded 
his father Zeuxidamus on the throne of Sparta. 

Anaxilas, an-ax' -ll-as , or Anaxilaus, an- 
ax 1 -11- a! -us. 1. A Messenian, tyrant of Rhe- 
gium, captured Zancle ; died 476 B.C., after a 
popular reign. 2. A magician of Larissa, 
banished from Italy by Augustus. 

Anaximander, an-ax' -i-man' -der, born 
610 B.C., a philosopher of Miletus, companion 
and pupil of" Thales, was the first to construct 
spheres, geographical maps, and sundials, 
asserting that the earth was of a cylindrical 
form. He taught that fire was the principle of 
all things ; that men were sprung from earth and 
water mixed, and heated by the sun ; that the 
earth moved ; and that the moon received 
light from the sun, which was a circle of fire 
about twenty-eight times the size of the earth. 
He died 547. 

Anaximenes, an-ax-im'-en-es. 1. A philo- 
sopher, flo r. 544 — 480 B.C., son of Erasistratus, 
and pupil and successor of Anaximander, 
believed that air was the Principle or 
Material Cause of all things, and that the sun, 
moon, and stars had been made from the 
earth, which he considered to be a plain, while 
the heavens were a solid concave figure, on 
•which the stars were fixed like nails, an opinion 
fiien prevalent ; whence the proverb ti ei 
kuneaot (alluded to by Horace, Od. 
III., 3, 7). 2. A native of Lampsacus, son of 
Aristocles, was pupil to Diogenes the Cynic, 
preceptor to Alexander the Great, and bio- 



Anchises 



grapher of the latter and of Philip, and author 
of a history of Greece, in twelve books, now- 
lost. Alexander having threatened to destroy 
the Lampsacenes for their obstinate defence, 
they sent Anaximenes to appease him ; and on 
seeing him the king swore he would not grant 
the favour he was about to ask, whereupon 
Anaximenes asked him to destroy the people, 
and thus saved them. 

Anaxippus, an-ax-ip'-pus, a comic writer 
temp. Demetrius, who used to say that philo- 
sophers were wise only in their speeches, but 
fools in their actions. 

Anaxo, chi-ax'-o. 1. A virgin of Trcezene, 
carried off by Theseus. 2. A daughter cf 
Alceus, mother of Alcmena by Electryon. 

Anazarbus, an-a-zar'-mts, a city and moun- 
tain of Cilicia. 

Anc^us, an-cce'-us. 1. An Argonaut, son of 
Lycurgus by Antinoe, perished in the hunt of 
the Calydonian boar. 2. An Argonaut, son of 
Neptune and Astypalsea, succeeded Tiphis as 
pilot of the Argo. He reigned in Ionia, and 
married Samia, daughter of the Mseander, who 
bore four sons, Perilas, Enudus, Samus, Ali- 
thersus, and a daughter, Parthenope. When 
harshly treating a slave in the vineyard, the 
latter told him he would never taste the wine. 
Ancseus pressed the grapes into the cup, when 
the servant uttered what has become a proverb, 
X\o\K('i juerafu 7reAei kv'Kikoq kcu x^^ eo £ axpo'J 
(Rhilta cadunt inter calicem sttpremaque 
labra, "There's many a slip 'twixt the cup 
and the lip ") ; at the moment, Ancseus was 
told a wild boar had entered the vineyard ; 
upon which he threw down the cup, and was 
killed in attempting to drive away the wild 
beast. 

Ancalites, an-ca-ll'-tes, a people of Bri- 
tain, near the Trinobantes. 

Anchemolus, a7i-chem'-ol-us, king of the 
Marrubii, in Italy, was expelled by his father, 
Rhcetus, for offering violence to his mother- 
in-law, Casperia : he took refuge with Turnus, 
and was killed by Evander's son Pallas, in 
the Rutulian war. 

Anchesites, an-ches-l'-tes, a wind blowing 
from Anchisa, a harbour of Epirus. 

Anchesmus, an-ches'-mus, a mountain of 
Attica. 

Anchiale, an-chi'-a-le, and Anchialus, 
an-chi'-a-hts. 1. A city on the coast of Cilicia, 
built by Sardanapalus in one day, with the 
neighbouring Tarsus : the burial-place of 
Sardanapalus. 2. A city of Thrace near 
Mcesia. 3. A city of Epirus. 

Anchialus, an-chi'-a-hts. 1. A famous astro- 
loger. 2. The father of Mentes. 3. A Phzea- 
cian. 4. Supposed to designate a god of the 
Jews (Martial, Ep. xi. 95). 

Anchimolius, an-chi-mol'-l-us. 1. ASpartan 
general, killed in the expedition against the 
Pisistratidse. 2. See Anchemolus. 

Anchises, an-chi'-ses, a son of Capys by 
Themis, daughter of Ilus, was so handsome 
that Venus visited him on Mount Ida, find 
became by him mother of ./Eneas. At the 



24 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Anchisiades 



capture of Troy, Anchises, then very infirm, 
«vas borne out on ^Eneas's shoulders : on the 
voyage towards Italy he died in Sicily, aged 
80, and was buried by i*Eneas and King Aces- 
tes ; and the anniversary of his death was 
afterwards celebrated with games at his tomb 
by ./Eneas and the Trojans. 

Anchisiades, an-clii-si'-a-des, ./Eneas, son 
of Anchises. 

Anchoe, an'-cho-e, a place and lake near 
the mouth of the Cephisus, in Bceotia. 

Anchurus, an-cliu '-r?is , a son of King 
Midas, of Phrygia, leapt into a gulf that had 
swallowed many buildings, on an oracle de- 
claring that the gulf would never close unless 
what Midas held dearest was thrown in (see 
Curtius). Midas there erected to Jupiter an 
altar of stones — the first object turned into 
gold when he acquired his fatal gift. 

Ancile, an-cl'-le, or Ancyle, an-cy'-le, a 
sacred shield which fell from heaven during 
a pestilence in Numa's reign. As the fate of 
Rome depended on its preservation, Numa 
had eleven others made like it by Veturius 
Mamurius, that a thief might not be able to 
distinguish the true shield : they were placed 
in _ Vesta's temple, and guarded by twelve 
priests — Salli (q. v.), who, on the 1st of 
March, carried in procession the shields round 
the walls of Rome, dancing and singing hymns 
to Mars, and afterwards partook of a splendid 
banquet. The festival lasted for three days, 
during which it was unlucky for any business 
to be transacted ; during it Otho set out on 
his unsuccessful campaign against Vitellius. 

Ancon, a.7i?-cdu, or Ancona, an-cd'-na, a 
town of Picenum, built by the Syracusans, 
392 B.C., on the Adriatic. 

Ancus Marcius, a7i'-cns mar'-ci-zis, the 
fourth king of Rome, 640 — 616 B.C., grandson 
of Numa, warred successfully with the Latins, 
Veientes, Fidenates, Volsci, and Sabines ; 
joined Mount Janiculum to the city by a 
bridge ; inclosed Mount Martius and the 
Aventine within the walls ; and extended the 
Roman territories to the coast, building Ostia 
at the mouth of the Tiber. He was succeeded 
by Tarquinius Priscus. 

Ancyr^e, an-cy-rcE. 1. A town of Phrygia. 
2. A city of Galatia west of the Halys. 

Andabat^e, a7i-dab'-a-tce, gladiators who 
fought blindfolded ; whence the proverb An- 
dabatamm more, to denote inconsiderateness. 

Andegavia, an-de-ga'-vi-a, a country of 
Gaul, near the Turones and the ocean. 

Andes, an'-des. 1. The same as the Andegavi 
(q. v.). 2. A village near Mantua, birthplace 
of Virgil. 

Andocides, an-do'-ci-des, an Athenian ora- 
tor, son of Leogoras, born 467 B.C. : was often 
banished. 

Andr^mon, an-drce '-mon. 1. The father of 
Thoas. 2. The son-in-law and successor of 
CEneus. 

Andreas, an'-dre-as. 1. A statuary of Argos. 
2. A man of Panormus, wrote on remarkable 
events in Sicily. 3. A son of the Peneus, 



Andromeda 



after him a part of Bceotia near Orchomenos 
was called A ndreis. 

Andriscus, an-dfis'-cus. 1. A historian of 
Naxos. 2. Pseudophilippus, pseu' -do-phll- 
ip'-fius, incited the Macedonians to revolt 
against Rome, and was conquered by Metel- 
lus 152 B.C., and led in triumph at Rome. 
< Androclea, an-drd-cle'-a, daughter of An- 
tipcenus of Thebes, with her sister Alcida 
sacrificed herself in the service of her country 
when an oracle promised victory in the war 
against Orchomenos, if any one of noble 
birth sacrificed himself. 

Androcles, aji-drod-Ies. 1. King of Mes- 
senia, son of Phintas. 2. The slave of a Roman 
consular : he was exposed in the circus, but not 
harmed by a lion which recognized him : he 
had once extracted a thorn from its foot in a 
cave in Africa, when hiding from his master. 

Androclus, an-droc 1 -his , king in Ionia, son 
of Codrus, took Ephesus and Samos. 

Androgeos, an-drd'-ge-os. 1. A Greek killed 
by ./Eneas. 2. A son of Minos and Pasiphae, 
victorious at the Panathensa ; whereon King 
JEgeus, from jealousy, caused him to be assas- 
sinated when going to Thebes ; but according 
to others, he was killed by the wild bull of 
Marathon. Minos declared war against Athens, 
and peace was concluded on condition that 
/Egeus should annually send seven boys and 
seven girls from Athens to Crete to be devoured 
by the Minotaur (q. v.), and the Athenians 
established expiatory festivals. 

Androgyne, an-dro'-gy-nce, a mythical 
people — hermaphrodites — of Africa, beyond the 
Nasamones. 

Andromache, an-drom'-a-cJie, a daughter 
of King Eetion of Thebes, in Cilicia, wife of 
Hector, by whom she had Astyanax. The 
most pathetic scene in Homer's Iliad is her 
parting with Hector on his going to the battle 
in which he was to perish. At the fall of Troy, 
in the division of the prisoners, she fell to the 
share of Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus), who took her 
to Epirus, and treated her as his wife : he had 
three sons by her, Molossus, Piclus, and Per- 
gamus, and afterwards repudiated her. She 
then married Priam's son Helenus, who was 
also a captive of Pyrrhus, and became mother 
by him of Cestrinus. 

Andromachus, an-drom'-a-chiis. 1. The 
father of the historian Timaeus, assisted Timo- 
leon in regaining liberty for Syracuse. 2. A 
general of Alexander, made by Parmenio 
governor of Syria, and burnt alive by the 
Samaritans. 

Andromeda, an-drom'-e-da, daughter of 
King Cepheus, of ./Ethiopia, by Cassiopea, 
was promised in marriage to her uncle 
Phineus, when Neptune inundated the king- 
dom, and sent a sea-monster to ravage the 
country, for Cassiopea having boasted herself 
fairer than Juno and the Nereids. To appease 
Neptune, Andromeda was, by the advice of 
Jupiter Amnion, exposed, bound on a rock, to 
the monster : Perseus, returning through the 
air from his conquest of the Gorgons, saw her, 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



25 



Andron 

and offered to deliver her if he received her 
in marriage. Cepheus consented, and Perseus, 
by Medusa's head, changed the monster into 
a rock, and untied Andromeda : he had many- 
children by her, including Sthenelus, Ancaeus, 
and ElectK'on. Phineus made war on Per- 
seus, who changed him into a stone. 

Andron, au'-drdn. 1. An Argive who 
travelled over the deserts of Libya without 
drinking. 2. A man set over the citadel of 
Syracuse by Dionysius, and put to death by 
him for not making known to him that Hermo- 
crates had vainly tempted him to revolt. 

Andronicus, an-dro-nl'-cus (1. see Livius, 
1.). 2. A Peripatetic philosopher of Rhodes, 
/lor. 59 B.C., the first who published and revised 
the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus. 3. 
A Latin poet te7np. Csesar. 4. A Latin gram- 
marian, of whom Suetonius has written a life. 
5. Alpyus, al'-py-iis, a king of Lydia. 6. 
One of Alexander's officers. 7. An officer of 
Antiochus Epiphanes. 8. An astronomer of 
Athens, built, in honour of the eight principal 
Winds, an octagonal marble tower, with a 
Triton as weathercock. 

Androphagi, an-droJ>h'-d-gi, savages in 
European Scythia. 

Andros, an'-dros, an island (and its chief 
town), one of the Cjxlades, S.E. of Eubcea, 
also called Epagrys, Antandros, Lasia, Cauros, 
Hydrussa, Nonagria. Bacchus's temple, near 
the harbour, had a fountain whose waters, 
during the ides of January, tasted like 
wine. Andros colonized Acanthus and Sta- 
glra, 650 B.C. 

Androsthenes, an-dros '-then-es , governor 
of Thessaly, supported Pompey, and was 
conquered by Julius Csesar. 

Anemolia, an-e-md'-li-a, afterwards Hyam- 
polis (q. v.). 

Angites, an-gi'-tes, a tributary of the 
Strymon. 

Angli, ang'-li, a people of Germany, N. of 
Albis, crossed with the Saxones into England. 

Angrivarii, ang-ri-va'-ri-i, a people of 
Germany, on both banks of the Visurgis. 

Angrus, ang'-rus, a river of Illyricum, 
flowing north. 

Anguitia, an-gnit'-l-a, a wood between I 
Alba and Lake FucTnus, inhabited by de- 
scendants of Circe ; to them serpents were 
innocuous. 

Anicetus, d-nl-ce'-tus. 1. A son of Hercules 
and Hebe. 2. A freedman, directed the edu- 
cation of Nero, and became the instrument of 
his crimes. 

Anicius Gallus, a-ni'-ct-us gal'-lus. 1. Tri- 
umphed over King Gentius of the Illyrians, and 
was pro-praetor 169 B.C. 2. Consul 160 B.C. 3. 
Probus, proW-us, consul in the 4th century, 
famous for humanity. 

Anigriades, a-7ii-grl'-a-des, njmphs of the 
Anigrus. 

Anigrus, a-nl'-gms, or MlNYEiUS, tnin-y- 
e'-l-us, a river of Thessaly, made unwholesome 
by the Centaurs washing in it the wounds they 
had received from Hercules. 



Antalcidas 

Anio, an'-i-d, and Anien, an'-i-en, a 
river flowing through the country of Tibur, 
and falling into the Tiber about five miles north 
of Rome, named from a King^nius of Etruria 
drowned there. Rome drew some of its water 
from it. 

Anistorgis, a-tiis-tor'-gis, a city in the south 
of Lusitania. 

Anius, an'-i-us, son of Apollo and Crer.sa, 
was king of Delos, and, by Dorippe, father of 
three daughters, CEno, Sperma, and Elais. Bac- 
chus gave them (thence named the GLno?7v/>&) 
the power of changing whatever they pleased 
into wine, corn, and oil, and changed them 
into doves on their complaining to him that 
Agamemnon wished to take them to Troy to 
supply his army with provisions. 

Anna, an'-na, daughter of Belus, and sister 
of Dido, fled from Carthage, besieged by 
Iarbas, at her sister's death, to Italy, where 
she was hospitably entertained by ^Eneas, 
whom she met walking on the banks of the 
Tiber. Warned in a dream by Dido thatiEneas's 
wife Lavinia was about to destroy her, she 
fled to the NumTcus, of which she became god- 
dess, ordering the inhabitants to call her Anna 
Peren'?ia, from remaining for ever under the 
water. The Romans celebrated her festivals 
on the 15th of March. Some represented Anna 
Perenna as Themis, or Io, the daughter of 
Inachus ; others as Maia ; others thought her 
to be an old woman of Bovillse, who brought 
cakes daily to the plebs on their secession 
to Mons Sacer, and was afterwards deified. 
2. Comxexa, co7ii-ne'-na, a princess of Con- 
stantinople, wrote a Greek biography of her 
father, the emperor Alexius. 

Annales, an-nd'-ies, a chronological account 
of the important events every year in a state. 
The annals of early Rome were compiled and 
kept by the Pontifex Maximus. 

Anxalis Lex, an-nd'-lis lex, or Vit.lia, 
vil'-li-a, 179 B.C., settled the age at which a 
citizen could be admitted to exercise the offices 
of the state. 

Axxibal, an'-7ti'bal {see Haxnibal). 

Anniceris, a7i-7ii' -ce-ris , a charioteer of 
Cyrene, exhibited his skill before Plato and 
the Academy. He established a philosophic 
school at Cyrene. 

Annon, an' -non (see Haxxo). 

Axop^ea, an-d-pce'-a, a mountain and road 
near the Asopus. 

Anser, a7i'-ser, a Roman poet, called bold 
and impertinent by Ovid, and said to have 
been ridiculed by Virgil and Propertius. 

Ansibarii, a.7i-si-ba'-rl-i, a people of Ger- 
many. 

ANTiEA, an-t<z'-a, wife of Prcetus. 2. A 
goddess worshipped at Antium. 

Antaeus, a7i-tce'-us, a giant of Libya, son 
of Terra and Neptune, was attacked by Her- 
cules ; as each time he touched his mother 
earth he received new strength, Hercules held 
him up in the air and squeezed him to death. 

Antalcidas, a7it-al' -cl-das , of Sparta, son 
of Leon, was sent into Persia, where he made, 



20 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Antandros 



387 B.C., a very disadvantageous peace with 
Artaxerxes, the Greek cities of Asia becoming 
tributary to Persia. 

Antandros, ant-an'-dros, an ./Eolian city 
of Troas, inhabited by Leleges, and known also 
as Edonis, Cimmeris, Assos, and Apollonia. 
Near it /Eneas built his fleet : on a hill (Alex- 
andria) near it Paris awarded the prize of 
beauty to Venus. 

Anterbrogius, an-ter-bro' -gi-us , an am- 
bassador from the Rhemi to Caesar. 

Anteius Publius, an-tei'-us pub'-U-us, set 
over Syria by Nero, poisoned himself when 
accused of conspiracy. 

ANTEMNiE, aii-tem' -nee , an ancient city of 
the Sabines, between Rome and the Anio. 

Antenor, ant-e'-nor, a Trojan, related to 
Priam : he is said to have kept up a secret 
correspondence with the Greeks : he advised 
Ulysses to carry away the Trojan palladium, 
and encouraged the Greeks to build the , 
wooden horse, which was brought into Troy by \ 
a breach made in the walls at his persuasion : 
.rEneas was suspected of being a partner in 
his guilt. After the fall of Troy, Antenor 
migrated into Italy, where he built Padua : 
his sons, A7itenor'idez, were Polj'bius, Aca- 
mas, Agenor (and, others add, Polydamas, 
Helicaon) : they behaved with valour in the 
Trojan war, in which they all fell. 

Anteros, ant'-e-ros. 1. A son of Mars and 
Venus, was the god of mutual love {see Cupido). 
2. A freedman of Atticus. 

Anthea, an-tlie'-a. 1. A town of Achaia. 
a. OfMessenia. 3. OfTrcezene. 

Anthedon, anth-e'-don. 1. A coast city of 
Bceotia, formerly inhabited by Thracians. 2. 
A port of Palestine, S.W. of Gaza. 

Anthel^e, anth-e'-lcz, a town of Thessaly, 
near the Asopus, near which Ceres and 
Amphictyon had a temple. 

Anthemus, anf-tke-mzts. 1. A city of Mace- 
donia at Thermae. 2. A city of Syria. 

Anthemusia, anth-e-mu'-si-a, a city of 
Mesopotamia. 

Anthene, anth-e'-ne, a town in Cynuria. 

Anthesphoria, a,7i-thes-phor-i-a. 1. Festi- 
vals in Sicily in honour of Proserpine, carried 
away by Pluto when gathering flowers. 2. 
Festivals at Argos in honour of Juno. 

Anthesteria, an-thes-te'-rl-a, Greek festi- 
vals in honour of Bacchus, in the month 
Anthesterid7i (February), for three days : the 
first was called UiOoiyia, from opening their 
casks of liquor ; the second, Xoec, from every 
one drinking from the measure x°v£> to com- 
memorate the arrival of Orestes, obliged to 
drink by himself because polluted by parricide ; 
on the same day they used to ride out in 
chariots and ridicule the passers-by ; the third, 
xurpoi from \OTpog, a vessel brought out full 
of all sorts of seeds and herbs, and sacred to 
Bacchus and Hermes Chthonlus. The slaves 
had great freedom allowed during the festival, 
at the end of which a herald proclaimed 
Gi'pufe, Kdpec, oun 6t' ' Avtiearripia, "Begone, 
ye Carian slaves, the festival is ended." 



Antigonus 

Antheus, an-the'-us. 1. A son of Antenor, 
much esteemed by Paris. 2. A companion of 

/Eneas. 

Anthius, an'-thi-us {flowery), epithet of 
Bacchus at Athens and Patrae. 

Anthores, ayi-tko'-res, a companion of Her- 
cules, followed Evander to Italy, and fell in 
the Rutulian war. 

Anthropophagi, an-thro-poph'-a-gi, canni- 
bals of Scythia, near the Massagetae. 

Anthylla, an-thyl'-la, a city of Lower 
Egypt, near the Canopic mouth of the 
Nile. 

Antja Lex, an'-ti-a lex, an ineffectual 
sumptuary law, enacted by Antius Restio. 

.* ntianira, a.'i'-ti-d-nl'-ra, the mother of 
E nion. 

\ntias, an'-tt-as. 1. An epithet of Forluna 
at A-ntium. 2. Q. Valerius, va-ler'-i-iis, an 
v .is, orian of Rome, So B.C. 

A vticlea, an-ti-cle '-a. 1. Daughterof Auto- 
lycu.' and Amphithea, was pregnant of Ulysses 
by S syphus, son of /Eolus, at the time she 
iiarn d King Laertes, of Ithaca; she killed 
herself on a false report of her son's death. 2. 
Mother of Periphetes by Vulcan. 3. Adaughter 
of Diodes, and wife of Machaon, son of iEscu- 
lapl "s, bore Nicomachus and Gorgasus. 

Anticragus, an-tid-rag-ns, a mountain of 
Lycia, opposite Cragus (q. v.). 

Anticrates, an-tid-rat-es, a Spartan, 
stabbed the Theban general Epaminondas at 
Mantineia. 

Anticyra, an-ti'-cyr-a, a town in Phocis, 
and another near Mount CEta, both famous 
for hellebore ; whence the proverb Naviget 
Anttcyram ("sail to Anticyra"), hellebore 
being a remedy for insanity. The Anticyra in 
Phocis, anciently Cyparissa, had a temple of 
Neptune. 

Antigenidas, an-tl-gen' -t-das , a famous 
musician of Thebes, pupil of Philoxenus. 

Antigona, ati-tlg'-d-na, daughter of Bere- 
nice, married King Pyrrhus (2). 

Antigone, an-tig'-o-ne. 1. A daughter of 
King CEdipus (q. v.), of Thebes, and Iocasta, 
nobly attended her exiled father till his death. 
She buried by night her brc ther Polynices, 
against the positive orders of Cn on, who ordered 
her to be buried alive ; but six killed herself 
before his order could be execi .tea and Creon's 
son, Hasmon, who loved her, killec himself on 
her grave. The death of Am." gone Is the sub- 
ject of a tragedy of Sophocles. 2. A daughter 
of King Eurytion of Phthia, in l>essaiy. 3. A 
daughter of Laomedon, changed into a stork 
for comparing herself to Juno. 

ANTiGONiAjau'-tZ-go-nz'-a. 1. AninlOdtown 
of Epirus. 2. A town in Macedonia, founded 
by Antigonus, son of GonStas. 3. One in 
Syria, near the Orontes. 4. Nlcasa, in 
Bithynia. 

Antigonus I., an-tig'-o-nus. 1. A general of 
Alexander, and believed to be the illegitimate 
son of Philip, Alexander's father. At the 
division of the provinces, on Alexander's 
death, 323 B.C., Antigonus reseived Pamphylia, 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Antilibamis 



Lycia, and Phrygia : he united with Antipacer 
end Ptolemy to destroy Perdiccas and Eume- 
nes, and after Perdiccas's death, he continued 
the war against Eumenes, whom, after three 
years, he took prisoner, and ordered to be 
starved : he then conquered Cassander, 
warred with Lysimachus, and obliged Seleu- 
cus to flee from Syria to Egypt, where he was 
received by Ptoiemy, against whom Antigonus 
then declared war. Demetrius, son of Antig- 
onus, conquered Ptolemy's fleet near Cyprus, 
306. After this battle, Antigonus and the 
other generals of Alexander assumed the title 
of kjfigs. Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, and 
Lysimachus now combined against Antigonus, 
who vainly attempted to enter Egypt, but won 
several battles, and died, aged 80, of wounds 
received in his defeat by Lysimachus at 
Ipsus, 301 B.C. Antigonus had been master 
of all Asia Minor, but, after his death, Deme- 
trius lost Asia : he was concerned in the 
affairs of the Greeks, allied with the ^Etolians, 
and was very indulgent to the Athenians. 2. 
Antigonus II., Gonatas, gon-d'-tas, son of 
Demetrius, and grandson of (1), was king of 
Macedonia 277 B.C. : he restored liberty to the 
Armenians, conquered the Gauls, and was ex- 
pelled by Pyrrhus, but he soon again recovered 
Macedonia, and died 239. 3. Antigonus III., 
called Doson, do'-son, from promising much 
and giving nothing, married the widow of his 
brother, Demetrius II., of whose son Philip he 
was guardian, and usurped the kingdom : he 
obliged King Cleomenes to flee from Sparta 
to Egypt, for favouring the iEtolians against 
the Greeks, 221 : he died 220 B.C., leaving the 
throne to Philip. 4. A son of King Aristo- 
bulus, of Judsea : obtained an army from the 
king of Parthia, invaded Judsea, and cut off 
the ears of Hyrcanus, to unfit him for the 
priesthood : he was taken prisoner by Herod, 
and put to death by Antony. 5. Carystius, 
cdr-ys'-ti-?es, a biographer of philosophers, 
temp. Philadelphus. 

Antilibanus, an-ti-lzo'-an-ics, a mountain 
of Syria, opposite Mount Libanus. 

Antilochus, an-til'-d-c/u/s. 1. A king of 
Messenia. 2. The eldest son of Nestor and 
Anaxibia, was killed at Troy by Aurora's son 
Memnon. 

Antimachus, an-tim'-d-chzes. 1. A Greek 
poet and musician of Ionia, temp. Socrates, 
surnamed Clarius, from Mount Claros, near 
which he was born, wrote a voluminous poem 
on the Theban war, and a treatise on the 
age and genealogy of Homer. 2. A Trojan, 
bribed fcy Paris to oppose the restoring of 
Helen, when Menelaus and Ulysses came as 
ambassadors. His sons Hippolochus and 
Pisander were killed by Agamemnon. 

Antinoe, an-tln'-d-e, a daughter of Pelias. 

Antinoeia, an'-tln-d-ei'-a, quinquennial 
games and sacrifices to Antinous (q. v.) at 
Mantinea. 

Antinoopolis, an'-tin-o-op'-ol-is, a town of 
Egypt, on the east bank of the Nile {see Anti- 
nous, 1). 



Antioclaus 



Antinous, an-tin'-o-us. 1. A youth of 
Bithynia, was drowned in the Nile, or, accord- 
ing to others, offered himself at a sacrifice in 
honour of the emperor Hadrian, who was much 
attached to him ; the emperor erected a temple 
to him, instituted the Antinoeia (q. v.), and 
built Antinoopolis. 2. A son of Eupeithes of 
Ithaca, was a suitor of Penelope : incited his 
companions to destroy Telemachus, and struck 
Ulysses on his return disguised 5>s a beggar : 
he was the first suitor killed by Ulysses 

Antiochia, an' -ti-o-cht -a. 1. A Syrian pro- 
vince. 2. A great and beautiful city of Syria, 
built by Antiochus and Seleucus Nicanor, 
partly on a hill and partly on a plain, near the 
Orontes and a grove (Daphne). 3. NTsTbis 
(q.v.), a city in Mesopotamia. 4. The capital of 
Pisidia, 92 miles east of Ephesus. 5. A city 
on Mount Cragus. 6. Another near the 
Tigris, 25 leagues west of Seleucia. 7. Alex- 
andria or Seleucia, in Margiana. 8. A city 
near Mount Taurus. 9. A city of Caria, on 
the Maeander. 

Antiochis, an-tt'-o-chis, mother of Antio- 
chus (1). 

Antiochus I., Soter, an-tl'-o-chus, so'-ter. 

1. Son of Seleucus, was king of Syria 280 — 261 
B.C., allied with King Ptolemy II., Philadel- 
phus, of Egypt, married his stepmother Strato- 
nlce, and was killed fighting against the Gauls. 

2. Antiochus II., the son and successor of 
Antiochus Soter, 261 B.C. : put to death the 
tyrant Timarchus, of Miletus : he ended the 
war which had been begun with Ptolemy, 
whose daughter Berenice he married ; where- 
upon his former wife, Laodice, by whom he 
had two sons, poisoned him, 246, and made 
Artemon, who was like Antiochus, represent 
him, till her son was firmly fixed in power, 
when she killed Berenice and her son. 3. 
Antiochus III., the Great, the brother of 
Seleucus Ceraunus, was king of Syria 223 — 187 
B.C. : he was defeated by Ptolemy Philopator 
at Raphia, 217 ; warred with Persia, and took 
Sardis ; and, after Philopator's death, tried to 
crush his infant son Epiphanes, but was pre- 
vented by the Romans: he conquered the 
greater part of Greece, and was encouraged by 
Hannibal to invade Italy; but his measures 
were dilatory, and he was obliged, 191, to retire 
beyond Mount Taurus and pay a yearly fine 
of 2,000 talents to the Romans, to meet which 
he attempted to plunder the temple of Belus, 
in Susiana, v/hen he was killed by the inhabi- 
tants, 187. As a king he had been humane 
and liberal, and the patron of learning : he 
left three sons, Seleucus Philopator, wh« suc- 
ceeded him, Antiochus Epiphanes, and Deme- 
trius, who were kept as hostages by the 
Romans. 4. Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, 
e-piph'-d-nes (Illustrious), reigned over Syria. 
175 — 164 B.C., after the death of his brother 
Seleucus ; he destroyed Jerusalem, and was 
so severe to the Jews, that they called him 
Epimdnes [mad) : he ineffectually tried to 
plunder Persepolis. He was childish, not to 
say a fool, and a glutton. 5. Eupator 



C 



28 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Antiope 

eti'-pa-tor, succeeded his father, Epiphanes, 
in Syria, 164 B.C., made a peace with the 
Jews, and was assassinated, 162, by his uncle 
Demetrius. 6. Entheos, en'-the-os, son of 
Alexander Bala, reared by Malcus, an 
Arabian : received the crown of Syria from 
Tryphon, 144 B.C., in opposition to his brother 
Demetrius ; but was murdered by Tryphon 
143 B.C. 7. Sidrtes, sl-de'-tes, king of Syria 
137 — 128 B.C., killed Tryphon, warred with 
King Phraates, of Parthia, and fell in battle. 
8. Grypus, gry'-pus (from his aquiline nose), 
son of Demetrius Nicanor and Cleopatra, 
made his mother drink the poison she had 
prepared for him ; warred with his rival for 
the throne of Sjnria, his half-brother Alexander 
Zeblna, with whom he at length divided the 
kingdom, and was murdered, 96 B.C. 9. 
Cyzicenus, cyz-l-ce'-mis (because educated at 
CyzTcus), son of Antiochus Sidetes by Cleo- 
patra ; wrested Ccele-Syria from his brother 
Grypus, 112 B.C. ; was conquered by his 
nephew Seleucus near Antioch ; and fell in 
battle, 95. He invented some useful military 
engines. 10. The son of Antiochus Cyzicenus, 
ironically named Eusebes, ezi'-se-bes, for having 
married Selena, the wife of his father and 
of his uncle : expelled Grypus's son Seleucus 
from Syria, 95 B.C. ; and fell in war with the 
Parthians. 11. Asiaticus, as-i-ci'-ti-ais, son 
of Eusebes, received the Syrian throne from 
Lucullus, the Roman general, 69 B.C., on ex- 
pulsion of King Tigranes, of Armenia ; but 
was deposed by Pompey, and Syria made a 
Roman province, 65. 12. A philosopher of 
Ascalon, treated with great respect by his 
pupils, Lucullus, Cicero, Brutus. 13. A native 
of Syracuse, son of Xenophanes, wrote a his- 
tory of Sicily. 14. A commander of the 
Athenian fleet, under Alcibiades, defeated by 
Lysander. 15. A servant of Atticus. 16. A 
sculptor, said to have made the statue of 
Pallas, in the Ludovisi gardens at Rome. 

Antiope, an-tl'-o-pS. 1. A daughter of King 
Nycteus, of Thebes, by Polyxo : became 
pregnant by Jupiter, and, to avoid her father's 
wrath, fled to Mount Cithaeron, where she 
bore the twins Amphion and Zethus, who 
were exposed, but preserved : she then fled to 
King Epopeus, of Sicyon, who married her. 
According to others, Epopeus carried off 
Antiope and her father; and afterwards his 
brother Lycus, on succeeding him on the 
throne, warred with Epopeus, who was killed, 
and Antiope recovered and married by her 
uncle Lycus. His first wife, Dirce, imprisoned 
her for some years, when Antiope escaped to 
her sons, who took Thebes, put Lycus to 
death, and tied Dirce to a wild bull, which 
dragged her till she died ; but Bacchus changed 
Dirce into a fountain, and deprived Antiope of 
her senses : she wandered about Greece, and 
was at last cured and married by Phocus, son 
of Ornytion. Antiope is also called daughter of 
Asopus ; perhaps two of the name have been 
confused. 2. A daughter of Thespius, bore 
Alopius to Hercules. 3. See Hippolyte. 



Antiphilus 



4. A daughter of ^Eolus, bore Boeotus and 
Hellen to Neptune. 5 A. daughter of Pilon, 
married Eurytus. 

Antiparos, au-tip'-ar-.fc, an isle six miles 
from Paros. 

Antipater, an-tip'-a-ter 1. Son of Iolaus, 
served under King Philip, and was made gene- 
ral by Alexander the Great, who set him over 
Greece and Macedonia when hr invaded Asia, 
334 B.C. He warred with Sparta, and soon 
after joined Alexander. He has been sus- 
pected of poisoning the king, at whose death 
he received Macedonia in the division of the 
provinces. After being routed by the Athe- 
nians in Thessaly, and besieged in LamTa, 323, 
he was reinforced by Craterus from Asia, de- 
feated the Athenians at Cranon, 322, marched 
into Bceotia, conquered the iEtolians, and 
granted peace to the Athenians, who had to 
surrender his foes, the orators Demosthenes 
and Hyperides, and to admit a Macedonian 
garrison. He made preparations against Per- 
diccas, setting Polysperchon over Macedonia, 
who soon repelled an inva: ion of the iEtolians. 
Antipater assisted Eumenes against Antigonus, 
and died 319, leaving all his possessions to 
Polysperchon, and giving his own son, Cas- 
sander, a subordinate station under him ; but 
Cassander took up arms and gained Mace- 
donia. 2. A son of King Cassander of Mace- 
donia, and son-in-law of Lysimachus, killed 
his mother for wishing his brother Alexander 
to succeed to the throne. Alexander called in 
Demetrius, but peace was made between the 
brothers. Soon after Demetrius killed Anti- 
pater and seized Macedonia, 294 B.C. 3. A 
king of Macedonia for forty-five days, 277 B.C. 
4. A king of Cilicia. 5. The father of Herod, 
was made governor of Judaea, 47 B.C., by 
Caesar, for assistance in the Alexandrine war. 
6. A conspirator with Hermolaus against 
Alexander. 7. A sophist of Hieropolis, tutor 
to the children of the emperor Severus. 8. A 
Stoic philosopher of Tarsus, 144 B.C. 9. An 
epigrammatist of Sidon, 80 B.C. 10. A philo- 
sopher of Phoenicia, teacher of Cato of Utica. 
11. A Stoic philosopher, pupil of Diogenes of 
Babylon, wrote on divination. 12. A pupil of 
Aristotle. 13. A Thessalonican poet temp. 
Augustus. 

Antipatria, an-ti-pat'-ri-a, a city of Illy- 
ricum. 

Antipatridas, a?i-ti-pat'-ri-das, a governor 
of Telmessus. 

Antifatris, an-tip'-a-tris, a city of Pales- 
tine. 

Antiphates, an-tiph'-a-tes. 1. Akingofthe 
Laestrygones, was descended from Lamus, who 
founded Formiae. He ate one of the crew of 
Ulysses, and sunk with stones all the fleet 
except the ship in which Ulysses was. 2. The 
grandfather of Amphiaraus. 3. A son of Sar- 
pedon. 

Antiphili Portus, an-fipk '-il-z porf-us, 
a harbour on the African side of the Red 
Sea. 

ANTiFifiLUS, an-fifh'-il-us. 1. An Athenian, 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



29 



Antiphon 



succeeded Leosthenes, at the siege of Lamia 
against Antipater. 2. An Egyptian painter, 
pupil of Ctesidemus. 

Antiphon, an'-ti-phon. 1. Born at Rhamnus, 
in Attica, 480 B.C., called Nestor, from his elo- 
quence and prudence. He supported the 
oligarchy, and was put to death 411. 2. An 
orator, put to death at the instigation of 
Demosthenes for having promised King Philip 
of Macedonia that he would set the citadel of 
Athens on fire. 3. A poet who wrote on agri- 
culture. 4. An author of a treatise on peacocks. 

5. A rich man, introduced by Xenophon as 
disputing with Socrates. 6. An Athenian 
diviner. 7. A foolish rhetorician. 8. A poet 
of Attica, put to death by Dionysius for 
refusing to praise his compositions. 

Antiphus, ant'-i-plms. 1. A son of Priam, 
killed by Agamemnon. 2. A son of Thessalus, 
grandson of Hercules, went to Troy with thirty 
ships. 3. A friend of Ulysses. 

Antipolis, an-tip' -ol-is, a city of Narbonense 
Gaul. 

Antirrhium, an-tir'-rhi-um, a promontory 
of ^Etolia, opposite Rhium in Peloponnesus. 

Antissa, an-tis'-sa, a city at the north of 
Lesbos, and an island near it. 

Antisthenes, an-tis'-the-nes, a philosopher, 

Jo6 B.C., born of an Athenian father and a 
'hrygian mother. He taught rhetoric, and 
had Diogenes as a pupil ; but he closed his 
school to become a pupil of Socrates, after 
whose death he founded the Cynic (q. v.) 
school. He had sold all, and preserved only a 
very ragged coat, which provoked from Socrates 
the remark, "Antisthenes, I see thy vanity 
through the holes of thy coat." 

Antistius, Labeo, an-tis 1 -ti-ns , Idb'-e-o. 1. 
A Roman lawyer, killed himself after Philippi, 
42 B.C. : his son was still more distinguished as 
a jurist. 2. Petro, pet'-ro, of Gabii, concluded 
a famous treaty between Rome and his country, 
temp. Tarquinius Superbus. 3 .C. Reginus, 
re-gin' -us, a general of Caesar in Gaul. 4. A 
soldier under Pompey, challenged all the adhe- 
rents of Caesar. 

Antitaurus, an-ti-taur'-us, a branch of 
Mount Taurus, running N.E. through Cappa- 
docia. 

Antium, an'-ti-um, a maritime town of 
Latium, on a promontory 32 miles E. of Ostium, 
was taken by the Romans and colonized, 
468 B.C., and again taken after revolt, 338. 
It was the birthplace of Nero, and dedicated 
to Fortuna. 

Antonia, an-td'-ni-a. 1. A daughter of An- 
tony by Octavia, married Domitius Ahenobar- 
bus, and bore Nero and two daughters. 2. A 
sister of Germanicus. 3. A daughter of Claudius 
and ^Elia Petina. 4. The wife of Drusus, the 
son of Livia and brother of Tiberius, bore 
Germanicus (Caligula's father), the emperor 
Claudius, and the debauched Livia. She was 
believed to have been poisoned by orders of 
her grandson Caligula, a.d. 38. 5. A castle of 
Jerusalem, named in honour of Mark Antony. 

6. Lex, lex, enacted by M. Antony, 54 B.C., 



Antonius 



abrogated the Lex Atia, and re-enacted the 
Lex Cornelia (7). 7. Another by the same, 
51 B.C., ordained that a new decuria of judges 
should be added, and chosen from the cen- 
turions. 8. Another, by the same, allowed an 
appeal to the people to those who were con- 
demned for treason. 9. Another, by the same, 
during the triumvirate, made it capital for any 
one to propose or accept the appointment of 
dictator. 

Antonit, an-to'-ni-i, a Roman family sprung 
from Ant ones, son of Hercules. 

Antonina, an-to-nl'-nci, the wife of Beli- 
sarius. 

Antoninus, Titus, an-to-nt -nns , ti'-tus. 1. 
Surnamed Pius, pi'-us, born near LanuvTum, 
86 a.d., was adopted by and succeeded the 
emperor Hadrian, 138. He was remarkable 
for the virtues of a statesman, a philosopher, 
and a king, and spent his life in universal 
benevolence. Pie defended the Roman pro- 
vince in Eritain by building a rampart between 
the Clyde and Forth, but did not wage any 
offensive war. He died 161. 2. M. Aurelius, 
au-re'-li-ns, born at Rome, a.d. 121, succeeded 
the preceding, his adopted father, 161, and 
was distinguished for his virtues and taste for 
philosophy. He associated with himself on the 
throne his brother L. Verus, who was noted 
for his licentiousness. During their reign the 
Quadi, Parthi, and Marcomanni were de- 
feated. He survived Verus eight years, and 
died 180. 3. Bassianus Caracalla, bas-sl- 
d'-nus cdr-d-cal'-la, born at Lyons, a.d. 188, 
was the son the emperor SeptimTus Severus, 
whom he succeeded, 211 : he was celebrated 
for his cruelties and licentiousness, and was 
assassinated at Edessa by Macrinus, 217. 

Antoniopolis, an-to'-m-op' -ol-is, a city of 
Mesopotamia. 

Antonius Gnipho, M..,an-td'-m-nsgni'-pho, 
t. A poet of Gaul, taught rhetoric at Rome. 2. 
An orator, grandfather of the triumvir Anto- 
nius (6), fell in the civil wars of Marius. 3. 
M., eldest son of the preceding, obtained, by 
means of Cotta and Cethegus, from the Senate 
the office of managing the corn on the coasts 
of the Mediterranean, and was noted for 
extortion. 4. M., a son of (2), plundered 
Achaia, was carried before the praetor, M. 
Lucullus, and expelled from the Senate by 
the censors for pillaging the allies. 5. A son 
of the preceding, was consul with Cicero, and 
took part against Catiline's conspiracy : fought 
with ill success against the Dardani, in Mace- 
donia ; and, on his return, was banished. 6. 
M., the Triumvir, born about 83 B.C., grand- 
son of (2), and son of (4), was tribune of the 
plebs, 49 : he was hostile to Cicero, from his 
having put to death his stepfather, Corn. 
Lentulus, for being concerned in Catiline's 
conspiracy. At the outbreak of the civil war, 
he fied to Caesar, 49 : at Pharsalia, 48, he 
commanded the left wing, and offered Caosar 
a diadem, 44, in the presence of the Roman 
people : and he pronounced the funeral oratiwi 
over Caesar's corpse. He besieged D. Bfutus 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Antro 



in MutTna ; was voted an enemy by the Senate ; 
and defeated by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, 
43, and by Octavius Caesar (Augustus), who 
scon after joined his interests with those of Anto- 
nius and Lepidus, and formed the celebrated se- 
cond Triiwivirate, Antonius receiving the East 
in the division of the empire. He repudiated 
his wife Fulvia to marry Octavia, Octavius's 
sister ; assisted Octavius at Philippi, 42 ; and 
buried magnificently his foe, M. Brutus. In 
the East he fell in love with Queen Cleopatra, 
of Egypt, for whom he repudiated Octavia, 
37 : this incensed Octavius ; both prepared for 
war, and met at Actium, 31, in a naval en- 
gagement, when Cleopatra fled with sixty sail, 
and Antonius immediately followed. Anto- 
nius and Cleopatra went to Egypt, where, 
after seeing the defection of his friends and 
the arrival of his conqueror, the triumvir 
stabbed himself, 30, and Cleopatra killed her- 
self by (it is said) the bite of an asp. Anto- 
nius left seven children by his three wives. 
He is often represented as Hercules (from 
whom he claimed descent), with Cleopatra as 
Omphale. He was brave, but vain, extrava- 
gant, voluptuous, and fond of low company. 
7. J., son of preceding, by Fulvia, was consul 
with Paulus Fabius Maximus, 10 B.C., and 
killed by Augustus's orders, a.d. 2, for adul- 
tery with Julia. 8. L., brother of (6), was 
besieged in PerusTa by Augustus, and ob- 
liged to surrender from famine, 40 B.C. : 
his life was spared. 9. Felix, Je'-lix, a 
freedman of Claudius, made governor of 
Judaea, married Drusilla, daughter of (6) and 
Cleopatra. 10. Flamma,7?«;;/-w«, a Roman 
condemned for extortion, temp. Vespasian. 
11. Musa, viu'-sa, a physician of Augustus; 
12 Merenda, 7iier-en'-da, a decemvir at 
Rome, 450 B.C. 13. Q. M., a military tri- 
bune, 422 B.C. 

Antro, au'-tro (see Coracius). 

Antron, au'-tron, a town of Phthiotis. 

Anubis, d-nu'-bis, an Egyptian god, repre- 
sented in the form of a man with a dog's head, 
because he clothed himself in a sheep's skin 
when he went with Osiris against India. He 
has been called the brother of Osiris, also his 
son by Typhon's wife, Nepthys, and identified 
with Mercury. 

Anxur, aii'-xur, or Tarracina, a city of the 
Volsci, sacred to Jupiter, was taken by the 
Romans 406 b.c. 

Anytus, du'-y-tus, a rhetorician of Athens, 
ioined Melitus and Lycon in impeaching 
Socrates for impiety, 399 B.C., and was after- 
wards put to death by the Athenians. 

Aon, d'-dn, a son of Neptune, migrated from 
Apulia to Eubcea and Bceotia : became king, 
and gave his name to the Boeotians, A' ones, 
and the country ASn'la. 

Aonides, d-on'-l-des, the Muses, from fre- 
quenting Aonia (2. e. Bce®tia). 

Aornos, d-or'-nos, Aornus, a-or'-nics, or 
Aornis, d-or'-nis. 1. A lofty fortress near the 
Ganges, vainly besieged by Hercules, but 
taken by Alexander. 2. Seat of an oracle in 



Aper 



Epirus. 3. A lake near Tartessus. 4. The 
lake Avernus (q. v.). 

Aorsi, d-or'-si, a people of Asiatic 
Sarmatia. 

Aoti, d-o'-ti, a. people of Thrace, near the 
Getse. 

Apame, dp'-d-me. 1. Mother of Nicom'edes, 
by King Prusias of Bithynia. 2. Mother of 
Antiochus Soter, by Seleucus Nicanor. 

Apamia, dp-d-ml'-a, or Afamea, afi-a- 
me'-a. 1. A city of Phr3'gia, on the Marsyas. 
2. A city of Bithynia. 3. A city of Media. 
4. A city of Mesopotamia. 5. A city near the 
Tigris. 

Aparni, d-par'-ni, shepherds near the 
Caspian. 

Apaturia, dp-dt-u'-rl-a, from anam, 
deceit, because instituted in memory of a 
stratagem, by which King Xanthus of Bceotia 
was killed by King Melanthus of Athens, on 
occasion of a war about the frontiers, which 
was to be decided by the single combat of the 
kings : in the duel Melanthus called out that 
Xanthus had a supporter behind him, and then 
took advantage of Melanthus turning round 
and killed him : from this Jupiter was called 
'AwaTiji/ajp, deceiver, and Bacchus, who was 
supposed to be behind Xanthus, MeXavaiyig, 
I because clothed in a black goafs skin. Accord- 
ing to others, Apaturia is derived from 
iiiraTopla, because on the day of the festival 
the children accompanied their fathers to be 
registered as citizens. The festival, which 
was in the month Pyanepsion, lasted three 
days, the first being called dop-nla, from 
suppers being prepared for each separate tribe ; 
the second, ixvappvaig, from the heads of the 
victims to Jupiter and Athene being turned 
up to heaven ; and the third, Kovpeumg, 
because the j^ouths had their hair cut short 
before they were registered, when they gene- 
rally sacrificed two ewes and a she-goat to 
Artemis : the festival was adopted by all 
the Ionians, except those of Ephesus and 
Colophon. 2. An epithet of Pallas ; and also 
of Aphrodite. 

Apella, d-pel'-la, a Jew (Horat. Sat. I. 
5. 10) — Credat Jiidceus Apella, 11011 ego. 

Apelles, d-pel'-les, a famous painter of Cos 
(or Ephesus, or Colophon), son of Pithius, 
temp. Alexander the Great, whose portrait he 
painted : he was very diligent, and every day 
employed his pencil; whence the proverb, 
Nulla dies sine linea. 

Apellicon, d-pe I' -It-con, a Teian Peripatetic 
philosopher, ico B.C., collected an extensive 
library, containing Aristotle's MSS., which 
were carried to Rome from Athens when 
Sulla conquered the caDital of Greece, 
83 B.C. 

Apennini Montes, a pen-nl'-ni mon'-tes, 
a ridge of high mountains running from the 
Alps through the middle of Italy, from Liguria 
to Ariminum and Ancona, and supposed to 
have formerly joined Sicily with Rhegium. 

Aper, M.,dp'-er. 1. A Latin orator of Gaul, 
died a.d. 85. 2. See Nuaierianus. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Aperantia 

Aperantia, d-pe-rau'-ti-a, a town and dis- 
trict near the Achelous, in iEtolia. 

Aperopia, dp-e-rop'-i-a, an islet on the coast 
of Argolis, off Mount Bouporthmos, and near 
an islet, Hydrea. 

Apesus, dp'-e-sus, Apesas, dp'-e-sas, or 
Apesantus, dp'-e-san'-tiis, a mountain of 
Peloponnesus, near Lerna. 

Aphaca, aph'-dca, a town of Coele-Syria, 
with a temple and oracle of Venus. 

Aphar, aph'-ar, capital of Arabia, near the 
Red Sea. 

Apharetus, dph-d'-re-tus, carried off Mar- 
pessa, daughter of CEnomaus. 

Aphareus, dpji'-dr-eus. i. A king of Mes- 
senia, son of Perieres and Gorgophune, married 
Arene, daughter of CEbalus. 2. A tragic poet, 
relation of Isocrates. 

ApheT/E, dpti-e-tcp, a city of Magnesia, 
where the ship A rgo was launched. 

Aphidna, d-phid'-na, a demus of Attica, 
near Decelea, named hoxa Aphidnns, a com- 
panion of Theseus. 

Aphidnus, a-phid'-nns. 1. A. Trojan, killed 
by Turnus. 2. A companion of Theseus. 

Aphrices, aph-rl'-ces, an Indian prince, de- 
fended the rock Aornus against Alexander, to 
whom Aphrices' own troops sent his head after 
killing him. 

Aphrodisia, dph-rd-di'-si-a, an island in 
the Persian Gulf, where Venus was worshipped. 
2. Festivals to Venus {Aphrodite) in Greece, 
bu i chiefly in Cyprus, first instituted by 
Cinyras, from whose family the priests of the 
goddess were always chosen. 

Aphrodisias, aph-ro-di'-si-as. 1. A town of 
Caria, sacred to Venus. 2. A coast town of 
Cilicia, opposite Cyprus. 

Aphrodisum, aph-ro-di'-sum. 1. A city on 
E. of Cyprus, nine miles from Salamis. 2. 
A promontory and island on the coast of 
Spain. 

Aphrodite, dph-ro-dl' -te , the Greek name 
of Venus (q. v.), from her having risen from 
sea froth. 

Aphthonius, aph-thon'-i-ns, a Greek rhe- 
torician of Antioch, about a.d. 300. 

AphyTvE, a-phy-tce, or Aphytis, d-phy'-tis, 
a city of Macedonia, near Pallene, where 
Jupiter Ammon was worshipped. 

Apia, d'-pt-a. 1. An old name of Peloponne- 
sus, from King Apis. 2. The Earth, worshipped 
among the Lydians as a powerful deity. 

Apianus, dp-l-d'-mis, or Apion, dp'-l-on, 
born at Oasis, in Egypt, but deemed a citizen 
of Alexandria, succeeded Theus in the profes- 
sion of rhetoric in the reign of Tiberius, and 
wrote a book, refuted by Josephus, against 
the Jews. He headed an Alexandrine embassy 
to Caligula to complain of the Jews. 

Apicata, ap-i-cd'-ta, the divorced wife of 
Sejanus. 

Apicius, d-pi r -cl-7is, three Romans, one in 
the time of the Republic, the second temp. 
Augustus and Tiberius, and the third temp. 
Trajan, all famous for gluttony. The second 
wrote ^ treatise De Arte Coquinarid, 



Apollinares Ludi 



Apidanus, d-pid'-d-mis, a river of Thessaly, 
joins the Peneus a little above Larissa. 

Apina, ap'-l-na, and Apin^e, ap'-i-7ice, a 
city of Apulia, destroyed, with the neighbour- 
ing Trica, by Diomedes ; whence the proverb 
A pina et Trica for trifles. 

Apiola, a-pl'-dl-a, and Apiolje, a-pl'-ol-ce, a 
town of Italy, taken by Tarquinius Superbus. 

Apion, ap'-i-on. 1. Ptolemy (15), descendant 
of Ptolemy Lagus. 2. See Apianus. 

Apis, d'-pis. 1. An ancient king of Sicyon or 
of Argos, son of Phoroneus, or of Apollo, and 
LaodTce, was a native of Naupacturn, and 
descended from Inachus. His name was given 
to Peloponnesus, Apia. Some have connected 
him with 2, by supposing that he went to 
Egypt with a Greek colony, and was deified. 
2. A god of the Egyptians, worshipped under 
the form of an ox. Some suppose that Isis 
and Osiris are the deities worshipped under 
this name, because during their reign they 
taught the Egyptians agriculture, and the 
soul of Osiris was believed to have entered the 
ox, the animal found so serviceable to him. 
The particular ox chosen as the god was dis- 
tinguished by several marks — the body was 
black, with a square white spot on the forehead ; 
he had the figure of an eagle on the back, a 
white spot like a crescent on his right side, 
the hairs of the tail double, and a knot under 
the tongue like a beetle. The festival lasted 
seven days, and the ox was led in solemn pro- 
cession, every one being anxious to come near 
him. If he lived to the time allowed by their 
sacred books, he was drowned in the Nile, 
and his body, after being embalmed, was 
buried solemnly in Memphis ; there was then 
general mourning, as if Osiris was just dead, 
the priests shaving their heads. This lasted 
till another ox was found with the marks, when 
there were great rejoicings, and the new Apis 
was left forty days in the city of the Nile 
before he was carried to Memphis. There 
was also an ox at Heliopolis, which is supposed 
to have been sacred to Isis alone. Cambyses, 
who invaded Egypt during the festival, sum- 
moned the priests and their god before him, 
wounded the ox on the thigh, and ordered the 
priests to be chastised. Apis had two temples. 
If he ate from the hand, it was considered 
lucky; if he refused, it was unlucky: from 
this Germanicus, when he visited Egypt, drew 
the omens of his approaching death. When 
the oracle of Apis was consulted, incense was 
burnt on an altar, and a piece of money placed 
on it ; after this the person consulting applied 
his ear to the mouth of the god, and then im- 
mediately stopped it and left the temple, and 
the first sounds that were heard were taken 
as the god's answer. 3. A town of Egypt, on 
Lake Mareotis. 4. A son of Jason, born in 
Arcadia, was killed by /Etolus's horses. 

Apisaon, dp isd'-ou. 1. Son of Hippasus, 
killed at the head of the Pseonians, by Lyco- 
medes, in the Trojan war. 2. Another ally of 
Priam. 

Apollinares Ludi, d-^ol'-U-na'-res lu'-di, 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



$2 



Apollinaris 

the games at Rome in honour of Apollo, insti- 
tuted 212 B.C., from an old prophetic poem 
having informed the Romans that if they insti- 
tuted annual games to Apollo, they would be 
able to repel the approaching enemy. The 
spectators generally sat crowned with laurel 
at the games, which were usually celebrated 
at any time appointed by the praetor, till, in 
208 B.C., they were fixed for the 6th of July. 

Apollinaris, C. Sulpicius, a-fiol'-li-na'-ris, 
sul-pV -cl-us. 1. A grammarian of Carthage in 
the 2nd century, supposed to be the author of 
the arguments prefixed to Terence's plays. 2. 
See Sidonius. 

Apollinis Arx, a-fiol' -U-nis arx. 1. A place 
at the entrance of the Cumsean Sibyl's cave. 
2. A promontory of Africa. 3. A place in 
Thrace. 4. A place in Lycia. 

Apollo, a-pol'-lo (-Tnis). 1. Son of Jupiter 
and Latona, also called Phcebus, and identified 
with the sun. Before his birth Juno raised the 
serpent Python to torment Latona, who was 
refused a place to give birth to her child, till 
Neptune in pity raised the isle Delos from the 
bottom of the sea, and made it float, and there 
she brought forth Apollo and Diana, and 
Apollo immediately killed the Python with 
his arrows. Apollo was the god of all the 
fine arts, of medicine, music, poetry, and 
eloquence : he had received from Jupiter the 
power of knowing futurity, and his oracle at 
Delphi (q.v.)was famous throughout the world : 
he was much attached to Hyacinthus, whom 
he accidentally killed with a quoit, and to 
Cyparissus, who was changed into a cypress. 
When his son ^fEsculapius was killed by 
Jupiter's thunders, Apollo in wrath killed the 
Cyclops who had made the bolt, and Jupiter 
banished Apollo from heaven : he went to 
King Admetus, of Thessaly, with whom he 
remained nine years as a shepherd ; whence he 
became the shepherds' patron also : he re- 
warded Admetus (q.v.) with a chariot, drawn 
by a lion and a bull, with which to win Alceste, 
and obtained from the Parcse immortality for 
Admetus, if another person would die for him. 
His shepherd's staff he gave to Mercury, to 
be his Cdduchis((\.w.\ in exchange for the lyre 
which the latter had invented. With Neptune, 
he built the walls of Troy, and on King Laome- 
don cheating him of his promised reward, he 
destroyed the inhabitants with a pestilence. 
He vindicated his mother's honour by putting 
Niobe and her children to death ; and his 
contests with Pan and Midas, and his punish- 
ment of Midas are well known. He was known 
as Phcebics, Delhis, Cynthws, Pceau (healer), 
Pythius, Delphicus, Nomlus, Lycius, Cldrlzis, 
Ismenius, Viilturhis, Smintheus, &c. (q. v.). 
Apollo is generally represented as a beautiful, 
tall, beardless young man, with long hair, and 
his head surrounded with beams of light : 
when as the god of plagues, he was surrounded 
with clouds. His statue on Mount Actium 
was particularly famous as a mark to mariners, 
and Augustus, betore the battle of Actium, 
prayed to it ibr victory; and his Colossus 



Apollonius 

(q. v.) at Rhodes was one of the seven wonders 
of the world. The griffin, cock, grasshopper, 
crow, swan, olive, laurel, palm-tree, &c, were 
sacred to him ; and wolves and hawks were 
sacrificed to him, as the natural enemies of 
the flocks. His most famous oracles were at 
Delphi (consulted by all the ancient world), 
Delos, Claros, Tenedos, Cyrrha, and Patara. 
After the battle of Actium, Augustus built 
him a temple on Mount Palatine. As Apollo 
presided over poetry, he was often seen with 
the nine Muses on Mount Parnassus. 2. A 
temple of Apollo on Mount Leucas, visible 
far off at see. 3. A ship in /Eneas's fleet. 

Apollocrates, a-pol-loc'-rd-tes, a friend of 
Dion. 

Apollodorus, d-pol-ld-dd'-rus. 1. A famous 
grammarian and mythologist of Athens, son of 
AsclepTas, and pupil of Pansetius the Rhodian, 
flor. 140 B.C. Only his Bibliotheca, an 
abridged history of gods and ancient heroes, 
is extant. 2. A tragic poet of Cilicia. 3. A 
comic poet of Gela in Sicily, in Menander's 
age. 4. An architect of Damascus, constructed 
Trajan's bridge over the Danube, and was put 
to death by Hadrian. 5. A writer on the history 
of Parthia. 6. A learned writer, follower of 
Epicurus. 7. A painter at Athens, preceptor 
of Zeuxis. 8. A statuary, temp. Alexander. 
9. A rhetorician of Pergamus, preceptor to 
Augustus, wrote on rhetoric. 10. A tragic poet 
of Tarsus, n. A Lemnian writer on agricul- 
ture. 12. A physician of Tarentum. 13. A 
physician of CitTum. 

Apollonia, ap-ol-lo' -ni-a. 1. A festival at 
iEgialea, in honour of Apollo and Diana, insti- 
tuted to commemorate their return from Crete, 
to which they had fled in fright from ^Egialea 
soon after the conquest of the Python : 
iEgialea was visited with a pestilence, and 
seven boys and seven girls were sent to entreat 
the deities to return, to which they acceded. 
2. A town of Mygdonia. 3. A town of Crete. 
4. A town of Sicily. 5. A town on the coast 
of Asia Minor. 6. A town on the coast of 
Thrace. 7. A town of Macedonia, on the coast 
of the Adriatic. 8. A city of Thrace. 9. A 
city on Mount Parnassus. 

Apolloniades, a-pol'-lo-iu'-ci-des, a tyrant 
of Sicily. 

Apollonis, d-pol-ld'-ius, a city in Lydia. 

Apollonius, d-pol-ld'-nl-us. 1. A Stoic philo- 
sopher of Chalcis, sent for by Antoninus Pius to 
instruct his adopted son M. Antoninus. 2. A 
geometrician of Perga in Pamphylia, 240 B.C., 
wrote geometrical treatises, some of which are 
extant. 3. A poet of Naucratis, in Egypt, 
generally called Apollonius of Rhodes, from 
having lived there : was pupil of Callimachus 
and Panaetius, and succeeded Erastosthenes as 
librarian of the Alexandrian Museum, under 
Ptolemy III., Euergetes : only his poem on the 
Argonauts is extant. 4. Molo, mol'-o, a Greek 
orator, native of Alabanda, in Caria, taught 
rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome, to J. Csesarand 
Cicero among others. 5. A Greek historian, 
temp. Augustus : wrote on Zeno and his fol- 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



33 



Apolloplianes 

lowers. 6. A Stoic philosopher, who attended 
Cato of Utica in his last moments. 7. An offi- 
cer set over Egypt by Alexander. 8. A wres- 
tler. 9. A physician of Pergamus, wrote on 
agriculture. 10. A grammarian of Alexandria. 
11. A writer temp. Antoninus Pius. 12. 
Thyaneus, thj/'-d-ueus, born about 4 B.C., a 
Pythagorean philosopher, and famous magi- 
cian, who acquired much credit from exclaiming 
at Ephesus, " Strike the tyrant, strike him : the 
blow is given, he is wounded and fallen !" at 
the very moment the emperor Domitian had 
been stabbed at Rome. He was courted by 
kings and princes, and commanded unusual 
attention. 13. A sophist of Alexandria, in the 
beginning of the 1st century a. d., wrote a lexi- 
con to Homer : he was pupil of Didymus. 14. 
A son of Sotades at the court of Ptolemy Phi- 
ladelphus. 15. Syrus, syr'-us, a Platonic 
philosopher. 16. Herophilus, he-ropk'-il-us, 
wrote concerning ointments. 

Apollophanes, d-pol-loph '-d-nes. 1. A Stoic, 
flatterer of King Antigonus. 2. A physician 
at the court of Antiochus. 3. A comic poet. 

Aponius, a-po'-ui-tts, M., a governor of 
Mcesia. 

Aponus, dp'-o-nus, also Aqiuz PatavTncs, a 
hot-water spring, and village of same name, 
near PatavTum. 

Apostrophia, dp-o-stroph' -i-a (see Verti- 
cordia). 

Apotheosis, d-poth'-e-o'-sis, the ceremony 
of deifying the kings, heroes, and great men 
of antiquity. The following ceremonies were 
observed in the case of the Roman emperors. 
— After the body of the deceased was burnt, an 
ivory image was laid on a couch for seven 
days, representing the emperor in sickness ; 
the city was in sorrow, the Senate visited it in 
mourning, and the physicians pronounced it 
every day to be sinking more rapidly : when 
the death was announced, a band of young 
senators carried the couch and image to the 
Campus Martius, where it was deposited on 
a pyramidal edifice, on which spices and com- 
bustibles were thrown ; then the knights went 
in procession round the pile, and the images of 
the most illustrious Romans were drawn in 
stute ; the new emperor with a torch set fire 
to the pile, and was assisted by the sur- 
rounding multitude ; at the same moment an 
eagle was let fly from the middle of the pyre, 
and it was believed to carry the soul of the 
deceased to heaven, where it ranked among 
the gods ; if the deceased was a female, a 
peacock was let fly instead of an eagle. 

Appia Via, ap'-pl-a vl'-a, the road from the 
Porta Capena, at Rome, through Capua to 
Brundusium ; it was made as far as Capua by 
the censor Appius Claudius, 312 B.C., and con- 
tinued and finished by Gracchus, Julius Csesar, 
and Augustus. 

Appiades, ap-pl'-d-des. 1. Venus, Minerva, 
Vesta, Concord, and Peace, from a temple 
erected to them near the Appian road. 2. 
The Roman courtesans near the temple of 
Veous, near Appise Aquas. 



Aquileia 

Appianus, ap-pl-d'-7ucs, an historian of 
Alexandria, A. d. 123: portions of his Roman 
history are extant. 

Appii Forum, ap'-pl-i fdr'-um, a village on 
the Appia Via, 43 miles S.E. of Rome. 

Appius, ap'-pi-us. 1. The prsenomen of an 
illustrious Roman family. 2. Claudius, clau'- 
di-us, a famous decemvir, who forcibly con- 
tinued to hold office, and whose attempt to 
seize Virginia was the cause of the fall of the 
Decemviri (q. v.), 450 B.C. 3. Claudius Cecus, 
ctz'-cus, censor 312 B.C., built the Appia Via 
and many aqueducts. When Pyrrhus de- 
manded peace of the Senate for the tarentines, 
whom he had cotne to assist, the aged Appius was 
carried to the senate-house to dissuade them 
from granting it. 4. A Roman, proscribed by 
the triumvirs, and alone saved when the vessel 
containing all his wealth was lost crossing to 
Sicily. 5. Claudius Cassius, cas'-si-us, con- 
sul with Sp. Naut. Rutilius, conquered the 
Celtiberians, and was defeated by King Per- 
seus, of Macedonia. 6. Claudius Pulcher, 
pjil'-cher, grandson of (3), consul temp. Sulla, 
retired from public life to enjoy the pleasures 
of private state. 7. Clausus, clau'-sus, a 
Sabine general, seceded to Rome from ill- 
treatment by his country, and was made a 
senator, 504 B.C. 8. Herdonius, /ter-do'-ni- 
us, seized the Capitol, 462 B.C., but was soon 
overthrown. 9. Claudius Lentulus, len'- 
t?7-hts, a consul with M. Perpenna. 10. A 
dictator who conquered the Hernici. — The 
name was common to many Roman officers. 

Apries, ap'-rz-es, and Aprius, ap'-rl-iis, a 
king of Egypt, 595 — 570 B.C., supposed to be 
the Pharaoh Hophra of Scripture, took Sidon, 
and was eventually conquered and strangled 
by Amasis. 

Apsus, ap'-sus, a river of Illyria, between 
Dyrrhachium and Apollonia. 

Aptera, ap'-te-ra, an inland town of Crete. 

Apuleia Lex, dp-u-lei'-a lex, enacted 102 
B.C., by the tribune L. Apuleius, for inflicting 
a punishment on the seditious or turbulent. 
2. Varilia, va-ril'-i-a, a granddaughter of 
Augustus, convicted of adultery with one 
Manlius, under Tiberius. 

Apuleius, L., dp-u-lei'-us, born about AD. 
130, at Madaura, in Africa, studied at Carthage, 
Athens, and Rome, where he married a rich 
widow, Pudentilla, whose relatives accused 
him of practising magic ; his apology was a 
masterly composition. His best-known work is 
the Golden Ass. 

Apulia, d-pu'-li-a, a country^ of Italy 
between Daunia and Calabria, in Magna 
Graecia, was divided into Apitlla Daicma and 
Apulia Peucetla, and famous for its wool. 

Aquarius, d-qua'-rl-its (the Waterman), a 
sign of the zodiac, into which Ganymede 
was changed, rises in January and sets in 
February. 

Aquilaria, d-qtd-ld'-ri-a, a coast town on 
the north of Africa Propria. 

Aquileia, d-qui-le'-i-a, or Aquilegia, 
a-qul-le'-gl-a, called from its grandeur B.dma 



34 BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Aquilius 



Secunda, a town at the north of the Adriatic, 
on the borders of Italy, founded by a Roman 
colony, 182 B.C., to oppose the frequent incur- 
sions of the barbarians. It was beautified by 
the emperors, and destroyed by Attila, a.d. 452. 

Aquilius Niger, a-quU'-l-us, nl'-ger. 1. An 
historian. 2. M., a Roman consul, governed 
Asia Minor 129 b.c. 3. A Roman lawyer, 
called the Cato of his age, was father to Aquilia 
Severa, wife of Heliogabalus. 4. Severus, a 
poet and historian temp. Valentinian. 

Aquilo, d'-qui-lo, a wind blowing from the 
north. 

Aquilonia, d-qui-lo'-ni-a, a city of Apulia. 

Aquinum, d-qjti'-uum, a town of Latium, 
near Samnium, was the birthplace of 
Juvenal. 

Aquitania, d-qnz-td'-ni-a, a country of 
Gaul, bounded W. by Spain, N. by the province 
of Lugdunum, S. by Gallia Narbonensis : its 
inhabitants were called Aquitdni. 

Ara, a'-ra. 1. A constellation of seven stars, 
near the tail of the Scorpion. 2. Lugdunen- 
sis, lug-du-nen' -sis , a place at the confluence 
of the Arar and Rhone. 

Arabarches, dr-d-barch'-es, a vulgar 
Egyptian. 

Arabia, dr-db'-i-a, a large country of Asia, 
forming a peninsula between the Arabian and 
Persian gulfs, generally divided into Petrcea, 
Deserta, and Felix, and famous for its frank- 
incense and aromatic herbs. The country, often 
invaded, has never been totally subdued : 
Alexander the Great expressed a wish to place 
the seat of his empire in their territories. The 
soil is rocky and sandy, the inhabitants noma- 
dic, and the country without water. The 
Arabians for some time supported the 
splendour of literature after its extinction in 
the dark ages in Europe. 

Arabicus Sinus, dr-db'-i-cus sin' -us, a gulf 
between Egypt and Arabia, forty days' sail in 
length, and not half a day's in its broadest 
part (see Erythr^um Mare). 

Arabis, dr'-d-bis, Arabius, dr-d'-bt-us, or 
Arbis, ar'-bis, a tributary of the Indus, in 
GedrosTa. 

Arabs, dr'-abs, or Arabus, dr'-d-bus, any 
Arabian. 

Aracca, ar-ad-ca, and Arecca, ar-ec'-ca, a 
city of Susiana. 

Arachne, dr-ach'-ne. 1. A woman of Colo- 
phon, daughter of Idmon, a dyer, was so skilful 
with the needle as to challenge Minerva : 
defeated, she hanged herself, and was made a 
spider by the goddess. 2. A city of Thes- 
saly. 

Arachosia, dr-d-cho'-si-a. i. A city of Asia, 
near the Massagetse, built by Semiramis. 2. 
One of the Persian provinces beyond the 
Indus. 

Arachot^c, dr-d-chd'-tce, and Arachoti, 
dr-d-chd'-ti, an Indian people, near the Ara- 
chotus, which flows from Mount Caucasus. 

Araciithus, dr-ach'-thus, one of the four 
chief rivers of Epirus, near Nicopolis. 

Aracvnthi^s, dr-d-cyn'-thus^ mountain of 



Areas 



Acarnania, between the Achelous and Evenus, 
was called Actceus, because near the shore. 
Aradus, dr'-d-dus, an islet off Phoenicia. 
Ar^e, d'-rcB (1. see ^Egates). 2. Pmr.^E- 
norum, p]iil-ce-nd'-rum, a coast city of Africa, 
near Cyrene. 

Araithyrea, dr-ai-thyr '-e-a, afterwards 
Asophis (q. v.). 

Arar, dr'-dr, or Araris, dr'-d-ris, now 
Saone, a river of Gaul, tributary of the Rhone 
at Lugdunum. 

Ararus, dr'-d-rus, a Scythian river, flowing 
through Armenia. 

Arat us, dr-d'-tzis. 1. A Greek poet of Cilicia, 
277 B.C., resided much at the court of his friend 
King Antigonus II., Gonatas, of Macedonia, 
and wrote a poem on astronomy, hymns, and 
epigrams, &c. 2. Son of Clinias and Aristo- 
dama, was born at Sicyon, near the Asopus, 
271 B.C., murdered the tyrant Nicocles, 251, 
joined Sicyon to the Achaean league, and allied 
with the Corinthians and King Ptolemy of 
Egypt : at the head of the Achaean forces he 
expelled the Macedonians from Athens and 
Corinth, and warred with the Spartans ; was 
defeated by King Cleomenes, but with the aid 
of King Antigonus made Cleomenes fly to 
Egypt ; to repel the ^Etolians, he had to call 
in King Philip of Macedonia, who showed 
himself a cruel and oppressive ally ; the rup- 
ture with him was fatal, for Philip caused 
Aratus and his son to be poisoned, 213 : festi- 
vals (Ardtei'a) were celebrated to him, on the 
day he delivered Sicyon, and on the day of 
his birth. 

Araxes, dr-ax'-es. 1. A river separating 
Armenia from Media, falls into the Caspian 
sea. 2. A tributary of the Euphrates. 3. A river 
in S.E. Europe, now Volga (2,100 miles long). 

Arbaces, ar-bd'-ces, a Mede, revolted with 
Belesis against Sardanapalus, and founded the 
Median on the ruins of the Assyrian power, 
876 B.C. 

Arbela, ar-be'-la, a town of Assyria, on 
the Lycus, scene of Alexander's defeat of 
! Darius, 331 B.C. 

j Arbuscula, ar-bus '-cii-la, a Roman actress 
! temp. Cicero. 

I Arcadia, ar-cdd'-i-a. 1. A country sur- 
1 rounded on every side by land, in Peloponnesus, 
between Achaia, Messenia, Elis, and Argolis, 
I anciently called Drymo 'des (from its oaks), 
then Lycdo'nia and Pelas'gia, and finally 
Arcadia, from Areas (q. v.), a son of Jupiter, 
was famous for its mountains. The people were 
shepherds, skilful warriors, and able musi- 
cians : it was the chief residence of Pan. 2. 
A fortified village of Zacynthus. 

Arcadius, ar-edd'-i-us, Roman emperor, 
a.d. 395, eldest son of Theodosius the Great, 
gave the Western empire to Honorius, and 
himself went to Constantinople. He married 
Eudoxia, a bold and ambitious woman. He 
died 408. He was weak and effeminate. 

Arcanum, ar-cd'-num, Cicero's villa near 
Minturni. 

Arcas, ar'-cas, sqij of Jupiter an<J CaJUgtOt 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



35 



Arcens 



reigned in Pelasgia, which he called Arcadia 
(q.v.). He nearly killed his mother, whom Juno 
had changed into a bear. He taught agriculture 
and the art of spinning wool, and was, after 
death, made a constellation with his mother by- 
Jupiter. By a Dryad he had three sons, 
Azan, who colonized Phrygia, Aphidas, who 
received Tegea, and Elatus, who migrated 
from Mount Cyllene to Phocis. 

Arcens, ar'-cens, a Sicilian, whose son ac- 
companied /Eneas and was killed by Mezentius. 

Arcesilaus, ar' -ces-l-ld' -zcs . i. King of 
Cyrene, son of Battus, was expelled, and died 
575 E,c. 2. Another king of Cyrene, died 550 
B.C. 3. A general of Alexander, at whose 
death he received Mesopotamia. 4. A chief 
of Catana, which he betrayed to the elder 
Dionysius. 5. A philosopher of Pitane, in 
./Eolia, pupil of Poleraon, visited Sardis and 
Athens, and founded the Middle Academy ; 
he died 241 B.C., aged 74. 6. The name of 
two painters. 7. A statuary. 8. A leader of 
the Boeotians at Troy. 

Arcesius, ar-ce'-si-tts, Jupiter's son, grand- 
father of Ulysses. 

Arch^eanax, ar-chce'-a-nax, of Mytilene, 
friend of Pisistratus, fortified Sigaeum with a 
wall from the ruins of Troy. 

Archagathus, arch-dg'-a-thtis, son of 
Archagathus, killed his grandfather, Agatho- 
cles of Syracuse, and was slain in Africa by his 
troops, 285 B.C., or put to death by Arcesilaus. 
2. A physician at Rome, 219 B.C. 

Archander, arch-cm' -der, father-in-law of 
Danaus. 

Archegetes, arch-e-ge'-tes, epithet of Her- 
cules. 

Archelaus, arch-e-ld'-us, 1. The name of 
several kings of Cappadocia, one of whom was 
conquered by Sulla, for assisting Mithridates. 
2. The husband of Berenice, made priest of 
Comana by Pompey, 63 B.C., reigned in Egypt 
for six months, 55, and was killed by Gabinius's 
soldiers. His grandson was made king of 
Cappadocia, 36 B.C., by Antony, whom he 
assisted at Actium, and was perfidiously 
destroyed by Tiberius. 3. A king of Mace- 
donia, 413 — 399 B.C., natural son of Perdiccas 
II., whom he succeeded, having killed the 
legitimate heirs. He was himself killed by a 
disappointed favourite. He patronized Euri- 
pides. 4. Herodes, he-rd'-des, a king of the 
Jews, son of Herod the Great, married Gla- 
phyre, daughter of King Archelaus, of Mace- 
donia, and widow of his brother Alexander ; 
was banished, a. d. 7, by the emperor, for his 
cruelties, to Vienna, where he died. 5. A king 
of Sparta, son of Agesilaus, reigned 42 years 
with Charilaus. 6. A general of Antigonus 
the younger, made governor of Acrocorinthus. 
7. A philosopher of Athens or Miletus, called 
Phys'icus, 450 B.C., was successor to Anaxa- 
goras, and preceptor to Socrates. He supposed 
Heat to be the cause of all things, and first 
discovered sound to be propagated by the vibra- 
tions of the air. 8. A man set over Susa by 
Alexander, g. A Greek philosopher, wrote on 



Archidium 



zoology. 10. A son of Electryon and Anaxo. 
11. A Greek epigrammatist. 

Archemachus, arch-em' -d-chi is . 1. A Greek, 
wrote a history of Eubcea. 2. A son of Her- 
cules. 3. A son of Priam. 

Archemorus, arch-em'-or-us, or Opheltes, 
son of King Lycurgus, of Nemsea in Thrace, 
and Eurydice, was reared by Queen Kypsipyle, 
of Lemnos, an exile in Thrace, and nurse in 
the royal family. When she met the army of 
Adrastus marching to Thebes, and had to show 
the way, she laid the child on the grass, and 
during her absence it was killed by a serpent. 
The Greeks instituted the Nemaean games in 
honour of Archemorus. 

Archeptolemus, arch-'p-tol'-e-mus, son 
of Iphitus, king of Elis, fought against t:i2 
Greeks at Troy, and was killed by the Tela- 
monian Ajax. 

Archia, arch'-i-a, an Oceanid, wife of 
Inachus. 

Archias, arch'-i-as. 1. ACorinthian,descend- 
ant of Hercules, founded Syracuse, 734 b.c. 
2. A. Licinius, U-cm'-l-us, a poet of Antioch, 
born 120 B.C., intimate with the Luculli, was 
made a Roman citizen by Cicero's influence ; 
he wrote epigrams, of which some remain, and 
a poem on the Cimbrian war, and began one on 
Cicero's consulship. 3. Apolemarchof Thebes, 
assassinated in Pelopidas's conspiracy. 4. A 
high priest of Athens, intimate with 3. 

Archibiades, arch-ibV -d-des, a philosopher 
of Athens, who affected Spartan manners ; he 
opposed Phocion. 

Archibius, arch-ib' '-i-us, son of the geo- 
grapher Ptolemy. 

Archidamia, arch-i-da'-ml-a. 1. A priestess 
of Ceres, was enamoured of Aristomenes, whom 
she released when he was taken prisoner by a 
female attendant at Ceres' festivals. 2. A 
Spartan woman, daughter of Cleadas. When 
the Spartans resolved to send their women to 
Crete on the approach of Pyrrhus, she ran 
1 with a sword to the senate-house, exclaiming 
I that the women were as able to fight as the 
men ; whereon the decree was repealed. 

Archidamus, arch-l-dd'-imis. 1. Son of King 
Theopompus of Sparta, died before his father. 
2. A king of Sparta, 668 B.C., son of Anaxidl- 
mus, was succeeded by Agasicles. 3. Another, 
j 361 — -338 B.C., son of Agesilaus II., of the 
j Proclidae family. 4 Another, son of Zeuxi- 
damus, succeeded his grandfather Leotychldas, 
469 B.C., defeated the Argives and Arcadians, 
privatelyassisted the Phocians in plunderingthe 
Delphic temple, and fell in assisting Tarentum 
against the Romans, 427. 5. Another king, 
296 B.C., son of Eudamidas. 6. Another, 
conquered the Helots, after a violent earth- 
quake. 7. A son of Agesilaus II., reigned 361 — ■ 
338 B.C. ; he led the Spartan auxiliaries to 
Cleombrotus at the battle of Leuctra, and fell 
fighting with the Lucanians. 

Archideus, arch-ld'-e-us, son of King 
Amyntas of Macedonia. 

Archidium, arch-id'-i-um, a city of Cref.e, 
named after ArchidiuSj son of Tegeateg, 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



36 

Arehigallus 

Archigallus, arch-i-gal'-his (see Galli, 2). 

Archigenes, arch-t'-gen-es, a physician and 
■writer, temp. Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan; 
born at Apamea. 

Archilochus, ar-chil'-och-us. 1. Of Paros, 
690 B.C., wrote Elegies, Satires, Odes, and Epi- 
grams, and first introduced Iambics ; he wrote 
so bitter a satire against Lycambes, daughter 
of Neobule, who was given by her father to 
another in preference to the poet, that she 
hanged herself. The Spartans banished him 
for his indelicacy. He fell in battle with 
the Naxians. Cicero calls virulent edicts 
Archuoch'ia edic'ta. 2. A son of Nescor, 
killed by Memnon at Troy. 3. A Greek 
historian, wrote a chronological table, &c, 
about the 20th or 30th Olympiad. 

Archimedes, arch-i-me'-des, a famous geo- 
metrician of Syracuse, born 287 B.C. ; he 
invented a machine of glass that faithfully 
represented the motions of the heavenly bodies, 
the pumping screw, &c. ; in the siege of 
Syracuse by Marcellus, Archimedes constructed 
machines to lift the Roman ships in the bay, 
and then let them fall with such violence that 
they sank, and he also set them on fire with 
burning-glasses (supposed to be metal 
reflectors) : when the city was taken, 212, 
Marcellus ordered the troops to be careful to 
do no harm to Archimedes ; but, while solving 
a mathematical problem, the philosopher was 
killed, in ignorance, by a soldier, whom he had 
refused to follow. Marcellus raised to him a 
monument, repaired by Cicero when quaestor 
in Sicily. Some of his treatises are extant. 

Archipelagic, arch-i-pel' -ag-as , the 
JEgezan Mare (q.v.). 

Archippe, ar-chip'-pe, a city of the Marsi, 
buried by an earthquake in the lake 
Fuclnus. 

Archippus, ar-chip'-pus. 1. An ancient king 
of Italy. 2. A Theban philosopher, pupil of 
Pythagoras. 3. An Athenian archon. 4. A 
comic poet of Athens, of whose eight comedies 
only one gained a prize. 5. A philosopher, 
temp. Trajan. 

ARC<aiTis, ar-chl'-tis, Venus, at Mount 
Libanus. 

Archon, ar'-chon, the name of an Athenian 
magistracy, instituted after the death of King 
Codrus, the office being at first for life, then 
limited lo ten years, and finally one. The 
Archontes were nine in number, chosen only 
from those whose ancestors had been citizens 
for three generations, were without bodily de- 
formity, and produced testimonies of their 
dutiful behaviour to their parents, their services 
to their country, and the competency of their 
fortune ; but after a time these qualifications 
were not strictly observed. They swore to 
observe the laws, administer justice fairly, and 
receive no bribes. The chief was called A rcJwn 
Epd'iiumos, as giving his name to the year ; 
he determined all causes between man and 
wife, took care of orphans, legacies, and wills, 
and punished drunkenness. The second, 
Bas'iletts, presided over the priestly families, 



Ardeatina Via 



punished impiety, offered public sacrifices, 
assisted at the Eleusinian and other festivals, 
and sat among the Areopagites : his wife had 
to be of pure Athenian blood and unsullied 
virtue. The third, Polemar'chos, presided 
over foreign residents, and the families of those 
who had lost their lives for their country. The 
other six, Thesnwth'etce, received complaints 
against persons accused of impiety, bribery, 
and ill behaviour, settled disputes among 
citizens, and redressed strangers' wrongs. All 
the nine had the power of punishing malefac- 
tors with death. Hadrian, before he was 
elected emperor of Rome, was made Archon, 
though a foreigner, and also Plutarch. The 
life Archontes, after the death of King Codrus, 
were — Medon, 1070 B.C.; Acastus, 1050 ; 
Archippus, 1014 ; Thersippus, 995 ; Phorbas, 
954 ; Megacles, 923 ; Diognetus, 893 ; Phere- 
cles, 865 ; Ariphron, 846 ; Thespius, 826 ; Aga- 
mestor, 799 ; ^Eschylus, 778 ; Alcmseon, 756. 
The decennial Archontes were Charops, 753 
B.C.; ^Esimedes, 744; Clidicus, 734; Hippo- 
menes, 724 ; Leocrates, 714 ; Apsander, 704 ; 
Eryxias, 694. Creon was the first annual 
Archon. 2. A general of Alexander, at whose 
death he received the provinces of Babylon. 

Archytas, ar-chy'-tas. 1. A musician of 
Mytilene, wrote on agriculture. 2. A Pytha- 
gorean, and able astronomer and geometrician, 
400 B.C., son of Hestiseus of Tarentum, re- 
deemed his preceptor Plato from the hands of 
the tyrant Dionysius. He was seven times 
elected governor of Tarentum. He invented 
some mathematical instruments, a wooden 
pigeon which could fly, and, it is said, the 
screw and the pulley. He perished in a ship- 
wreck, about 394. 

Arcitenens, ar-cit '-en-ens, Apollo, from 
bearing the bow with which he had killed the 
Python. 

Arctinus, arc-tl'-nus, a Milesian cyclic 
poet, 776 B.C. 

Arctophylax, arc-toph'-yl-ax, the star 
Bootes (q. v.). 

Arctos, ard-tos. 1. A mountain near Pro- 
pontis, inhabited by giants and monsters. 2. 
Two constellations, Ursa Major and Minor, 
near the north pole, into which Areas and his 
mother were changed. 

Arcturus, arc-tfe'-rus, a star near the tail 
of Ursa Major (whence the name), whose 
rising and setting portended tempests. 

Ardai-us, ar'-dal-tis, a son of Vulcan, in- 
vented the pipe, and gave it to the Muses, 
thence called Ardal'ides and Ar'dalid' ti- 
des. 

Ardea, ar'-de-a, formerly Ardua, ar'-dil-a, 
a town of Latium, built by Danae or by a son 
of Ulysses and Circe, the capital of the Rutuli, 
was burnt by some soldiers, rebuilt, and became 
early a rich city, famous for its enmity to 
Rome. Tarquinius Superbus was besieging 
it when his son violated Lucretia. On iis 
conquest it became a Roman colony, 442 B.C. 

Ardeatina Via, ar'-de-a-tl'-na vi'-a, 
branched off from the Appia Via to Ardea. 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



37 



Ardia 



Ardia, ar'-dl-a, capital of the Ardlce'i, in 
Illyricum. 

Arduenna, ar-du-eii'-na, a large forest in 
the north-west of Gaul. 

Arduine, ar-du-l'-ne, the Gauls' goddess 
of hunting. 

Ardys, ar'-dys, son of King Gyges, of 
Lydia, was king 678 — 629 B.C., took Priene, 
and warred with Miletus. 

Areacid..e, ar-e-a'-cl-dce, a nation of 
Numidia. 

Aregonis, a-?-e'-gon-is, bore Mopsus to 
Ampyx. 

Arelatum, ar-e-la'-tum, a town of Gallia 
Narbonensis. 

Arellius, a-rel'-H-its. 1. A painter of Rome, 
temp. Augustus. 2. A miser. 

Aremorica, ar-e-mor'-l-ca, part of Gaul, 
now Brittany. 

Arena, a-re'-ua, and Arene, a-re'-ne, a 
city of Messenia. 

Arenacum, a-re'-udc-um, a town of Ger- 
many. 

Areopagit^:, d-re'-o-fid-gl'-tce, judges of 
the Areopagus, d-re-op'-d-gus, a court which 
sat on a small eminence near Athens, instituted 
by Cecrops or Cranaus, and remodelled by 
Solon. They were the most worthy and reli- 
gious of the Athenians, and such archons as 
had discharged their office satisfactorily ; but 
later, many of the members were of loose 
morals. The court took cognizance of murders, 
impiety, immorality, and idleness, watched 
over the laws, and managed the public treasury. 
They always sat in the open air, and heard 
causes and gave decisions at night. They 
generally sat on the 27th, 28th, and 29th of 
each month. Their authority was respected 
and their decisions esteemed till the reforms 
of Pericles, who was refused admittance among 
them. St. Paul appeared before them. 

Ares, dr'-es, see Mars. 

Aresthanas, d-res'-thd-nas, a countryman 
whose goat suckled ^Esculapius (q. v. ). 

Arestorides, d-res-tor'-i-des, Argos (2), 
son of Arestor, d-res'-tor. 

Areta, ar J -e-ta. 1. Mother of Aristippus 
the philosopher. 2. A daughter of Dionysius, 
married Dion, and was thrown into the sea. 3. 
A female philosopher of Cyrene, 377 B.C. 

Areta, a-re'-ta, daughter of Rhexenor, 
sprung from Neptune, bore Nausicaa to her 
uncle Alcinous. 

Aret^eus, dr-e-tce'-iis, a physician of Cap- 
padocia, wrote a work on agues, still extant. 

Aretaphila, dr-e-tdph' -il-a, wife of 
Melanippus, a priest of Cyrene ; Nicocrates 
murdered him to marry her, but she tried to 
poison him, and at last had him assassinated by 
his brother Lysander, whom she married, but 
whom she caused to be thrown into the sea, on 
his proving as cruel as his brother. 

Aretas, dr'-e-tas, a name common to 
several kings of Arabia Petrsea. 

Arethusa, dr-e-thii' -sa. 1. A nymph of 
Elis, daughter of Oceanus, and one of Diana's 
attendants ; for her change into a fountain, see 



Argippei 

Alpheus. 2. One of the Hesperides. 3. A 
daughter of Herileus, bore Abas to Neptune. 
4. One of Actaeon's dogs. 5. A lake of Upper 
Armenia, near the source of the Tigris : 
nothing sank in its waters. 6. A town of 
Thrace. 7. A town of Syria. 

Aretium, a-7-e'-tt-um (see Arretium). 

Aretus, a-re'-tus. 1. A son of Nestor and 
Anaxibia. 2. A Trojan, killed by Automedon. 
3. A famous warrior, treacherously killed by 
King Lj-curgus of Arcadia. 

Areus, a'-reus. 1. A king of Sparta, was 
preferred in the succession, 309 B.C., to Cleony- 
mus, brother of Acrotatus, who had allied with 
Pyrrhus : he aided Athens when besieged by 
Antigonus I., and died at Corinth, 265. 2. A 
king of Sparta, son and successor of Acrotatus 
II. 3. A philosopher of Alexandria, intimate 
with Augustus. 4. A poet of Laconia. 

Arevaoe, d-re'-vd-cce, a Celtibcrian tribe. 

Arg.eus, ar-gce'-us, and Aroeeus, ar-g^e'- 
eics. 1. A son of Apollo and Cyrene. 2. Son 
and successor of King Perdiccas of Macedonia. 
3. A mountain of Cappadocia. 4. A son of 
Ptolemy, killed by his brother. 5. A son of 
Licymnius. 

Arganthonius, ar-gan-tJw'-ni-its, a long- 
lived king of Tartessus. 

Arge, ar'-ge. 1. A beautiful huntress, made 
a stag by Apollo. 2. A Cyclops. 3. A daughter 
of Thespius, bore two sons to Hercules. 4. A 
nymph, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. 

Argennum, ar-geu'-mnn, a promontory of 
Ionia. 

Argentoratum, ar-gen-to-rd'-tum, a town 
in Gallia Belgica. 

Arges, ar'-ges, son of Ccelus and Terra, had 
only one eye in his forehead. 

Argeus, ar'-gens, son of King Perdiccas of 
Macedonia, succeeded on the deposition of 
Amyntas. 

Argi, ar'-gi {see Argos). 

Argia, a?--gl'-a. 1. Daughter of Adrastus, 
married Polynices, and was put to death by 
Creon for burying her husband against Creon's 
orders. 2. Argolis (q. v.). 3. An Oceanid. 4. 
Wife of Inachus, bore Io. 5. Mother of Argos, 
by Polybus. 6. A daughter of Autesion, mar- 
ried Aristodemus. 

Argias, ar'-gl-as, founded Chalcedon, 6o5 

B.C. 

Argiletum, ar-gi-le'-titm, a trading quarter 
at Rome, near the Palatium. 

Argilius, ar-gll'-l-us, revealed Pausanias's 
correspondence with the Persian king to the 
Ephori of Sparta. 

\rgillus, ar-gil'-lus, a mountain of Egypt 
nea^ the Nile. 

Argilus, ar'-g^l-us, a town of Macedonia, 
near the Strymon, built by a colony of 
Andrians. 

Arginus^e, ar-gz-mt'-st?, three islets between 
Mytilene and Methymna, where Conon 
defeated the Spartan fleet, 406 B.C. 

Argiphontes, ar-gi-pho>i'-tes, Mercury, 
from killing the hundred-eyed Argtcs. 

Argippei, ar-git-pe'-i, a Sauromatian 



3§ 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Argius 

people, born bald and with flat noses ; they 
lived on trees. 

Argius, ar'-gi-us, steward of the emperor 
Galba, privately interred the body of his 
master in his gardens. 

Argiva, ar-gl'-va, name of Juno at Argos 
and Sparta. 

Argivi, ar-gl'-vi, strictly denotes the inhabi 
tants of Argos (q. v.), but is indiscriminately 
applied by the poets to all Greece. 

Argo, ar'-gd, the famous ship which carried 
the Argonautae (q.v.) — Jason and his fifty-four 
companions — to Colchis to recover the golden 
fleece. The Argo had fifty oars, and on her 
prow a beam (cut in the forest of Dodona by 
Pallas), which gave the Argonauts oracles. 
The ship was afterwards consecrated to Nep- 
tune, and made a constellation : Jason was 
killed by a beam which fell from the top of the 
Argo as he lay on the ground near it. 

Argolicus Sinus, ar-gol'-ic-tts sin' -us, a. 
bay of Argolis. 

Argolis and Argia, ar'-gol-is, ar-gl'-a, a 
country of Peloponnesus, between Arcadia 
and the ^Egean : its capital was Argos (q.v.). 

Argon, ar'-gvn, a descendant of Hercules, 
reigned in Lydia 505 years before Gyges. 

Argonauts, ar-gd-?iau'-tce, the heroes who 
went with Jason on the Argo (q.v.) to Colchis, 
1263 B.C., seventy-nine years before the fall of 
Troy. This expedition was caused as follows : — 
King Athamas of Thebes had married Ino, 
daughter of Cadmus, whom he divorced to 
marry Nephele, who bore him Phryxus and 
Helle; Nephele was subject to madness, and 
Athamas divorced her to again marry Ino, who 
bore him Learchus and Melicerta. Ino, who 
hated Nephele's children, caused Thebes to be 
visited by a pestilence by poisoning all the grain 
that had been sown, and the oracle, which she had 
corrupted, ordained the sacrifice of Nephele*s 
children ; they fled to Colchis, where Phryxus 
(Helle having been lost on the voyage) was 
received by his near relation King ^Eetes. The 
voyage had been performed through the air 
on a ram— the offspring of Neptune and the 
nymph Theophane — which had a golden fleece 
and wings, and could speak, and from his back 
Helle had fallen into the sea (thence named the 
Hellespont) : at Colchis Phryxus sacrificed the 
ram and dedicated the fleece to Jupiter, and 
married Chalciope, daughter of ^Eetes, but 
iEetes murdered him to get the fleece. Soon 
after PelTas promised to give the crown he 
usurped to his nephew Jason (q. v.), iEson's 
son, if he would avenge their common relation 
Phryxus, and Jason at once embarked with the 
young princes of Greece in the Argo: they 
spent two years at Lemnos, and became pro- 
genitors of a new race by the Lemnian women 
who had murdered their husbands (see Hyp- 
SIPyle) : thence visited Samothrace, Troas, 
and Cyzicum. Driven back by a storm at night 
to Cyzicum, they were mistaken for Pelasgi, 
and attacked, when King Cyzicus_ was killed 
by Jason, who atoned for the involuntary 
homicide by a splendid funeral a sacrifice to 



Argonaut© 

Cybele, and a temple to her on Mount Dind;y- 
mus ; thence they went to Bebrycia (Bithynia), 
where Pollux slew King Amycus in the com- 
bat of the cestus ; next to Salmydessa, where 
they delivered from the harpies King Phineus, 
who steered them through the Cyaneae; 
entering the Euxine, they visited the Marian- 
dyni, where they lost two companions, Idmon 
and the pilot Tiphys ; next the isle Arecia, 
where they found Phryxus' children, whom 
iEetes had sent to Greece to take their father's 
kingdom ; and then they went to JEa, the 
capital of Colchis, iEetes promised to deliver 
the fleece if Jason would, in a single day, tame 
two bulls, — which had brazen feet and horns, 
and vomited fire, — and tie them to an adamant 
plough, and plough a field of two acres never 
before cultivated ; then sow the teeth of a 
dragon from which armed men were to spring, 
and slay them with his own hand ; and lastly 
go and kill the sleepless dragon guarding the 
tree on which the fleece hung. By the aid of 
the magical arts of Medea, who had fallen in 
love with him, and whom he promised to marry 
and take to Greece, Jason did all this in a day, 
the armed men at once turning their weapons 
against themselves on his throwing a stone in 
their midst. Pie and Medea immediately set 
out with the fleece, murdered her brother 
Absyrtus, who pursued them, and strewed his 
limbs in the way to stop yEetes's pursuit ; they 
entered the Palus Mseotis, and came to the 
isle Peucestes, and to that of Circe, who refused 
to purify Jason from the murder of Absyrtus ; 
they entered the Mediterranean by the Pillars 
of Hercules, and passed the straits of Charyb- 
dis and Scylla, where Tethys, wife of the argo- 
naut Peleus, preserved them, and Orpheus's 
eloquence saved them from the Sirens : they 
arrived at the isle of the Phaeacians, where 
they met the enemy's fleet, which had come up 
a different course : it was agreed that Medea 
should be restored, if she had not been actually 
married to Jason, but the umpire, King 
Alcinous's wife, had the marriage performed by 
night, and declared yEetes's claim void. From 
Phaeacia the Argonauts came to the bay of 
Ambracia, and, after being driven to Africa, 
and many disasters, at last reached Melea in 
Peloponnesus, where Jason was purified, and 
soon after arrived in Thessaly. The imprac- 
ticability of the above voyaging is apparent. 
According to Apollonius Rhodius, they sailed 
from the Euxine up a mouth of the Danube for 
some way, then earned the ship across to the 
Adriatic, where they met and killed Absyrtus, 
who had similarly crossed ; but the Dodonean 
beam on the prow of the Argo (q. v.) declared 
Jason would never return home, unless puri- 
fied ; so they went to the isle 7£a, where 
iEetes's sister Circe unwittingly purified him. 
According to a third tradition, they a second 
time visited Colchis, and went to many parts of 
Asia. The number of the Argonautae is variously 
given at fifty-four, fifty, and forty-five : the 
following are usually enumerated : — Jason (the 
chief), Acastus, Actor, Admetus, ^Esculapius, 



BEE TON* S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



39 



Argos 

.ffitalides, Almenus, Amphiaraus, Amphi- 
damus, Amphion, Ancseus son of Lycurgus, 
Ancsus son of Neptune, Areus, Argus son 
of Danaus, Argus son of Phryxus, Armenus, 
Ascalaphus, Asterion, Asterius, Augeas, 
Atalanta daughter of Schceneus (disguised as 
a man), Autolycus, Azorus, Buphagus, Butes, 
Calais, Canthus, Castor, Ceneus, Cepheus, 
Cius, Clytius, Iphitus, Coronus, Deucalion, 
Echion, Ergynus, Euphemus, Eribotes, Eury- 
alus, Eurydamus, Eurythion, Eurytus, Glau- 
cus, Hercules, Idas, Ialmenus, Idmon, lolaus, 
Iphiclus son of Thestius, Iphiclus son of 
Philacus, Iphis, Lynceus, Iritus, Laertes, 
Laocoon, Leodatus, Leitus, Meleager, Mense- 
tius, Mopsus, Nauplius, Neleus, Nestor, 
Oileus, Orpheus, Palemon, Peleus, Telamon, 
Periclymenes, Peneleus, Philoctetes, Phlias, 
Pollux, Polyphemus, Pceas, Phanus, Phalerus, 
Phocas, Priasus, Talaus, Tiphys, Staphilus, 
Iphitus (two of the name), Theseus, and 
Pirithous : /Esculapius was physician, and 
Tiphys pilot, to the crew. 

Argos. ar'-gds(s\ng. neut, and Argi, ar'-gi, 
masc. pi.), i. The capital of Argolis, two 
miles from the ArgolTcus Sinus, was built by 
seven Cyclopes (not Vulcan's) from Syria. The 
kingdom w.?.s founded by Inachus, 1856 B.C., 
and, after flourishing 550 years, was united to 
the crown of Mycenae : his eight successors, 
the Iiiach'idce, were Phoroneus, Apis, Argus, 
Chryasus, Phorbas, Triopas, Stelenus, and 
Gelanor, the last of whom was expelled by 
Danaus, whom he had received hospitably, and 
who reigned next with his descendants the 
Bell' da, over Argos. Agamemnon was king of 
Argos during the Trojan war, and, eighty 
years after, the Heraclidae seized the Pelopon- 
nesus and deposed the kings. The chief deity 
was Juno. 2. Pelasgicon, pcl-as'-glc-on, a 
town of Thessaly. 3. Amphilochium, am- 
pki-Ioch'-l-itm, a town of Epirus. 

Argus, at'-gus. 1. A king of Argos seventy 
years. a. Arestorides, dr-es-tdr'-i-des, a 
son of Arestor, married Ismene, daughter of 
Asopus. As he had a hundred eyes, of which 
only two slept at a time, Juno set him to 
watch Io, but Mercury lulled him asleep with 
his lyre and slew him ; his eyes were put by 
Juno on the tail of the peacock, her sacred 
bird. 3. A son of Agenor. 4. A son of Da- 
naus, built the Argo. 5. The son of Jupiter 
and Niobe, built Argos, and married Evadne, 
daughter of Strymon. 6. A son of Pyras and 
Callirhue. 7. A son of Phryxus. 8. A son of 
Polybus. 9. One of Actseon's dogs. 10. A 
dog of Ulysses. 

Argynnis, ar-gyn'-nis, a name of Venus, 
which she received from Argynnus, a 
favourite youth of Agamemnon, drowned in the 
CephTsus. 

Argyra, ar'-gyr-n (1. see Selimnus). 2. A 
city of Troas. 3. The birthplace of Diodorus 
Siculus in Sicily. 

Argyraspide„, ar-gyr-as'-fidcs, the name 
©f a Macedonian legion, from their silver 
shields. 



Ariarathes 



Argyripa, ar-gyr'-tp-a, afterwards Arpi, a 
town of Apulia, built by Diomedes after the 
Trojan war. 

Aria, dr'-l-a. 1. A country of Asia, east of 
Parthia. 2. Wife of Psetus Cecinna of Padua, 
a senator accused of conspiracy against 
Claudius ; she killed herself, and her husband 
followed the example. 

Ariadne, dr-i-ad '-He ', daughter of King 
Minos II. of Crete, by Pasiphae, fell in love 
with Theseus, and gave him a clue to extricate 
himself from the labyrinth where he was shut 
up to be eaten by the Minotaur. After slaying 
the monster, Theseus married Ariadne, but 
deserted her at Naxos, where she was detained 
by Diana. Ariadne was afterwards loved by 
Bacchus, who gave her a crown of seven stars, 
which, after her death, was made a constella- 
tion. 

Arimvs, dr-i-ce'-rts, succeeded to the com- 
mand of Cyrus's army after the battle of 
Cunaxa, 401 B.C. 

Ariamnes, dr-i-am'-nes, a king of Cappa- 
docia, succeeded his father, Ariarathes III. 

Ariani, dr-l-d'-ni, and Arieni, dr-i e'-ni, 
the people of the eastern provinces (Aridnri)oi 
the Persian empire. 

Ariantas, dr-i-ati'-tas, it king of Scythia. 

Ariarathes I., dr'-l-a-rd'-thcs. 1. A king 
of Cappadocia, gained much glory in Darius 
Ochus's expedition against Egypt. 2. Ariara- 
thes II., nephew of Ariarathes 1., was defeated 
and hanged, aged 80, 322 B.C., by Alex- 
ander's general Perdiccas. 3. Ariarathes HI., 
son of Ariarathes II., after Perdiccas's death, 
recovered Cappadocia from Amyntas, the 
Macedonian general, and was succeeded by 
his son Ariamnes. 4. Ariarathes IV., suc- 
ceeded his father Ariamnes, married StratonTce, 
daughter of Antiochus VI., Entheos, and died 
220 b.c. 5. Ariarathes V., succeeded his father 
Ariarathes IV., married Antiochia, daughter 
of King Antiochus, whom he assisted against 
the Romans, and at whose death he had to 
buy off the Romans from invading his king- 
dom. 6. Ariarathes VI., Philopator, phil- 
op'-d-tor, succeeded his father, Ariarathes V , 
166 B.C. : by aid of the Romans he held his 
throne against a favourite of King Demetrius 
of Syria ; he was killed in war with the usurper 
Aristonicus of Pergamus, and his wife Laodice 
murdered five of his six children. 7. Ariara- 
thes VII., who alone of the children of Ariara- 
thes VI. escaped being murdered, married 
LaodTce, sister of Mithridates Eupator ; he was 
murdered by an illegitimate brother, and his 
wife married King Nicomedes, of Bithynia, 
who received Cappadocia ; but Mithridates 
declared war against him. 8. Ariarathes 
VIII., son of Ariarathes VII., was make king 
by his uncle Mithridates, against whom he 
declared war, but was assassinated. 9. Ariara- 
thes IX., brother of Ariarathes VIII., was 
made king by the Cappadocians, but expelled 
by Mithridates, who placed his own son on the 
throne : he died of a broken heart, and on the 
arbitration of the Romans, Ariobarzanes was 



40 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Ariaspee 



placed on the throne. 10. Ariarathes X., suc- 
ceeded his brother Ariobarzanes on the Cappa- 
docian throne, but was deposed by M. Antony 
for Sisenna, eldest son of Glaphyra : he re- 
covered it for a while, but soon had to yield 
it to Archelaus, second son of Glaphyra, 

36 B.C. 

Ariasp^e, ar-i-as '-pec , a people in the south 
of Persia. 

Aricia, d-ri'-ci-a. 1. An Athenian princess, 
niece of iEgeus, married Hippolytus (q.v.) after 
he was raised from the dead by /Esculapius, 
and bore Virbius. 2. A town of Latium, built by 
Hippolytus, son of Theseus, in honour of his 
wife. In the temple of Diana, built there by 
Theseus, the same rites were practised as at 
Tauris : in the famous grove near it, on the 
Appian way, beyond Mount Albanus, the 
nymph Egena (q. v.) resided, and no horses 
would ever enter it because Hippolytus had 
been killed by them. 

Aricina, ar-i-ci'-na. 1. Diana, from her 
temple near Aricia (2, q.v.). 2. The mother 
of Octavius. 

Arid^eus, d-ri-dce'-us. 1. A companion of 
the younger Cyrus, betrayed to Artaxerxes the 
surviving Greeks in their return. 2. An ille- 
gitimate son of Philip, was made king of 
Macedonia after Alexander's death, till Roxane 
should give birth to a legitimate heir : he held 
power for seven years, and was put to death 
with his wife Eurydice by Olympias. 

Arienis, dr-i-e'-nis, daughter of Alyattes, 
married Astyages. 

Arima, d^-i-ma, a place of Cilicia, or Syria, 
where Typhceus was crushed under the 
ground. 

Arimaspi, dr-i-mas'-pi {see Arimaspias). 
_ Arimaspias, dr-i-mas' -pi-as , a mythical 
river of northern Scythia, with golden sands. 
The neighbouring people, A rimaspi, had but 
one eye, in the middle of their forehead, and 
constantly warred with the griffins, monsters 
that collected the gold from the river. 

Arimi, dr'-im-i, a people of Syria. 

Ariminum, d-ri'-min-zim, a city of Italy, on 
the Ari' minus, on the borders of Gaul, on the 
Adriatic, founded by a colony of Umbrians, 
and colonized by the Romans 268 B.C. 

Arimphuei, dr-im-phce'-i, a people of 
Scythia, near the Riphsean mountains, noted 
for mildness. 

Arimus, dr'-im-us, a king of Mysia. 

Ariobarzanes, d-ri-o-bar-zd' -nes. r. Was 
made king of Cappadocia 93 B.C., after Ariara- 
thes IX., by the Romans, who again restored 
him after his expulsion byMithridates : he fought 
on Pompey's side at Pharsalia, and hn and his 
kingdom were preserved by means of Cicero. 
2. A satrap of Phrygia, seized and held Pontus 
for twenty-six years after the death of Mithri- 
dates, by whose son he was succeeded. 3. A 
general of Darius^ held the passes of Susa 
against Alexander, and was killed when trying 
to seize Persepolis. 4. A Mede, appointed by 
Tiberius to settle the troubles of Armenia. 5. 
A satrap revolted from the Persian king. 6. A 



Aris tagoras 



mountain between Parthia and the Mas- 

sageta?. 

Ariomardus, ar'-i-o-ma-/-dus, a son of 
Darius, accompanied Xerxes against Greece. 

Ariomedes, dr'-i-o-me'-des, a pilot of 
Xerxes. 

Arion, a-ri'-on. 1. A famous lyric poet and 
musician, 625 B.C., son of Cyclos of Methymna. 
By his profession he gained great wealth : he 
went once into Sicily, and on returning the 
sailors resolved to murder him to obtain his 
riches, but allowed him first to play some 
tunes ; the music attracted some dolphins, and 
Arion, throwing himself overboard, was carried 
on the back of one of them to Taenarus, whence 
he hastened to Periander, who crucified the 
sailors on their arrival. 2. A horse sprung 
from Ceres (who had assumed the equine form 
when seeking Proserpine, to avoid Neptune), 
and Neptune, who changed himself into a horse. 
{See Hera 2.) He had the power of speech, 
the feet on the right side like those of a man, 
and the rest of the body like a horse ; he was 
brought up by the Nereids, was used by 
Neptune for his chariot, and was given by him 
to Copreus, who gave him to Hercules, and 
the latter gave him to King Adrastus of Argos, 
who won the prize with him at the Nemaean 
games. 

Ariovistus, dr'-i-o-vis'-tus, a king of Ger- 
many, was defeated, 58 B.C., by Csesar, with 
the loss of 80,000 men. 

Arisba, d-ris'-la. 1. A town of Lesbos, de- 
stroyed by an earthquake. 2. A Mytilenean 
colony in Troas, destroyed by the Trojans 
before the Greeks came. 

Arist^enetus, dr-is-td-ne-Uis, an epistolary 
writer, a.d. 358. 

Aristveus, dr-is-tce'-us. r. A son of Apollo 
and the nymph Cyrene, was born in the deserts 
of Libya, reared by the Seasons, and fed on 
nectar and ambrosia : he travelled much, and 
at last reached Greece, where he married 
Autonoe, daughter of Cadmus, who bore 
Actaeon. He afterwards loved and pursued 
Orpheus's wife Eurydice, who fled, and died 
from being stung by a serpent in the grass, 
whereon the gods destroyed the bees ofAris- 
taeus ; by his mother's advice he consulted 
Proteus, and appeased the manes of Eurydice 
by the sacrifice of four bulls and four heifers. 
Swarms of bees sprang from the decaying car- 
cases, and restored Aristseus to prosperity. He 
died on Mount Haemus, where he had esta- 
blished himself, and was deified ; he taught 
men the cultivation of the olive, the manage- 
ment of bees, &c. 2. The Corinthian com- 
mander at the siege of Potidaea, was taken and 
slain by the Athenians. 

Aristagoras, ar-is-tdg'-or-as. 1. Wrote a 
history of Egypt. 2. Son-in-law of Histiseus, 
tyrant of Miletus ; having failed in an attempt 
on Naxos, 501 B.C., he revolted from Darius, 
incited the Ionians (assisted by the Athenians) 
against Persia, and burnt Sardis, 499, at 
which the king was so exasperated as to 
order his servants every evening to remind 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Aristarchus 



him to punish Aristagoras : he was slain by the 
Edonians, 497. 3. A native of Cumse. 

Aristarchus, dr-is-tar'-cktis. 1. A famous 
grammarian and severe critic, of Samothrace, 
156 B.C., pupil of Aristophanes (2); lived 
chiefly at Alexandria, and educated the sons 
of Ptolemy Philometer : he revised Homer's 
poems, and wrote above 800 commentaries ; in 
old age he became dropsical, and starved him- 
self in Cyprus, aged 72 ; his two sons, Aristar- 
chus and Aristagoras, were famous for stu- 
pidity. 2. A tragic poet of Tegea in Arcadia, 
454 e.c. : of his seventy tragedies only two 
gained prizes. 3. An astronomer of Samos, 
270 B.C., was the first to teach that the earth 
revolved on its own axis and round the sun ; 
for this he was accused of impiety. 

Aristeas, d-ris'-te-as, a poet of Proconne- 
sus, reappeared seven years after his death to 
his countrymen, and 540 years after to the 
people of Metapontum, and ordered them to 
raise a statue near the temple of Apollo : he 
wrote an epic on the Arimaspi. 

Aristera, d-ris'-ter-d, an isle south-east of 
Argolis. 

Aristhenes, a-ris' '-the 'n-es, a shepherd, 
saved the infant iEsculapius when exposed by 
his mother. 

Aristibus, dr-is-ti'-bus, a river of 
Paeonia. 

Aristides, dr is-tl'-des. 1. Of Athens, son of 
Lysimachus, and from his temperance and 
virtue surnamed the Just, was the rival of 
Themistocles, by whose influence he was 
ostracised for ten years, 484 B.C., but recalled 
in six years ; he served at Salamis, 480, and 
was chief commander with Pausanias against 
Mardonius at Platasa, 479 ; he died very poor, 
about 468, and the expenses of his funeral and 
his two daughters' dowries were paid by the 
public. 2. An athlete, victor at Olympic, 
Nemean, and Pythian games. 3. A painter at 
Thebes in Bceotia, 350 B.C. 4. A Greek orator 
of Smyrna : wrote so pathetic a letter to M. 
Antoninus, on the city being destroyed by 
an earthquake, that the emperor ordered it 
to be at once rebuilt, and the citizens raised 
a statue to Aristides. 5. A native of Locris. 
6. A historian of Miletus, wrote a romance, 
M ilesidca ; whence the application of the term 
Milesian to works of fiction. 

Aristillus, dr-is-til'-lus, an Alexandrian 
astronomer, 300 B.C. 

Aristion, d-ris'-ti-on, a sophist of Athens, 
seized the government by the aid of Mithri- 
dates' general Archelaus, and poisoned himself 
when defeated by Sulla, 87 B.C. 

Aristipi'US, dr-is-tip'-ptts. 1. The elder, a 
philosopher of Cyrene, 370 B.C., pupil of 
Socrates, and founder of the Cyrenaics, dis- 
tinguished himself for his voluptuousness, in 
support of which he wrote a book, as also a 
history of Libya. 2. The "wtinger, grandson 
of (1), flourished 363 B.C., and was also a 
Cyrenaic. 3. A tyrant of Argos, fell in a 
battle with Aratus, 242 B.C. 

Aristius, M n . a-ris ' H-us. 1. A tribune in 



Aristomenes 



Caesar's army. 2. Author of a satire, the 
Cyclops. 3. See Fuscus. 

Aristobulus, a-ris' -to -bu'-lus. 1. A name of 
several kings and high priests of Judsea. 2. 
An attendant and biographer of Alexander 
the Great. 3. A philosopher of Judaea, 
150 B.C. 

Aristocles, a-ris '-to-cles, a Peripatetic 
philosopher of Messenia, wrote on the history 
of philosophy, rhetoric, and morals. 

Aristoclides, d-rid-tp-cll'-des, a tyrant of 
Orchomenos. 

Aristocrates, dr-is-toc'-rd-tes. 1. A king of 
Arcadia, killed by his subjects for offering 
violence to Diana's priestess. 2. Grandson of 
(1), stoned to death 682 B.C., for taking bribes 
in the second Messenian war. 3. A man who 
attempted to upset the democracy at Athens. 
4. An Athenian general, assisted Corcyra. 

Aristocreon, dr-is-toc' -re-on, wrote on 
geography. 

Aristocritus, dr-is-tod-rit-us, wrote about 
Miletus. 

Aristodeme, d-ris'-to-de'-me, a daughter of 
Priam. 

Aristodemus, d-ris'-to-de'-mus. 1. Son of 
Aristomachus and one of the Heraclldae, with 
his brothers Temenus and Cresphontes, 
invaded and conquered Peloponnesus, 1104 
B.C. ; by his wife Argia he had the twins 
Proclcs and Eurysthenes ; he was killed by a 
thunderbolt at Naupactum, but, according to 
others, died at Delphi in Phocis. 2. A king of 
Messenia, successfully warred with Sparta {see 
Partheni.e) : sacrificed his daughter for his 
country, and out of remorse killed himself, 724 
B.C. 3. A tyrant of Cumse. 4. A philosopher 
of ^Egina. 5. A Spartan, tutor to Pausanias's 
children. 6. A tutor to the children of Pom- 
pey. 7. A tyrant of Arcadia. 8. A Carian, 
wrote a history of painting. 9. A philosopher of 
Nysa, 68 B.C. 

Aristogenes, dr-is-to'-gen-es, a physician 
of Cnidos. 

Aristogiton, d-ris'-to-gl'-ton, of Athens, 
with Harmodms led to the deliverance of the 
city from the Pisistratidse by the murder of 
Hipparchus, 514 B.C. They were greatly 
honoured : their statues were carried away by 
Xerxes. 

Aristomache, dr-is-tom'-d-che. 1. The wife 
of Dionysius of Syracuse. 2. The wife of Dion. 
3. A poetess. 

Aristomachus, dr-is-tom' d-clius. 1. An 
Athenian, wrote on the preparation of wine. 

2. A man who devoted his life to rearing bees. 

3. The son of Cleodseus, was father of the 
Heraclldae (q. v.). 4. A tyrant of Argos, re- 
signed by advice of Aratus. 

Aristomenes, dr-is-tom'-en-es. 1. A com- 
mander of the fleet of Darius on the 
Hellespont, defeated by the Macedonians. 2. 
A famous general of Messenia, surnamed the 
Just, incited his countrymen to throw off the 
Spartan yoke, 685 B.C. ; became their general ; 
often entered Sparta in disguise ; was twice 
made prisoner, but escaped, and on the Spartan 



42 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Ariston 



conquest of Ira, 668, withdieiv to Ialysus, in 
Rhodes. 

Ariston, a-ris'-ton. i. Son of King Agasicles 
of Sparta, was father of Demaratus by his third 
wife. 2. An iEtolian general. 3. A sculptor. 
4. A Corinthian, assisted the Syracusans 
against the Athenians. 5. An officer of Alex- 
ander. 6. A tyrant of Methymna, killed by 
the Macedonians at Chios. 7. A philosopher 
of Chios, 260 B.C., pupil ofZenothe Stoic: died 
of sunstroke. 8. A lawyer, temp. Trajan, of 
whom Pliny has written a eulogy. 9. A 
Peripatetic philosopher of Alexandria, wrote 
on the course of the Nile. 10. A wrestler 
of Argos. 11. A musician of Athens. 12. A 
tragic poet. 13. A Peripatetic of Cos, 230 B.C. 

Aristonautve, a-ris!-io-nau'-t<E, the naval 
dock of Pellene. 

Aristonicus, a-ris'-to-m'-cus. 1. Sen of 
Eumenes II., laid claim to Pergamus, 133 B.C., 
was defeated by the consul Perpenna, and 
strangled, 129. 2. A musician of Olynthus. 3. 
A grammarian of Alexandria ; wrote commen- 
taries, &c. 

Aristonymus, dr-is-to'-iiym-7(s, comic poet, 
became the librarian of Alexandria under 
Ptolemy Philadelphus : he died aged 76. 

ARiSTOPHANES^r-z's-AT/A'-rt-;^. 1. Afamous 
comic poet of Athens, born 444 B.C., son of 
Philip of ^Eglna, wrote 54 comedies, of which 
only eleven are extant : his poems were cha- 
racterized by great wit, but disfigured by 
licentiousness : the old corned}-, of which 
Aristophanes was the type, was so personal 
that a law was passed forbidding the comic 
writers from referring to or representing any 
living persons on the stage : he died about 380. 
2. The Grammarian, native of Byzantium, 
was keeper of the Alexandrine Museum under 
Ptolemy Euergetes. 

Aristophilides, a-ris'-to-phil'-i-des, a king 
of Tarentum, temp. Darius, son of Hystaspes. 

Aristophon, d-ris'-to'-p/idu. 1. A painter, 
temp. Socrates. 2. A comic poet, temp. 
Alexander. 

Aristor, a-ris'-tor, father of hundred-eyed 
Argus {A ristoi 'ides). 

Aristoteles, dr-is-tof-el-es. 1. A famous 
philosopher, son of the physician NicomSchus 
and Festiada ; was born at Stagira, 384 B.C., 
and was for twenty years a pupil of Plato at 
Athens, where he afterwards opened a school. 
Various stories, probably apocryphal, are 
related of disagreement between him and his 
old master ; but his philosophy is the natural 
development of Plato's, or rather Plato's s} T ste- 
matized and worked out. He was preceptor to 
Alexander, 342 — 335, and highly esteemed ; 
but in Alexander's later years a coolness arose ; 
Alexander wished him to write a history of 
animals, and for this supplied him with 800 
talents, and in his Asiatic expedition employed 
above 1,000 mej? to collect specimens to be sent 
to the philosopher. Aristotle left Athens on 
being charged with impiety, and died at Chal- 
cis in Eubcea, 322, leaving a son Nicomachus. 
His writings and library we r e bequeathed to 



Arnobius 



Theophrastus, and the people of Stagira insti- 
tuted A ristdfelea. 2. A magistrate of Athens. 

3. A commentator on the Iliad. 4. An orator 
of Sicily. 5. A friend of /Eschines. 

AristotiiMus, d-ris'-td-ti'-mits, tyrant of 
Elis, 271 b.c. 

Aristoxenus, ar-is-tox '-en-us. 1. A famous 
musician of Tarentum, 318 B.C., wrote 453 
treatises on philosophy, history, &c. 2. A 
philosopher of Cyrene. 3. A poet of Selinus. 

4. A Pythagorean. 

Aristus, a-ris'-tus, a native of Salamis, 
wrote on Alexander's expedition. 

Aristyllus, dr-is-tyl'-lus. 1. An astronomer 
of Alexandria, 292 B.C. 2. A poet. 

Arius, dr-i-us. 1. 1 he originator of the Arian 
contr6versy, denied the eternal divinity and 
consubstantiality of Christ ; after much perse- 
cution he triumphed over Athanasius, and died, 
A.n. 336, the night he was to enter the church 
of Constantinople in triumph. 2. Ariverof Gaul. 

Ariusia, dr-i-u' -si-a, a district on the north 
coast of Chios. 

Ar:,iene, aS-menS, a coast town of 
Paphlagonia. 

Ami exes, ar'-men-es, a son of Nabis, led if 
triumph at Rome. 

Armenia, ar-me>i'-i-a, a large country of 
Asia, divided into Upper or Major (bounded 
E. by Media, N. by Iberia, and S. by Mesopo- 
tamia), and Lower or Minor (bounded by 
Cappadocia, Armenia Major, Syria, Cilicia, 
and the Euphrates). It was long under the 
Persians, then was conquered by Alexandei, 
was made a province by the Romans, and 
enjoyed under some emperors the privilege of 
electing its own kings, but was afterwards re- 
duced, and was rejoined to Persia a.d. 226 : it 
was named from Armenus : Venus Anaitis was 
chiefly worshipped. 

Armenus, ar'-meii-us, of Thessaly, an 
Argonaut. 

Armillatus, ar-mil-ld'-tus, one of Domi- 

tian's favourites. 
Armilustrium, ar-mi-luS '-tri-um, a Roman 

festival, instituted 211 B.C., and celebrated on 

the 19th of October with the music of flutes, 
j and sacrifices ; the people appeared in arms. 
I Arminius, ar-min'-i-us, a brave chief of the 
j Cherusci, was eventually defeated by German- 
J icus, a.d. 16, and, on aiming at sovereign 
! power, was poisoned by a friend, 19, aged 37. 
I Aemorica, ar-ii:o> J -ic-a, the part of Celtic 
! Gaul extending from the Ligeris to the 

Sequana, famous for its bellicose inhabitants, 

the A rmdr'ici. 
Arne, aS^ie. 1. A daughter of ^Eolus, gave 

her name to a town in Thessaly and another 

in Bceotia : she was loved by Neptune in the 

form of a bull. 2. A city of Lycia, afterwards 

Xanthus. 3. A town of Umbria. 
Arni, ar'-7ii, a people of Italy, destroyed by 

Hercules. 

Arnissa, ar-nis'-sa, a town in Macedonia. 

Arnobius, ar-iwb'-t-us, a philosopher, temp, 
Diocletian, converted to Christianity : he wrote 
against the heathen gods and on rhetoric. 



BEE TON 'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



43 



Arnus 



Arnus, ar'-nus, a river of Etruria, flowing 
from the Apennines past Pisa to the Tyrrhenian 
Sea. 

Aroe, a-Z-o-e, afterwards Patm, in Achaia. 

Aromata, a-ro'-r,iat-a, the most eastern 
point of Africa. 

Arpi, ar"-pi {see Argyripa). 

Arpinum, ar-pi'-num, a town of the Volsci, 
the birthplace of Cicero and Marius. 

Arr.ei, ar-rcz'-i, a. people of Thrace. 

Arretium, ar-re'-ti-um, a city of Etruria. 

Arrianus, ar-ri-d'-nus. i. A philosopher of 
Nicomedia, a.d. 140, priest of Ceres and Pro- 
serpine, pupil of Epictetus, was noted for the 
elegance of his diction ; he wrote on Alex- 
ander's expedition, on Epictetus's dissertations, 
a periplus of the Euxine and Red seas, and 
an account of the Alani, Bithynians, and 
Parthians. 2. The author of an epic on Alex- 
ander, and a poem on King Attalus of Per- 
gamus ; translated Virgil's Georgics into Greek. 

Arrius, ar'-ri-its. 1. A friend of Cicero and 
a noted gourmand. 2. A philosopher of Alex- 
andria, interceded with Augustus not to destroy 
the city. 

Arruntius, ar-run'-ti-us. 1. A Roman 
consul, 23 B.C. 2. The son of (1), killed himself 
when accused of adultery and treason, under 
Tiberius, a.d. 37 : Augustus had spoken of 
him as not unworthy of the empire, and likely 
to seize it. 

Arsaces, ar'-sd-ces. 1. Of obscure birth : on 
Seleucus's defeat by the Gauls, invaded Parthia, 
defeated the governor Andragoras, and founded 
an empire, 250 B.C. : he afterwards added the 
kingdom of the Hyrcani : he was deified and 
his successors called A rsacldtc (q. v.). 2. Arsaces 
II., TiriddJtes, son and successor of the pre- 
ceding, warred with Seleucus Callinicus, made 
peace, and died 211 B.C. 3. Arsaces III., 
Prid.pdt'ius, reigned twelve years and left the 
kingdom to his son PhraStes. 4. A king of 
Pontus and Armenia, allied with the Romans, 
warred with the Persians successfully till 
ensnared and killed, after being blinded, by 
King Sapor. 5. The eldest son of Artabanus, 
who set him over Armenia on the death of King 
Artaxias. 6. A servant of Themistocles. 

Arsacid^, ar-sd'-ci-da', the Parthian mon- 
archs, successors of Arsaces, founder of the 
empire, 250 B.C., were put down by King 
Artaxerxes, a.d. 229. 

Arsamosata, ar-sd-md' -sdt-a, a town of 
Armenia Major. 

Arsaxes, ar-sd'-nes, son of Darius Ochus, 
and father of Darius Codomannus. 

Arsanias, ar-sdu'-i-as, a river of Armenia 
Major. 

Arsena, ar'-sena, a marsh of Armenia 
Major. 

Arses, ar'-scs, the youngest son of Darius 
Ochus, was raised by the eunuch Bagoas to 
the throne, 359 B.C., and poisoned by him with 
his children after three years. 

Arsia, ar'-si-a. 1. A wood of Etruria. 2. A 
rivulet between Iilyricum and Istria. 3. A 
river flowing through Campania, 



Artanes 



Arsinoe, ar-shi'-o-e. 1. Daughter of Leucip- 
pus and PhilodTce, bore zEsculapius to Apollo, 
and was deified at Sparta. 2. A daughter of 
Phlegeus. 3. The sister and wife of Ptolemy 
Philadelphus, was deified as Ven'us Ze- 
pkyri'tis. 4. A daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, 
married King Lysimachus of Macedonia, 300 
B.C. ; on her husband's death, her half-brother 
Ceraunus murdered her two sons, married her, 
and ascended the Macedonian throne : in 279 
she married her brother Ptolemy II., Phila- 
delphus. 5. A younger daughter of Ptolemy 
Auletes, sister to Cleopatra, was killed by M. 
Antony. 6. The wife of King Magas of Cyrene. 
7. A daughter of Lysimachus. 8. A fountain 
of Peloponnesus. 9. A town of Egypt, near 
lake Moeris, on the western bank of the Nile, 
where crocodiles were worshipped and em- 
balmed. 10. Towns in Cilicia, jEolia, Syria, 
Cyprus, Lycia. 

Arsites, ar-si'-tes, a satrap of Paphlagonia. 

Artabanus, ar-td-bd'-nus. 1. Son of Hys- 
taspes, and brother of Darius I. ; dissuaded 
Xerxes from the Greek expedition, and on his 
return assassinated him ; he was killed by 
Artaxerxes. 2. A king of Parthia, uncle and 
successor of Phraates II., fell in a war with 
Scythia, and was succeeded by his son 
Mithridates the Great. 3. A king of Media, 
and aftenvards of Parthia, on the expulsion of 
Vonones ; was repulsed from Armenia by 
Tiberius's generals, and expelled from his throne 
by the usurper Tiridates, but again restored, 
and died a.d. 48. 4. A king of Parthia, hostile 
to Vespasian. 5. A king of Sparta, warred 
with Caracalla, and was murdered. 6. The 
commander of Xerxes' guards, murdered him 
465 B.C., and was soon after killed by Arta- 
xerxes. 

Artabazanes, ar-td-bd-zd'-ncs, eldest son 
of Darius, tried to succeed in preference to 
Xerxes : also called A riobig'ncs and A rtobar- 
zd'nes. 

AR7AT,\z\:s,ar-ta-baz'-us. 1. AsonofXerxes' 
general Pharnaces, fied from Greece, 479 B.C., 
on the defeat of Mardonius. 2. A general, 
rebelled against Artaxerxes, was pardoned, 
and became a friend of Darius III., on whose 
murder he surrendered to Alexander. 3. An 
officer of Artaxerxes against Datames. 

Artabri, ar'-td-bri, a people of Lusitania. 

Artabrum, ar'-td-brum, a cape on the 
N.W. coast of Spain. 

Artac<eas, ar-ta-cce' as, the tallest of 
Xerxes' soldiers. 

ArtacjENA, ar-ta-cce' -na, a city of Asia, 
near Aria. 

Artace, ar'-ia-ce. 1. A seaport of CyzTcus, in 
Propontis, and a neighbouring mountain. 2. 
A city of Phrygia. 3. A fortress of Bithynia. 

Artacia, ar-ta!-ci-a y a Lsestrygonian foun- 
tain. 

Art/EI, ar-tc^-i {noble), the old name of the 
Persians. 

Artageras, ar-td'-ger-as, a town of 
Armenia Major. 
Artanes, ar ta'-ni s. 1. Aking ofthesouthof 



44 SEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Artaph.era.es 



Armenia. 2. A brother of Darius, fell at 
Thermopylae. 3. A tributary of the Ister. 4. 
A river of Colchis. 

Artaphernes, ar-td-pher'-nes, a general of 
the Persians, with Datiswas defeated at Mara- 
thon, 490 B.C. ; he was commander of the 
Mysians and Lydians in Xerxes' invasion, 480. 

Artatus, ar-td'-tns, a river of Illyria. 

Artavasdes, ar-td-vas'-des. 1. AsonofKing 
Tigranes, of Upper Armenia, wrote tragedies, 
and was an orator and historian : he allied with 
the Romans, but betrayed M. Antony in his 
Parthian expedition, 36 B.C.' : he was re- 
duced, taken to Egypt in golden chains, and 
murdered. 2 and 3. A person raised to the 
Armenian throne by Augustus, and another by 
Tiberius. 

Artaxa, ar-tax'-a, and Artaxias, ar-tax'- 
z-as, a general of Antiochus the Great, made 
Armenia a kingdom. 

Artaxares I., ar-tax-d'-rcs, or Arta- 
xerxes, ar-td-xer'-xes. 1. A common soldier 
of Persia, killed Artabanus a.d. 228, and again 
made Persia a kingdom : he was defeated by 
the emperor Severus, and obliged to confine 
himself within his kingdom. 2. One of his 
successors, a son of Sapor, reigned eleven 
years, and was noted for cruelty. 

Artaxata (-Brum), ar-tax'-d-ta, the forti- 
fied capital of Upper Armenia, was built by 
Hannibal for King Artaxias, burnt by Corbulo, 
rebuilt by Tiridates, 58 B.C., and called Neronea 
in honour of Nero. 

Artaxerxes I., ar-td-xei J -xes. 1. Son and 
successor of King Xerxes, of Persia, 464 B.C., 
killed his father's murderer, Artabanus, warred 
with the Bactrians, reconquered Egypt, and 
died 425. From one of his hands being longer 
than the other, he was called Mac'rocheir or 
Longim'dnus. 2. Artaxerxes II., Mnemon, 
jnne' 111011, king of Persia, 405—359 B.C., origi- 
nally called Ar'sdces, was son of Darius II. by 
Parysatis, daughter of Artaxerxes Longimanus. 
He had three brothers, Cyrus, Ostanes, and 
Oxathres ; Cyrus attempted a revolt, but was 
pardoned at his mother's entreaty, and set over 
Lydia and the sea-coasts. He marched against 
Artaxerxes, and was killed at Cunaxa, and 
his forces routed, 401. The Retreat of the Ten 
Thousand Greek auxiliaries of Cyrus has be- 
come famous by Xenophon's Anabasis. Arta- 
xerxes then warred with Sparta. He married 
his two daughters, Atossa and Amestris, and 
named his eldest son Darius successor, but put 
him to death on his conspiring. 3. Artaxer- 
xes III., Ochus, o'-chus, succeeded his father, 
Artaxerxes II., 359 B.C., after causing his elder 
brothers Ariaspes and Arsames to be assassi- 
nated, and established himself by murdering 
above eighty of his nearest relations. He re- 
covered Egypt, destroyed Sidon, ravaged 
Syria, and warred with the Cadusii. He was 
poisoned, 338, by the eunuch Bagoas, who 
made Darius Codomannus king. 4. See Arta- 
xares. 

Artaxias, ar-tax'-i-as, 1. Son and suc- 
cessor of King Artavasdes, of Armenia, was 



Artobarzanes 



defeated by Antony, and Tigranes was placed 
on the throne. 2. Zeno, ze'-no, a son of Pole- 
mon, was made king of Armenia by Ger- 
manicus on the expulsion of Vonones. 3. See 
Artaxa. 

Artayctes, ar-ta-yd-tes, Xerxes' governor 
of Sestos, was crucified by the Athenians for 
cruelty. 

Artaynta, ar-td-yn'-ta, wife of Darius (4). 

Artayntes, ar-td-yn'-tes, a naval com- 
mander of Xerxes. 

Artembares, ar-tein'-bdr-es, a celebrated 
Mede in the time of Cyrus the Great. 

Artemidorus, ar'-tem-i-do'-rtts. 1. A 
native of Ephesus, wrote a history and descrip- 
tion of the earth, 104 B.C. 2. A physician, 
temp. Hadrian. 3. Daldianus, dal-di-d'-nus, 
of Ephesus, wrote a work, still extant, on the 
interpretation of dreams, temp. Antoninus. 4. 
A native of Cnidus, son of the historian Theo- 
pompus, had a school at Rome, and wrote on 
illustrious men. He gave Julius Caesar a paper 
with a warning of the conspiracy, but the 
latter put it aside as being of no moment at 
the time. 

Artemis, ar'-tem-is, the Greek name of 
Diana (q. v.). Her festivals, Arteinl'sia, were 
celebrated in various parts of Greece, parti- 
cularly Delphi. 

Artemisia, ar-te-vus'-t-d. 1. Daughter of 
Lygdamis, of Halicarnassus, reigned over 
Halicarnassus and the neighbouring country, 
and accompanied Xerxes with her fleet against 
Greece, 480 B.C. 2. A queen of Caria, daughter 
of King Hecatomnus, of Caria, married her 
brother Mausolus, to whom she was greatly 
attached. On his death, 352 B.C., she invited 
all the literary men of the age, and proposed a 
reward to the best elegiac panegyrist on her 
brother-husband, which Theopompus gained. 
She died of grief, 350, after erecting a magni- 
ficent monument, Mausole'um. 

Artemisia, ar-te -1111' -sl-a {see Artemis). 

Artemisium, ar-ie-niid-i-um. 1. A pro- 
montory of N. Eubcea, where Diana had a 
temple ; Xerxes' and the Greek fleets had an 
encounter here. 2. A lake and temple of 
Artemis, near Aricia. 

Artemita, ar-tem'-it-a. 1. A city at E. of 
Seleucia. 2. An isle opposite the mouth of the 
Achelous. 

Artemon, ar'-te-mdii. 1. An historian of 
Pergamus. 2. A native of Clazomense, was 
with Pericles at the siege of Samos, and in- 
vented the battering-ram, testudo, and other 
military engines. 3. Author of a treatise on 
collecting books. 4. A native of Magnesia, 
wrote on illustrious women. 5. A physician 
of Clazomena?. 6. A painter. 7. A Syrian, 
obliged by the queen to personate for a time 
the murdered Antiochus (2, q. v.), whom he re- 
sembled. 

Artimbasa, ar-tim'-bds-a, the Scythian 
Venus. 

Artobarzanes, ar'-io-bar-za'-nes, a son cj 
Darius, tried vainly to ascend the throne befoit 
Xerxes. 



ME TON'S CLASSICAL DLCTLONARV. 45 



Artochmes 



Artochmes, ar-toch'-mes, a general of Xer- 
xes, married a daughter of Darius. 

Artoxares, ar-tox'-ar-es, a eunuch of 
Paphlagonia, was cruelly put to death by 
Parysatis. 

Arunculeius Costa, L., a-run'-cu-le'-i-tts 
cos'-ta, an officer of Julius Caesar, killed by the 
Gauls. 

Aruns, a'-runs. i. An Etrurian soothsayer, 
temp. Marius. 2. A soldier, slew Camilla, and 
was killed by a dart of Diana. 3. A brother 
of Tarquinius Superbus, married Tullia, who 
murdered him to espouse his brother, who had 
assassinated his wife, her sister. 4. A son of 
Tarquinius Superbus, attacked and killed Bru- 
tus, and was himself killed in the battle waged 
with his father's partisans. 5. A son of King 
Porsenna, of Etruria, was sent to take Aricia. 

Aruntius, a-rtm'-tl-us. 1. A Roman, was 
made drunk by Bacchus for ridiculing his rites, 
and murdered by his daughter Medulllna for 
offering violence to her. 2. Author of a history 
of the Punic wars, temp. Augustus. 3. Another 
Latin writer. 4. Paterculus, pa-tei^-cu-lus, 
gave a brazen horse for tormenting criminals 
to vEmillus Censorlnus, who made the first 
experiment on the inventor's body. 5. Stella, 
stel'-la, a poet, temp. Domitian. 

Arupinus, ar-u-pl'-nus, a coast town of 
Istria. 

Aruspex, a-rus'-pex (see Haruspex). 

Arvales Fratres, ar-va'-lrs fra'-tres, 
twelve priests who celebrated the Ambarva'lla 
(q. v.); they wore a crown of ears of corn and a 
white fillet. 

Arverni, ar-ver'-ni, a people of Gallia 
AquitanTca, near the Ligeris, were defeated by 
Julius Caesar, 58 B.C. 

Arviragus, ar-vir'-a-gus, a king of Britain. 

Arvisium, ar-vi'-si-tim, and Arvisus, ar- 
vi'-sus, a promontory of Chios, famous for its 
wines. 

Aryandes, ar-y-an'-des, a Persian, set over 
Egypt by Cambyses, was killed for imitating 
Darius. 

Aryeas, ar'-y-bas. 1. A native of Sidon, 
whose daughter was carried away by pirates. 
2. A king of the Molossi. 

Arypt^eus, a-ryp-tce'-us, a prince of the 
Molossi, went over from the Greeks to the 
Macedonians. 

Arzanene, ar-za-nd'-ne, a district of Arme- 
nia Major, north of the Tigris. 

Asander, d-san'-der, governor of the Cim- 
merian Bosphorus', revolted from Pharnaces, 
47 B.C., and walled off Chersonesus TaurTca 
from the continent. 

AsbesTjE, as-bcs'-tce, and Asbyst^e, as-bys'- 
tce, a people of Libya, north of Cyrene, where 
is a temple of Ammon ; whence the epithet 
Asbys'ilus of Jupiter. 

Asbolus, as'-bol-us, one of Actseon's dogs. 

Ascalaphus, as-cdl'-dpk-us. 1. A son of 
Mars and Astyoche, was an Argonaut, and 
with his brother lalmenus headed the Orcho- 
menians against Troy, and was killed by Dei- 
phobus. 2. A son of" Acheron, by Gorgyra or 



Ascoliasmus 



Orphne, was set by Pluto to watch Proserpine 
in the Elysian fields, and proved that she had 
eaten some pomegranates from a tree ; whereon 
she was ordered by Jupiter to remain six 
months with Pluto, and the other half of the 
year with her mother. Proserpine, incensed, 
changed Ascalaphus into an owl. 

Ascalon, as'-cd-lon, a coast town of Syria, 
between Azotus and Gaza, famous for its 
onions. 

Ascania, as-can'-i-a. 1. An island of the 
jEgean. 2. A city of Troas, built by Ascanius. 
3. A lake of Bithynia. 4. A salt lake between 
Phrygia and Pisidia. 

Ascanius, as-cdu'-i-us. 1. A son of ^Eneas 
by Creusa, afterwards called lulus, was saved 
from Troy's flames by his father, whom he ac- 
companied into Italy. He behaved with valour 
in the Rutulian war, succeeded his father in 
the kingdom of Latlnus, built Alba, and trans- 
ferred the capital from Lavinlum to it, where 
his successors, fourteen kings, reigned for above 
420 years, till the age of Numitor. Ascanius 
reigned 30 years at Lavinium and eight at 
Alba, and was succeeded by Silvius Postumus, 
^Eneas's son by Lavinia ; and the son of Asca- 
nius, lulus, who unsuccessfully disputed the 
crown, was made high priest. 2. A river of 
Bithynia, drains the lake Ascania. 

Asciburgium, as- ci-bitr 1 -gi-itm. 1. A Roman 
post on the German side of the Rhine. 2. A 
German town on the west bank of the Rhine. 

Ascii, as'-cl-i, a nation of India, in whose 
country objects at noon have no shadow. _ 

Asclepieia, as-cle'-pl-ei'-a, Greek festivals, 
chiefly at Epidaurus, in honour of AsclepTus, 
or ^Esculapius. Prizes were given for poetical 
and musical compositions. 

Asclepiades, as-cle-pV-a-des. 1. A rheto- 
rician, temp. Eumenes, wrote a history of 
Alexander. 2. A pupil of Plato. 3. A philo- 
sopher, pupil of Stiipo, and friend of Mene- 
demus. 4. A physician of Bithynia, 70 B.C., 
was the founder of a medical sect at Rome. 
5. An Egyptian, wrote religious works. 6. A 
native of Alexandria, wrote a history of the 
Athenian archons. 7. The writer of a treatise 
on Demetrius Phalereus. 8. A pupil of Iso- 
crates, wrote on the subjects of tragedies. 9. 
A physician, temp. Pompey. 10. A physician 
of Bithynia, at Rome, te?np. Trajan. 

Asclepiodorus, as-cle'-pi-o-dd'-rus. 1. A 
painter contemporary with Apelles. 2. A 
general of Alexander the Great, became satrap 
of Phrygia under Antigonus I., 317 B.C. 

Asclepius, as-cle' -pi-us (see ^Esculapius). 

Ascletarion, as-cle-tdr'-l-on, an astrologer, 
temp. Domitian, by whom he was consigned to 
death : he was set on a burning pile, but a 
sudden storm extinguished the flames, and 
dogs were set on him. 

Ascoliasmus, as-cd'-tt-as'-7mis, a winter 
festival of Athenian husbandmen to Bacchus : 
they sacrificed a goat, from its destroying the 
vine, and filled its skin with oil and wine, and 
whoever could leap and stand steady on it, 
won it as his prize ; whence the name (leaping). 



4 6 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DlCTIOK T AR V. 



Asconius Labeo 



A similar festival was observed in Italy, where 
the people besmeared their faces with wine- 
lees, sane hymns, and suspended on the trees 
in the vineyard small images (oscil'la) of the 
god. 

Asconius Labeo, as-co'-ni-ns lah'-e-d. i. A 
preceptor of Nero. 2. Pedianus, ped-i-d'-nus, 
a Roman grammarian, friend of Virgil and 
Livy. 

Ascra, as'-cra, a town of Eosotia, built at 
the base of Mount Helicon by Otus and Ephi- 
altes, and named from the nymph Ascra, 
mother of CEoclus by Neptune : it was the 
birthplace of Hesiod (Ascrce'us). 

Asculum, as'-cu-lum. 1. The chief town of 
Picenum. 2. A town of Apulia, near the Au- 
fldus, where Pyrrhus defeated the Romans, 
279 B.C. 

Asdrubal, as' -drfi-bql (see Hasdrubal). 

Asellio, P. Sempronius, d-sel'-U-o, sem- 
$rd'-ni-us, a Roman historian, 130 B.C. 

Asia, ds'-i-a or d'-si-a. 1. One of the three 
parts of the ancient world, divided from Europe 
by theTanais, Euxine, iEgean, and Mediterra- 
nean, and from Africa by the Nile and Egypt, 
was named from Asia, the daughter of Oceanus. 
It was the seat of the most ancient empires, 
and the birthplace of the arts and sciences : 
its great monarchies were the Assyrian, 
Median, and Persian. Asia was generally 
divided into Major and Minor : Asia Major 
comprised all the E. parts ; Asia Minor, of 
peninsular form, is bounded by a line drawn 
from the Bay of Issus, in a N. direction, to 
the E. part of the Euxine. The V/. shores 
of Asia Minor were the natural receptacle of 
all the ancient re-emigrations from Greece ; for 
Greece " looked " eastwards. 2. An Oceanid, 
married Japetus, and gave her name to Asia. 
3. A mountain of Laconia. 

Asia Palus, d'-si-a pal' -us, a lake in Mysia. 

Asiaticus, ds-i-d' -iic-us or d-si-d'-tic-us. 1. 
The surname of conquerors of Asia, especially 
L. Corn. Scipio (6). 2. A Gaul, te?np. Vitellius. 

Asilas, ds'-it'-as. 1. An augur, assisted 
./Eneas against Turnus. 2. A Trojan officer. 

Asinaria, ds-in-d/-i-a, a festival in Sicily 
commemorative of the defeat of Demosthenes 
and Nicias at the river Asiu'drus, on the east 
of Sicily. 

Asine, ds'-in-e. 1. One of the Sporades. 2. 
An isle of the Adriatic. 3. A town of Laconia 
— of Argolis — of Messenia. 

Asinius Poi.lic, d-sin '-i-us pol'-ll-o. 1. An 
excellent orator, poet, and historian of the 
civil wars, intimate with Augustus ; triumphed 
over the Dalmatians ; was consul with Cn. 
Domitlus CalvTnus, 40 B.C., and died a.d. 4, 
aged 80 : to him the fourth of Virgil's Bucolics 
is inscribed. 2. Gallus, gal' -his, son of the 
preceding, manied Vipsania, the divorced wife 
of Tiberius, for which he incurred the em- 
peror's hatred ; whereon he starved himself to 
death. 3. Marcellus, mar-cel'-lus, grand- 
son of (1), was accused of some misdemeanours, 
but acquitted. 4. A commander of Mauri- 
tania under the first emperors. 5. An historian, 



Assa 



temp. Pompey. 6. An historian in the third 
century. 7. Quadratus, quad-rd'-tus, wrote 
a history of Parthia, Greece, and Rome. 

Asms, d'-si-us. 1. A son of Dymas, the 
brother of Hecuba, allied with Priam, and 
was killed by Idomeneus. 2. A poet of 
Samos, wrote genealogies of heroes. 3. A son 
of Imbracus, accompanied iEneas into Italy. 

Asius Campus, d'-si-us cavi'-pus, a place 
near the Cayster and the Asia Palus. 

Asnaus, as-ud'-us, a mountain of Mace- 
donia, near the Aous. 

Asophis, d-so'-p/u's, a district near the 
Asopus, in Peloponnesus. 

Asopia, d-so'-pl-a, ancient name of Sicyon. 

Asopiades, d-sd-pi'-d-des, ^Eacus, grandson 
of Asopus (4). 

Asopus, a-sd'-pus. 1. A river of Thessaly, 
failing into the Bay of Malia at the north of 
Thermopylae. 2. A river of Bceotia. rising 
near Platsea, and flowing into the Eurlpus. 3. 
A river of Asia, flowing into the Lycus near 
Laodicea. 4. A river flowing near Sicyon : 
its god, the son of Neptune, had three cele- 
brated daughters — ^Egma, Salamis, and Is- 
mene. 5. A river of Macedonia, near Heraclea. 
6. A river of Phoenicia. 

As pa, as' -pa, a town of Parthia. ♦ 

Asparagium, as-pd-rd'-gi-u7ii, a town near 
Dyrrhachium. 

Aspasia, as-pd'-si'-a. 1. A daughter of 
Hermotimus, of Phocaea, famous for her per- 
sonal charms and elegance, and called Milto 
(vermilion) on account of her complexion, was 
priestess of the sun, and loved successively by 
Cyrus, his brother Artaxerxes, and Darius. 
2. A daughter of Axiochus, born at Miletus, 
was famous for her personal and mental attrac- 
tions : she came to Athens, where she taught 
eloquence, and was on terms of intimacy with 
the most distinguished Athenians. She became 
the mistress of Pericles, and was accused by 
his enemies of impiety, but acquitted. 

Aspasius, as-pd'-sl-us. 1. A Peripatetic 
philosopher of the second century, wrote 
commentaries. 2. A sophist, panegyrist of 
Hadrian. 

Aspathines, as-pa-t/ii'-nes, one of the 
seven conspirators against Smerdis. 

Aspendus, as-pen'-dus, a town of Pam- 

phylia. 

Asphaltites, as-phal-tl' -tes (from its bitu- 
me?i), or Mdr'e Mor'tiium, the Dead Sea, in 
Judaea, nearly seventy miles long and twenty 

j broad ; no living thing is found in its waters, 
which are veiy buoj-ant : the Cities of the 

| Plain were sunk in the place now occupied 

J by it. 

I Aspis, as' -pis. 1. A satrap of Chaonia. 2. 
A city and promontory in the north-east of 
Africa. 3. One of the Cyclades. 4. A river 
of Macedonia. 
Aspledon, as-ple'-ddn, a son of Neptune 
; and the nymph Midea, gave his name to a city 
of the Minya? in Bceotia. 

Assa, as'-sa, a town of Chalcidice. sear 
Mount Athos. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



47 



Assabinus 



Assabinus, as-sa-bi'-nus, the Jupiter of the 
Arabians. 

Assaceni, as-sa-ce'-ni, a nation of India. 

AsSARACUS, as-sdr'-d-cns. i. A Trojan 
prince, son of Tros by Callirrhoe, was father of 
Capys, the father of Anchises : the Romans 
are often called D omits Assardci. 2. Two 
friends of iEneas. 

Assorus, as-so'-rus. 1. A town north- 
east of Enna, in Sicily. 2. A town of 
Mygdonia. 

Assos, as'-cos, a coast town of Lycia. 

Assyria, as-syr'-i-a, a country of Asia, was 
at first bounded by the Lycus and Caprus, but 
the name was. extended to all the territory 
between Media, Mesopotamia, Armenia, and 
Babylon. The monarchy was founded 2059 
B.C., by Ninus or Belus, and ended in the 31st 
sovereign, Sardanapalus, 820 B.C. Of the 
monarchs, Semiramis greatly distinguished her- 
self, and extended her dominions to ./Ethiopia 
and Libya. The Assyrians sent Memnon with 
an army to assist Priam in the Trojan war. 
Syrian and Assyrian are often interchanged 
by the ancients. 

Asta, as'-ta. 1. A city of Hispania Baetica. 
2. A town of Liguria, on the Tanarus. 

Astacus, as'-tdc-ns. 1. A city of Bithynia, 
founded by Acastus, a son of Neptune and 
Olbia, and colonized from Megara and, subse- 
quently, Athens ; was destroyed by Lysima- 
chus, and its inhabitants transferred to 
Nicomedia. 2. A city of Acarnania. 

Astapa, as'-tdp-a, a town of Hispania 
Baetica. 

Astapus, as'-tdp-us, an ^Ethiopian tributary 
of the Nile. 

Astarte, as-tar'-te, a powerful goddess of 
Syria, corresponding to the Greek Venus : she 
had a famous temple at Hierapolis, served by 
300 priests. 

Aster, as'-ier, an archer of Amphipolis, 
with an arrow biinded the besieging King [ 
Philip of Macedonia, in revenge for his services ■ 
being refused, and was hanged by the king on | 
the capture of the city. 

Asteria, as-ter'-i-a. 1. A daughter of j 
Casus, the Titan, by Phcebe, daughter of 
Ccelus and Terra, married Crius's son Perses, 
and bore the celebrated Hecate ; she was loved | 
by Zeus in the form of an eagle, but changed j 
in his displeasure into a quail (prtyx) ; whence 
the name Ortygla, afterwards Delos (q.v.), to 
which she retired. 2. A daughter of Danaus, 
married Chaetus. 3. A daughter of Atlas, 
mother of King GEnomaus of Pisa. 4. A j 
mistress of Gyges, to whom Horace addressed I 
three odes. 5. An islet between Ithaca and 
Cephallenia. 

Asterion, as-ter'-l-on, and Asterius, 
as-ter'-t-us. 1. A river flowing through Argo- 
lis ; its god had three daughters, Eubcea, Pro- 
symna, and Acraea, the nurses of Juno. 2. An 
Argonaut, son of Cometes. 3. A statuary, son 
of ^Eschylus. 4. A son of King Minos II., of 
Crete, and Pasiphae, was thought the strongest 
of his age, but was killed by Theseus. Apollc- 



Astydamia 

dorus identifies him with the Minotaur, and 
others make him son of Teutamus, a de- 
scendant of ^Eolus, and regard him as father 
of Minos I. by Europa (2). 

Asterope, as-ter'-o-pe, and Asteropea, 
as-ter-d-pe'-a. 1. One of the Pleiades (q. v.). 
2. A daughter of King Pelias of Iolchos. 

Asterop^eus, as'-ter-o-pcs'-us, a king of 
Pseonia, son of Pelegon, allied with Priam, and 
was killed by Achilles. 

Asterusius, as-ter-u'-si-us. 1. A mountain 
at the south of Crete. 2. A town of Arabia Felix. 

Astiochus, as-tV -och-us , a Spartan general, 
defeated the Athenians off Cnidus, and took 
Phocaea and Cumse, 411 B.C. 

Astr/ea, as tree' -a, a daughter of King 
Astraeus of Arcadia, or, according to others, of 
j Titan, by Aurora, or of Jupiter and Themis, or 
1 (being identified with Rhea) of Ccelus and 
Terra, was the goddess of Justice, lived on 
I earth during the golden {0? Astrteau) age ; but, 
from the wickedness of men, she fled to heaven 
in the brazen age, and was made the constella- 
tion Virgo. She is represented as a virgin, with 
a stern but majestic countenance, holding a 
pair of scales in one hand, and a sword in the 
other. 

Astr.eus, as-trd-us. 1. One of the Titans, 
was husband of Aurora (see Asti:^ea). 2. A 
river of Macedonia, near Thermae. 

Astur, as'-tur, an Etrurian ally of ./Eneas. 
Astura, as'-tur-a, a rivulet and hamlet of 
Latium, where Cicero was decapitated. 

Astures, as'-tiir-es, a warlike people of 
Hispania Tarraconensis, W. and S.W. of the 
Cantabri. 

Astyage, as-ty'-d-ge, a daughter of 
Hypseus, married Periphas, and bore Antion, 
father of Ixion, and others. 

Astyages, as-ty'-d-ges. 1. Son of Cyaxares, 
was the last king of Media, 594 — 559 b.c. ; he 
married his daughter Mandane to an ignoble 
Persian, Cambyses, to avert the fulfilment of a 
dream that her son would dispossess him of the 
crown ; he exposed her son Cyrus (q. v.), who 
was saved, and conquered Astyages. 2. A 
grammarian, commentator on Callimachus. 3. 
A man changed into stone by Medusa's head. 

Astyalus, as-ty'-al-us, a Trojan, killed by 
Neoptolemus. 

Astyanax, as-ty'-dn-ax, a son of Hector 
and Andromache, was saved in his mother's 
arms from the flames at the fall of Troy, but 
was killed by Ulysses, or Menelaus, or 
Achilles' son Pyrrhus : the Trojans had 
changed his name to Astyanax {king of ike 
city), from Seaman' drlits. 

Astycratia, as-ty-crdt'-i-a. 1. A daughter 
of ^Eulus. 2. A daughter of Amphlon and 
Niobe. 

Astydamas, as-tyd'-dm-as. 1. An Athenian, 
pupil of Isocrates, wrote 240 tragedies, of which 
15 obtained the prize. 2. A Milesian, thrice 
victorious at Olympia. 3. A comic poet of 
Athens. 4. A tragic poet, pupil of Socrates. 

Astydamia, as'-ty-da-ml'-a. 1. Also called 
Hippolyte and Cretheis, daughter of King 



43 BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Astylus 

Amyntor of Orchomenos, in Bceotia, married 
Pelias's son, King Acastus of Iolchos : she 
became enamoured of ^Eacus's son Peleus, in 
exile at Acastus's court, and, to revenge his 
coldness, accused him of attempting her virtue. 
In a hunting party Acastus left Peleus exposed 
on a tree on Mount Pelion ; but he was de- 
livered by Vulcan at Jupiter's order, marched 
against and dethroned Acastus, and killed 
Astydamia. 2. A daughter of Ormenus, bore 
Tlepolemus to Hercules (but see Astyoche, 2). 

Astylus, as'-tyl-us, a centaur and prophet. 

Astymedusa, as? ' -ty-med-u '-sa, the wife of 
CEdipus, after his divorce of Jocasta. 

Astynome, as-tyn'-om-e, or Chryseis, 
chry-se'-is. 1. Daughter of Chryses (q. v.). 2. A 
daughter of Amphion. 3. A daughter of Talaus. 

Astynous, as-tyu'-o-us, a Trojan prince. 

Astyoche, as-ty'-och-e, and Astyochia, 
as-ty-och-i'-a. 1. A daughter of Actor, was 
mother, by Mars, of Ascalaphus and Ialmenus. 
2. A daughter of King Phylas, of Ephyru, bore 
Tlepolemus to Hercules, according to some 
(according to others it was Astydamia, 2). 3. 
A daughter of Laomedon and Strymo. 4. A 
daughter of Amphion (2) and Niobe. 5. A 
daughter of the Simois, married Erichthonius. 

Astypaljea, as'-typ-a-lce'-a, one of the 
Sporades between Cos and Carpathos, named 
after Astypalsea, the daughter of Phoenix, and 
mother of Ancaeus by Neptune. 

Astyra, as'-tyr-a, a town of Mysia. 

Astyron, as'-tyr-on, a coast town of Illyri- 
cum. 

Asychis, a'-sy-chis, a king of Egypt, suc- 
ceeded Mycerinus, and ordained that every 
borrower must pledge his father's body (em- 
balmed) to the lenders. He built a pyramid. 

Asylas, a-sy f -las,z.n augur, friend of ./Eneas. 

Asyllus, d-syl'-lus, a gladiator. 

Atabulus, a-td'-bul-as, the Apulian name 
of the south-east wind. 

Atabyris, dt-d'-byr-is, a mountain in the 
south-west of Rhodes. 

Atacini, dt-a-ci'-ni, a people of Narbo- 
nense Gaul, on the A fax (A tide), which flows 
from the Pyrenees into the Mediterranean. 

Atalanta, at-d-lan'-ta. 1. A daughter of 
King Schceneus of Scyros, or of Menalion, or 
of Jasus (or Jasius) and Clymene, was born in 
Arcadia, and was very beautiful, but determined 
to live in celibacy. To free herself from her 
numerous admirers, she proposed to run a race 
with them, she carrying a dart, while they had 
no arms ; the lovers were to start first, and she 
was to marry the one who arrived at the goal 
before her, but to kill all whom she overtook : 
she was nearly invincible in running, and so 
slew many admirers. At last Hippomenes, 
son of Macareus, (or MilanTon,) received from 
Venus three golden apples from the garden of 
the Hesperides, and, as he ran, threw them 
down at intervals ; and Atalanta, charmed at 
the sight, stopped to pick them, and was thus 
won by Hippomenes (or Milanion): but the 
pair were soon after changed into lions by 
Cybele for profaning her temple. According 



Atliamas 



to Apollodorus, Atalanta was exposed at 1k» 
birth by her father (who desired male issue" 
was suckled by a she-bear, and preserved b* 
shepherds : she became a huntress, killed tbj 
centaurs Hyleus and Rhecus for offering 
violence to her ; joined in hunting the Caly- 
donian boar, which she wounded, and received 
its head from her lover Meleager ; went in 
the Argonauts' expedition (disguised as a man) ; 
conquered Peleus at the games instituted in 
honour of Pelias ; and, on her father wishing 
her to marry, determined to abide by the 
award of the race, as related above. Atalanta 
bore a son, Parthenopasus, to Hippomenes (or 
Meleager, or Milanion, or Mars). 2. An isle 
near Euboea and Locris. 

Atarantes, at-ar-an'-tes, a people in the 
east of Libya. 

Atarbechis, at-ar-le'-chis, a town of Egypt, 
sacred to Venus, on an isle (Prosipitis) of the 
Delta. 

Atargatis, at-ar'-gat-is, a Syrian siren, — 
the Assyrian Astarte (q.v.). 

Atarnus, d-tar'-mis, a district and Chian 
colony on the coast of Mysia, opposite Lesbos. 

Atax, d'-tdx, a river of Gallia Narbo- 
nensis. {See Atacini.) 

Ate, d'-te, the goddess of evil, and daughter 
of Zeus, was banished, for the seditions she 
caused, by her father from heaven to earth. 
She is the Latin Discordla. 

Atella, d-tel'-la, a town of Campania, 
famous for a splendid amphitheatre, where 
extempore interludes (Atelld'ncz fdb'ulce) were 
first exhibited. 

Aternum, a-ter'-nwit, a port of the Ves- 
tini, at the mouth of the Atenius. 

Athamanes, dth-d-md'-nes, an ancient 
people in the south of Epirus, still existing in 
Alexander's age. A fountain in their terri- 
tories became so sulphurous about the last 
quarter of the moon as to set wood on fire. 

Athamas, dth'-am-as. 1. King of Bceotian 
Orchomenos, and son of ^Eolus, married 
Themisto (also called Nephele and Demotlce), 
who bore him Phryxus and Helle ; pretending 
that she was subject to fits of madness, he 
divorced her for Ino, daughter of Cadmus, 
who bore him Learchus and Melicerta. Ino 
wished to destroy Nephele's children, and 
procured an oracle that a pestilence then 
raging could be stayed only by their sacrifice. 
They were led to the altar, but fled to Colchis 
through the air on a golden ram (see Phryxus 
and Argonauts) ; and Juno, hostile to Ino 
(descendant of Venus), sent the fury Tisiphonfi 
to make Athamas mad. He took Ino for a 
lioness, and her sons for whelps, and dashed 
Learchus against a wall ; whereon Ino fled 
with Melicerta, threw herself from a high 
rock into the sea, and was changed into a 
sea deity. Athamas recovered his senses, and 
adopted Coronus and Aliartus, sons of his 
nephew Thersander, and went to settle in 
Thessaly. 2. A servant of Atticus. 3. A 
stage dancer. 4. A tragic poet. 5. A Greek 
in the wooden horse at Troy. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



49 



Athamantiades 



Athamantiades, ath'-a-maii-ti'-ci-des, any 
one of the children of Athamas. 

Athanagia, ath-a-na'-gi-a, a town of His- 
pania Tarraconensis. 

Athanasius, dth-d-nds'-i-tts, a bishop of 
Alexandria, the opponent of Arius, alternately 
n exile and in triumph. Died a.d. 373. 

Athena, a- the' '-71a, or Athene, a-the'-ne, 
he Greek goddess corresponding to the Roman 
Liinerva (q v.). 

Athen/e, a-the'-nce, the capital of Attica, 
founded 1556 B.C. by Cecrops, and an Egyptian 
colony : was called Cecropia from its founder, 
and afterwards Athena;, in honour of Minerva 
(A thena), who contested with Neptune the right 
of naming it, when the assembled gods ordered 
that it should belong to whichever of the two 
gave the most useful and necessary present to 
the inhabitants of the earth ; whereupon Nep- 
tune struck the ground with his trident, and 
at once a horse issued from the earth ; but 
Minerva produced the olive, and was awarded 
unanimously the right of naming. Athens 
was governed by seventeen kings, — viz., Ce- 
crops, 1556 B.C. ; Cranaus, 1506 ; Amphictyon, 
1497 ; Erichthonius, 1487 ; Pandion, 1437 ; 
Erechtheus, 1397 ; Cecrops II., 1347 ; Pan- 
dion II., 1307 ; ^Egeus, 1283 ; Theseus, 1235 ; 
Menestheus, 1205 ; Demophoon, 1182 ; Oxyn- 
tes, 1149 ; Aphidas, 1137 ; Thymcetes, 1136; 
Melanthus, 1128 ; and Codrus, 1091, who was 
killed after 21 years' reign, when the monarchi- 
cal power was abolished, and the state governed 
for 317 years by life archons (13 of whom suc- 
ceeded), then for 70 years by decennial archons 
(7 succeeded), and finally, in 684 B.C., after 
an anarchy of three years, by annual archons 
(see Archontes). Under these latter the 
democracy developed itself, and Athens 
rapidly rose. The Persians, irritated by the 
part taken by the Athenians in burning Sardis 
during the Ionic revolt, directed their efforts 
chiefly against it, and Xerxes took and burnt 
it, 480 ; but the Persian defeats at Marathon, 
Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale raised Athens 
to superiority in the affairs of Greece ; the town 
fas rebuilt and embellished by Themistocles, 
and a new and magnificent harbour erected. 
Athens became arrogant, and assumed the 
tone of mistress to its allies, the members of the 
confederacy of Delos, and luxury and intem- 
perance began to spread among all ranks ; the 
Peloponnesian war (see Peloponnesiacum 
Bellum), at first a private quarrel, soon became 
a general Greek war, and Sparta and her allies 
did not lay down their arms till, after twenty- 
eight years' conflict, the Athenian hegemony 
was destroyed by Lysander, 404 ; but though 
her material power was thus ruined, the period 
of her intellectual supremacy then began. In 
the age of Philip, Athens had somewhat re- 
covered, and opposed his ambitious views, but 
her short-lived efforts were of no great service 
to the interests of Greece, and she fell into the 
hands of the Romans, 86 B.C. The Athenians 
have been admired for their love of liberty, and 
for their great men ; but they were fickle and 



Athos 



ungrateful. Athens became the university of 
the later Roman republic. The philosophic 
schools, first founded by Plato, were main- 
tained by the less learned successors of the 
great philosophers of the fourth century B.C., 
till suppressed by the emperor Justinian. 
Athens was called "Acttu (the city), as Rome 
was Urbs. Its inhabitants thought themselve? 
the most ancient nation of Greece, and sprung 
from the soil : whence they were called 
AvToxO"veg, or "ynyeveTc;, both meaning soil- 
born, and TtTTii'ec; (grasshoppers) ; and in con- 
nection with the last name they sometimes wore 
grasshoppers in their hair as badges, those in- 
sects being supposed to be directly sprung from 
the ground. Its population was about 120,000 
about the end of the Peloponnesian war. The 
Acropolis contained, beside several other 
temples, Minerva's famous temple, the Par- 
thenon, which, after being burnt by the 
Persians, was rebuilt of the finest marble by 
Pericles, and still exists in a ruined state. The 
three harbours, Pira'zis, Munych'la, and 
Phdle'rum, were walled by Themistocles, and 
connected with the city by the Long Walls 
built by Pericles. 

Athen^a, a-the-ncz'-a (see Panathen^ea 
and Chalcea). 

Athenaeum, a-the-na; '-um. 1. A place at 
Athens, sacred to Minerva, where the poets, 
philosophers, and rhetoricians repeated their 
compositions : a similar building was instituted 
by Hadrian at Rome. 2. A promontory of 
Italy. 3. A fortified place between ^Etolia and 
Macedonia. 

Athen^eus, a-the-nce*-tts. 1. A Greek 
cosmographer. 2. A Peripatetic philosopher of 
Cilicia, temp. Augustus. 3. A Spartan ambas- 
sador to Athens in the Peloponnesian war. 4. 
A grammarian of Naucratis, a.d. 230, wrote a 
celebrated work, Dei'pnosophis'tce, replete with 
curious and interesting remarks and anecdotes 
of the ancients, and containing many fragments 
of lost poems ; of its fifteen books, the first two, 
part of the third, and almost the whole of the 
last, are lost. He also wrote a history of Syria, 
&c. 5. A biographer of Semiramis. 6. A 
brother of King Eumenes II. 7. A Roman 
historian, temp. Gallienus. 8. A physician of 
Cilicia, temp. Pliny. 

Athenagoras, a-the-ndg'-or-as. 1. A Greek, 
set over Chios by Pharnabazus. 2. A writer on 
agriculture. 3. A Christian philosopher and 
writer, died A.D. 177. 

Athenais, d-tlie-na'-is, a sibyl of Erythrae. 

Athenion, a-the' -7U-071. 1. A Peripatetic 
philosopher, 108 B.C. 2. A leader of the 
Sicilian slaves. 3. Also Ariston, a tyrant of 
Athens. 

Athenodorus, a-tJic'-7io-do'-r7is. 1. A 
philosopher of Tarsus, intimate with Augustus. 
2. A comic, tragic, and elegiac poet, te77ip. 
Alexander. 3. Cordylio, cordyiio, a Stoic of 
Tarsus ; was the librarian of Pergamus. 

Athesis, dth'-es-is, a river of Cisalpine 
Gaul, near the Po, falling into the Adriatic. 

Athos, dth'-os, or Acte, ac'-tc, a mountain 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Athrulla 



of Macedonia, projecting like a promontory 
into the ^Lgean, is 150 miles in circum- 
ference. Xerxes made a canal at its inland 
base for his fleet, to avoid the danger of 
doubling the mountain, It is now Monte Santo, 
and famous for monasteries, which contain 
some valuable MSS. 

Athruxla, a-thrul'-la, a town of Arabia. 

Athymbra, a-tliym'-bra, or Nyssa, nys'-sa, 
a city of Caria. 

Atia, at'-i-a. 1. A city of Campania. 2. 
Lex, lex, enacted 64 B.C. by tribune T. AtTus 
Labienus, abolished the Cornelia, and enforced 
the Domitla, by transferring the right of 
electing the priests from the sacred colleges to 
the people. 3. See Accia (i). 

Atilia Lex, d-tl'-li-a lex. 1. Enacted about 
194 B.C., gave the praetor and a majority of the 
tribunes the power of appointing guardians to 
minors not previously provided for by their 
parents. 2. Another, 311 B.C., gave the people 
power of electing twenty tribunes of the 
soldiers in four legions. 

Atilius, &tl'-li-us. 1. A freedman, exhibited 
combats of gladiators at Fidenae, when the 
amphitheatre fell, and 50,000 were killed or 
injured. 2. See Calatinus and Regulus. 

Atilla, d-til'-la, the mother of the poet 
Lucan, was accused of conspiracy by her son, 
to clear himself. 

Atina, a-ti'-na, a town of the Volsci. 

Atinas, d-ti'-nas, a friend of Tiirnus. 

Atinia Lex, a-tl'-ni-a lex, proposed by the 
tribune Atinius, gave tribunes of the plebs the 
position of senators. 

Atlantes, at-la7i'-tes, a people near Mount 
Atlas. 

Atlantiades, at-lan-tt'-d-des, any descend- 
ant of Atlas, especially Mercury and Her- 
maphroditus. 

Atlantides, at-lan'-ti-des. 1. A people of 
Africa, near Mount Atlas, who boasted the 
gods were born in their country. 2. The seven 
daughters of Atlas,— Mala, Electra, Taygeta, 
Asterope, Merope, Alcyone, and Celaeno : they 
were ^called Hesperides, from their mother 
Hesperis, and at death changed into Pleiades 
(q- v.). 

Atlantis, at-lau'-tis, a mythical isle of 
the Atlantic. 

Atlas, at'-las. 1. A Titan, son of Japetus 
and the Oceanid Clymene (or of Asia), brother 
of Epimetheus, Prometheus, and Menoetfus ; 
married Pleione, daughter of Oceanus, or 
Hesperis, who bore him the seven Atlantides 
(q. v. and Hesperides) ; he was king of Maure- 
tania, and had 1,000 flocks, and a beautiful 
garden, guarded by a dragon. Perseus, after 
his conquest of the Gorgons, asked hospitality 
of Atlas, who, having been informed by an 
oracle of Themis that he should be dethroned 
by a descendant of Jupiter, refused it ; whereon 
Perseus, by showing him Medusa's head, 
changed him into the mountain Atlas, which 
runs east and west across the deserts of Africa, 
and is so lofty that it was supposed the 
heavens rested on its top, and that Atlas sup- 



Atreus 



ported the world on his shoulders. The 
daughters of Atlas were carried away by King 
Busiris, of Egypt, but redeemed by Hercules 
(see Hesperides), who was rewarded with the 
knowledge of astronomy, which he communi- 
cated to the Greeks. According to others, 
Atlas warred with the Titans against Jupiter, 
and therefore was made a mountain. According 
to some, there were two persons of the name, a 
king of Italy, father of Electra, and a king of 
Arcadia, father of Mercury's mother Maia. 2. 
A river from Mount Haemus to the Ister. 

Atossa, a-tos'-sa, a daughter of Cyrus, was 
successively wife of Cambyses, Smerdis, and 
Darius, to the last of whom she bore Xerxes : 
she is identified with the scriptural Vashti by 
some. 

Atraces, at'-ra-ces, the people of Atrd'ua, 
in ^Etolia, named from Atrax, son of Peneus 
and father of Caeneus. 

Atracis, at'-rd-cis, or Atracides, at'-rd'- 
ci-des {see Atrax i). 

Atramyttium, at-ra-myf-ti-nm, 3. town of 
Mysia. 

Atrapes, af-rap-es, an officer of Alexander 
on whose death he received Media. 

Atrax, atf-rax. 1. Son of /Etolus, or o^ 
Peneus ; was king of Thessaly, and built 
Atracia ; he was father of Hippodamia 
(At'rdcis), the wife of Pirithous, and of 
Caeneus [A trd' cides). 2. A city of Thessaly. 
q. A river of iEtolia, falling into the Ionian 
Sea. 

Atrebates, a-treb'-dt-es, a people of Gallia 
Belglca (whence some migrated to Britain) ; 
they were conquered by Csesar, and Comius 
was made king. 

Atreus, d'-treus, a son of Pelops by Hip- 
podamia, daughter of King CEnomaus of Pisa, 
was king of Mycenae, and brother of Pittheus, 
Troezen, Thyestes, and Chrysippus. Hippo- 
damia advised Atreus and Thyestes to murder 
the illegitimate Chrysippus, and, on their re- 
fusal, did it herself ; but Atreus and Thyestes 
were suspected by Pelops, and fled. Atreus 
went to his uncle, King Eurystheus of Argos, 
whom he succeeded, and whose daughter 
(Aerope) he married, and by her he had Plis- 
thenes, Agamemnon, and Menelaus ; but ac- 
cording to some, Aerupe was the wife of Plis- 
thenes, to whom she had born Agamemnon and 
Menelaus (the Atrldce), who are the reputed 
sons of Atreus, from being reared by him. 
Thyestes came to Argos, but from his incest 
with Aerope was banished, then recalled, and 
fearfully punished by Atreus, who invited him 
to a sumptuous feast, at which the flesh of the 
children Thyestes had had by his sister-in-law 
the queen was served up, and their arms and 
heads produced after the feast to convince him. 
Thyestes at once fled to the court of Thespro- 
tus, and thence to Sicyon, where, in the grove 
of Minerva, he offered violence to his own 
daughter Pelopea, without knowing her ; but, 
according to others, intentionally, to fulfil the 
oracle that he should be avenged by a son by 
his daughter. The son born was ^Egisthus 




CUPID. CEKTAUE. 



3 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Si 



Atrides 



(q. v.), who was adopted by Atreus on his soon 
after marrying Pelopea, and sent by him to 
Delphi to murder Thyestes, but he recognized 
his father and returned to assassinate Atreus. 

Atrides, d'-trl'-des, any descendant of 
Atreus, but esp. Agamemnon or Menelaus. 

Atropatia, at-ro-pdt'-i-a, the N.W. part 
of Media. 

Atropos, at'-rop-os {inexorable), one of the 
Parcae (q.v.), daughters of Nox and Erebus ; 
she cut the thread of life. 

Atta, T. Q., at'-ta, a Roman comic poet, 
80 B.C. 

Attalia, at-tdl-l'-a. 1. A coast city of 
Pamphylia. 2. A city of Lydia. 

Attalicus, at-tdl'-lc-us {see Attalus III.). 

Attalus \.,af-tdl-us. 1. King of Pergamus, 
succeeded Eumenes I. 241 B.C., defeated the 
invading Gauls, extended his conquests to 
Mount Taurus, obtained Roman aid against 
Antiochus, and died 197. 2. Attalus II., 
Philadelphus, phzl-d-del'-phzts (from his 
fraternal affection), was sent ambassador to 
Rome by his brother, Eumenes II., and, on 
his return, 159 B.C., made guardian to his 
infant nephew, Attalus III. : he was expelled 
by King Prusias, of Bithynia, restored by the 
Romans, and was poisoned, 138. 3. Attalus 
III., Philopator, phil-op'-dt-or, son of King 
Eumenes II., became king of Pergamus on 
the murder of Attalus II., made himself odious 
by his cruelty to his relations and his tyranny. 
He lived in amity with the Romans, to whom 
he left his kingdom, which was made a pro- 
vince under a proconsul, 133 B.C. From this 
legacy any valuable acquisition, or ample for- 
tune, received the epithet Attdl'icus. Attalus 
and his predecessors had collected a large 
library, and always encouraged merit. 4 and 
5. Officers of Alexander. 6. A philosopher, 
preceptor to Seneca. 7. An astronomer of 
Rhodes. 

Atteius Capito, at-te'-ius cdp'-it-d, a consul 
te?7tp. Augustus, wrote on priestly laws, law- 
courts, &c. 

Attes, atf-tes, a son of Calaus, of Phrygia, 
introduced into Lydia the worship of Cybele, 
of whom he became a favourite ; for which 
Juno in jealousy sent a boar to kill him. 

Atthis, at' -this, a daughter of King 
Cranaus II., of Athens, gave her name to 
Attica. 

Attica, af-ti-ca, a country of Greece, 
at the S. of Boeotia, W. of the iEgean, N. 
of the Saronic Gulf, and E. of Megara, 
named from Atthis, was originally called 
Ionia, from its settlers (Iones), A cte (shore), 
and Cecropla (from its first king, Cecrops). Its 
capital was Athens . It was famous for its gold 
and silver-mines, which were the best part of 
the public revenues : it was partly level and 
partly mountainous, and divided into the High- 
lands, the Plain, and the Coast : it had thirteen 
tribes — Acamantis, ^Eantis, Antiochis, Attalis, 
iEgeis, Erechtheis, Adrianis, Hippothoontis, 
Cecropis, Leontis, ^Eneis, Ptolemais, Pandio- 
gk. Inthe xi6th Olympiad Us inhabitants were 



Aufeia Aqua 



31,000 citizens and 400,000 slaves, within 
Athens and 174 villages or towns. 

Atticus, af-tz-czis. 1. A servant of Galba, 
entered his master's palace with a bloody 
sword, and declared he had killed Otho. 2. 
T. Pomponius, fiom-po' -ni-us , a Roman knight, 
to whom Cicero wrote seventeen books of 
letters (now extant), containing the general 
history of the age : he retired temp. Marius 
and Sulla to Athens, where he was much liked. 
Ths epithet Atticus was given him from his 
command of the Greek language. He died 
32 B.C., aged 76, after bearing the amiable 
character of peacemaker among his friends. 

3. Herodes, he-ro'-des, an Athenian, descend- 
ant of Miltiades, tenip. the Antonines, was 
celebrated for his munificence : he taught 
rhetoric at Athens and Rome, and had among 
his pupils M. Aurelius and L. Verus. His son, 
of the same name, who was consul, and set 
over Troas by Hadrian, raised several public 
buildings. 4. A consul under Nero. 

Attila, at'-tll-a, a celebrated king of the 
Huns, a people in the south of Scythia, in- 
vaded with 500,000 men and wasted the 
Roman provinces, temp. Valentinian, and 
marched on Rome ; but his retreat and peace 
were purchased by the emperor. He was 
called the Scourge of God. He died a.d. 
453- 

Attius, Pelignus, at -tz-zis pe-hg -nus. 
1. An officer of Caesar. 2. Tullius, tid'-ll-v.s, 
general of the Volsci, received Coriolanus when 
exiled. 3. Varus, vd'-rus, seized Auxinum 
for Pompey, was expelled, and fled to Africa. 

4. A poet (see Accius). The family of the 
Attn claimed descent from Atys, iEneas's com- 
panion. 

Atyad.e, a-ty'-a-dce, descendants of the 
Lydian king Atys (1). 

Atys, a'-tys. 1. An ancient king of Lydia, 
whose son Tyrrhenus colonized Etruria. 2. 
The son of King Croesus, of Lydia, was for- 
bidden the use of weapons, his father having 
dreamt he was killed by one ; but, being 
allowed to hunt a wild boar in Mysia, he was 
killed by Adrastus (q. v.), according to the 
dream. 3. A Trojan who came to Italy with 
iEneas, was progenitor of the Attii and of 
Augustus maternally. 4. A youth, was pro- 
mised the hand of Ismene, daughter of King 
OZdTpus, but killed by Tydeus before the 
nuptials. 5. A son of Limniace (daughter of 
the Ganges), helped Cepheus to prevent An- 
dromeda's marriage, and was kilLed by Per- 
seus with a burning log. 6. A shepherd of 
Phrygia, was loved by Cybele, and entrusted 
with her temple on promising celibacy. ^He 
became a eunuch, and ever after Cybele's 
priests were eunuchs. For unfaithfulness he 
was changed by Cybele into the pine-tree 
(ever after sacred to her), and deified. 7. 
Silvius, sil'-vz-zis, king of Alba, was son of 
AlbTus Silvius. 

Aufeia Aqua, au-fe'-ia d'-qzta, or Marcia, 
mar'-ci-a, wholesome water first conveyed 
into Rome by King Ancus Martius. 



5 2 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Aufidetia 



_ Aufidena, mi-fid-e'-na, a city of the Pe- 
ligni. 

Aufidia Lex, au-fid'-i-a lex, enacted 62 
B. c. , by the tribune Aufidlus Lurco, for punish- 
ing bribery of the tribunes. 

Aufidius, azi-jid'-i-us. 1. An effeminate 
native of Chios. 2. Bassus, bas'-s?is, an his- 
torian tevip. Quintilian, wrote on Germany 
and the civil wars. 3. A Roman senator. 4. 
Luscus, lus'-cus, a praetor of Fundi of obscure 
birth, temp. Horace. 

Aufidus, au'-fid-us, a river of Apulia, 
flowing past Cannae and Venusia to the Adri- 
atic. 

Auga, au'-ga, Auge, au'-ge, and Augea, 
au'-ge-a, daughter of King Aleus, of Tegea, 
and Nea^ra, bore Hercules a son, Telephus, 
whom she exposed in the woods ; but he was 
saved. Aleus gave Auga to Nauplius to put 
to death ; but he gave her to the childless 
King Teuthras, of Mysia, who adopted her. 
According to Pausanias, Auga was put with 
her babe in a coffer, and thrown into the sea, 
but saved by Minerva and found by King 
Teuthras. Mysia being invaded by an enemy, 
Teuthras promised his crown and Auga to 
whoever should deliver him, and Telephus 
offered his services, was victorious, and was 
made known to his mother, who returned with 
him to Tegea. 

Auge/e, au'-ge-ce. 1. A town of Laconia. 
2. A town of the Epicnemidian Locri. 

Augias, au-gl'-as, or Augeas, au'-ge-as, 
son of Eleus, was an Argonaut, and afterwards 
king of Elis. He had an immense number of 
cattle, whose stables had never been cleaned. 
The cleaning of them formed the sixth labour 
of Hercules, for which he was to receive a 
tenth of the herds of Augias. The hero per- 
formed it by diverting the waters of the 
Alpheus into the stables, and Augias, declaring 
this an artifice, refused the reward, and ban- 
ished his own son Phyleus for supporting 
Hercules ; whereon the hero conquered Elis, 
killed Augias, and gave the crown to Phyleus. 

Augustus, au-gl'-nus, a mountain of Liguria. 

Augures, au'-gur-es, the officers who 
foretold future events (etymologically, from 
the voices of birds). At Rome three were 
created by Romulus, Scrvlus Tullius added a 
fourth, and, in 300 B.C., the tribunes of the 
plebs increased the number to nine, and 
Sulla, when dictator, added six more : they 
constituted a corporate body (colle'gunii). The 
augur generally stationed himself for his ob- 
servations on an elevated spot, with his face to 
the south, divided the face of the heavens 
with a crooked staff into four parts, and sacri- 
ficed to the gods, covering his head with his 
robe. Omens were drawn from the phenomena 
of the heavens, the chirping or flying of birds, 
the manner in which the sacred chickens ate 
their food, the appearance of quadrupeds in 
some unexpected place, and Dira, i. e. hearing 
strange noises, meeting unlucky animals, ut- 
terance of inauspicious words, &c. The Latin 
words sinister and Icevus properly denoted to 



Augustus 

the Romans lucky things, i. e. those that came 
from the lucky quarter, — the east, which was 
on the left of the Roman augur, who faced 
south ; but as the Greek augurs faced north, 
the lucky quarter (the east) was on the right, 
and the Romans often adopted the Greek 
terms and used sinister and Icevus for tmlucky. 
(See Haruspex and Auspices.) 

Augusta, au-gus'-la. 1. The licentious 
Messallna (q.v.), wife of the emperor Claudius. 
2. The name of numerous cities, in honour of 
Augustus Caesar. 3. Trinobantina, tri'-no- 
ban-ti'-na, London, as the capital of the Tri- 
nobantes. 3. Pretoria, prcE-td'-ri-a, a town 
of the Salassi, at the base of the Pennine 
Alps. 

Augustalia, au-grts-td'-Tt-a, a Roman quin- 
quennial festival, iv. Id. Octr., commemora- 
tive of Augustus's return after the establishment 
of peace. 

Augustinus, au-gus-ti'-nus, bishop of 
Hippo, in Africa, died a.d. 430, aged 75. He 
was distinguished for genius and knowledge 
of Plato's philosophy. He wrote many works. 

Augustodunum, au-gus'-to-dii'-num, the 
capital of the ./Edui, in Gallia Lugdunensis, 
was formerly Bibractc. 

Augustulus Romulus, au-gus' -tiil-us ro'~ 
7iiul-us, the last emperor of the West, was 
conquered by King Odoacer, of the Heruli, 
a.d. 476. 

Augustus (Octavianus Cesar), aM~giu?- 
tus oc-ta'-vi-d'-mis cce'-sar. 1. Born 23rd Sep- 
tember, 63 B.C., son of a senator, Octavius, and 
Accla, the sister of Julius Csesar, was adopted 
(and Octavius changed to Octavianus) by his 
uncle Julius Caesar (the Dictator), Octavius, his 
father, having died when Augustus was but four 
years old. When Julius Caesar was murdered, 
Augustus (then eighteen) hurried from Apol- 
lonla to Rome, ingratiated himself with the 
senate and people, and two years after became 
consul. He fought with the consuls Hirtius 
and Pansa against Antony ; but seeing that 
the Senate wished to weaken them both, he 
became reconciled, and formed with him and 
Lepldus the Second Triianvirate : in the pro- 
scriptions that followed more than 300 senators 
and 2,000 knights, including Cicero, fell. In 
the division of the provinces by the Triumvirs, 
Augustus retained the important provinces 
of the West. The Triumvirs then proceeded 
against the partisans of Brutus and the Senate, 
and effected the overthrow of the republican 
forces at Philippi, 42. On his return to Italy, 
Augustus divided among his soldiers the lands 
of the proscribed and of many innocent per- 
sons ; among the latter was Virgil, who had 
his restored to him ; and the alliance with 
Augustus was strengthened by Antony di- 
vorcing Fulvia and marrying the sister of Au- 
gustus. Fulvia, who had vainly tried to stir up 
Augustus against Antony, then unsuccessfully 
tried to raise a faction, headed by L. AntonTus, 
her husband's brother, against Augustus, 40, 
who made them surrender in Perusia ; and m 
36 he conquered Sextus Pompey in Sicily. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



53 



Aulerci 



Octavia being soon aftei' divorced by Antony 
for Cleopatra, Augustus marched against him, 
and completely defeated Antony's and Cleo- 
patra's forces at ActTum, 31 ; Augustus fol- 
lowed them into Egypt, 30, besieged Alex- 
andria, and honoured with a magnificent 
funeral Antony and Cleopatra, who had com- 
mitted suicide to avoid being led in triumph : 
V returned to Rome, and closed the gates of 
the temple of Janus, peace being established. 
By his generals he warred with the Cantabri 
and Astures, 27, and personally went to Syria, 
20, to receive the standards of Crassus and 
Intony from Phraates. He died at Nola, 
•4.D. 14. He was an excellent emperor, and 
✓isited all the provinces except Africa and 
Sardinia, and enacted many salutary laws : he 
carefully guarded against offending the Romans 
by assuming the regal title, so hateful to them, 
and contented himself with the titles of Im- 
pera'tor, or commander-in-chief (30 B.C.), 
Prin'ceps Sena'tfis (28), perpetual Tribu'nus 
Ple'bis (23), perpetual Con'sul (19), perpetual 
Cen'sor (19), and Pon'tifex Max'inms (12). 
His court was distinguished for its support of 
literature; he himself was thoroughly ac- 
quainted with Greek, and wrote some tragedies, 
&c. Augustus was married three times, — to 
Claudia, Scribonla, and Livia : he had only 
one child, the licentious Julia, by Scribonia ; 
and Julia's sons, C. and L. Caesar, were in- 
tended as his successors, but died before him. 
He left his fortune chiefly to his stepsons (his 
adopted sons) Tiberius and Drusus, and made 
donations to the army and the people. He 
was succeeded by Tiberius. 2. The name was 
given to the imperial successors of Augustus 
as a personal, and Caesar as a family dis- 
tinction : later that of Caesar was conferred on 
the second person in the state, — the Heir Ap- 
parent. 

Aulerci, au-ler'-ci, a people of Gaul, be- 
tween the Sequana and Ligeris, divided into 
the Eburovices, Cenomdni, and Bramiovices. 

Aulestes, atc-les'-tes, a king of Etruria, 
temp. iEneas. 

Auletes, au-le'-tes. 1. A general, assisted 
.^Eneas in Italy with 100 ships. 2. Ptolemy, 
the father of Cleopatra. 

Aulis, au'-lis, a harbour in Eubcea, where 
the Greek expedition against Troy was 
detained by contrary winds, from the anger 
of Diana, whose favourite stag Agamemnon 
had killed. Agamemnon was going to offer 
his daughter IphigenTa as a sacrifice to Diana, 
but the goddess substituted a ram. 

Aulon, au'-lon. 1. A valley of Calabria, 
famous for its wines. 2. A town of Messenia. 
3. A town in Chalcidice. 

Auras, au'-ras, a tributary of the Ister. 

Aurelia, au-re'-ll-a. 1. A town of Hispama 
Baetlca. 2. The mother of J. Caesar. 3. A 
fisbwoman. 4. Lex, enacted 101 B.C., by 
praetor L. Aurellus Cotta, to invest the sena- 
torian and equestrian orders, and the Tribuni 
iErarli with judicial power. 5. Another law, 
76 B.Cr, abrogated a clause of the Lex Cornelia, 



Autochthones 



and allowed the tribunes to hold other offices 
on expiration of their tribuneship. 

Aurelianus, au-re-li-a'-mis, emperor of 
Rome, a.d. 270 — 275, after Flavlus Claudius, 
was noted for unusual severity in executing the 
laws ; he was naturally brave, and in his 
various battles with Goths and Vandals, killed 
no less than eight hundred men, and gained 
great honours by his expedition against the 
famous queen of Palmyra, Zenobla ; he beau- 
tified Rome, was charitable to the poor, passed 
many salutary laws, and was the first emperor 
who wore a diadem : when marching against 
the northern nations, he was assassinated near 
Byzantium, by his soldiers, whom Mnestheus 
had incited to rebellion. 

Aurelius, au-re'-U-Ks. 1. See Antoninus. 
2. A painter, temp. Augustus. 3. A historian 
temp. Julian, wrote 011 illustrious men and the 
Caesars. 

Aureolus, au-re'-ol-?is, a general who 
assumed the purple in the age of Gallienus. 

Aurinia, au-ri'-ni-a, a German prophetess. 

Aurora, au-ro'-ra, a goddess, the Eos of 
the Greeks, daughter of Hyperion and Thia, 
or of Titan and Terra, or of Pallas, son of Crius 
(whence her epithet Pallan' tias) ; married 
Astraeus, by whom she had the winds, stars, 
&c. : by Tithonus she had Memnon and 
^Emathlon, and by Cephalus, Phaethon ; and 
she accompanied Orion to the isle of Delos, 
where he was killed by Diana's arrows. Aurora 
is generally represented veiled, in a rose- 
coloured chariot, drawn by white horses, 
opening with her rosy fingers the gates of the 
East, and pouring the dew on the earth : Nox 
and Somnus fly before her, and the constella- 
tions of heaven disappear at her approach : she 
is the precursor of Sol (the sun). 

Aurunci, au-run'-ci, a people of Latium, on 
the coast towards Campania, S.E. of the 
Volsci, identical with the A usones. 

Auschis^e, atts-chi '-see , a people of Libya. 

Ausci, aus'-ci, a people of Gallia Aqui- 
tanlca. 

Auses, at/ses, a people of Africa. 

Auson, au'-soji, a son of Ulysses and 
Calypso, progenitor of the Ausones (of Ausonia). 

Ausonia, au-S07i'-l-a, an ancient name of 
Italy, but strictly the southern part : from 
Auson, Ulysses' son by Calypso. 

Ausonius, Decimus Magnus, au-son'-i-us 
de'-chn-ns mag'-7ius, a poet of Gaul, in the 
fourth century a.d., was preceptor to the em- 
per or Valentinian's son Gratian, by whose favour 
he was made consul ; his compositions are much 
admired, though marred by indelicacies. 

Auspices, ans'-pi-ces, a sacred order at 
Rome, nearly the same as the Augures 
(q. v.). 

Auster, aus'-ter, the Greek Ndt'us, a wind 
from the S.W., often brought rain and 
fogs, but in summer was an injurious dry 
wind. 

Autesion, au-tes'-i-dn, a Theban, father of 
Theras. 

Autochthones, au-toch'-tMn-h (soil-bom), 



54 



BEE TONS CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Autololse 



the aborigines of any country, but especially 
the Athenians. {See Athene.) 

Autolol^e, au-tdl'-dl-cB, or Autololes, 
au-tdl'-dl-es, a people of Mauretania. 

Autolycus, aic-tol'-yc-us. i. The son of 
Mercury by Chione, daughter of Daedalion ; 
was an Argonaut, and a noted thief ; he stole 
his neighbours* flocks and mingled them with 
his own, after he had changed the marks ; but 
he was outwitted by the crafty Sisyphus, son 
of vEulus, who had imprinted his marks under 
the feet of his oxen. Sisyphus and Autolycus 
became friends, and the former was by 
Anticlea, daughter of Autolycus, father of 
Ulysses. 2. A son of Phryxus and Chal- 
ciope. 

Automedon, nn-toiu'-cd-ou, a son of Diores, 
went to Troy with ten ships, and became 
charioteer to Achilles, and, after his death, to 
Pyrrhus. 

Automenes, au-tom'-en-es, one of the 
Heraclldse, king of Corinth, died 779 B.C., after 
which for ninety years Corinth was ruled by 
annual magistrates [Pryfdnis) till the tyranny 
of Cypselus. 

Automoli, au-tom!-dl-i, a nation of 
^Ethiopia. 

Autonoe, au-tou'-o-e. 1. A daughter of 
Cadmus, married Aristaeus, and bore Actaeon 
[At/tonae'ius /id' yds), at whose death she 
retired from Bosotia to Megara. 2. A daughter 
of Danaus. 3. A Nereid. 4. A female servant 
of Penelope. 

Autrigones, au-trig'-on-es, a people of 
Hispania Tarraconensis. 

Autura, au'-tur-a, now the Eu7-e, a 
tributary of the Sequana [Seine). 

Auxesia, aux-e 'sl-a , and Damia, two 
virgins, came from Crete to Troezene, and were 
stoned to death by the inhabitants in a 
sedition, for which a famine was sent : they 
were afterwards held in veneration. 

Avaricum, a-va-ri-cum, the capital of the 
Bituriges. 

Avella, a-veV-la {see Abella). 

Aventinus, d-veu-ti'-uus. 1. A son of 
Hercules, by Rhea (2), assisted Turnus against 
./Eneas. 2. A king of Alba, buried on Mount 
Aventine. 3. One of the seven hills on which 
Rome was built, 13,300 feet in circumference, 
was allotted to the plebs for buildings by King 
Ancus Martius, but not reckoned within the 
city till the reign of the emperor Claudius, 
for the soothsayers regarded it as a place of 
ill omen from being the burial-plaoe of the 
murdered Remus. 

Avernus, a-veS-mis, or Averna, d-ver'-na, 
a deep lake of Campania, between Cumae and 
Puteoli, the waters of which were so unwhole- 
some that no birds were seen near it, whence 
its name {aopvug, birdlcss). The Cumaean 
sibyl's cave was near it: it was one of the 
entrances to Tartarus, and its waters were 
•used in enchantments. Agrippa, temp. Augus- 
tus, connected it by a tunnel with the Lucrine 
lake. 

Avidienus, d'-rid-i-e'-nus, a Roman miser. 



Babylonia 

Avidius Cassius, d-vld'-l-us cas'-sl-ns, a 
cruel Roman emperor, a.d. 175, assassinated 
after three months' reign. 

Avienus, Rufus Festus, dv-i-e'-ynts, r£- 
fiis Jes'-tus, 2l poet temp. Theodosius, trans- 
lated Livy and the Phaenomena of ArStus into 
iambics. His works have been ascribed to a 
poet, Flavius Avianus, temp, the Antonines. 

Avitus, a-vf-tus. 1. A governor of Britain 
temp. Nero. 2. Alcimus, al-am-its, a Chris- 
tian poet, archbishop of Vienna 500 a.d. 

Axenus, ax'-cn-us {see Elxinus). 

Ax ion, ax-i'-du, brother of Alphesibcea, 
murdered her husband Alcmaeon (q. v.). 

Axis, ax'-is, a town of Umbria. 

Axius, ax'-i-tis, a river of Macedonia, 
flowing from Mount Scardus S.E. to the 
Thermaic gulf. 

Axon a, ax'-ou-a, a river of Belgic Gaul. 

Axones, ax'-dn-cs, a people near the Axona. 

Azan, d'-zan. 1. A mountain of Arcadia, 
sacred to Cybele. 2. A son of King Areas, of 
Arcadia, by the Dryad Erato, shared his 
father's kingdom with his brothers Aphidas and 
Elatus. 

Az\s\A,d-zd'-rl-a. 1. The part of Arcadia on 
I the borders of Elis, received by Azan, con- 
tained a fountain Clitorius, whose waters gave 
a dislike for wine to those who drank them. 2. 
Or Barbaria, bar-bdr'-i-a, a coast district of 
eastern Africa. 

Aziris, d-zl'-ris, a place of Libj'a. 

Azorus, d-zd'-riis, or iVzoRius, d-z5'-ri-7(S, 
one of the Argonauts. 

Azotus, d-zo'-tus, a maritime town of 
Syria, 

B 

Babill'S, bdb'-zl-us, an astrologer temp. 
Nero, persuaded the emperor to avert the im- 
pending danger (augured from a hairy comet) 
by putting the principal Romans to death. 

Babrius, baU-ri-us, a Greek poet temp. 
Augustus, rendered iEsop's fables into verse. 

Babylon, bdb'-yl-dn. 1. A son of Belus, 
founded the city Babylon. 2. The capital of 
the Assyrian empire, on the banks of the 
Euphrates, had one hundred brazen gates, and 
its walls, which were cemented with bitumen 
and enlarged by Semiramis, were sixty miles 
in circumference, fifty cubits thick, and two 
hundred high. It was a province of Assyria, 
became independent under Nabopolassar, 606 
B.C., and was taken by Cyrus 53S, by diverting 
the Euphrates into a new channel, and 
marching his troops by night into the town 
through the dried bed. Alexander died at 
Babylon, and it became the capital of the new 
empire of the Seleucidae ; but its greatness was 
gradually reduced till it became a wilderness. 
Its inhabitants were early acquainted with 
astrology. 3. A town near the Bubastic branch 
of the Nile. 

Babylonia, bdb-yl-o'-ni-a, a large province 
of Assyria, of which Bab} Ion was the capital ; 



TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Bacchae 



it became an independent empire under 
Nabopolassar, 606 B.C., and powerful : it was 
subjected to Persia 538, and later became the 
Seleucian kingdom. 

Bacchae, bad-chce (see Bacchantes). 

Bacchanalia, bac-cha-na' -li-a, Roman fes- 
tivals to Bacchus, the Greek Dionysia (q.v.). 

Bacchantes, bac-chan'-tes, priestesses of 
Bacchus, also called Thyades and Mcenades ; 
they appeared at the orgies almost nude, with 
garlands of ivy, a thyrsus, and dishevelled 
hair ; they were inspired with divine fury, 
uttered dreadful sounds, and clashed musical 
instruments together. 

Bacchiad^e, bac-chl'-d-dce, a Corinthian 
family, held sovereign power at Corinth till 
they were put down and banished by Cypselus, 

657 B.C. 

Bacchium, bac-chi'-ztm, an isle of the 
^Egean, near Smyrna. 

Bacchius, bad-cfu-us, and Blthus, two 
celebrated gladiators of equal age and strength ; 
whence the proverb for equality, Bitkus contra 
Bacchium. 

Bacchus, bad-cJms, generally called Diony- 
sus by the Greeks, was son of Jupiter and 
Semele, the daughter of Cadmus. Juno per- 
suaded Semele, when pregnant with Bacchus, 
to ask Jupiter to visit her in all his majesty : 
she did so ; Jupiter acceded, and the mortal 
Semele, unable to bear his splendour, was re- 
duced to ashes; but the babe was saved, and 
placed in Jupiter's thigh, and in due time born, 
— hence Bacchus is called Bi/nd'ter. Accord- 
ing to some, he was saved from the flames by 
Dirce, a nymph of the Achelous. According 
to a tradition related by Pausanias, as current 
at Brasiae, in Peloponnesus, Cadmus had shut 
up Semele and the babe in a coffer, and ex- 
posed them on the sea : the coffer drifted to 
Brasiae, when Bacchus was found alive, and 
was reared, while Semele, who was found 
dead, was magnificently buried. According 
to Ovid, Bacchus was brought up by his aunt 
Ino, and next by the nymphs of Nysa. Accord- 
ing to Lucian, Mercury carried him to the 
nymphs of Nysa ; but, according to Apollonius, 
to a nymph in Euboea, whence he was expelled 
by Juno, the chief deity of the place. Bacchus 
is the Osiris of the Egyptians. He assisted 
the gods in their war with the giants. In his 
youth he was taken asleep at Naxos, and 
carried off by some mariners, whom he changed 
into dolphins, except the pilot, who had com- 
miserated him. He made a famous expedition 
into the East at the head of an army of men 
and women, all inspired by divine fury, and 
armed with thyrsuses, cymbals, and other 
musical instruments, Bacchus being drawn in 
a chariot by a lion and a tiger, and accom- 
panied by Pan and Silenus and all the Satyrs ; 
his conquests were easy, and the people grate- 
fully elevated to the rank of a god the hero 
who taught them the use of the vine, the culti- 
vation of the earth, and the art of making 
honey. Amidst his benevolence to mankind, ' 
he was relentless in punishing all affronts to \ 



55 

Bagoas 

his divinity (fSee Pentheus, Agave, Lycur- 
gus, &c.) The other names of Bacchus were 
Li'ber (from being identified with the ancient 
Italian god), Brdm'ius (noisy, from the orgies), 
Lyce'us (as freeing from care, &c), E'vius 
(from euoi, the cry at his festivals), Thydnce' zis 
(" inspired," from Throne, a name of Semele), 
Psi'las (the unbearded), &c. Pie is usually 
represented crowned with vine and ivy-leaves, 
and a thyrsus (a pole surmounted by a pine- 
apple, or ivy-leaves, or a cluster of grapes) in 
his hand, and his figure is usually that of an 
effeminate young man, but sometimes an old 
man, at times with horns, and occasionally as 
an infant holding a thyrsus and cluster of 
grapes with a horn, and riding on the shoulders 
of Pan, or in the arms of Silenus. Bacchus 
married Ariadne when deserted by Theseus at 
Naxos, and had by her Ceranus, Thoas, G2no- 
pion, Tauropolis, &c. The fir, fig, and yew- 
trees, the ivy and the vine, the panther and 
magpie, were sacred to him. A goat was gene- 
rally sacrificed (from its propensity to destroy 
the vine), and in Egypt pigs. 

Bacchylides, bac-chyl'-l-des, a lyric poet 
of Cos, 470 B.C. Fragments and two epigrams 
remain. 

Bacenis, ba-ce'-nis, a wood of Germany. 

Bacis, ba'-cis, a soothsayer of Boeotia. 

Bactka, bac'-tra, the capital of Bactria, on 
the river Bactros. 

Bactria, bac'-tri-a, and Bactriana, bac- 
tri-a'-?ia, an extensive and fertile country of 
Asia, separated from Ariana by Mount Paro- 
pamlsus, east by the same range from the 
Sacse, north-east by the Oxus from Sogdiana, 
and west meets Margiana ; was subdued by 
Cyrus, conquered by Alexander ; was a part 
of the Seleucidae empire, and a separate king- 
dom from 255 b.c. to 134, when it was con- 
quered by Parthia. 

Bactros, bad-tros, a tributary of the Oxus, 
on the borders ot Asiatic Scythia. 

Badius, ba'-di-us, a Campanian, killed in 
combat by his friend T. Q. Crisplnus. 

BADUHENNiE, ba-dzi-heu'-nce, a wood of the 
Frisii. 

B^ebia Lex, be^-bl-a lex. 1. Enacted for 
the election of four praetors and six every othet 
alternate year. 2. Another, by tribune M. Bae- 
bius, forbade the division of the lands, and 
substituted a yearly tax, to be distributed among 
the people. 

B^ecula, btz'-ciil-a, a town of Hispania 
Tarraconensis. 

B^etis, bee' -t is, or Tartessus, tar-tes'-sus, 
a river flowing from tlispama Tarraconensis 
through Hispania Baetica to the Atlantic, north 
of Gades. 

B^eterRjE, bce-ter'-rce, a town in Gallia 
Narbonensis. 

Bagacum, bag'-dc-zem, chief town of the 
Nervii. 

Bagistana, ba-gis-td'-na, a town of Media. 

Bagoas, ba-gd'-as, a name frequent in Per- 
sian history ; the b«2»»t known was an Egyptian 
eunuch, the favourite of Artaxcrxes u^iuj. 



u ee ton's Classical dictionary. 



Bagrada 

whom he poisoned, 338 B.C., for killing the 
god Apis : he was killed, 336, by Darius Codo- 
mannus. 

Bagrada, bag'-rdd-a, a river of Africa, 
near Utica. 

Baue, bai'-ce, a coast town of Campania, 
founded by Ulysses' companion Baius, famous 
for its mineral springs ; was the favourite 
watering-place of the Romans. 

BalanagrjE, bal-an-ag' -rce , & town of 
Cyrene. 

Balanus, bal'-a-mts, a prince of Gaul, 
assisted the Romans in the Macedonian war, 
173 B.C. 

Balari, bnl'-d-rz, a people of Sardinia. 

Balbillus, C, balbil'-lus, a learned his- 
torian, was governor of Egypt temp. Nero. 

Balbinus, bal-bl'-niis. i. An admirer of 
Agr.a. 2. D. Gelius, cce'-U-zis, elected em- 
peror after the murder of the Gordians, 
a.d. 238; was slain by the soldiers in a few 
months. 

Balbus, M. Acilius, bal'-bus, d-cz'-U-us. 

1. Two consuls, in 150 and in 114 B.C. respec- 
tively. 2. T. Ampius, am'-pz-zis, tribune of 
plebs, 63 B.C., joined Pompey, but was par- 
doned by Caesar. 3. The father of Atia, 
mother of Augustus. 4. L. C, joined Caesar, 
and was consul 40 B.C. : wrote a diary of 
Caesar's life. 5. Proconsul of Africa, tri- 
umphed over the Garamantes, 19 B.C. 6. 
Lucilius, lu-cl'-ii-us, a Stoic, speaker in 
Cicero's De Natura Dedrum. 

Baleares, bal-e-a! -res , or Gymnesi^e, gym- 
ne'-sz-a, two isles (now Majorca and Mz'/iorca) 
on the coast of Spain. The inhabitants were 
expert slingers : they were piratical, and con- 
quered by Rome 123 B.C. 

Baletus, ba-le'-tus, the son of Hippotes, 
founded Corinth. 

Balist K,bal-is'-ta. 1. Amountain of Liguria. 

2. A Praetorian prefect under Valentinian. 

Balius, bdl'-z-zts, ahorse of Achilles. 

Balne.e, bal'-7ie-cB {baths), were very nu- 
merous at Rome, private as well as public : 
under the emperors they were magnificently 
fitted up, with colonnades for exercise, &c, 
and the charge was so small as to admit the 
very poorest. 

Bandusia, ban-dzls'-z-a, a fountain of 
Apulia, near Horace's farm. 

Banjur/e, ba?i-ju'-rce, a people of Maure- 
tania. 

Bantia, ban'-tz-a, a town of Apulia, in a 
woody district {Saltus Bantznz). 

Baphyrus, bdph'-yr-us, a river of Mace- 
donia. 

Baptve, bap'-ta, the priests of the licentious 
goddess Cotytto at Athens. 

Barathrum, bar'-ath-rum, a deep pit at 
Athens into which malefactors were cast. 

Barbari, bar'-bdr-i, the name applied by 
Greeks to all foreigners, whom they re- 
garded as an inferior race : the Romans 
applied it to all who spoke neither Greek nor 
Latin. 

Barbaria, bar -bar' -i-a. 1. A river of | 



Bassus 



Macedonia. 2. Phrygia and Troy. _ 3. The 
region on the eastern coast of Africa, also 
called Azdnia. 

Barbatus, M. Horatius, bar-bd'-tzts, Jio- 
rd'-tl- us, consul with Valerius Publicula, 449 B.C. 

Barbosthenes, bar-bos' -then-es, a moun- 
tain east of Sparta. 

Barca, bar'-ca, or Barce, bar'-ce. 1. A 
friend of Cato the Elder. 2. Hamilcar, ha- 
mil'-car (q.v.), Hannibal's father. 3. The 
second city of CyrenaTca. in North Africa, 
founded by the brothers of King Arcesllaus, 
of Cyrene, 560 B.C. ; was taken by the Per- 
sians, 510 B.C., and a new city, Ptolemd'is, 
built, the inhabitants being removed to Barca, 
in Bactria. 4. The nurse of Sichaeus. 

Barcino, bar'-czu-o, a port of Hispanla 
Tarraconensis. 

Bardi, bar'-di, a poetical and sacerdotal 
order among the ancient Gauls. 

Barea Soranus, bdr'-e-a so-ra'-nus, con- 
sul suffectus a.d. 52, was put to death for 
treason under Nero, on the evidence chiefly of 
his tutor Egnatlus, a Stoic philosopher. 

Bares, ba'-res, a Persian naval officer, 
wished to destroy Cyrene, but was opposed by 
Amasis. 

Bargusii, bar-gii'-si-i, a people east of the 
Iberus. 

Barisses, ba-rz's'-ses, one of the seven noble 
conspirators against the usurper Smerdis. 

Barium, bd'-rz-ztm, a coast town of Apulia, 
celebrated for its fisheries. 

Barrus, bar'-rzes, a man ridiculed by Horace 
as proud of his beauty. 

Barsine, bar-si'- ne, and Barsene, bar- 
se'-ne. 1. Daughter of Artabazus, bore a son 
Hercules to Alexander the Great, and was 
killed with her babe by Polysperchon, 309 B.C. 
2. Statira, stat-l'-ra, daughter of Darius III., 
married Alexander, 324 B.C., and was murdered 
by Roxana after his death. 

Basilea, bds-t-le'-a. 1. A daughter of 
Ccelus and Terra. 2. An isle, north of Gaul, 
famous for amber. 3. An isle in the Euxine. 

Bastlidep, bds-U'-t-des. 1. The father of 
Herodotus the Chian, tried with others to de- 
stroy Strattes, tyrant of Chios. 2. A powerful 
family at Erythrae. 3. A priest of Mount 
Carmel. 

Basilius, bds-zl-z'-ns. 1. A tributary of the 
Euphrates. 2. A bishop of Africa, violent 
against the Arians, died a.d. 379. 

Basilus, L. Minucius, bds'-ll-ns, vu-nu'- 
cz-zts, an officer under, and subsequently an 
assassin of, Caesar. 

Bassania, bas-sa'-?zz-a, a town of Mace- 
donia. 

Bassareus, bas'-sdr-ezis, epithet of Bacchus, 
from the fox-skin worn by himself and the 
Maenads, his votaries being Bassarides, 
bas-sdr" -z-des. 

Bassus, Aufidius, bas'-stis, azc-fzd'-z-zis. x. 
Wrote on the Germanic war, temp. Augustus. 
2. C^ESius, ca'-sz-iis, a lyric poet temj>. 
Nero. 3. J., an orator temp. Augustus. 4. Q. 
C^eciliuSj ccs-cil'-i-zis, an adherent of Pompey, 



BESTOWS CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Bastarnse 



maintained himself three years in Apamea, and 
surrendered to Cassius 43 B.C. 

Bastarnse, bas-tar'-na?, or Easterns, 
las-ter'-ncB, a German people, migrated to near 
the mouth of the Danube. 

Bastia, basl-ti-a, the wife of Metellus. 

Bata (-orum), bat' -a, a seaport of Sarmatia, 
on the Euxine. 

Batavi, bdt-a'-vi, or bdt'-d-vi, a Celtic 
people, settled in Batdvo'rum In'siila, the 
modern Holland. 

Bathvcles, bath'-y-clcs, a famous artist of 
Magnesia on the Maeander, temp. Solon. 

Bathyllus, bath-yl'-lus. 1. A beautiful 
youth of Samos. 2. A youth of Alexandria, 
favourite of Msecenas, with Pylades of Cilicia 
perfected the ballet Pantomimus at Rome. 
3. A dancer temp. Domitian. 

Batn^e, baf-nce. 1. A city of Osroene, in 
Mesopotamia. 2. A city of Cyrrhestlce, in 
Syria. 

Bato, bdt'-d, a Dardanian, revolted from 
King Philip to Rome. 

Baton, hatf-on. 1. Of Sinope, wrote on 
Persian history. 2. A charioteer of Am- 
phiaraus. 

Batrachomyoiiachia, bat-ra-cliom'-y-o- 
mach'-i-a, Exit tie of the Frogs and Mice, a 
burlesque poem ascribed to Homer. 

Battiades, bat-ti'-d-des. 1. Callimachus, 
son of Battus. 2. The people of Cyrene. {See 
Battus.) 

Battis, bat'-tis, a girl celebrated by 
Philetas. 

Battus I., baf-tus. 1. A Spartan, son of 
Polymnestus and Phromme, colonized the 
isle of Thera from Cyrene, about 631 B.C. 
2. Battus II., Felix, fe'-lix, grandson of 
Battus I., succeeded his father Arcesilaus, 
subdued the Libyans, defeated King Apries of 
Egypt, and died about 560. 3. Battus III., 
succeeded his father Arcesilaus II., and died 
530. 4. A shepherd of Pylos, was turned into 
pumice-stone for telling Admetus that Mercury 
had stolen the flocks which Apollo was tending. 
5. A Corinthian general against Athens in the 
Peloponnesian war. 

Batulum, bdtf-ul-um, a town of Cam- 
pania. 

Baubo, bau'-bo, a woman who gave some 
water to Ceres when searching for Proser- 
pine. 

Baucis, bau'-cis, an old woman of Phrygia, 
lived with her husband Philemon in a wretched 
hut ; they were visited by Jupiter and Mercury 
in disguise, and so hospitably entertained the 
gods that Jupiter transformed the cottage into 
a splendid temple, and made Baucis and 
Philemon the priests : in old age they both 
died at the same moment, on their prayer to 
Jupiter, and were changed into trees before the 
temple's doors. 

Bauli, bau'-li, a village of Latium, near 
Baiae. 

B avi us, bd"J-i-us, and M.^vius, mre'-vi-us, 
two malevolent poetasters at Rome, slandered 
Virgil and Horace. 



Beller option 



Bazira, ba-zl'-ra, a city in the Paropa- 
mTsus. 

Bebius, be'-bi-us, an informer, temp. 
Vespasian. 

Bebryce, beb-ry'-ce, a daughter of Danaus. 

Bebryces, beb-ry'-ces. 1. A mythical people 
of Bithynia, w hose king Amycus slew Pollux. 
2. A people of Iberia, north and south of the 
Pyrenees. 

Bedriacum, be-dri'-ac-um, a village 
between Cremona and Verona, scene of Otho's 
battle with Vitellius. 

Belemina, bel-e-ml'-na, a town in N.W. of 
Laconia. 

Belenus, bcl-e'-mts, a divinity of the Gauls. 

Belesis, bel'-es-is, a Babylonian priest, pre- 
dicted to Arbaces the Mede his overthrowing 
the Assyrian empire, and was set over 
Babylon. 

Belg.^e, bel'-gce, a warlike people of Gaul, 
divided by the Matrona and Sequana from 
the Celtae. 

Belgica, bel'-gic-a, a province of Gallia 
(q. v.). 

Belgium, bel'-gl-um, the territory of the 
Bellovaci and dependent tribes [Atrebdtes, 
Ambiani, Velliocasses, Aulerci, and Caleti). 

Belides, be'-li-des, the daughters of Belus. 

Belides, be-ll'-dcs, Palamedes, sprung from 
Belus. 

Belisama, bel-i'-sam-a, Minerva of the 
Gauls. 

Belisarius, bel-i-sd'-ri-iis, a native of 
Illyria. and of obscure birth, was a famous 
general of the emperor Justinian ; he overthrew 
the Vandals in Africa a. d. 534 ; warred with the 
Goths in Italy ; was recalled by the jealousy of 
Justinian ; repelled the Bulgarians, 559 ; was 
accused of conspiracy against the emperor's 
life, 563, and, after being in prison one year, 
was released, and soon after died, 565. Ac- 
cording to some, his eyes were put out in 
prison, and he wandered a beggar through 
Constantinople. 

Bellerophon, bel-ler' -o-phoii, properly 
Hippon'oiis, son of King Glaucus of Ephyra, 
and Eurymede, and named Bellerophon on 
murdering the Corinthian Hellenes. To be 
purified he fled to King Prcetus of Argos, 
whose wife Antsea fell in love with him ; being 
slighted, she accused him of offering violence 
to her : King Prcetus, not to violate the laws of 
hospitality, sent Bellerophon to his father-in- 
law. King Jobates of Lycia, with a letter 
urging him to put to death the insulter of his 
daughter : Jobates sent Bellerophon to conquer 
the Chimaera (q. v.), but by Minerva's aid 
Bellerophon rose in the air on the winged horse 
Pegasus (q. v.)', and shot the Chimsera. Sent 
against the Solymi and the Amazons, he re- 
turned victorious, and slew the Lycians set in 
ambush for him ; on this Jobates gave him in 
marriage his daughter (Philon'oe, Anticle'a, or 
Cassan'dra). Bellerophon attempted to fly to 
heaven on the Pegasus, but, as the hero had 
incurred the anger of the gods, Jupiter sent a 
gadfly to sting the horse, which threw Beller- 



BEE TOSS'S CLASSICAL DlCTIONAR\. 



Bellienus 



ophon to earth, and he wandered about till 
his death : he had two sons, Isander and Hip- 
polochus. 

Bellienus, bel-li-e'-mts, a Roman whose 
house was set on fire at Csesar's funeral. 

Bellona, bel-ld'-na, the goddess of war, 
daughter of Phorcys and Ceto, and, with the 
Romans, the companion, sister, or wife of 
Mars : her temple in the Campus Marlius was 
built 296 B.C., by AppTus Claudius Csecus. 
Bellona was chiefly venerated by the Cappa- 
docians, at Comana, where she had about 3,000 
priests {Bellond'rli), who wounded their own 
arms or legs when they offered sacrifice. 

Bellovaci, bel-lov'-ii-ci, a people of Gaul, 
conquered by Caesar. {See Belgium.) 

Bellovesus, bel-lo-ve'-sus, a king of the 
Celtse, was sent by his uncle Ambigatus to 
found a colony in Italy, temp. Tarquimus 
Priscus. 

Belon. bel'-on. 1. A general of Alexander. 

2. A city and river of Hispanla Baetica. 
Belus, be'-lus. 1. King of Babylon 1,800 

years before Semiramis ? was deified by the 
Assyrians and Babylonians : his temple was 
one of the most ancient and magnificent in the 
world. 2. Son of Neptune and Libya (or 
Eurynome), father of /rLgyptus and Danaiis. 

3. A son of Phoenix the son of Agenor, was 
Ling of Phoenicia. 4. A river of Phoenicia. 

Benacus, be-no! -ciis , a lake in the north of 
Italy, out of which the Minrius flows. 

Bendidium, ben-di-dl'-um, a temple of 
Diana Bendis. 

Bendis, bc7i'-dis, a name of Diana among 
the Thracians and their northern neighbours : 
her festivals, Bendidi'a, were introduced from 
Thrace into Athens. 

Beneventum, bcn-e-ven'-tum, a town of 
Samnium, on the Appia Via : on being colo- 
nized its name was changed from MaicveW 'turn. 

Berecynthia, ber-e-cyn' -thi-a, a name of 
Cybele, from being worshipped at Mount 
Berecynthus, in Phrygia. 

Berenice, ber-e-ui'-ce. 1. The mother of 
Ptolemy Philadelphia, by Lagus. 2. A 
daughter of Philadelphia, married King An- 
tiochus of Syria, after his divorce of Laodlce : 
a'ter Philadelphia's death, Laodice was re- 
called, poisoned her husband, and murdered 
Berenice and her child. 3. A daughter of 
Ptolemy Auletes, usurped her father's throne, 
strangled her husband Seleucus, and married 
Archelaus, a priest of Bellona. Her father 
regained the throne and killed her, 55 B.C. 4. 
The wife of Mithriclates VI., poisoned herself 
on his overthrow by Lucullus. 5. The moths*' 
of Agrippa, and daughter-in-law of Herod the 
Great. 6. A daughter of Agrippa, married 
her uncle Herod, and afterwards Polemon, 
king of Cilicia. 7. A wife of King Attains. 
8. A daughter of Philadelphus and Arsinoe, 
married her brother Euergetes, and was killed 
by her own son, 221 B.C. 9. A city of Libya. 
10. Tv/o tow? s of Arabia. — The name is com- 
mon to many ia the royal Ptoiemean family 
of Egypt. 



Bibulus Calpurnius 

Berenicis, ber-e-ni'-cis, a part of Africa, 
near the town Berenice. 

Bergion, ber'-gl-dn, and Albion, al'-M-on, 
two giants, sons of Neptune, were killed with 
stones from heaven when opposing Hercules' 
crossing the Rhone. 

Bergistani, ber-gis'-tan-i, a people on the 
east of the Iberus. 

Bermius, ber'-mz-us, a mountain of Mace- 
donia. 

Beroe, ber'-o-e. 1. Semele's nurse, whose 
shape Juno assumed to Semele. 2. The wife 
of Doryclus, whose form Iris assumed to incite 
the Trojan women to burn iEneas's fleet in 
Sicily. 3. An Oceanid. 

Bercea, ber-ce'-a. 1. An ancient town of 
Macedonia, on the Astraeus. 2. An inland 
town of Thrace, became an important Roman 
military post. 3. A town in Syria {A leppd). 

Berosus, be-rd'-sus, of Babylon, priest of 
Belus about 255 B.C. ; travelled in Greece, 
wrote a history of Chaldeea, and was a noted 
astrologer. _ 1 

Berytus, be'-ryt-tis, a seaport of Phoenicia. 

Besa, be'-sa, a town on the east bank of the 
Nile, rebuilt by Hadrian, and called An'tino- 
op'olis. 

Besidi^e, bes-id' -i-ce , a town of the Bruttii. I 

Bessi, bes'-si, a robber tribe of Thrace, sub- 
dued by the Romans 168 B.C. 

Bessus, bes'-stts, a governor of Bactria, 
seized and killed Darius after the battle of 
Arbela. Alexander put him to death. 

Bestia, L. Calpurnius, bes'-tl-a cal-pur'- 
ni-us. 1. Consul 11 1 B.C., warred with Jugurtha, 
but was bribed. 2. A Catilinarian conspirator. 

Bianor Ocnus, bi-a'-nor od-nus. 1. King 
of Etruria, son of Tiberis and Manto, built 
Mantua. 2. A Trojan chief. 3. A centaur 
killed by Theseus. 4. A Bithynian, temp. 
Augustus and Tiberius, wrote epigrams. 

BiAS^'-rts. 1. Son of Amy thaon and Idomene, 
and brother of Melampus, was king of Argos. 
King Neleus, of Pylos, promised his daughter 
to whoever brought him the oxen of Iphiclus ; 
Melampus tried to steal them for Bias, but 
was caught and confined one year ; after which 
Iphiclus gave him the oxen, and Bias, re- 
ceiving them from Melampus, married Perone. 
2. Of Priene, in Ionia, 550 B.C., was son of 
Teutamidas, and one of the seven sages. 3. 
A Greek prince against Troy. 4. A river of 
Peloponnesus. 

BlBACULUS, M. Furius, bib'-a-ciil-tis f&- 
ri-tis. 1. A poet, born at Cremona 103 B.C., 
wrote iambics, epigrams, &c. 2. A praetor. 

Biblis, bib'-lis, a. woman enamoured of 
her brother Caunus, and changed into a 
fountain. 

Bibracte, bib--rac'-te(see Augustodunum). 

Bibulus Calpurnius, M., bib'-ill-tts cal- 
piir'-nz-'us. 1. Consul 59 B.C., with Julius 
Csesar ; he supported the aristocratic party, 
commanded Pompey's fleet, and died while in 
command. 2. His son fought on Brutus's side 
at Philippi, was pardoned by Antony, and died 
before Actium. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



59 



Bicorniger 

Bicorniger, bi-cor'-ni-ger {two-horned), 
Eacchus (q.v.). 

-Bifrons, bif' -rous {two-faced), Janus (q.v.). 

Bilbilis, bil'-bil-is, a town of Celtiberia, 
birthplace of Martial, noted for metal manu- 
factures. 

Bimater, bi-md'-ter, Bacchus, from being 
transferred from his mother's womb to Jupiter's 
thigh. 

Bingium, lin'-gi-um, a town of Gallia 
Belglca. 

Bion, bi'-cn. i. Of Borysthenes, in Scythia, 
famous for his knowledge of poetry, music, 
and philosophy, 250 B.C. 2. A bucolic poet of 
Smyrna, 280 B.C. 3. A native of Abdera, 
pupil of Democritus. 4. A native of Soli, 
wrote a history of Ethiopia. 5. A Syracusan 
writer on rhetoric. 

Bisalt^e, bis'-al-tce, a. Thracian people in 
Macedonia, on the west bank of the Strymon. 

Bisaltes, bis-al'-tcs, a native of Abydos. 

Bisaltis, bis-al'-tis, Theophane, the mother 
by Neptune of the golden ram. 

Bisanthe, bis-au'-t/ic, a town on the Pro- 
pontis. 

Biston, bis'-ton, son of Mars and Callirhoe, 
built Bistdn'ia, in Thrace ; whence the people 
near the Bistonis are called Bis' tones, and the 
Bacchic women Biston' ides, from the worship 
of Dionysus in Thrace. 

Bistonis, bis'-ton-is, a lake of Thrace, near 
Abdera. 

Bithus, bi'-tkus {see Bacchius). 

Bithvnia, bz-tky-ni-a, a country of Asia 
Minor, bounded on the north by the Euxine, 
east by Paphlagonia, south by Phrygia Epic- 
tetus, and west by Mysia : it was subdued by 
the Lydians and Persians, who attached it to 
the satrapy of Phrygia, and was independent 
from 2S7 B.C. till 74 B.C., when Nicomedes III. 
bequeathead it to the Romans. It was fertile 
and wooded. 

Bitias, bit'-i-as. 1. Son of Alcanor and 
Hiera, accompanied ./Eneas, and fell in the 
Rutulian war. 2. A lover of Dido. 

Biton, bit'-on, a mathematician. 2. See 
Cleobis. 

Bituitus, bi-tu-i' -tus , king of the Arverni, 
allied with Allobroges ; was defeated 121 B.C., 
and sent to Rome as a prisoner. 

Bituriges, bit-u'-ri-ges, a people of Gallia 
Aquitanlca. 

Bl/ENA, bLe'-na, a fruitful country of Pontus. 

Bl^esus, C. Sempronius, bice '-stcs sem-pro '- 
ni-us. 1. Consul 253 B.C., when his fleet was 
lost in a storm off Cape Palinurus. 2. Junius, 
ju'-ni-us, governor of Pannonia when the 
legions revolted, a.d. 14 ; defeated Tacfarlnas, 
21 ; and killed himself, 36. 

Blandenona, blan-de-nd'-7ia, a place near 
Placentia. 

Blemyes, bleirf-y- 'es, a people of ./Ethiopia. 
Blemina, bli-mi'-na, a town in the south of 
Arcadia. 

Blossius. C. , bios' -si- us. a philosopher, 
pupil 01 Antipater of Tarsus, and iriend ol 
Tib (nacchus 



Bolbitine 



Boadicea, bo-a-di-ce'-a, a queen in Britain, 
rebelled on being insulted shamefully by the 
Romans, and poisoned herself when conquered, 

A.D. 6l. 

Boagrius, bo-ag'-ri-us, a river of Locris. 

Bocalias, bo-cdl'-i-as, or Bocarus, bo'- 
car-us, a river in the isle Sal amis. 

Boccar, bod-car. 1. A king of Mauretania. 
2. Any native of Mauretania. 

BocchuS; ,bod-chus. 1. King of Mauretania, 
and father-in-law of Jugurtha, whom he be- 
traj^ed to Sulla, 106 B.C. 2. Son of (1), at 
whose death, 33 B.C., Mauretania became a 
Roman province. 

Bce;e, bee '-a, a town in the south of Laconia. 

Bcebe, bed-be, a town of Thessaly. 

Bcebeis, bce-be'-is, a lake of Thessaly. 

Bcebia, bce'-bi-a {see B/EBIa). 

Boedromia, bo-e-d?-d)n'-i-a, an Athenian 
festival commemorative of the assistance ren- 
dered King Erechtheusby Ion, son of Xuthus, 
at the invasion of Neptune's son Eumolpus. 
But according to Plutarch, it was commemo- 
rative of Theseus's victory over the Amazons 
in the month Boedromion. 

~B(E.OTARCHJE.,bo2-d-tar-cha^ ) the chief magis- 
trates of Bceotia. 

Bceotia, bce-d'-ti-a, a country of Greece, 
bounded on N. by Phocis, S. by Attica, E. by 
Eubcea, and W. by the bay of Corinth, was for- 
merly called Aonia, Mesapia, Hya7itis, Ogy- 
gia, and Cadmeis. The inhabitants were rude 
and stupid, a characteristic said to be due to 
their damp and thick atmosphere ; but the 
country produced several illustrious men — 
Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch, &c. The mountains, 
particularly Helicon, were frequented by the 
Muses. It contained several fertile plains, and 
its chief towns were Thebce, Tauagra, T/iesplcu, 
Platcea, Orchovienns, Chceronea, Coronca, 
Lebadea, and Hatiartus ; its chief lake being 
Copdis. The Bccothns were of ./Eolian origin, 
and had migrated from Arne, in Thessaly, 
being expelled by the Thessalians sixty years 
before the Trojan war ; the chief magistrates 
were BozotaT'chce, elected annually, two by 
Thebes and one by each of the other states. 

Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, 
bo-e' -thi-us , du-i'-ci-us nian'-li-zis sev-e-?'i'-nus, 
a Roman author and statesman, born about 
A.D. 470, famous for his knowledge, especially 
of Greek philosophy ; was imprisoned and 
killed by Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, 
about 524 : in prison he wrote his five books 
De Consold'tio'ne P hi I' o soph' ice, 

Boethus, bd-e'-thtcs. 1. A Stoic philosopher, 
quoted by Cicero. 2. A Peripatetic philo- 
sopher, 30 B.C., of Sidon in Phoenicia, was a 
pupil of Andronlcus of Rhodes, and instructed 
Strabo. 

Bon, bo'-i-i, a people of Celtic Gaul, mi- 
grated into Cisalpine Gaul. 

Bojocalus, bo-jo'-cdi-us, a general of the 
Germans. 

• '■OLA, bo'-la, an ancient town of the^Equi. 
Bolbe, bol'-ue, a lake in Macedonia. 
Bolbitine, bol'-bt-ti-nc, a city of Lowev 



6o 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Bolissus 



Egypt, near the Bolbiti'num mouth of the 
Nile 

Bolissus, bol-is'-sus, an ./Eolian city near 
Chios. 

Bolus, bo'-lus, a king of the Cimbri. 
Bomienses, bd-ml-en'-ses, mountaineers of 
iEtolia. 

Bomilcar, bo-mil'-car. i. A Carthaginian 
general, son of Hamilcar, was suspected of 
conspiring with Agathocles, and hanged in the 
forum. 2. An officer of Jugurtha. 

Bomonice, bd-md-ni' -cce , youths whipped at 
the altar of Diana Orthia during her festivals ; 
he who bore the lash most patiently received 
a prize. 

BonaDea, bon'-ade'-a, oxFau'jia, orFd'tiia, 
a Roman goddess, sister, wife, or daughter of 
Faunus ; she was a goddess of chastity and 
prophecy, and all her ministers were females. 
The Vestals celebrated her festival on ist Ma}'., 
in the house of the consul or praetor, and no 
male was allowed to be present. 

Bononia, bon-o'-nl-a, formerly Felslna, a 
town near the Rheno, in Gallia Cisalpma. 

Bonos us, bon-o'-sus, an officer of Aurelian, 
assumed the imperial purple under Probus, in 
Gaul, and was defeated by Probus and slain, 
a.d. 281. 

Bonus TLvehtus, bon'-us e-ven'-tus, a Roman 
rural deity, represented holding a cup in his 
right hand, and in his left ears of corn. 

Bootes, bd-o'-tes, also Bubul'cus and Arc- 
toph'ylax, a northern constellation near the 
Ursa Major. Icarus, father of Erigone, was 
changed into it. According to others, it is 
Areas. 

Boreades, bor-e'-a-des, the descendants of 
Boreas. 

Boreas, bor'-e-as, the N. or N.N.E. wind, 
blowing from the Hyperborean mountains. 
Boreas was son of Astraeus and Aurora, or of 
the Strymon : he was attached to Hyacinthus 
(q.v.), and carried away Orithyia, by whom he 
had Zetes, Calais, Cleopatra, Chione. He was 
worshipped as a deity, and represented with 
wings and white hair. By the mares of Dar- 
danus he had twelve mares so swift that they 
flew over the sea without wetting their feet. 

Boreasmi, bor-e-as'-mi, festivals at Athens 
in honour of Boreas (q.v.), from his union with 
Orithyia. 

Bornos, bor'-nos, a place of Thrace. 

Borus, bo'-rus, a son of Perieres, married 
Polydora, the daughter of Peleus. 

Borysthenes, bor-ys'-then-es. 1. A large 
river of Scythia, now the Dnieper, falls into 
the Euxine. 2. A city on the Borysthenes, 
built by a Milesian colony, 655 B.C., also called 
Ol'bla Sal'via. 

Bosphorus, bos'-phor-us, or Bosporus, bos 1 - 
por-us, two narrow straits at the confines of 
Europe and Asia ; the one, the Cimmeriati, 
joining the Palus Masotis to the Euxine ; the 
other, the Thracian, joining the Euxine to the 
Propontis. (See Cyane^e.) 

Bostra, bosf-tra, a city of Arabia, south of 
Damascus. 



Br e rams 



BottIjEA, bot-ti-ce'-a, a country at the north 
of Macedonia, on the bay of Therma. The 
people, Thracians, were expelled by the Mace- 
donians, and settled in Bof-tz-ce, the district 
north of Olynthus. 

Boule, bou'-le (see Senatus, 2). 

Bouleuma, bou-leu'-ma {see Rogatio). 

Bovianum, bov-i-a'-7uim, an ancient colony 
of the Samnites, near Beneventum. 

Bovill^e, bov-il'-lce. 1. A town of Latium, 
near Rome. 2. A town of Campania. 

Brachmanes, brach-md '-nes , or Brach- 
manjE, brach-md' -nee , the caste of Indian 
philosophers who derive their name from 
Brahma, one of the three beings whom God, 
according to their creed, created, and with 
whose assistance he formed the world. They 
devoted themselves to religion, and accustomed 
themselves to live with frugality and absti- 
nence ; they abstained from flesh, wine, &c. 

Branchid^e, bran'-chl-dcE. 1. A people near 
the Oxus, originally of Miletus, near the tem- 
ple of Branchus, but transported by Xerxes, 
and put to the sword by Alexander. {See Bran- 
chus.) 2. The priest of Apollo Didymseus. 

Branchus, bran'-chus, son of Smicrus of 
Miletus, was loved by Apollo, who gave him 
the power of prophecy ; he gave oracles at 
Didyme, which were reckoned inferior to 
Delphi only. The temple was set on fire by 
Xerxes, its riches seized, and the people trans- 
ported. (See Branchid/e.) 

B ranch yllides, bran-chyl'-U-des, a Boeotian 
chief. 

Brasi^e, bras'-i-ce, a town of Laconia. 

Brasidas, brds'-i-das. 1. A famous Spartan 
general, son of Tellus, after many victories 
over the Athenians in Macedonia, died 422 B.C., 
of a wound received at Amphipolis, which 
Cleon was besieging. 2. A native of Cos. 

Brasilas, brds'-U-as, a native of Cos. 

Bratuspantium, bra-Uts-pan'-ti-zim, the 
capital of the Bellovaci. 

Braure, bratt'-re, a woman who assisted in 
the murder of King Pittacus, of the Edoni. 

Brauron, braze' -ron, a deme of Attica, 
where Diana had a temple. Her festivals, 
Brazird'nia, were celebrated once every fifth 
year by ten men (iepo7ro<ot) ; they sacrificed 
a goat to the goddess and sang a book of 
Homer's Iliad, and young virgins, between five 
and ten years old, clad in yellow gowns, at- 
tended. The statue of Diana of Tauris, brought 
into Greece by Iphigenia, was preserved in 
Brauron, but was carried away by Xerxes. 

Brenni, bren'-ni, a people of Noricum. 

Brennus, bren'-zms. 1. King of the Galli 
Senones, invaded Italy 390 B.C., defeated the 
Romans at the Allla, and entered the city 
without opposition, the Romans having retired 
into the Capitol. The Gauls climbed the 
Tarpeian rock in the night, and would have 
entered the citadel, had not the saered geese 
aroused the garrison. The senate was about to 
purchase the retreat of the Gauls when, ac- 
cording to the common tale, Camillus, then in 
exile, arrived to relieve the city, and so totally 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



6l 



Brescia 



defeated the invaders that not one survived to 
tell the tale ; but it is now established that the 
retreat of the Gauls was purchased with 
1,000 lb. of gold. 2. Another king of the 
Gauls, invaded Greece 280 B.C., and attempted 
to plunder Apollo's temple at Delphi: he 
was destroyed with his troops by the god, 278 
B.C. — It was the ordinary designation of the 
king among the Gauls. 

Brescia, bres'-ci-a, a city of N.E. Italy. 

Briareus, brV-ar-ens. 1. A famous giant 
with a hundred hands and fifty heads, son of 
Ccelus and Terra, was called by men Ai'gedn, 
and by the gods Briareus. When Juno, Nep- 
tune, and Minerva conspired to dethrone 
upiter, Briareus climbed the heavens to assist 
im ; he assisted the Giants against the gods, 
and was thrown under Mount ./Etna. 2. A 
Cyclops. 

Brias, bri'-as, a town of Pisidia. 

Brigantes, brlg'-an-tes, a people in the 
northern parts of Britain. 

Brigantinus, brlg-an-ti '-mis ; a lake of 
Rhaetia, with a town Brigan'thim on its 
eastern shores. 

Brilessus, bri-ics'-sus, a mountain of 
Attica. 

Brimo, bri'-mo {terror), Proserpine and 
Hecate. 

Briseis, brl-se'-is, or Hippodamia, hip'-po- 
da-mi'-a, a woman of Lyrnessus, fell to the 
share of Achilles in the division of the spoils of 
her country, and was taken from him by 
Agamemnon, for which Achilles withdrew from 
the Trojan war till the death of Patroclus : she 
was again restored to him. 

Brises, brl'-ses, of Lyrnessus, was father of 
Briseis, and brother of the priest Chryses. 

Briseus, brl'-se-tcs, Bacchus, from his nurse 
Brisa, or his temple at Brisa, a promontory of 
Lesbos. 

Britannia, brit-an'-ni-a, an island in the 
Northern Ocean, the largest in Europe. It was 
conquered by J. Caesar 55 B.C., and first known 
to be an island by Agricola : it continued a 
Roman province till a.d. 448. The rude inhabi- 
tants painted their bodies. 

Britannicus, brlt-an'-nzc-tis, a son of 
Claudius Caesar by Messallna, was poisoned 
ly means of Agripplna, that Nero might gain 
the throne. 

Britomartis, brit-o-mar'-tis. 1. A Cretan 
nymph, daughter of Jupiter and Charme, and a 
favourite of Diana, threw herself into the sea to 
avoid Minos's importunities. 2. Diana. 

Britones, brif-on-es, the inhabitants of 
Britain. 

Brixellum, brix-el'-lum, a town near 
Mantua, in Italy. 

Brixia, brix'-i-a, a town cf Italy, north of 
Cremona. 

Bromius, brom'-i its {noisy), Bacchus, from 
his orgies. 

Bromus, brom'-us, one of the Centaurs. 
Brongus, bron'-gus, a tributary of the 
Ister. 

Brontes, bron'-tcs, one of the Cyclopes. 



Brutus 



Brontinus, bron-tl'-mts. 1. A Pythagorean 
philosopher. 2. The father of Theano, 
Pythagoras's wife. 

Broteas, brot'-e-as. 1. A man famous for 
skill in the cestus. 2. One of the Lapithae. 

Brotheus, broth 1 -e-tis, a son of Vulcan and 
Minerva. 

Bructeri, bruc-te'-ri,a. people of Germany, 
at the east of Batavorum Insula. 

Brumalia, bru-ma'-ti-a, Roman winter 
festivals to Bacchus, instituted by Romulus. 

Brundusium, brun-dus'-i-um, a coast city 
of Calabria, where the A ftfiia Via ended, was 
founded by Diomedes, or by Theseus, with a 
Cretan colony. It was the usual place of em- 
barkation from Italy for the East, and famous 
for the birth of Pacuvius and death of Virgil. 

Brutidius, bru-tid'-i-us, a Roman dragged 
to prison for favouring Sejanus. 

Brutii, brut'-ti-i, a people in the south of 
Italy (the ancient GEnotria), originally shep- 
herds of the Lucanians. 

Brutulus, bru'-tul-us, a Samnite, killed 
himself on being delivered to the Romans. 

Brutus, L. Junius, brii' -tits , ju' -ni-iis. 1. 
A son of M. Junius and Tarquima, second 
daughter of king Tarquimus Priscus : his father 
and eldest brother were murdered byTarquinius 
Superbus, and Lucius, unable to avenge their 
death, pretended to be insane, for which the 
name Brutus {stupid) was given him. When, 
from Sextus Tarquin's brutality, Lucretia killed 
herself, 509 B.C., Brutus snatched the sword 
from the wound and swore hostility to the royal 
family ; the people abolished the monarchy 
and vested the sovereign power in two magi- 
strates {Consuls), of whom Brutus was one. 
His sons conspired with the Etruscan ambassa- 
dors to restore the Tarquins, and he himself 
presided over their trial and witnessed their 
execution ; soon after, in a battle Brutus fought 
with Aruns Tarquinius, and each ran the other 
through with his spear : the body of Brutus 
was magnificently received in Rome. 2. M. 
Junius, father of Caesar's murderer, was line- 
ally descended from (1) ; supported MarTus, and 
was defeated by Pompey, by whom, after sup- 
porting another siege in Mutma on Sulla's 
death, he was put to death. 3. M. Junius, 
Csesar's murderer, was son of (2) by Servilia, 
Cato's sister ; sided with Pompey, 49 B.C., was 
pardoned by, and became a friend of Caesar, 
who made him governor of Cisalpine Gaul in 
46, and praetor in 44. He conspired with some 
of the most illustrious of Rome, and killed his 
imperial friend in Pompey's Basilica, Ides of 
March, 44 : the murderers seized the Capitol, 
but soon left Rome. Brutus retired to Greece, 
where he was soon after followed by Antony 
and Octavius (Augustus), whom he met in battle 
at Philippi, 42 ; Brutus was victorious with the 
right wing, but Cassius with the left was over- 
thrown, and, by his own orders, killed by his 
freedman ; Brutus was in a second engagement 
driven from the field, and killed himself by 
falling on his sword, and his body was 
honoured by Antony with a magnificent 



6* 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Bryas 



funeral. Brutus ws.s celebrated for his literary- 
talents, imitated the austerity of Cato, and was 
intimate with Cicero. According to Plutarch, 
Caesar's ghost appeared to Brutus and told him 
he would meet him at Philippi. 4. D. Junius 
Albinus, al-bl'-ntis, another of Caesar's assas- 
sins, and brother of (3) ; was deserted by his 
troops after the battle of Mutina, and put to 
death by Antony's orders, 43 B.C. 5. Junius, 
one of the first tribunes of the plebs. 6. One 
of Carbo's generals. 

Bryas, bry'-as, a general of Xerxes. 

Brygi, bry'-gi, tribes in the north of Mace- 
donia. 

BrysEjE, bry-se'-ce, or Bryse^e, brys'-e-ce, or 
Brysi^e, brys'-t-ce, a town of Laconla. 

Bubaris, bu'-bar-is, a Persian, married the 
daughter of King Amyntas (q. v.), against whom 
he had been sent with an army. 

Bubasides, bu-bds'-i-des, the natives of Bii'- 
basus, a country of Caria. 

Bubastiacus, bu-bas-tV-dc-us, the Pelusiac 
or easternmost mouth of the Nile. 

Bubastis, bu-bas?-tis, a city in the east of 
Delta, where cats were venerated and em- 
balmed, the chief deity, Diana Bubastis, having 
changed herself into a cat when the gods fled 
to Egypt. 

Bucephala, bu-ceph'-dl-a, a city built by 
Alexander near the Hydaspes, in honour of 
Bucephalus. 

Bucephalus, bu-cej>h'-dl-us, a favourite 
charger of Alexander, named from his head 
resembling a bull's ; Alexander alone could 
mount him, and he always knelt down to re- 
ceive his master: when thirty years of age 
Bucephalus was wounded in a battle in Asia, 
he hurried out of the field, and dropped dead 
as soon as he had brought his master to a 
safe place. Alexander built Buceph'ala in his 
honour. 

Bucilianus, bu-cll-l-d'-nus, one of Caesars 
murderers. 

Bucolica, bu-cM'-ic-a, any pastoral poem : 
the most famous are those of Moschus, Bion, 
Theocritus, and Virgil. 

Bucolicum, bu-col'-ic-wn, or Ph atniticum, 
j>hat-nl'-tic-iim, a mouth of the Nile, between 
the Sebennytican and Mendesian mouths. 

Bucolion, bH-col'-z-on. 1. A son of Laome- 
don and the nymph Calybe. 2. A son of 
Hercules and Praxithea. 3. A son of King 
Lycaon, of Arcadia. 

Bucolus, bu'-col-us. 1. A son of Hercules 
and Marse. 2. A son of Hippocoon. 

Budii, bu'-di-i, a people of Media. 

Budini, bu-dl'-iii, a people of Scythia. 

Budorum, bii do'-rum, a promontory of 
Salamis. 

Bulbus, bid'-bus, a senator, noted for mean- 
ness. 

Bulis, bii'-lis. 1. A town of Phocis, colo- 
nized from Doris. 2. A Spartan, given up to 
Xerxes to atone for the murder of the Persian 
envoys. 

Bullatius, bzd-ld'-fi-us, a friend of Horace. 
pytLiSj bul'-lis, a coast town of Illyncuit, 



Cabalis 



Bunus, bu'-mis, a son of Mercury and 
Alcidamla, was regent of Corinth when iEetes 
went to Colchis. 

Buprasium, bu'-prd'-si-um, a city, district, 
and river of Elis. 

Bura, bii'-ra, a daughter of Jupiter, or of 
Ion and Helice, gave her name to Bura or 
Biiris, a once flourishing city in the bay of 
Corinth, destroyed by an earthquake, but re- 
built. 

Burrhus Afranius, bicr'-rhiis qf-rd'-m-us, 
chief of the praetorian guards, was put to death 
by Nero. 

Bursia, bur'-si-a, a town of Babylonia. 
Bus.e, biZ'-scs, a nation of Media. 
Busiris, bu-si'-ris. 1. A king of Egypt, 
son of Neptune and Libya, or Lysianassa ; 
I he sacrificed all foreigners to Jupiter with the 
j greatest cruelty. When Hercules visited Egypt, 
Busiris carried him to the altar bound hand 
I and foot ; but the hero disentangled himself 
' and sacrificed Busiris and his ministers. 2. A 
city in the middle of the Delta, on the west 
bank of the Nile. 

Buteo, biif-te-o. 1. A surname of M. Fabius. 
2. A Roman orator. 

Buthrotum, bu-thro'-hun, a seaport of 
EpTrus. 

Buto, bu'-td. 1. An Egyptian goddess, 
nurse of Horus and Bubastis, children of 
Osiris and Isis, was identified by the Greeks 
with Latona. 2. A town and lake near the 
Sebennytic mouth of the Nile ; had a temple, 
oracle, and annual festival of goddess Buto. 

Buxentum, bux-en'-him, or ¥x^zxss.,pyx'-iis ) 
a town on the west coast of Lucanla, on the 
Buxentms. 

Byblii, byb'-U-i, a people of Syria. 

Byblis, byb'-lis, a daughter of Miletus and 
Idothea, was enamoured of her brother Caunus, 
and, on his flying from her, killed herself. 

Byblus, byb'-lus, a town on the coast of 
Syria, north of the Adonis, with a temple of 
Adonis. 

Byrrhus, byr'-rhus, a dissipated robber. 

Byrsa, byr'-sa, the citadel of Carthage. 

Byzacium, by-zd'-ci-um, the southern por- 
tion of the Roman province of Africa. 

Byzantium, by-zan'-ti-am (from Byzas, its 
founder), a city on the Thracian Bosporus, 
colonized from Megara 658 B.C. ; was made, 
from the pleasantness and convenience of its 
site, the capital of the Eastern empire by Con- 
stantine the Great, a.d. 330, and called C011'- 
stantinofi'dlis (q. v.). 

Byzas, by'-zas, a son of Neptune, and king 
of Thrace, founded Byzantium, 658 B.C. 



Caanthus, cd-an'-thus, a son of Oceanus 
and Tethys, was killed by Apollo. 

Cabales, cab'-dl-es, a people of Africa. 

Cabalis, cdb-d'-lis, or Cabalia, cdb-d'-li-a, 
a district of Asia Minor, between Lycia and 
Pamphylia, with a city of the same name- 



SEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Cabaliinus 



Caballinus Fons, cdb-alll'-mis, a foun- 
tain on Mount Helicon, sacred to the Muses, 
and termed Hippocretie , as raised from the 
ground hy the hoof of the horse (cabal' lies) 
Pegasus. 

Cabillonum, cab-il-lo'-mcm, a town of the 

Cabarnos, cab-ar'-nos, a deity worshipped 
at Paros : his priests were Cabarui. 

Cabira, cab-i'-ra. i. A wife of Vulcan. 2. 
A town near Mount Paryadres, in Pontus. 

Cabiri, cdb-i'-?-i, mystic deities venerated at 
Thebes, Lemnos, Macedonia, and Phrygia, 
but more especially in Samotbrace and Imbros. 
The mysteries were celebrated with great 
solemnity at Saniothrace, where the ancient 
heroes and princes were generally initiated ; 
they are often confounded with the Corybantes, 
Andces (Dioscuri), &c. According to Herodo- 
tus, Vulcan was their father. Cambyses pro- 
faned their temple and rites. 

Caburus, cab-u'-rns, a chief of the Helvii. 

Cabyle, cab'-yl-e, an inland town of Thrace. 

Cacus, ca'-cits, a giant, son of Vulcan and 
Medusa, lived on Mount Aventine. "When 
Hercules came to Italy with the herds of the 
-conquered Geryon, Cacus stole some of the 
oxen, dragging them backwards by the tail to 
his cave, that the traces might not be dis- 
covered ; but as the others passed by in the 
morning, these began to low. Hercules at- 
tacked Cacus and strangled him, though 
vomiting fire and smoke, and then erected an 
altar to Jupiter Servator (Preserver). 

Cadi, cdd'-i, a town of Phrygia, near Lydia. 

Cadmea, cad-vie'-a, the citadel of Thebes. 

Cadmeis, cad-me'-is, an ancient name of 
Bceotla. 

Cadmus, cad'-mns. 1. Son of King Agenor, 
of Phoenicia, and Telephassa (or Agriope), or, 
according to others, a native of Thebes in 
-Egypt I was sent by Agenor to seek his sister 
EurGpa, carried off by Jupiter, and was never 
to return without her. Cadmus settled in 
Thrace, and was ordered by the Delphic oracle 
to found a city where he should see a certain 
young heifer sink in the grass. On the spot 
indicated Cadmus founded Cadmea [Thebes), 
1493 B.C. ; and, wishing to sacrifice the heifer 
to Minerva, he sent his servants for water to 
the well of Ares, in a neighbouring grove : it 
was guarded by a dragon, which ate the ser- 
vants. Cadmus went and slew the dragon, by 
Minerva's aid, and sowed its teeth in the plain, 
and armed men sprang up, who killed each 
other, excepting five, who became the ances- 
tors of the Thebans. Cadmus married Her- 
mione, daughter of Venus, who bore Polydorus, 
Illyrius, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, Semele. From 
Juno's persecution of the children, Cadmus 
and Hermione retired in old age to Illyricum, 
and, on their own prayer, were changed into 
serpents. Cadmus introduced into Greece an 
alphabet of 16 letters, increased to 20 by Pala- 
medes, and to 24 by Simonldes, of Melos. 2. 
Son of Pandion, of Miletus, earliest Greek his- 
torian, 540 B.C. ; wrote on Ionia. 3. Son of 



Cselius 



Archelaus, of Miletus ; wrote on the history of 
Attica, and on love. 

Caduceus, ca-du'-ce-us, the mace of any 
ambassador, but especially the magic wand of 
Mercury, a rod entwined at one end by two 
serpents, in the form of two equal semicircles ; 
it was given him by Apollo in return for the 
lyre : with it Mercury conducted the souls of 
the dead to the infernal regions, and could lull 
asleep or raise the dead to life. 

Cadurci, cad-ur'-ci, a people of Gallia 
Aquitanica. 

Cadusii, cdd-u'-sl-i, Scythians S.W. of the 
Caspian. 

Cadytis, ca-dy-lis, a large town of Syria, 
according to Herodotus ; it is now identified 
with Jerusalem. 

Gea, cce'-a (see Ceos). 

Oecilia, ccp-czl'-i-a. 1. The wife of Sulla. 
2. The mother of Lucullus. 3. A daughter of 
Atticus. 4. See Tanaqcjil. 5. Lex, lex, 61 
B.C., by Caecilms Metellus Nepos, to remove 
taxes from the Italian states and permit free 
exportation. 6. Or Didia, did'-i-a, 98 B.C., by 
Q. Csecilius Metellus and T. Didius, to allow 
only one subject to be put to the people in one 
question, and to order every proposed law to 
be exposed to the people for three market days 
(trintm'aznum, three weeks) before voted on. 
7. 53 B.C., to restore to the censors the privi- 
leges withdrawn by tribune P. Clodius. 8. 69 
B.C., also Gabinia, against usury. 

C^ecilii, ca-cil'-i-i, a Roman plebeian fa- 
mily, claimed descent from Csecus, ^Eneas's 
companion, or from Caeculus, son of Vulcan 
and founder of Praeneste. 

Cecilius, Epirus, cce-ciI '-l-iis e-pl'-rus. 

1. A freedman of Atticus, taught rhetoric at 
Rome. 2. A Sicilian orator, te7iip. Augustus, 
wrote on servile wars, &c. 3. Statius, sta'- 
tl-us, a Roman comic poet, native of Milan, 
and at one time a slave, died 168 B.C. 

Gecina, Tuscus, ccE-d'-na tus'-cus. 1. A 
son of Nero's nurse, set over Egypt. 2. A 
Roman, wrote physical treatises. 3. A citizen 
of Volaterrae, defended by Cicero, 69 B.C. 

Gecubus Ager, ccs'-cu-bus a'-ger, a marshy 
district of Latium, near Fundi, once famous 
for wine. 

Geculus, ccb'-cHI-us, a son of Vulcan, 
founded Praeneste, after a life of rapine. 

Gedicus, cce'-dic-iis. 1. A consul, 256 B.C. 

2. A consul, 289 B.C. 3. A military tribune 
in Sicily, 254 B.C. 4. A friend of Turnus. 

Geles Vibenna, cee'-les vi-ben'-na, leader 
of an Etruscan army, settled on the Caelian hill, 
temp. Romulus or Tarquimus Priscus. 

Gelia Lex, cce'-li-a. lex, 519 B.C., by tri- 
bune Cselius, that, in cases of treason, the 
people should vote on tablets, contrary to the 
exception of the Cassian law. 

Gelius, ca?-li-iis. 1. An orator, pupil of 
Cicero, and defended by him when accused by 
Clodius of being accessory to Catiline's con- 
spiracy. 2. Aurelianus, au-re'-U-d'~nus, a 
Latin phvsician and writer, fourth Century 
a.d. 3. L. Antibatek, att-tif-a-4er t 12s 



64 PEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Ceene 



» C. , wrote a history of Rome, epitomized by 
M. Brutus. 4. Sabinus, sab-i'-mcs, wrote on 
edicts of curule aediles, temp. Vespasian. 5. 
Mons, mons, one of the seven hills of Rome, 
on which Caellus Vibenna settled. 

C/ENE, ccz'-ne. 1. A town on the coast of 
Laconla. 2. A city of Upper Egypt, below 
Coptos. 

C^eneus, cce'-ne-us. 1. Was originally a 
maiden, Oenis, cce'-nis, and made by Neptune 
a man ; was in the Argive expedition and Caly- 
donian hunt ; was attacked at the marriage of 
Pirithous, buried alive by the centaurs, became 
a bird, and in Elysium was once more retrans- 
formed into a maiden. 2. A Trojan, killed by 
Turnus. 

GiENiNA, az-nl'-na, a Sabine town of LatTum, 
warred under King Acron with Romulus. 

C^enis, cce'-nis {see C^eneus). 

Cvepio, Q. Servilius, c&'-pi-o ser-vl'-U-us. 
1. Consul, 106 B.C., in Cimbrian war. 2. Fan- 
nius, fan'-ni-us, conspired with Murena against 
Augustus, 22 B.C., and was put to death. 

CLere, cce!-re (indecl.), or C^eres (-itis), 
cce'-res, anciently Agylla, a-gyl'-la, the capi- 
tal of Mezentius, and afterwards one of the 
twelve Etruscan cities west of Veii, about 6? 
miles from the coast. Its people banished Me- 
zentius and assisted ./Eneas ; they received the 
Vestals, 390 B.C., on Rome being taken by the 
Gauls, for which they received the inferior 
Roman franchise, ci'vitas sin'e suffrd'gio ; 
whence the synonymous phrases for the censors 
making a Roman citizen an aerarian and de- 
priving him of the suffrage, in tab'utas Cce'- 
rltum refer're and cei-a'rhan fa! cere. 

Cerellia, ca-rel' -W -a , a learned lady, temp. 
Cicero. 

Caesar, cce'-sar. 1. A Roman patrician 
family of the Julian gens, descended from 
lulus (Ascaiuus), and probably named from 
the ancestor of the family having a thick head 
of hair [ccBScir'les). When the family gained 
the throne of the Roman empire, the name was 
used by the emperors prefixed to their own 
name, and after Imperator (e. g., Imp. C. 
Tiberius Augustus), but Hadrian allowed 
^EllusVerus to adopt it ; and thereafter it was 
usually conferred on the Heir-Apparent, while 
the emperor was Aicgushis. 2. L. J., consul 
90 B.C., in the Social war, proposed the Lex 
Jii'lia de civita'te, and was killed by Marius, 
87. 3. C. J., brother of (2), the chief orator 
and poet of his age, slain by Marius, 87 B.C. 
4. L. J., son of (3), was uncle by his sister 
Julia to M. Antony, the triumvir, sided with 
the senate, 44 B.C., and was proscribed by An- 
tony, but pardoned. 5. L. J., son of (4), joined 
Pompey, 49 B.C. 6. C, father of (7), was 
praetor, and died at Pisse in 84. 7. C. J., the 
son of (6) and Aurelia, daughter of Cotta, born 
1 2th July, 100 B.C., six years after the birth 
of Pompey and Cicero ; at fifteen years he lost 
his father, and was made priest of Jupiter ; at 
seventeen he married Cornelia, daughter of 
L. Cinna, chief of the Marian party (with which 
he was already connected by his aunt Julia, 



Csesar 



wife of Marius), and was proscribed by Sulla 
for refusing to put away his wife ; he concealed 
himself among the Sabines, and was pardoned 
by Sulla, who predicted his future greatness. 
When he went to study at Rhodes under 
Apollonius Molo, Caesar was seized by pirates, 
whom he threatened to punish ; and, as soon 
as he was ransomed, he fitted out a ship and 
seized and crucified them. By his eloquence 
and liberal life he became popular at Rome ; he 
was quaestor 68, aedile 65, and PontTfex Maxi- 
mus on death of Metellus, 63 ; he opposed the 
punishment of the Catilinarians, with whom 
he was suspected of being in league ; became 
praetor 62, and propraetor of Hispania Ulterior 
61, when he conquered the Lusitanians ; on 
his return to Rome he was made consul, 59, and, 
after passing liberal measures, set over Trans- 
alpine Gaul for five years by the influence of 
Pompey, to whom he had married his daughter 
Julia. He extended the Roman dominions, 
and invaded Britain. Before setting out for 
Gaul, Caesar had formed with Pompey (then 
estranged from the senate) and the wealthy 
M. Crassus the First Triutnvirate, to hold 
the power of the republic between the three ; 
and by their interest his command was pro- 
longed for another five years ; but the deaths 
of Julia and Crassus soon led to a civil war, 
for the ambition of each tolerated neither equal 
nor superior. Pompey rejoined the aristo- 
cratical party, and the senate decreed that 
Csesar should disband his army, which he had 
already offered to do if Pompey would do the 
same ; the tribunes, M. Antonius and Q. Cas- 
sius, vetoed the decree, but in vain, and 
Antony fled to Caesar's camp, who made the 
insult thus offered to the sacred person of the 
tribune a pretext of war, and crossed the 
Rubicon, the boundary of his province ; by that 
act declaring war. Pompey, his troops de- 
serting him for the people's favourite, retired 
to DyrrhachTum, and Caesar entered Rome, 
thence proceeded to Spain against Pompey's 
partisans under Petreius, Afranlus, and Varro, 
and, after conquering them, returned to Rome, 
where, in the mean time, he had been made 
Dictator. After eleven days he resigned the 
dictatorship and entered on the consulship with 
P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus. In the beginning 
of 48 Caesar crossed to Greece, was repulsed 
from Dyrrhachium, and retreated to Thessaly, 
where, on the plains of Pharsalla, 19th August, 
48, he utterly overthrew Pompey, who fled to 
Egypt and was murdered : he followed to 
Egypt, became enamoured of Cleopatra (who 
bore him a son, Caesarion), and to seat her on 
the throne with her brother Ptolemy he be- 
came involved in the Alexandrine war. In 47 
he marched back to Rome through Syria 
and Asia Minor; in Pontus he defeated, at 
Zela, Pharnaces, son of the great Mithridates 
and ally of Pompe}*', with such ease that he 
announced it to the senate in the laconic 
despatch, Ve r 7ii, vl'di, vi'ci (/ came, I saw, 
J conquered) ; entered Rome September, 47, 
crossed to Africa, defeated the Pompeians, 



.BEE TONS CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Caesarea 



Scipio and Cato, at Thapsus, 6th April, 46, 
returned to Rome in July, and was appointed 
perpetual Dictator ; in 45 he went to Spain, 
and defeated, on 17th March, Pompey's sons, 
Sextus and Cneius, the latter being killed 
shortly afterwards. Caesar returned to Rome 
in triumph, and, on the 15th February, 44, 
declined the diadem, which Antony publicly 
offered him. His glory was shortlived, for a 
conspiracy .-/as set on foot by his enemy Cas- 
sius, and joined by many of his own friends, 
including M. Brutus ; Caesar, though warned 
by his friends and the dream of his wife, Cal- 
purnia(2), proceeded to the senate-house, on the 
Ides (15th) March, 44, where he was stabbed, 
the first thrust being given by Casca, who was 
at once followed by the others ; Caesar defended 
himself till he recognized M. Brutus among 
his assassins, when, exclaiming " T71 qzcoque, 
Brute ! " he muffled his face with his toga and 
fell dead at the base of Pompey's statue. 
Caesar was one of the greatest and best citizens 
of Rome ; his aims, though at first prompted 
by;.«rsonal ambition, finally regarded only the 
good of the Roman world ; his clemency as a 
conqueror presents a striking contrast to the 
inhuman proscriptions of Marius, Sulla, An- 
tony, and Octavianus,who converted Rome into 
a shambles for the noblest of the Romans. He 
has been denounced for overthrowing the Re- 
public, but practically the Republic had ceased 
to exist with the first civil war ; and, while the 
dominions of the Republic had been so extended 
as to include almost the entire world then 
known, the debased herd who constituted the 
popular Assembly were utterly unable to rule 
themselves, far less the provinces : the Senate 
was crowded with old nobles, who thought 
of the provinces merely as fields for enriching 
themselves by extortion ; and the old patrician 
families had lost, with their republican sim- 
plicity, their patriotic virtues. The best proof 
of the necessity of the empire inaugurated by 
Julius Caesar is that his successors constantly 
received addresses from, and were voted statues 
and temples by, the grateful provincials ; and 
the conduct of Caesar proves that he was 
better fitted than any of the other nobles to 
hold the supreme power. Caesar was distin- 
guished for learning, and, during his campaigns 
in Gaul, he wrote his elegant Commentaries, 
nearly lost when he was once upset in the bay 
of Alexandria ; he reformed the calendar, and 
beautified Rome with public buildings, libra- 
ries, and porticos ; he was of great personal 
bravery, and exceedingly liberal, but his cha- 
racter was marred by profligacy. His death 
is said to have been preceded and accompanied 
by uncommon prodigies. 8. C, son of M. 
Vipsanlus Agrippa and Julia, and grandson of 
Augustus, died of a wound, a.d. 4, in Lycia. 

9. L., brother of (8), died at Massilia, a.d. 2. 

10. Augusta, au-gus'-ta, a town built by 
Augustus on the Iberus, in Spain. 

C/ESAREA, cce-sdr-e'-a. 1. A town on Mount 
Argaeus, in Cappadocia, formerly Mazaca. 2. 
& coa5t town between Samaria and Galilee, 



Calavius 



was beautified by Herod 13 B.C. ; named in 
honour of Augustus, and became the capital 
of Palestine. 3. Philippi, phll-ip'-pi, a town 
of Palestine, at the S. base of Mount Hermon, 
built by Philip the Tetrarch 3 B.C. 4. A town 
on the N. coast of Africa. 5. Many small 
towns bore this name. 

C^esarion, cce-sdi'-i-on, son of Julius Caesar 
by Cleopatra, was, at thirteen, proclaimed by 
Antony and his mother king of Cyprus, 
Egypt, and Ccele-syrla ; and lulled, 20 B.C., 
by Augustus. 

Oesarodunum, ca? -sdr-o-dil! -imm, the capi- 
tal of the Turones. 

C/ESENNIUS P.4JTUS, CCZ-Se/i'-Ul-US fi&'-tUS, 

a general under Nero. 

CjESIA, cce'-si-a. 1. A forest in Germany. 
2. Minerva (for the Greek yXavnwiric;, gleam- 
ing, or silvery, eye). 

CjESIUS, cce'-si-7cs. 1. A later Latin poet. 
2. A lyric and epic poet, teinp. Nero. 

C^eso, ccb'-so, a dissolute son of Q. Cincin- 
nati, went over to the Volsci. 

Caicinus, ca-i-ci'-nus, a river of Locris. 

Caicus, cd-l'-cns. 1. A companion of 
/Eneas. 2. A river of Mysia, opposite 
Lesbos. 

Caieta, cai-e'-ta, a promontory and seaport 
of Latium, named from /Eneas's nurse. 

Calaber, Q. Smyrn^eus, cdl'-db-er, smyr- 
iicb'-us, of the 4th century a.d., wrote elegantly 
on the Trojan war in close imitation of 
Homer. 

Calabria, cdl-db'-rl-a, formerly Rlessapia, 
Iapygla, Salentiuia, and Peiccetla, the fertile 
district in south-eastern Italy from Tarentum 
to Iapygium. Ennius was born in Calabria. 

Calabrus, cal'-ab-rus, a river of Calabria. 

Calacte, cal-ac'-te, a coast town on the 
north of Sicily, built 447 B.C. by Ducetius. 

Calagurris, cdl-d-gur'-ris, a town of the 
Vascones. 

Calais, cdl'-d-is (see Zetes). 

Calamis, cdl'-dm-is. 1. An excellent 
carver. 2. An Athenian statuary 450 B.C. 

Calamisa, cal-d-ml'-sa, a place of Samos. 

Calamos, cal'-dm-os. 1. A town near 
Mount Libanus. 2. A town of Phoenicia. 

Calamus, cal-a'-mis, one of the Indian 
Gymnosophistae, burnt himself alive before 
Alexander the Great, whose speedy death he 
predicted : the king died three months after. 

Calathana, cal-a-thd'-na, a town of 
Macedonia. 

Calathes, cal'-d-thes, a town near Tomi. 

Calatia, cd-ld'-ti-a, a. town in SamnTum, 
on Via Appia, colonized by J. Caesar. 

Calatinus, A. Atilius, cd-ld-ti' -7111s , d-tl' 
U-7is, was consul 258 B.C. : when Dictator, 
249, he commanded the army against the 
Carthaginians in Sicily, thus passing out of 
Italy, contrary to precedent. 

Calaurea, cdl-aii-re'-a, or Calauria, cdl- 
aii'-rl-a, an isle near Trcezene, in the bay of 
Argos. 

Calavii, cal-d'-vi-i, a people of Campania. 
Calavius, cal-d'-vi-us, a magistrate of 



66 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Calchas 



Capua, incited the people to join Hannibal, 216 
B.C. 

Cai.chas, caT-chds, a famous soothsayer, 
son of Thestor, was high priest of the Greeks 
against Troy, and informed them that the fleet 
could not sail from Aulis till IphigenTa was 
sacrificed ; that the plague could not be stopped 
till Chryseis was restored to her father ; and that 
Troy could not be taken without Achilles' aid, 
nor without ten years' siege. Calchas had re- 
ceived the gift of divination from Apollo, and 
was to perish on finding a man wiser than him- 
self ; after the Trojan war, at Colophon, he 
could not tell how many figs were on a certain 
tree, and died of grief on Mopsus mentioning 
the exact number. 

Cale, cdl'-e, Cales, cdl'-es, and Calenum, 
cal-P-num. 1. A town of Campania, founded 
by Calais, and famous for its wines. 2. A sea- 
port in Hispanla Tarraconensis. 

Caledonia, cdl-e-ddu'-i-a, the country in the 
north of Britain (now A/. Scotland), into which 
the Romans couid never penetrate. The red- 
dish hair and lofty stature of its inhabitants 
were regarded by Tacitus as identifying them 
with the Germans. 

Calenus, cdl-e'-nus. 1. A famous sooth- 
sayer of Etruria temp. Tarquin. 2. Q. Fufius, 
fu'-fi-us, tribune of the plebs 61 B.C., supported 
Antony. 

Calesius, cdl-e'-si-us, charioteer of Axylus. 

Caletes, cdl'-et-es, or Caleti, cdl'-et-i, a 
people of Gallia Belgica. 

Caletor, cal-e 1 -tor, a Trojan prince, slain 
by Ajax. 

Cai.ex, cal'-ex, a river of Asia Minor falling 
into the Euxine. 

Calidius, Q., cal-zd'-l-its. 1. Tribune of the 
plebs 99 B.C. 2. M., son of (1), an orator, 
and praetor 57 B.C., supported Caesar. 

Caligula, C, cal-lg'-nl-a, emperor a.d. 
37—41, so named (little boot) by the soldiers, 
from his wearing when a boy the military 
cal'igee ; was son of Germamcus and AgrippTna, 
and grandson of Tiberius, whom he succeeded in 
37. He reigned excellently for eight months, and 
then, after a serious illness, became maniacal ; 
he built a temple to himself, caused his head to 
be placed on the images of the gods, and acted 
with the utmost indecency and cruelty' ; he built 
a bridge of boats between Baise and Puteoli 
(three miles), and covered it with houses ; he 
gave a grand entertainment on it, and flung 
manjr of his guests into the sea : at last he 
was murdered, with his wife Caesonia and his 
daughter, on the 24th of January, 41, by 
Cassius Chasrea, a praetorian tribune, and 
others. 

Callaici, cal-ld'-T-ci, a people of LusitanTa. 
Callatebus, cal-la-te'-bus, a town of 
Caria. 

Callati^e, cal-ld'-tl-ce, also called Padcet, 
Indian cannibals. 

Callatis, cat-ldi-is, a town of Mcesia, on 
the Euxine. 

Calliades, cal-U'-d-des, a magistrate of 
Athens temp. Xerxes' invasion. 



Calliphon 

Callias, cal'-U-as. 1. An Athenian, am- 
bassador to Artaxerxes. 2. A son of Temenus. 
3. A Greek poet, son of Lysimachus. 4. An 
author of a history of Sicilian wars. _ 5. An 
Athenian greatly revered for his patriotism. 6. 
A soothsayer. 7. A successful Athenian com- 
mander of a fleet against Philip. 8. A historian, 
wrote on the poems of Alcaeus and Sappho. 9. 
A wealthy Athenian, liberated Cimon. 

Callicerus, cal-li-ce? -rus , a Greek epigram- 
matist. 

Callichorus, cal-Uch'-or-us, a place of 
Phocis, the scene of the annual celebration of 
Bacchanalia. 

Callicles, cal'-U-clcs, a statuary of Megara. 

Callicrates, cal-lid-rdt-es. 1. Or Callip- 
pus, cal-lip'-pus, an Athenian, 353 B.C., usurped 
the sovereignty of Syracuse for thirteen months, 
and was expelled by the sons of Dionysius, aad 
soon murdered. 2. A famous Spartan artist in 
ivory. 3. An Athenian, fell at Plataea. 4. An 
officer set over Susa by Alexander. 5. A Syrian, 
wrote a biography of Aurelian. 6. An A»;<-rein, 
betrayed his countrymen to Rome, 168 b.~ 

Callicratidas, cal-li-crdf-i-das. 1 A 
Spartan, succeeded Lysander in command of 
the fleet, 406 B.C. ; took Methymna, and block- 
aded Conon, in Mytilene, but was defeated 
and killed off Arginusae by another Athenian 
fleet. 2. One of the four Spartan envoys to 
Darius on their rupture with Alexander. 3. A 
Pythagorean writer. 

Callidius, cal-ttd'-l-us, an orator, temp. 
Cicero. 

Callidromus, cal-Ud'-rom-us, part of Mount 
CEta. 

Calligetus, cal-U-ge'-tus, a native of 
Megara, received in exile by Pharnabazus. 

Callimachus, cal-U»i'-dck-us. x. A gram- 
marian and poet of Cyrene, in Africa, son of 
Battus and Mesatma, and pupil of Hermo- 
crates, taught at Alexandria temp. Ptolemy 
Philadelphus, and was librarian of the Alexan- 
drine Museum from 260 B.C. till his death, 240. 
Among his pupils were Eratosthenes, Aristo- 
phanes ypa/jLuariKog, and Apollonius of Rhodes. 
He quarrelled with the last named, and wrote 
a satire, Ibis, in imitation of Ovid's. Callim- 
achus wrote epigrams, elegies, hymns, trea- 
tises on famous men, birds, &c. 2. An 
Athenian general, fell at Marathon. 3. A 
Colophonian, wrote a life of Homer. 

Callimedon, cal-lint '-e-don, a partisan of 
Phoclon, at Athens, condemned by the 
people. 

Callinus, cal-ll-nus, of Ephesus, invented 
elegiac poetry, 700 B.C. 

Calliope, cal-li'-op-e, one of the Muses, 
daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, presided 
over eloquence and heroic poetry. She bore 
Orpheus to Apollo, and settled the quarrel be- 
tween Venus and Proserpine about Adonis. 
She was represented crowned with laurels, a 
trumpet in her right hand, and books in her 
left. 

Calliphon, eaF-l£-phdn. 1. A tamous 
painter of Samos. 2. A Greek, disciple of 




5 



SEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Callipidse 

Epicurus, made the Supreme Good consist in 
Pleasure plus the Love of Honesty. 

Callipid^e, cal-lip'-i-dcB, a people of Scythia. 

Callipolis, cal-lip'-dl-is. i. A city of 
Thrace, opposite Lampsacus. 2. A coast town 
on the east of Sicily. 3. A city on a rocky isle 
in the Tarentine gulf in Calabria, joined to the 
land by a bridge. 4. A town of iEtolia, also 
called Calllum. 

Callippides, cal-lip'-pid-es, an Athenian 
tragic actor, temp. Alcibiades. 

Callippus, cal-lip' -pus . 1. See Callicrates 
(1). 2. A Corinthian, historian of Orchomenos. 
3. An astronomer of Cyzicus, assisted Aristotle 
in revising and completing Eudoxus's dis- 
coveries. 4. An Athenian general on the 
Gauls' invasion by Thermopylae. 

Callirrhoe, cal-lir'-rho-e. 1. A daughter of 
the Scamander, married Tros, and bore Ilus, 
Ganymede, and AssarScus. Coresus, a priest 
of Bacchus at Calydon, in Boeotia, became 
enamoured of her, and on her treating him 
with disdain, he complained to Bacchus, who 
sent a pestilence, and the Calydonians were 
directed by the oracle to sacrifice Callirrhoe 
on his altar. Coresus led the nymph to the 
altar, but stabbed himself; and Calirrhoe 
killed herself on the brink of a fountain in 
Attica, which afterwards bore her name. 2, A 
daughter ofOceanus and Tethys,bore Echidna, 
Orthos, and Cerberus to Chrysaor. 3 A 
daughter of King Lycus, of Libya, entertained 
Diomedes on his return from Troy, and killed 
herself on his leaving her. 4. A daughter of 
the Achelous, married Alcmseon (q. v.). 5. A 
beautiful daughter of Phocus the Bceotian : her 
father was murdered by her admirers from his 
coldness, and Calirrhoe avenged him by aid 
of the Boeotians. 

Calliste, cal-lis'-te, the isle Thera (q. v.). 

Callisteia, cal-lis-tei'-a, a festival at Les- 
bos and among the Parrhasians, when a prize 
was given to the most beautiful woman ; at a 
similar festival the Elearis gave the hand- 
somest man a complete suit of armour, which 
he dedicated to Minerva. 

Callisthenes, cal-lis'-thhi-is. 1. A Greek, 
wrote a history of Greece, from the peace with 
Artaxerxes to the plundering of Delphi by 
Philomelus the Phocian, 357 B.C.. 2. A philo- 
sopher of Olynthus, intimate with Alexander, 
was accused of conspiracy and poisoned, 
328 B.C. 3. A freedman of Lucullus, whom he 
poisoned. 

Callisto, cal-lis'-to, or Helice, hel'-i-ce, 
daughter of King Lycaun, of Arcadia, one of 
Diana's attendants, bore to Jupiter a son, 
Areas, who was exposed, but saved. Juno 
changed Callisto into a bear, but Jupiter made 
her and Areas a constellation. 

Callistratus, cal-lis'-trdt-us. 1. An Athe- 
nian, made general, with Timotheus and 
ChabrTas, against Sparta. 2. An orator of 
Aphidna, temp. Epaminondas. 3. An Athe- 
nian orator, intimate with Demosthenes. 4. A 
Greek historian. 5. A comic poet, temp. 
Aristophanes. 



Calyce 



Calor, cdl'-or, a river of Samnium, near 
Beneventum, falls into the Vulturnus. 

Calpe, cal'-pe. 1. See Columns Herculis. 
2. A coast town of Bithynia. 

Calpurnia, cal-ptir'-ni-a, or Calphurnia, 
cal-phuS-m-a. 1. A Roman patrician gens, 
descended from Numa's son, Calpus, and 
divided into the families of Piso, Bibiilus, 
Flamma, Caesennlnus, Asprenas, &c. 2. A 
daughter of L. Piso, was Julius Caesar's fourth 
wife. The night before his murder she dreamed 
the roof had fallen in, and that he was stabbed 
in her arms : she vainly tried to dissuade him 
from going to the senate-house. 3. A daughter 
of Marius, sacrificed to the gods by her father 
when going against the Cimbri. 4. A favourite 
of the emperor Claudius. 5. Lex, 150 B.C., 
against bribery. 

Calpurnius, Bestia, cal-pur'-ni-tis, bes'- 
ti-a. 1. A noble Roman, bribed by Jugurtha. 
2. Crassus, cras'-sus, went with Regulus 
against the Massyli, was seized by the enemy, 
j and ordered to be sacrificed to Neptune ; but 
Bisaltia, the daughter of the king, was 
enamoured of him, and enabled him to escape 
and conquer her father : on Calpurnius return- 
ing victorious, Bisaltia killed herself. 3. A 
conspirator against the emperor Nerva. 4. 
Piso, pl'-so, condemned for using treasonable 
words against Tiberius. 5. Galerianus, ga'- 
ler-i-d'-7ius, son of Piso, was put to death. 6. 
Titus, tl'-tus, a Latin poet, native of Sicily, 
temp. Diocletian, wrote eclogues (seven of 
which are extant) containing some fine lines ; 
but, as a whole, they are greatly inferior to 
Virgil's. 7. Frugi, frii'-gi, wrote Aimdles, 
130 B.C. 

Calusidius, cal-tt-sid'-i-us, a soldier under 
Germanlcus. 

Calusium, cal-u'-si-um, a town of Etruria. 

Calvia, cal'-vi-a, a female favourite of 
Nero. 

Calvina, cal-vi'-na, a profligate Roman 
woman. 

Calvinus, Cn. Domitius, cal-vi'-nus do7ii- 
it'-i-us. 1. Received the surname Max'hmis 
when consul, 283 B.C., from his defeat, with 
his colleague Dolabella, of the Gauls and 
Etruscans. 2. Cn. Domitius, tribune of plebs 
59 B.C., supported Bibulus against Caesar, and 
through Pompey's influence received the con- 
sulship in 53 ; but he afterwards went over to 
Caesar, under whom he fought in the civil wars. 
After Caesar's murder, he supported OctaviSnus 
(Augustus) and Antony. 

Calvisius, cal-vis'-i-us. 1. A friend of 
Augustus. 2. A profligate Rown woman. 

Calvus, Corn. Licinius, cal'-vus W- 
chi'-i-us, a famous orator, poet, and satirical 
writer, te7np. Cicero. 

Calybe, cal'-y-be. 1. A town of Thrace. 
2. The mother of Bucolion, by Laomedon. 3. 
The priestess of Juno's temple at Ardea, temp, 
./Eneas. 

Calycadnus, cdl-y-cad'-nus, a river of 
Cilicia. 

Calyce, cal'-$-ce. 1. A daughter of ^Eolus, 



68 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Calydium 

the son of Helenus and Enaretta, bore Endy- 
mion, king of Elis, to ^Ethllus, son of Jupiter. 
2. A Greek girl, enamoured of Evathlus, in 
despair flung herself from a precipice. 

Calydium, cd-lyd'-i-um, a town on the 
Appia Via. 

Calydn^e, ca-lyd'-na>. i. Two isles off 
Troas. 2. A small cluster of the Sporades, 
off Caria. 

Calydon, cat-y-ddn. 1. A city of TEtolia, on 
the Evenus, named from Calydon, the son of 
/Etolus. During the reign of GEneus, father 
of Meleager, Diana sent a boar to ravage the 
country, from the king neglecting her divinity. 
All the princes of the age assembled at the fa- 
mous Hunt of the Calydoniaji Boar : Meleager 
killed the animal and gave its head to Ata- 
lanta, of whom he was enamoured ; the skin 
was preserved in the temple of Minerva Alea, 
and the tusks were kept by the Arcadians at 
Tegea, whence they were carried away by 
Augustus for the Tegeans having supported 
Antony, and they were long shown at Rome ; 
one of them was half an ell long, and the 
other was broken. 2. A son of ^Etolus and 
Pronoe, daughter of Phorbas, gave his name 
to(i). 

Calydonis, cal-y-do'-nis, Deianlra, as living 
in Calydon. 

Calymne, cd-lym'-ne, the largest of the 
Calydnae (2). 

Calynda, cd-lyn'-da, a town of Caria. 

Calypso, cd-lyp'-sd, an Oceanid, or a 
daughter of Atlas, was goddess of silence, 
and reigned in Ogygla. She entertained 
Ulysses when shipwrecked, and offered him 
immortality if he would be her husband and 
remain with her ; he refused, but she detained 
him seven years, when, by order of Mercury, 
Jupiter's messenger, she let him depart. By 
Ulysses she had Nausithous and Nausinous. 

Camalodunum, cam'-al-o-du!-num, capital 
of the Trinobantes, the first Roman colony in 
Britain, founded by the emperor Claudius, 

A - ' 43- - 1 „ „ , 

Camarina, cam-a-rl -na, a city near the 
south coast of Sicily, on the Hipparis, founded 
by Syracuse, 599 B.C., but given to Hippo- 
crates of Gela, who rebuilt it ; his son, Gelon, 
on gaining sovereignty of Syracuse, again re- 
built it. In the first Punic war the Romans took 
it and sold the people as slaves. Near it was 
a noxious marsh, which the inhabitants, 
contrary to the command of an oracle, had 
drained, and thus opened a way to their ene- 
mies to plunder the city ; whence the proverb, 
Ne mov'eas Cdmdri'nam, to dissuade from a 
dangerous attempt. 

Cambre, cam'-bre, a place near Puteoli. 

Cambuni Montes, cam-bu'-ni mon'-tes, 
mountains of Macedonia, separating Elymiotis 
from Pelagonia. 

Cambyses, cam-by'-ses. 1. King of Persia, 
son of Cyrus the Great, whom he succeeded 529 
B.C., conquered Egypt, lost in the sands an 
army against the Ammonians, and had to return 
to Egypt from an expedition against /Ethiopia, 



Campania 

from want of provisions ; he treated the Egyp- 
tians very cruelly, killed their god Apis, and 
murdered his brother Smerdis, who was, how- 
ever, personated by a Magian, who claimed 
the throne ; Cambyses set out against the 
impostor, but, when mounting his horse, acci- 
dentally wounded himself with his sword in 
the thigh and died, 522. 2. A person of obscure 
birth, was father of Cyrus the Great, by 
Mandane, daughter of Astyages (q. v.). 

Camen^e, cd-me'-nce, or Casmen^e, cas- 
7ne'-uce {songstresses), the Muses. 

Cameria, cd-mei '-l-a, a town of Latium. 

Camerinum, cdm-e-rl'-num, or Camers, 
cdm'-ers, a town of Umbria, near Picenum, 
faithful to Rome. 

Camerinus, cdm-e-rf-mts. 1. A Latin poet, 
temp. Ovid, wrote on the capture of Troy by 
Hercules. 2. Sulpicius, sul-pi'-ci-us, one of 
the commissioners to collect for the Romans 
the best of Solon's laws at Athens. 

Camilla, cd-mil'-la, queen of the Volsci, 
daughter of King Metabus, of Privernum, and 
Casmilla, was inured to hunting and conse- 
crated to Diana. She assisted Turnus against 
./Eneas, and died of a wound received from 
Aruns. 

Camillus, M. Furius, cd-mil'-hcs fu'-ri-us, 
called a second Romulus for his services to 
Rome, censor 403 B.C., dictator 396, defeated 
the Faliscans and Fidenates, and took Veii 
(q.v.); in 391 he voluntarily exiled himself 
when accused of embezzling the Veientine 
spoils, but returned at the head of an army, 390, 
when Brennus (q.v.) and his Gauls held Rome, 
and delivered his country from the barbarians ; 
in 367 he again defeated the Gauls, and died of 
the pestilence, 365, aged 82. Camillus had 
been five times dictator, once censor, thrice 
interrex, twice military tribune, and had four 
triumphs. 

Camiro, cd-ml'-ro, and Clytia, clyt'-i-a, 
daughters of Pandarus, of Crete, were, by 
Jupiter's orders, delivered by the Harpies to 
the Furies for their father being accessory to 
the impiety of Tantalus. 

Camirus, cd-vd'-rus, a town on the west 
coast of Rhodes, named from Camirus, a son 
of Hercules and Iole. 

Campana Lex, cam-fid'-na lex, or Julian 
agrarian law, enacted by Julius Csesar, 63 B.C., 
to divide some lands among the people. 

Campania, camfd'-uZ-a, a volcanic district 
of Italy, bounded by Latium, Samnlum, Lu- 
canla, and the Tyrrhenian sea ; its capital was 
Capua (Cawpd'na urbs). Its first settlers were 
the Osci and Ausones ; it was conquered by 
the Etruscans, and, after its conquerors be- 
came enervated by luxury, the hardy Samnites 
descended to the sunny plains from their moun- 
tains and surprised Capua, 423 B.C., and about 
eighty years afterwards the Romans conquered 
it. The soil was very fertile, the scenery beau- 
tiful, and the climate delightful ; it abounded 
with country-houses of the rich Romans, and 
Baise was their favourite watering-place ■ its 
rivers were the Vultiirnus, Liris, Savo, Cla- 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



69 



Campe 

tthiS, Sebethus, Sarnus, Sildrns ; its lakes, 
Lucrtnus, Acherusla, Avermis, Literna. 

Campe, cam'-pe, kept the hundred-handed 
monsters confined in Tartarus, and was killed 
by Jupiter for refusing to let them assist him 
against the Titans. 

Campi Diomedis, cam'-pi di-o-me'-dis, a 
plain in Apulia. 

Campi Raudii, cam'-pi ratt-di-i, a plain in 
the north of Italy. 

Campus Martius, cam' -pus viar 1 -ti-tcs , a 
plain in the bend of the Tiber, outside Rome's 
waiis. There the youths performed their 
bodily and military exercises, the public Assem- 
blyof the centuries was held, and ambassadors 
received ; temp. Augustus, much of it was occu- 
pied by public buildings, and it was included 
within the walls by Aurelian. It was consecrated 
to Mars on the expulsion of the Tarquins. 

Canace, cdn'-d-ce, a daughter of ^Eolus and 
Enaretta, became enamoured of her brother 
Macareus, and was put to death by ^Eolus. 

Can^e, cci'-nce, a city and mountainous pro- 
montory of ^Eolia. 

Canari^e, ca-na! -rt-ce , the largest of tbe 
Beatse or Fortunatse Insulae, now Canary 
Islands. 

Candace, can-da'-ce, a queen of the Ethio- 
pians of Meroe, invaded Egypt 22 B.C., and 
was repulsed by Petronius. — The name was 
common to the queens of ./Ethiopia. 

Candaules, can-dau'-les, or Myrsilus, 
myr'-sil-us, son of Myrsus, was the last of the 
Heraclidse on the Lydian throne ; for grossly 
insulting his wife, she caused his murder by his 
minister Gyges, whom she married and made 
king, 715 B.C. 

Candavii Montes, can-da'-vi-i mon'-tes, 
mountains separating Illyricum from Mace- 
donia. 

Candiope, can-di'-op-e, a daughter of 
CEnopIon. 

Canens, cdu'-ens, or Venilia, ven-l'-li-a, a 
nymph, daughter of Janus and wife of King 
Picus of the Laurentines, was changed into a 
voice by Circe when her husband was made 
a bird. 

Canephoria, can-e-phor'-i-a, the service at 
festivals performed by several virgins, espe- 
cially in the Panathsensea, when they went in 
the procession and carried small baskets of 
gold, containing fruit, &c. ; each virgin was 
called a cdne'phoros. 

Canidia, ca-nld'-l-a, or Gratidia, gra- 
tid'-i-a, a woman of Neapolis, was loved by 
Horace and ridiculed by him as a sorceress 
when she deserted him. 

Caninefates, can-i-ne-fa'-tes, a. people of 
Ge-many, near Gorcum, in Holland. 

Caninius Rebilus, C, cd-nl'-ni-us reb'- 
il-us. 1. Elected consul as colleague to Julius 
Caesar, on death of Trebonius, for the re- 
maining seven hours of the consular year ; 
whence Cicero observed that Rome owed 
much to his vigilance, as he had not slept 
firing all his consulship. 2. L., a lieutenant 
?f Csesar in Gaul. 3. Gallus, gal'-lus, a 



Capito 

friend of Cicero. 4. Rufus, rii'-fus, a friend 
of the younger Pliny. 

Canis, cdn'-is, the Great Dog constellation, 
in which the principal star was Canis, or 
Canl'cula, also Sl'rlus ; the Cdni'culd'res Dl'es 
[dog days) were certain days in the summer 
in which the star Canis was supposed to in- 
fluence the season and cause great heat. 

Canius, cdn'-i-tts. 1. A poet of Gades, 
temp. Martial. 2. A Roman knight, curiously 
deceived by Pythius in the sale of an estate. 

Cannae, can'-nce, a village of Apulia, near 
the Auf Tdus, scene of Hannibal's defeat of the 
Romans, 216 B.C. 

Canopus, cd-uo'-pus, a city of Lower Egypt, 
tweive miles east of Alexandria, at the west 
or Canopic mouth of the Nile ; its inhabitants 
were very luxurious ; it was named from the 
pilot of Menelaus's ship, who died from the 
bite of a serpent and was buried there. Virgil 
calls it Pella:'us, from its being near Alexandria, 
which was built by Alexander, a native of 
Pella. 

Cantabri, can'-ta-bri, a warlike people in 
the north of Spain, were conquered by Au- 
gustus. 

Cantium, can'-tt-um, a country in the 
south-east of Britain, now the county of Kent. 

Canuleia Lex, cdn-u-le'-i-a lex {see Canu- 
leius). 

CANUJJEiXJS,cdn-zt-le , -z-ies, tribune ofplebs 445 
B.C., passed a law to legalize marriages between 
plebeians and patricians, and restrict one con- 
sulship to the plebeians. 

Canusium, cd-m7s / -i-7(m, a town of Apulia, 
on the AufTdus, where the Roman fugitives 
from Cannae took refuge : it was built by 
Diomedes. 

"Canutius Tiberinus, cd-Jiu'-ti-us tlb-e-rl'- 
nus, a tribune of plebs, satirized Antony, and 
fell in the proscription. 

Capaneus, cdp'-dn-e?es, son of Hipponous 
and Astinome, and husband of Evadne, was 
one of the Seven against Thebes, which he 
declared he would take in spite of Jupiter : 
the god struck him with lightning, and his 
wife killed herself. 

Capella, cd-pel'-la. 1. An elegiac poet, 
temp. Julius Caesar. 2. Martianus, mar-ti-a'- 
nus, a Carthaginian, a.d. 490; wrote poems, 
&c. 3. A gladiator. 4. Also Capra, cdp'-ra, 
the chief star in the constellation Auriga, was 
supposed to have been the nymph or goat 
Amalthea. 

Capena, cd-pe'-na, an ancient Etrurian town, 
founded by the Veientines, and conquered 
395 B.C., by Rome, celebrated for Feronla's 
grove and temple. 

Capetus, cdp'-et-us. i. A king of Alba for 
26 years. 2. A suitor of Hippodamla. 

Caphareus, cdph-d'-rens, a mountain and 
promontory in the south-east of Euboea, where 
the Greeks returning from Troy were wrecked, 
through King Naupllus displaying a beacon, 
to avenge the death of his son Palamedes. 

Capito, cdp'-l-to. 1. The uncle of Pater- 
ciilus, joined Agrippa against Crassus. a. 



70 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Capitolini 



Fonteius, fon-te'-i'iis, sent by Antony to settle 
his disputes with Augustus. 3. C. Ateius, 
a-te'-i-us, an eminent jurist under Augustus 
and Tiberius. 

Capitolini Ludi, cap'-i-td-ll'-ni lu'-di, 
annual Roman games, instituted 387 B.C., in 
honour of Jupiter having saved the Capitol 
from the Gauls (390). 

Capitolinus, cap'-i-td-li'-nus. 1. Jupiter, 
from his temple on Mount Capitolinus. 2. M. 
Manlius, man'-li-us (q.v.). 3. A mountain 
at Rome, called also Ta7pei'us and Satur'ni 
Mons, on which the Capitollum was built. 
4. J., a biographer of Verus, the Gordians, 
&c, te7iip. Diocletian. 

Capitolium, cap-i-to'-ti-wn, the temple of 
Jupiter Optlmus Maxlmus and citadel of 
Rome, on the S. summit of the Mons Capito- 
linus. The foundations were laid by Tar- 
quinlus Priscus, 615 B.C. ; the walls were 
raised by Servlus Tulllus, and the building 
completed by Tarquinius Superbus, 533, and 
consecrated by the consul M. Horatlus, 507. 
It was burnt during the civil war of Marius, 
84 ; rebuilt by Sulla, and consecrated by 
Q. Catulus ; was destroyed under Vitellms, 
a.d. 69 ; partially rebuilt by Vespasian, but 
was again in ruins at his death, and was finally 
rebuilt by Domitian, who spent 12,000 talents 
on the gilding. The ascent to the Capitol 
was by 100 steps : the temple was extraordi- 
narily magnificent and rich ; the consuls suc- 
cessively made donations to it, and Augustus 
bestowed on it at one time 2,000 lb. of gold ; 
its gates were of bronze, and its roof gilt, and 
it was adorned with vessels and shields of 
solid silver, golden chariots, valuable paintings, 
statues, &c. There were three shrines in the 
temple, dedicated respectively to Jupiter, Juno, 
and Minerva. The consuls offered sacrifices in 
it on first entering on office and triumphal 
processions were always conducted to it. 

Cappadocia, cap-pd-do'-ci-a, a country of 
Asia Minor, bounded on the north by GalatTa 
and Pontus, west by Phrygia, east by the 
Euphrates, south by Cilicia. Under the Per- 
sians it comprised two satrapies, — Cappadocia 
the Greater and the district afterwards called 
Pontus ; the latter was more fertile, and pro- 
duced valuable timber. Cappadocia was noted 
for its breed of horses and mules. On the 
death of Archelaus, a.d. 17, at Rome, it be- 
came a Roman province : most of its kings 
were called Ariarathes (q. v.). Its mountain 
ranges were Paryadres, Scydisses, Taurus, 
Antitmirus, Argczus ; its rivers were the 
Halys and Melas. 

Capra, cap'-ra (see Capella). 

Capraria, cdp-ra'-rl-a, an islet off Etruria. 

CaprEjE, cap'-re-cE, an isle at the S. entrance 
of the Gulf of Puteoli ; abounded in quails, and 
was noted for the residence and debaucheries 
of the emperor Tiberius in the last seven 
years of his reign. 

Capreje Palus, cdp'-re-ce pdl'-zcs, a place 
near Rome, where Romulus disappeared. 

Capricornus, cdp-ri-cor'-nus (the Goafs 



Cares 



Honi), a sign of the zodiac, between Sagittarius 
and Aquarius, in which are 28 stars. It was be- 
lieved to be Pan, who changed himself into 
a goat when frightened at the approach of 
Typhon. (See Capella.) 

Capsa, cap'-sa, a town o~ Libya, in Byza- 
cium, on an oasis surrounded by vast deserts 
full of snakes. 

Capua, cdp'-ii-ci, originally Vultur J 7Mm, and 
called by the conquering Tyrrheni after their 
leader Capys (or a Trojan, or the Samnite 
conqueror), the capital of Campania and 
chief city of the southern Tyrrheni ; was con- 
quered, 420 B.C. , by the Samnites ; and another 
body of Samnites assailed it in 343, when it, 
for protection, became subject to Rome. It 
I revolted to Hannibal, after Cannae, 216 ; and, 
after five years, was taken by the Romans, 
who slew the senators and principal inhabit- 
| ants, and sold the remainder into slavery. It 
was colonized by Julius Caesar, and flourished 
under the emperors. 

Capys, cdp'-ys. r. A Trojan, accompanied 
^Eneas and founded Capua : he had opposed 
Thjrmcetes when the wooden horse was intro- 
duced into Troy. 2. A son of Assaracus, by a 
daughter of the Slmois, was father of Anchises 
by Themis. 3. Silvius, sil'-vi-us, a king of 
Alba for 28 years. 

Car, car, a son of Manes, married Callir- 
rhoe, and gave his name to Caria. 2. A son 
of King Phoroneus of Megara. 

Caracalla, car-a-cal'-la(see Antoninus 3). 

Caractacus, car-ad -tdc-us, king of the Si- 
lures, in S.W. Britain, was defeated and betraj'ed 
by Cartismandua, queen of the Brigantes, to 
the Romans, a.d. 51, and pardoned by Claudius 
for his noble behaviour and pathetic speech. 

Caralis, cdr'-d-lis, the chief city of Sardinia. 

Caranus, car'-a-uus. 1. One of the Hera- 
clldae, founded the Macedonian empire, 814 
b. c. 2. A harbour of Phoenicia. 3. A general 
of Alexander. 

Carbo, car'-bo. 1. A Roman orator, killed 
himself 119 B.C. 2. Cneius, ciui'-tis, his son, 
embraced the party of Marius 87 B.C., suc- 
ceeded Cinna 85, and was killed at Lilybaeum, 
82, by Pompey's orders. 

Carchedon, car-che'-don, Carthage (q. v.). 

Carcinos, car'-cm-os (crab-fish), the con- 
stellation Cancer. 

Carcinus, car-ci'-7ins. 1. A tragic poet of 
Agrigentum, temp. Philip. 2. An Athenian 
general, te77ip. Pericles. 

Cardamyle, car-dam' -y-le, a town of Mes- 
senia. 

Cardea, car'-de-a, a Roman goddess, pre- 
sided over hinges of doors. (See Carna.) 

Cardia, car'-di-a, a town of the Thracian 
Chersonese ; on its site Lys'widch'ia was built. 

Carduchi, ca7--du'-chi, a warlike tribe of 
mountaineers between Assyria and Armenia. 

Cares, ca'-res, the inhabitants of Caria, 
cd'-ri-a, a fertile country of Asia Minor, south 
of Lydia, became powerful, and seized the 
neighbouring /Egean isles, whence they were 
dislodged by King Minos of Crete ; their 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Carilla 

uominions were reduced by the invasion of 
Nileus, son of Codrus, and the settlements of 
Greek colonists, and the Carians then took to 
piracy. The chief river of Caria was the 
Mceander, and the chief town Halicarnassus, 
where was the residence of the native princes, 
tributaries of Lydia and Persia. (See Leleges. ) 

Carilla, cd-rii'-la, or Cerill^e, ce-ril'-lcs, 
a town on the west coast of Bruttmm. 

Carin^e, ca-rl'-ncz, a fashionable district on 
the south-west of the Esquiline, in Rome. 

Carinus, M. Aurelius, ca-ri'-nus au-re.- 
Iz-us, succeeded, with his brother NumeriSnus, 
his father Carus as emperor, 283 A.D., and was 
defeated and killed by Diocletian, a.d. 285 ; 
he was infamous for his debaucheries. 

Carmania, car-md'-7iL-a, a. country of Asia, 
between Persia and Gedrosia. 

Carmelus, car-7iie' -Ins , a mountain-chain 
of Palestine. 

Carmenta, car-jnen'-ta, or Carjientis, 
tar-men'-tis, originally Nicos'trdta, a pro- 
phetess of Arcadia, mother of Evander, with 
whom she came to Italy sixty years before the 
Trojan war, and was received by King Faunus : 
after death she was deified, and had a temple 
at Rome. She was identified with the Greek 
Themis. 

Carmentalis Porta, car , -7nen-ta! -lis por'- 
ta, afterwards Scelerd'ta, from the Fabii 
having passed through it on their fatal expe- 
dition, a gate of Rome, at the south-west base 
of the Capitoline, near Carmenta's altar. 

Carna, car'-Tia, a Roman goddess, presided 
over the human body and the exterior of 
houses ; the Romans offered her beans, bacon, 
and vegetables. She has been confounded 
with Cardea (q. v.). 

Carneades, car-fie'-a-des, a philosopher of 
Cyrene, in Africa, founded the Third, or New 
Academy ; was ambassador from Athens, along 
with Diogenes the Stoic, and Critolaus the 
Peripatetic, 155 B.C., to Rome. The Roman 
youths eagerly attended their lectures on phi- 
losophy, and Cato the Censor persuaded the 
Senate to send them back with speed, lest the 
youths should be withdrawn from arms and 
war. Carneades died in 129, aged 85. 

_ Carneia, car-fiei'-a, a Greek festival, espe- 
cially at Sparta, where it was instituted in 
honour of Apollo Carneios, 675 B.C. The 
priest was called u.y>]T>i<;, and from every tribe 
five Kapveurui were chosen as ministers, and 
for the four years of their office they had to 
remain celibate. During the celebration no 
war could be carried on ; at the festival Kap- 
\,elot vdfjiui were sung by musicians, and prizes 
awarded. Terpander gained the first prize. 

Carnus, car 1 -iius, an Acarnanian, was in- 
structed by Apollo in the art of divination, and 
murdered by the Dorians, whom Apollo pun- 
ished with a pestilence, to obtain release from 
which the Dorians established the Carneia. 

Carnutes, car-Jiii'-tes, a people of Gallia 
Celtlca. 

Carpates, car'-pat-es, or Al'pes Bastar'- 
utia, mountains in the northern parts of Dacia. 



Carus 



Carpathus, car'-path-us, an isle between 
Rhodes and Crete ; the sea near it was called 
the Carpathian : it was about twenty miles in 
circumference; it had four towns, the chief 
being Nisirus. 

Carpophora, car-poph'-or-a (fruitful'), a 
name of Ceres and Proserpine, in Tegea. 

Carpophorus, car-poph'-or-us, an actor, 
temp. Domitian. 

Carrie, ca^-rcB, a town of Osroene, in 
Mesopotamia. 

Carrinas Secundus, car-rl'-?ias se-am'- 
dus, an Athenian rhetorician, banished from 
Rome by Caligula. 

Carseoli, car-se'-ol-i, a town of the ./Equi. 

Carteia, car-tei'-a, or Tartessus, tar- 
tes'-sus, a town at the south of Spain, near the 
Sea of Gades. 

Cartena, car-te'-7ia, a coast town of Mau- 
retania. 

Carth.ea, car-thce'-a, a town on the south 
of Ceos. 

Carthaginienses, car'-thd-gi7i'-i-eii'-ses, 
the inhabitants of Carthago, car-thd'-go, 
.called Karche'don by the Greeks), a celebrated 
city on the north coast of Africa, founded from 
Tyre, about 850 B.C., by Dido (q. v.). It 
flourished for 700 years, and was at its zenith 
temp. Hannibal : during the first Punic war it 
contained 700,000 inhabitants. It maintained 
three famous wars against Rome {see Punicum 
Bellum), in the third of which, after a heroic 
defence, it was totally destroyed by Scipio, 
the second Africanus, 147 B.C., when only 
5,000 persons were found within its walls. 
The citadel was Byrsa (hide, from Dido having 
purchased from the king of the country as 
much land as she could cover with an ox's 
hide : she cut it up into strips) : it had an 
inner harbour, Cothon, and a suburb, Magalia. 
The government was oligarchical ; there was a 
senate, partly elective and partly hereditary ; 
a smaller executive council, Geru'sia, of one 
hundred, two chief magistrates (Suffetes) ; and 
a popular assembly of the citizens. After its 
destruction by the Romans, the city lay in 
ruins till it was colonized by the Gracchi. 
Under Julius Caesar and Augustus it was re- 
built, and enlarged by Hadrian, who called a 
part of it Ha'dridnop'olis. It was conquered 
from the Romans by Genseric and his Vandals 
a.d. 439, who made it the seat of the Vandal 
empire in Africa ; it was retaken by Belisarius 
533, and conquered by the Saracens 698. 

Carthago, Magna, car-thd'-go /iiag'-7ia. 
1. See Carthaginienses. 2. Nova, 7idv'-a, 
a coast town on the east of HispanTa Tarra- 
conensis, founded 243 B.C. by Hasdrubal, was 
taken by Scipio when Hanno surrendered. 
3. A daughter of Hercules. 

Carus, M. Aurelius, cd'-nts au-re'-lt-us, 
Roman emperor, succeeded Probus, a.d. 282 ; 
conquered the Sarmatians, continued the Per- 
sian war, and died on the Tigris, 283 ; he was 
succeeded by his sons Carinus and Numerianus, 
whom he had associated with him in the 
empire. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



72 



Carventum 



Carventum, car-ven'-tum, a town of the 
Volsci. 

Carvilius, Maximus, car-vi-U-us viax?- 
hn-7is. 1. Sp., twice consul, 293 and 273 B.C., 
defeated the Samnites and ended the war. 
2. Sp., consul 234 and 228 B.C., was the first 
Roman who divorced his wife. 3. A king of 
Britain, temp. Julius Caesar. 

Cary^e, car'-y-ce. 1. A town of Arcadia. 
2. A city of LaconTa, north of Sellusia, where 
was a festival to Diana Caryatis, when virgins 
met and joined in a dance, instituted by Castor 
and Pollux. When Greece was invaded by 
Xerxes, the Spartans staid at home on pre- 
tence of keeping this festival. — Carya' tides, in 
architecture, are female figures in long robes, 
supporting entablatures. 

Caryanda, ca-ry-a?i'-da, a town and island 
on the coast of Caria, birthplace of Scylax 
the geographer. 

Carystus, car-ys'-his, a coast town on 
the south of Eubcea, famous for its marble. 

Casca, P. Servilius, cas'-ca ser-vt-ll-us, 
was tribune of plebs, 44 B.C., and one of Caesar's 
assassins. 

Cascellius Aulus, cas-cel'-U-ns ai<!-his, 
a lawyer, temp. Augustus. 

Casilinum, cas-i-li'-mcm, a town of Cam- 
pania, on the Vulturnus, surrendered to Han- 
nibal, 216 B.C., after a heroic defence. 

Casinum, cds-i'-num, a town of Latium, 
on the Caslnus. 

Casius, cas'-i-ns. 1. A mountain of Africa, 
near the Palus Serbonis. 2. A mountain in 
Syria below Antiochia. 

Casmena, cas'-me-na, a town of Sicily,, 
built by the Syracusans, 643 B.C. 

Caspije Portve, cas'-pi-ce por'-tce, or Pyl^e, 
py-lce, some passes in Media, near Rhagae. 

Caspii, cas'-pi-i. 1. The Scythians near 
the Caspian. 2. Montes, vicn'-tes, the moun- 
tains surrounding the Caspian. 

Caspiri, cas-pl'-ri, a people of India. 

Caspium Mare, cas'-pi-um mar'-e, or Hyr- 
CANUM, hyr-ca'-7ium, Albanum, al-ba'-num, 
or Scythjcum, scyth'-ic-um, an inland sea of 
Upper Asia, between the Caspian and Hyr- 
canian mountains. Its length is about 760 
miles, smallest breadth 113, and greaiest 
breadth 275. 

Cassandane, cas-san-da'-ue, mother of 
King Cambyses. 

Cassander, cas-san'-der, son of King An- 
tipater, on whose death, 319 B.C., he was left 
in a subordinate position, all power being given 
to Polysperchon. He married Thessalonlca, 
sister of Alexander, defeated and killed Alex- 
ander's mother, Olympias, who had murdered 
the relations of Cassander to keep the throne 
for Alexander's sons ; killed the wives and 
children of Alexander, leagued with Seleucus 
and Lysimachus against Antigonus, whom he 
defeated at Ipsus, 301 B.C., and three years 
after he died of dropsy. 

Cassandra, cas-san'-dra, daughter of Priam 
and Hecuba, and twin-sister of Helenus, was 
loved by Apollo, who conferred on her the 



Cassius 



gift of futurity ; but, on account of her breaking 
her promise to him, he ordained that no oni 
should believe her predictions : she was re- 
garded by the Trojans as insane. On the 
capture of Troy she fled to Minerva's temple, 
where Ajax, son of Oileus, offered her violence. 
She fell to Agamemnon's share of the booty, 
was taken to Mycenae, and murdered by 
Clytemnestra. 

Cassandrea, cas-san-dre'-a, a city built by 
Cassander, on the site of Potidaea, in Macedonia. 

Cassia Lex, cas'-si'-a lex. 1. 104 B.C., by 
tribune L. Cassius Longinus, excluded from 
the senate any one convicted or deprived of 
military command. 2. Another, 137 B.C., by 
the same, introduced the ballot. 3. By Sp. 
Cassius, 486 B.C., to divide the lands won from 
the Hernlci among the people. 4. Another, 
157 B.C., to grant consular power to P. Anicius 
and Octavius the day they triumphed over 
Macedonia. 5. By praetor C. Cassius, em- 
powering Caesar to add to the patricii. 

Cassiodorus, Magnus Aurelius, cas'-si- 
o-dd'-rus mag'-nus aii-re'-li-tis, a great states- 
man and writer, born 468 and died a.d. 562. 

Cassiopea, cas'-sl-d-pe'-a. ma-ried King 
Cepheus of ^Ethiopia, and bore Andromeda. 
As she boasted of being fairer than the Ne- 
reides, Neptune sent a sea monster to ravage 
^Ethiopia, and to appease him Andromeda 
(q. v.) was exposed on a rock but delivered by 
Perseus ; and Cassiopea was made a southern 
constellation of thirteen stars. 

Cassiterides, cas-sl-ter'-i-des, isles in the 
"Western ocean, supposed to be the Scilly 
Islci7ids and part of Cornwall, where tin was 
found. 

Cassius, C. , Longinus, cas'-si-us lo?i- & I'-mcs. 
1. A celebrated Roman, quaestor in 53 b. c. , under 
Crassus in the Parthian expedition, from which 
he cleverly extricated himself. He sided with 
Pompey, but was pardoned after Pharsalia 
and promoted : married Juma, sister of Brutus : 
took part in the murder of Caesar, 43 ; and, at 
the subsequent distribution of the provinces by 
the assassins, he received Africa. He fought 
with Brutus against Octavianus and Antony 
at Philippi, 42 B.C., and, when he was repulsed 
with the left wing, ignorant that Brutus was 
victorious with the right, he ordered a freed- 
man to run him through the body with the 
very sword with which he had murdered 
Caesar. Cassius was rash and violent, learned, 
an elegant writer, and a strict Epicurean. 2. 
A trib. plebs, passed many laws diminishing 
patrician influence, and competed the consul- 
ship with Cicero. 3. An officer of Pompey, 
went over to Caesar. 4. A satirical poet of 
Parma, was one of Caesar's murderers, and 
killed by Varus by Augustus's orders, 30 B.C. 
5. Sp., thrice consul, and author of an agrarian 
law, put to death on a charge of aspiring to 
the tyranny, 485 B.C. 6. Longinus, lon-gl'-nus, 
an officer of Caesar in Spain. 7. L. Hemina, 
he-ml'-na, an ancient Roman annalist, 145 B.C. 
8. A lawyer, put to death under Nero. q. L., a 
lawyer, severe in the execution of the law. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



73 



Cassivelaunus 



ia L., a consul with C. Marlus, slain with 
his army hy the Senones Gauls, it. An officer 
under Aurelius, made emperor by the soldiers 
and murdered three months after. 12. See 
Longinus and Severus. The family of the 
Cassii had as branches Longinus, Viscelllnns, 
Brnhis, &c. 

Cassivelaunus, cas-si-ve-lau' mis, a British 
chief, invested with supreme command, 46 B.C., 
on the invasion of Caesar, by whom he was 
defeated. 

Castalia, cas-tal'-i-a. 1. A fount of Par- 
nassus, sacred to the Muses (Castal'ides). Its 
waters inspired with the fire of poetry those 
who drank of them. 2. A town near Phocis. 
3. A daughter of the Achelous. 

Castalides, cas-tal'-i-dcs (see Castalia i) 

Castanea, cas-ta-ne'-a, a town at the base 
of Pelion, in Thessaly. 

Castianira, cas'-tl-a-ni'-ra, a Thracian, 
mistress of Priam and mother of Gorgythion. 

Castor, cas'-tor, and Pollux, pol'-lux, 
twin sons of Jupiter by Leda (wife of King 
Tyndarus of Sparta), to whom the god had 
appeared in the form of a swan. Leda brought 
forth two eggs, from one of which came Pollux 
and Helena, and from the other Castor and 
Clytemnestra ; Helena and Clytemnestra being 
regarded as the children of Tyndarus. Castor 
and Pollux were educated at Pallene, and, 
when grown up, went with the Argonauts, 
when both behaved with great courage. Pollux 
slew Amycus in the combat of the cestus, and 
was afterwards held the god of boxing and 
wrestling : and Castor distinguished himself 
in the management of horses. The twins 
swept the Hellespont and adjacent seas of 
pirates ; whence they were regarded as the 
patrons of navigation. In the Argonautic 
expedition, in a storm, two flames of fire were 
seen to play around the heads of the sons of 
Leda, and the storm at once ceased : these 
flames, common in stormsy were afterwards 
known as Castor and Pollux ; if both appeared, 
it was a sign of fair weather ; if one only, of 
foul. Castor and Pollux warred with Theseus 
to recover Helena ; were initiated in the mys- 
teries of the Cablri and Eleusis ; and carried off 
Phoebe and Talaira, the daughters of Leu- 
cippus, brother of Tyndarus, when they were 
invited to their marriage with Lynceus and 
Idas. In the struggle Castor killed Lynceus, 
but was killed by Idas : Pollux prayed Jupiter 
to deprive him of immortality or restore Castor, 
and Jupiter permitted the immortality to be 
shared between them ; so that when one was 
on earth, the other was in the world below. 
Thereafter the twins were placed in heaven as 
the Gem'ini constellations, one of which rises 
when the other sets, and they received divine 
honours as the Dwscu'ri, sons of Jupiter ; 
they were also called A 71' aces. The ancients 
used to swear by them, AL'depolaxiA /Ecas'tor; 
white lambs were offered them in sacrifice. 
Castor and Pollux were believed to have ap- 
peared at various times in battles, and to have 
fought among the scldierr„ They were gene- 



Cato 



rally represented mounted on two white horses 
armed with spears, riding side by side and 
with a star on the top of their helmet. 2. A 
friend of ./Eneas. 3. An orator of Rhodes, 
wrote on Babylon and the Nile. 4. A gladiator. 

Castra Alexandrt, cas'-tra nl-ex-an'- 
dri. 1. A place of Egypt, about Pelusium. 2. 
Cornelia, cor-ne'-li-a, a coast town of Africa, 
between Carthage and Utica. 3. Hannibalis, 
han-nib'-al-is, a town of the Bruttii. 4. Cyri, 
tf-ri, a district ofCilicia. 5. ]xsiAi\,jii'-ti-a, 
a. town of Spain. 

Castrum Novum, ccts'-trtim nov'-um. 1. 
A place on the coast of Etruria. 2. Truenti- 
num, trit-en-ti'-num, a town of Picenum. 3. 
Inui, in'-H-i, a town of the Rutuli on the coast 
of Latium. 

Castulo, cas'-tul-o, a town of Tarraconense 
Spain. 

Catabathmos, cdt-d-bath'-mos, a port and 
steep mountain of Cyrenaica. 

Catadupa, cdt-d-du'-pa, the large cataracts 
of the Nile. 

Catagogia, cdt-d-go' -gl-a {see Anagogia). 

Catamenteles, cat-a-me7i'-tel-es, a king of 
the Sequani. 

Catana, cat'-dn-a, a town of Sicily, at the 
base of Mount ^Etna, founded from Naxos, 730 
B.C. : in 476 Hiero I. removed the inhabitants 
to Leontini and peopled it with Syracusans. It 
was large and opulent, and often injured by the 
eruptions of yEtna. Into its temple to Ceres 
only women could enter. 

Cataonia, cdt-d-dti'-i-a, a country north of 
Cilicla. 

Cataracta, cat-a-rac'-ta, a city of the 
Samnites. 

Catarrhactes, cdt-ar-rhad-tes. 1. A river 
of Pamphylia. 2. The cataracts of the Nile. 

CatHjEI, cath-ce'-i, a people of India. 

Catienus, cdt-l-e'-mts, a Roman actor temp. 
Horace. 

Catilina, L. Sergius, cdt-i-ll'-na, ser'. 
gi-us, a celebrated noble Roman, supported 
Sulla: he dissipated his fortune, and, being 
refused the consulship, 66 B.C. (after his 
prsetorship, 68), formed a conspiracy with other 
debauchees to destroy the Senate, plunder the 
treasury, and set Rome on fire. The consul, 
Cicero, denounced the conspiracy, 63, and 
Catiline, having defended himself in the Senate, 
retired to Gaul on five of the conspirators being 
seized and punished, and was defeated and 
killed by the other consul's lieutenant Petreius, 
62, at Pistoria, in Etruria. 

Catilius, cd-til'-i-us, a pirate of Dalmatia. 

Catilus, cd!-ti-lns, a son of Amphiaraus, 
came to Italy with his brothers Coras and 
Tiburtus, built Tibur, and helped Turnus 
against yEneas. 

Catina, cd-tl'-na, a town of Arcadia. 

Catius, M., cdt'-l-us. 1. An Epicurean 
philosopher of Insubria, wrote on the nature of 
things, Epicureanism, Sec. 2 Vestinus, 
ves-tl'-nus, a military tribune in M. Antony's 
army. 

Cato, M. Porcius, cdt'-d,por'-ci-us l after- 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



74 



Catti 



wards Censorius, ceu-so'-rl-us (or t/ie Censor), 
from his having held that office ; born 234 B.C., 
was quaestor under Africanus against Carthage, 
and fought against the Celtiberians and 
Greece. He was famous for his temperance, and 
when censor he behaved very rigorously, and 
opposed all private luxury and public malad- 
ministration : he was hostile to the introduction 
of Greek refinement to Italy (see Carneades) ; 
but later changed his opinion and studied Greek: 
he was deemed so strict a moralist that Virgil 
makes him (or Cato 4) a judge in the world be- 
low. He was the cause of the Third Punic War. 
He left orations, letters, a work, Orlghies, on 
the history of Rome, and an extant treatise De 
Re Rustled, Cato died in extreme old age, 
about 150 B.C. 2. M., son of (1), married the 
daughter of P. ./Emilius. 3. A courageous 
Roman, grandfather of (1). 4. M. Uticensis, 
ut-l-ceu'-sis (from his death at Utica) ; born 95 
B.C., great-grandson of (1), was a Stoic, austere 
Tn his morals and careless of his public dress : 
he was of such candour that the veracity of 
Cato became proverbial : he was suspicious of 
the conduct of Pompey, but not himself 
inclined to take office till he saw a worthless 
candidate, when he himself applied for the tri- 
buneship, 63. He supported Cicero against 
the Catilinarians, and opposed the decree by 
which Caesar got Gaul for five years ; he was 
sent to Cyprus against Ptolemy by his enemies, 
who hoped the difficulty of the expedition 
would injure his reputation ; but Ptolemy sub- 
mitted, and Cat;o on his return was offered a 
triumph, which he declined. Cato opposed 
strenuously the first triumvirate, Caesar, Pom- 
pey, Crassus ; he was made praetor, but could 
not obtain the consulship : when Caesar crossed 
the Rubicon, it was by his advice that the Senate 
entrusted Pompey with the care of the state ; 
he followed Pompey to Dyrrhachmm, 49, was 
set over fifteen cohorts, and, after Pharsalia, 
commanded the Corcyrean fleet. On hearing 
of Pompey's death, he went to Africa, marched 
through Libya to join Scipio, and, after his 
defeat, fortified himself in Utica, where, on 
Caesar's approach, he stabbed himself after 
reading Plato's treatise on the immortality of 
the soul, 46. Cato divorced his first wife, Atilia, 
for her licentiousness ; his second, Marcia, 
daughter of Philip, he lent for a time to his 
friend Hortensius. 5. A son of (4), fell in a 
battle after he had acquired much honour. 6. 
Valerius, vd-ler'-l-tcs, a grammarian of Gallia 
Narbonensis, taught at Rome temp. Sulla, and 
wrote some poems. 

Catti, caf-ti, a people of Gaul and Germany. 

Catullus, cd-tul'-lus, C. (or Q.) Valerius, 
vd-ler'-l-us, an elegant epigrammatic poet of Ve- 
rona, born 87 B.C.. He satirized Caesar, whose 
only revenge was to entertain him sumptuously ; 
he was intimate with the great men of his age, 
and was the first to imitate with success the 
Greek writers and introduce their rhythms : 
his poems are disfigured by indelicacies, but 
characterized by great purity of style. He died 

40 B.C. 



Cebriones 



Catulus, C. Lutatius, cat'-iil-us, liUtA'* 
ti-us. 1. Ended the first Punic war by 
destroying with his three hundred ships six 
hundred of the Carthaginian ships under 
Hanno, off the ^Egates, 242 B.C. 2. An orator 
and elegant epigrammatist, consul 102 B.C. with 
Marius, by whom he was proscribed 87 : he 
suffocated himself with the fumes of charcoal 
87. 3. A Roman sent to Delphi with a pre- 
sent from the spoils of Hasdrubal. 

Caturiges, cat-u'-ri-ges, a people of Gallia 
Narbonensis. 

Caucasus, cau'-cds-us, a. lofty mountain- 
range between the Euxine and Caspian seas, 
the continuation of the ridge of Mount Taurus ; 
was inhabited by fierce tribes. It was covered 
with snow in some parts, and in others 
variegated with fruitful orchards and planta- 
tions. On .its summit Prometheus (q. v.) was 
bound by Jupiter. Through the CaucdsUce 
por'tce, the passes now known as Derbent, 
the Sarmatians (or Huns) invaded the Roman 
empire. 

CauCCwes, catc-co'-nes, a pre-historic people 
of Paphlagonia, migrated from Arcadia or 
Scythia ; some of them settled in Dymae, near 
Elis. 

Caudi, cau'-di, and Caudtum, cau'-dt-um, 
a Samnite town, in a valley (Fur'cce Caudi' nee) 
near which the Roman army was entrapped by 
the Samnites and had to pass under the yoke, 

321 B.C. 

Caulonia, cau-lo'-ni-a, a town of the 
Bruttli, founded by Achaeans, and destroyed in 
Pyrrhus's wars. 

Caunus, cau'-nus. 1. A son of Miletus and 
Cyane, was loved by his sister Byblis : to avoid 
her he retired to Can'a, and built the city Cau- 
nus. 2. A city of Caria, opposite Rhodes : the 
climate was unwholesome : it was noted for 
figs. 

Cauros, cau'-ros, formerly Andros, an island 
and town in the ^Egean. 

Caurus, cau'-rus, a stormy wind blowing 
from the north-west, the Greek Arges'tes. 

Cavii, cav'-l-i, a people of Illyricum. 

Caycus, cd-y-cus (see Caicus). 

Cayster, cd-ys'-ter, or Caystrus, cd-ys'- 
trus, a swift but meandering river flowing from 
Lydia into the ^Egean, north-west of Ephesus : 
its banks were frequented by swans. 

Cea, ce'-a. 1. See Ceos 2. See Co. 

Ceades, ce r -d-des, a Thracian, whose son 
Euphemus was in the Trojan war. 

Cebenna, ce-ben'-ua, a mountain-range 
of Gaul, separating the Arverni from the 
Helvii. 

Cebes, ceb'-es, a Theban philosopher, disci- 
ple of Socrates 405 B.C.; attended his master 
in his last moments. He wrote three dialogues 
and an allegorical picture of human life. 

Cebrenia, ceb-re'-ni-a, a district and town 
of Troas, near a river Ceb'ren: GEnone, 
daughter of the Cebren, was called Cebre'nls. 

Cebriones, ceb-rl'-on-es. 1. A giant, con- 
quered by Venus. 2. An illegitimate son oi 
Priam, killed by Patroclus. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Ceeropia 

Cecropia, ce-crop'-z-a, the old name of 
Athens and Attica, from King Cecrops, and 
Cecropidje, ce-crop'-l-dce, for Athenians. 

Cecrops, ce'-crops. i. A native of Sais in 
Egypt, led a colony to Attica 1556 B.C., and 
reigned over Cecropia. He divided the rude 
population into twelve villages, gave laws, and 
introduced the Egyptian deities ; he married the 
daughter of Actaeus, and taught his subjects to 
cultivate the olive, and regard Minerva as the 
patroness of the city. He was the first to offer 
sacrifices to Jupiter in Egypt. He died after 
fifty years' reign, leaving by Agraulos three 
daughters, Aglauros, Herse, and Pandrosos. 
Cecrops was succeeded by Cranaus, and one 
of his successors, Theseus, formed the twelve 
villages into one city, Athens. 2. The seventh 
king of Athens, son and successor of Erech- 
theus, married Metiadusa, daughter of Daedalus, 
by whom he had Pandion ; he died 1307 B.C., 
after forty years' reign. 

Cecryphalia, ced-ryph-d-li'-a, an isle in the 
Saronic gulf. 

Cei, ce'-i, the inhabitants of Cea (q. v.). 

Celadon, cel'-d-don. 1. A man killed by 
Perseus at Andromeda's marriage. 2. A tribu- 
tary of the Alpheus. 

_ CeLyGN^e, ce-lte!-nce, a city, formerly the ca- 
pital of S. Phrygia. The younger Cyrus had a 
palace there, and Xerxes built a citadel after 
his defeat in Greece. The people were re- 
moved by Antiochus Soter to people Apamea. 
Marsyas contended near it against Apollo. 

Cel^eno, ce-lce'-nd. 1. A daughter of Atlas, 
to whom Neptune offered violence. 2. A 
Harpy, daughter of Neptune and Terra. 3. 
A Danaid. 4. A daughter of Hyamus, bore 
Delphus to Apollo. 

Celelates, cel-e-la'-tes, a people of Liguria. 

CelendRjE, ce-len'-drcE, Celendris, ce-len'- 
dris, or Celenderis, ce-len'-de-ris, a Samian 
colony in Cilicia, at the mouth of the Sellnus. 

Celenna, ce-leii'-na, a. town of Campania. 

Celer, cel'-er. 1. With Severus undertook 
to rebuild Nero's palace after the burning of 
Rome. 2. Fabius, fab'-i-us, by Romulus's 
orders killed Remus when he leaped in derision 
over the walls of Rome. 

Celeres, cel'-er-es, 300 of the noblest youth 
at Rome, chosen by Romulus for his body- 
guard : their captain was Tribumts Celerum. 

Celetrum, cel'-e-trum, a town of Illyricum. 

Celeus, cel'-eus. 1. A king of Eleusis, 
father of Triptolemus, by Metanlra, enter- 
tained Ceres, who taught his son agriculture. 
2. A king of Cephallenia. 

Celmus, cel'-miis, a man-nurse of Jupiter, 
changed into a magnet for calling the god 
mortal. 

Celsus, cel'-sus. 1. An Epicurean philo- 
sopher, second century a. d. ; wrote a 
treatise against the Christians, answered by 
Origen. 2. A. Corn., a physician temp. Tibe- 
rius ; wrote on medicine (extant), agriculture, 
rhetoric, and military affairs. 3. Albinova- 
nus, al'-bin-o-vd'-nus, an elegiac poet, friend 
Qf Horace. 4. Juventius, ju-veti'-tl-us, a 



IS 

Censores 



lawyer, conspired against Domitian. 5. Titus, 
ti'-tus, proclaimed emperor against his will 

A. d. 265, and murdered seven days after. 
Celt^e, cel'-tce, an extensively-spread race : 

the term anciently denoted the inhabitants of 
Gaul, Germany, and Spain, but came to be 
restricted to a part of Gaul, Gallia Celtica, 
between the Sequana and the Garumna. They 
were named from Celtus, a son of Hercules or 
of Polyphemus. 

Celtiberi, cel-tib-e'+ri, a people of Spain, 
descended from the Celtae, settled near the 
Iberus (whence the suffix to their name) : they 
opposed the Romans and Carthaginians. 

Celtiberia, cel-tlb-e'-rt-a, the country of 
the Celtiberi. 

Celtica Gallia, cel'-tlc-a gal'-U-a {see 
Celtae). 

Celtillus, cel-til'-lus, the father of Ver- 
cingetorix. 

Celtoscyth^e, cel-tos'-cyth-ce, a nation of 
N. Scythia. 

Centum, ce-nce!-um, a promontory in the 
north-west of Eubcea, where Jupiter Cenaeus 
had an altar raised by Hercules. 

CenchrE/E, cen'-chre-ce, a town forming 
the eastern port of Corinth, on the Saronic 
gulf. 

Cenchrius, cen'-chrt-us, a river of Ionia 
near Ephesus. 

Cenomani, ce-no-md'-ni, a Gaulish people 
settled in the district of Verona and Mantua. 

Censores, ceti-so'-res, two Roman magis- 
trates, whose office {Censu'rd) was first insti- 
tuted 443 B.C. : they numbered the people, 
estimated the wealth of each citizen, drew up 
the lists of electors and of the Senate, regu- 
lated the taxes, and watched over the manners 
of the people. They could expel from the 
senate by removing the offender's name from 
the list of members. The first Census was 
held by King Servius Tullius on his reform of 
the constitution, and the duty devolved on the 
consuls after the expulsion of the kings, till 
the creation of Censors, 443 B.C. Plebeians 
were made eligible in 351. The Censors held 
their office for five years ; every fifth year they 
made a census in the Campus Martius, and 
made a solemn lustration in the name of all 
the Roman people : this space of time was 
called a Lust-nun (five years), and became a 
common mode of computing time. The ex- 
tensive powers of the Censors were curtailed 
by a law passed by Mamercus ^Emillus, 433 

B. C., to limit the actual tenure of the office to 
eighteen months, while the election continued 
for five years, as formerly. After the second 
Punic war the Censors were chosen from 
those who had been consuls, and their office 
was more honourable than that of the consuls. 
When one of the Censors died, the other at 
once resigned, and no new ones were elected 
for the remaining part of the five years : this 
arose from the ill-omened death of a Censor 
before the sacking of Rome by Brennus. 
The emperors took upon themselves the office 
of Censors. 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



*6 



Censorirms 



Censorinus,App.Cl., ce?i-so-ri'-nus. i.Was, 
after many services to the state, compelled to 
assume the imperial purple by his soldiers, 
who murdered him some days after, a.d. 270. 
2. A grammarian of the third century ; wrote 
De Die Natali (extant). 

Census, cen'-sus. 1. See Censores. 2. See 
Consus. 

Centawri, cen-tatd-ri, a fabulous people of 
Thessaly, half-men, half-horses, were the 
offspring of Apollo's sen Centaurus by StilbTa, 
daughter of the Peneus, or of Centaurus and 
the mares of Magnesia, or of IxTon and the 
cloud. The shape of the Centauri was that of 
the upper part of a man's body, rising from 
the breast of a horse. The ancients firmly 
believed in their existence : Plutarch mentions 
one seen by Periander of Corinth, and Pliny 
says he saw one embalmed in honey, which 
had been brought from Egypt to Rome temp. 
Claudius. The battle of the Centaurs with the 
Lapithse has employed the pen of Hesiod, 
Ovid, Valerius Flaccus, &c, the chisel of 
Phidias, and the pencil of Parrhaslus : it origi- 
nated in a quarrel at the nuptials of Pirithous 
and Hippodamla, when the Centaurs insulted 
the women present, and were defeated by 
Hercules, Theseus, and the Lapithae, and 
obliged to retire to Arcadia. When Hercules 
was going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, he 
was entertained by the centaur Pholus with 
some wine, which had been given to the Cen- 
taurs on condition of treating Hercules with 
it if he ever passed through their country. 
Regretting the loss of their wine, they assailed 
Hercules, who compelled them to fly to the 
famous centaur Chiron. He had been Hercules' 
preceptor ; but the hero did not desist from the 
engagement in his presence, and accidentally 
wounded the knee of Chiron, who, in his ex- 
cessive pain, exchanged immortality for death. 
The death of Chiron irritated Hercules the 
more, and he killed nearly all the Centaurs. 
The most celebrated Centaurs were Chiron, 
Eurytus, Amycus, Gryneus, Caumas, Lycldas, 
Arneus, Medon, Rhcetus, Pisenor, Mermeros, 
Pholus. The fable probably arose from the 
Thracians having been the first to ride horses. 

Centaurus, cen-tau'-nts, one of iEneas's 
ships, with a Centaur as figure-head. 

Centobrica, cen-tob-ri'-ca, a. town of Cel- 
tiberia. 

Centrites, cen-trl'-tes, a small river of 
Armenia. 

Centronius, ce7i-tro'-ni-us, an eccentric 
wealthy man. 

Centumvirt, cen-tum'-vir-i, the members 
of a court of justice at Rome, originally 105, 
chosen from the thirty-five tribes of the people, 
and afterwards increased to 180. They judged 
important causes, chiefly civil, but occasionally 
criminal, sent them by the praetor. Their 
tribunal was distinguished by a spear with an 
iron head ; whence their decree was called 
Has' tee judi'cium. 

Centuria, cen-tiir'-i-a, a division of the 
people (strictly a hundred) among the Romans. 



Centuria 



The Servian distribution of the people into 26 

Trib'us Rus'ticcs and 4 Trib'us Urbd'nee was 
purely local ; but King Servius Tullius made a 
second division dependent on property, into 
Classes and Centuries, the whole citizens being 
regarded as an exer'citus, or army. The 
E'quites (horsemen) consisted of 18 centuriae. 
The Ped'ites (infantry) were 5 classes : in the 
first were 80 centuria?, 40 of seniors and 40 of 
juniors, the fortune of each being not less than 
100,000 asses (lb., each of nf oz. avoir- 
dupois) of copper ; the second (not less 
than 75,000 asses) had 22 centuriae, viz., 10 
of seniors, 10 of juniors, and 2 Fab'rilm ; 
the third (not less than 50,000 asses), 20 cen- 
turiae (10 junior and 10 senior) ; the fourth 
(not less than 25,000 asses), 22 centuriae (10 
senior, 10 junior, and 2 centuriae Comi 'cinum) ; 
the fifth (not less than 12,500 asses), 30 cen- 
turiae (15 senior and 15 junior) ; and, not 
reckoned in the classes, one centuria of Pro- 
le ta'rii (whose fortune was not above 1,500 
asses, were called out only in emergencies and 
armed by the state), and Cap'lte Cen'si (those 
who, from lack of property, were "rated by 
the head "). The style of equipment depended 
on the class. The first class had a complete 
suit of bronze armour (gal'ea, clyfi'eus, Idri'ca, 
odrea"), with a spear (Jias'ta) and sword 
{glad' his) ; the second had no cuirass, and 
carried a lighter oblong shield (sen! turn) ; the 
third had no greaves ; the fourth had only a 
Jias'ta and javelin (verii'twn) ; and the fifth 
had only slings {fun' dee) and stones {lap'ides 
missi'les). In his first local distribution of 
tribes Servius placed the patricians and ple- 
beians on an equality ; but in the division 
into centuriae and classes all political power 
was vested in the wealthy, for the people 
voted by centuriae in order of classes, and the 
centuriae of the Equites (q.v.) and first class 
outnumbered all the others. But as early at 
least as 396 B.C., it became customary to de- 
cide by lot which centuria should vote first. 
The centuria on which the lot fell was called 
the centuria fires' rogati'va and its vote, being 
taken as an indication of the will of heaven, 
generally decided the election. All the others 
voted in their proper order. {See Comitia.) 
The divisions in the classes of centuriae into 
senior and junior depended on the fitness of 
the members for war; those in the juniors 
were from 17 to 45, and in the seniors above 
45. 2. A subdivision in the army, the half of 
a vianifi'iilus : its officer was centu?'io, and 
was distinguished from the men by a branch of 
a vine which he carried in his hand. The 
century on the right of the maniple took pre- 
cedence, and its centurio was called Pri'or, 
and the one on the left Poster 'tor; the cen- 
turio on the right of the first maniple of 
Tria'rii was Primzfii'lus or Centiir'io firi- 
vrifii'li, and he guarded the standard (A'quila). 
The first centurion of the Prin'cipes was 
Pri'mus Prin'ceps, and the first of the Has- 
ta'ti, Pri'mus Hasta'tus, (See Legio and 
Equites.) 



BEETOXTS CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



77 



CenturipaB 

CenturipjE, cen-tiir '-ip-ce ; a town at the 
base of Mount ./Etna. 

Ceos, ce'-os, or Cea, an isle S. E. of Attica. 

Cephalas, ceph'-ai-as, a promontory near 
the Syrtis Major. 

Cephallenia, ceph-al-le'-ni-a, an isle in 
the Ionian Gea, south of Corcyra, often called 
Same, from its capital Same, about ninety 
miles in circumference ; it abounds in oil and 
excellent wines. 

Cephalcedium, ceph-a-lce'-dl-2tm, a town on 
the north coast of Sicily. 

Cephalon, ceph'-al-on, a Greek of Ionia, 
temp. Hadrian, wrote on universal history and 
on Troy. 

Cephalus, ceph'-al-us. i. Son of King 
DeToneus, ofThessaly, and Diomede, daughter 
of Xuthus, married Procris, daughter of King 
Erechtheus, of Athens. He was beloved by 
Aurora, who carried him away ; but, on his 
entreaties, sent him. back, disguised as a mer- 
chant, to test his wife. Procris was tempted 
by his presents, and the stranger revealed 
himself as her husband, whereon she fled 
to Eubcea, where Diana gave her a dog and a 
never-erring spear. She returned to her hus- 
band, disguised as a young hunter, and, on 
awakening his affection, revealed herself, and 
they were reconciled. Procris became jealous 
of Cephalus, and watched him when, wearied 
with hunting, he retired to the shade. Hearing 
him call for Au'ra (air), she moved in the 
thicket, expecting to see some one come to 
him. At the rustling Cephalus flung the never- 
erring spear, which his wife had given him, 
and killed her. Cephalus was father of Arce- 
sius by Procris, and Phaeton by Aurora. 2. 
A king of Epirus. 3. A Corinthian lawyer, 
assisted Timoleon at Syracuse. 

Cepheis, ce-plte'-is, Andromeda, daughter 
of Cepheus. 

Cephexes, ce-pfie'-nes. 1. Ancient name of 
the Persians. 2. The ^Ethiopians, from a 
king Cepheus. 

Cepheus, ce'-pheus. 1. A king of /Ethiopia, 
son of Belus, was father of Cassiopea by 
Andromeda, and made a star after his death. 
2. The son of Aleus the Argonaut, was king 
of Tegea, and killed with his twelve sons when 
assisting Hercules against Hippocoon. 3. A 
son of Lycurgus, at the Calydonian Hunt. 

Cephisia, ce-phi'-si-a, the part of Attica 
near the Cephlsus. 

Cephisidorus, ce-pJd'-si-dd'-rns. t. An 
Athenian tragic poet, temp. ^Eschylus. 2. 
A historian of the Phocian war. 

Cephisus, ce-phl' -sits , and Cephissus, ce- 
phis'-sus. 1. A river flowing through Phocis 
and Boeotia into the lake Copais. 2. A river 
of Attica, flowing from the west of Mount 
Pentellcus past Athens into the Saronic gulf, 
near Phalerum. 3. A man made a sea monster 
by Apollo, when lamenting the death of his 
grandson. 

Ceramicus, cer-a-ml'-cus. 1. A bay of 
Caria, near Halicarnassus, opposite Cos. 2. 
A part of Athens, south of the Acropolis, 



Ceres 



divided into Outer and Inner. In the former 
were buried, at the public expense, those who 
had fallen in battle ; in the latter, within the 
walls, were the Argoa, Stoa Basileios, and 
Pcecile, &c. 

Ceramus, cei'-am-us, a town east of Hali- 
carnassus. 

Cerasus, cer'-ds-us, a colony of Sinope, on 
coast of Pontus, exported cherries (thence 
named). 

Ceraunia, cer-au'-ni-a, a town of Achaia. 

Ceraunii Montes, cer-arf-nl-i mon'-tes, a 
mountain-range on the coast of Epirus. The 
part running out into the sea, and dividing the 
Ionian and Adriatic seas, was called Adro- 
cerait'nia. 

Cerberion, cer-ber'-l-on, a town on the 
Cimmerian Bosporus. 

Cerberus, cer'-be-nts, the dog-monster of 
Hades, son of Typhon and Echidna, variously 
described as having a hundred, fifty, and 
three heads, with a serpent's tail, and serpents 
round his neck. He was stationed near the 
Styx, where Charon landed the shades, to pre- 
vent the living entering and the dead escaping. 
By the ancient heroes he was usually appeased 
with a cake ; Orpheus lulled him asleep with his 
lyre ; and Hercules dragged him from Hades 
when he went to redeem Alceste. 

Cercasorum, cer-ca-sd' -rum, a city of lower 
Egypt, where the Nile parts into the Pelusian 
and Canopic branches. 

Cerceis, cer-ce'-is, an Oceanid. 

Cercides, cer'-ci-des, an iambic poet ot 
Megalopolis. 

Cercina, cer-ci'-na, 1. Two isles near the 
Lesser Syrtis, on the northern coast of Africa. 
2. A mountain of Thrace. 

Cercinium, cer-cl'-ni-um, a town ofThes- 
saly, near Boebeis. 

Cercopes, cer-co'-pes. 1. A people made 
prisoners for thievishness by Hercules. 2. The 
people of Pithecusa, made monkeys for their 
dishonesty. 

Cercyon, cer'-cy-dn, king of Eleusis, son of 
Neptune or Vulcan, made all strangers wrestle 
with him and killed them, till he was conquered 
and killed by Theseus. He killed his daughter 
Alope, who had born a son, Hippothoon, to 
Neptune. 

Cerdylium, cer-dy'-U-um, a place near 
Amphipolis. 

Cerealia, cer-e-a'-li-a, festivals to Ceres. 

Ceres (-eris), cer'-es, (or Demeter, de-me'- 
tSr, among the Greeks), the goddess of corn, 
was daughter of Saturn (Cronus) and Rhea, and 
sister of Jupiter, to whom she bore Proserpine 
(Persephone). Proserpine was carried away by 
Pluto when she was gathering flowers in the 
plain of Enna ; Ceres sought her all over 
the world, found her veil near the fountain 
Cyane, and was told by the nymph Arethusa 
that she had been carried oft" by Pluto : Ceres 
immediately demanded of Jupiter the restora- 
tion of her daughter, and refused to allow of 
her being married to Pluto ; Jupiter promised 
to restore Proserpine if she had not eaten any- 



78 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Ceres 

thing in Pluto's kingdom ; but Ascalaphus (q. v.) 
proved having seen her eat a pomegranate. 
To allay the grief of Ceres, Jupiter allowed 
Proserpine to spend six months with her 
mother and six with Pluto. During this search 
the earth had been neglected : Ceres now went 
to Attica; taught Triptolemus of Eleusis agri- 
culture, and gave him her chariot to travel 
over the globe to impart his knowledge to the 
inhabitants, who up till then lived on acorns 
and roots. The favourite retreat of Ceres was 
Sicily, where every man made an annual sacri- 
fice to her according to his means, and the 
fountain Cyane was honoured with an offering 
of bulls, whose blood was shed in the waters : 
the festivals Eleusinia (q. v.) at Athens, and 
the Tkesmophdr'ia, in Greece generally, were in 
her honour. She had many adventures on the 
earth : to avoid Neptune she changed herself 
into a mare, and bore him the horse Arlon 
(q. v.): to Iasion she bore Plutus ; she 
punished with hunger Erysichthon, who had 
cut down her grove, and changed Stelllo into 
An eft for deriding her when she was drinking 
water with avidity. A pregnant sow was offered 
her, from its destructiveness to the fields, and a 
ram, thrice led round the field, when the corn 
was only in blade. Ceres was represented with 
:i garland of ears of corn on her head, in the 
one hand a lighted torch, in the other her 
sacred poppy ; at times as a county-woman 
mounted on an ox, carrying a basket on her 
left arm and holding a hoe ; and at times she 
rides in a chariot drawn by winged dragons. 
Her worship was brought from Sicily to Rome, 
where the Cerea'lta were instituted ; the festival 
lasted for several days from the 12th of April : 
women clothed in white ran about with lighted 
torches to represent Ceres' search, and there 
were games in the Circus Maximus, at which 
ill the spectators appeared in white robes : the 
Romans also had rustic festivals to her — 
Pagana'iia and Fer'icz Sementi'vee in seed- 
time, and the A mbarvti'lia before harvest. 

Ceres, ce'-res, the daughters of Night and 
sisters of the Mcerse, carry off men to Hades. 

Cerill.e, cer-il'-lce {see Carilla). 

Cerinthus, ce-rin'-tkus. 1. A town on the 
east of Jiubcea. 2. A beautiful youth, a 
favourite of the Roman ladies. 

Cerne, cer'-ne, an isle beyond the Pillars of 
Hercules, on the Atlantic coast of Africa, was 
the Carthaginian depot. 

Cerretani, cer-re-ta'-ni, a people of His- 
panla Tarraconensis, the modern Cerdagne, in 
Catalonia. 

Cersobleptes, cer-so-blep'-tes, a king of 
Thrace, 358 B.C., was reduced by Philip 343. 

Certima, cer'-tim-a, a town of Celtiberia. 

Cervarius, cer-vd'-rl-us, a Roman knight, 
conspired with Piso against Nero. 

Cervius, P., cer'-vi-us, an officer under 
Verres. 

Cestius, ces'-ti-us. 1. An Epicurean of 
Smyrna, taught rhetoric at Rhodes temp. 
Cicero. 2. A governor of Syria. 3. Severus, 
se-vc'-rus, an informer under Nero. 



Chalcicecus 



Cestrus, ces'-trus, a river of Pamphylia 
flowing from Mount Taurus south to the 
Mediterranean. 

Cetei, ce-te'-i, an ancient people of Mysia. 

Cethegus, cetk-e'-gus. 1. An ancient 
patrician family of the Come'iia gens. 2. A 
consul and orator in the second Punic war. 3. 
C, a tribune of the plebs, joined Catiline, was 
seized and put to death by the Senate's orders 
63 B.C. 4. P. Corn., supported Marius, but 
went over to Sulla 83 B.C. 5. A Trojan, killed 
by Turnus. 

Cetius, ce-ti'-us. 1. A river of Mysia, falls 
into the Calcus near Pergamus. 2. A mountain 
separating Norlcum from Pannonia. 

Ceto, ce'-td, a daughter of Pontus and 
Terra, bore the three Gorgons, &c., to 
Phorcys. 

Ceyx, ce'-yx, a king of Trachinia, son of 
Lucifer, married Alcyone (q. v.). 

Chaboras, cha-bd'-ras, or Aborrhas, 
a-bor'-rhas, a river of Mesopotamia, flowing 
from Mount Maslus into the Euphrates near 
the town Circesium. 

Chabrias, chab'-rl-as, an Athenian general 
and philosopher, greatly signalized himself in 
aid of the Boeotians against Agesilaus, 378 B.C. : 
he adopted the celebrated manoeuvre of 
making the soldiers rest one knee on the 
ground and receive the enemy's charge, covered 
with their shields, and their spears pointing 
against them. He lost his life on the sinking 
of his ship at the siege of Chios, 357. 

Ch^erea, chcs'-re-a, an officer murdered 
Caligula, a.d. 41. 

Ch>eremon, chee-re? -111011. 1. A tragic poet 
of Athens 338 B.C. 2. A philosopher and 
historian of Alexandria. 

Ch^eronea, chce-rd-ne'-a, a city of Boeotia, 
on the Cephlsus, scene of the Boeotians' 
victory over the Athenians, 447 B.C. ; Philip's 
over the Greeks 338, and Sulla's over Mithri- 
dates 86. It was the birthplace of Plutarch, 
and anciently called A y'ne. 

Chacon, cha-lee! -011. 1. A city of the 
Locri Ozolae. 2. A port of Boeotia. 

Chalastra, cha-lasf-tra, a town in 
Mygdonia. 

Chalce, chal'-ce, or Chalcia, chal'-ci-a, an 
isle near Rhodes. 

Chalcedon, ckal-ce'-doii, a city of Bithynia 
opposite Byzantium, built by a colony under 
Argias from Megara, 685 B.C. : it was called in 
derision "City of the Blind," because the 
founders had overlooked the superior site 
opposite. 

Chalcidenses, chal-cid-eu'-ses, the inhabi- 
tants of the isthmus between Teos and 
Erythrse. 

Chalcidice, chal-cid'-i-ce. 1. A peninsula 
in Macedonia, between the Thermaic and 
Strymonic gulfs, terminating in three smaller 
peninsulas, Phleg'ra (or Palle'ne), Sithon'ia, 
and Adte (or Atk'ds). 2. A district in Syria, 
near the town Chalcis. 

Chalcicecus, chal-cl-c^-cus, Minenia at 
Sparta, from her brazen temple. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



79 



Chalciope 

Chalciope, chal-ci'-op-e. i. A daughter of 
King -$£etes of Colchis, married the exiled 
Phryxus (q. v.), and preserved her children's 
life when he was murdered. 2. The mother of 
Thessalus by Hercules. 3. The daughter of 
Rhexenor, married jEgeus. 

Chalcis, chal'-cis. 1. The chief town of 
Eubcea, on the narrowest pare of the Euripus, 
founded after the siege of Troy by an Ionian 
colony from Athens, under Cothus, but had 
previously been occupied by Abantes or 
Curetes : it planted numerous colonies on the 
Thracian coast, Italy, and Sicily : it was a 
dependency of Athens. 2. A Corinthian colony 
near Sicyon. 3. A town of ^Etolia, at the bas-e 
of Mount Chalcis. 4. A city of Syria, near the 
Chalus. 

Chald^a. chal-dce!-a, a country of Asia, 
south of Babylonia (q.v.), to which it became 
subject ; the Chaldaeans were famous for 
astronomy, and became a caste in Babylon. 

Chalybes, chdl'-yb-es, a people of Asia 
Minor, in the south-eastern corner of Pontus, 
once powerful, and possessed of iron-mines : 
they were partly conquered by Croesus. 

Chalybon, chal'-y-bon, a town of northern 
Syria. 

Chalybs, chdl'-ybs, a river of Spain. 

Chamavi, chd-ma'-vi, and Chamaviki, 
chd-ma!-vir-i, a people of Germany, south-east 
of the Frisii. 

Chaones, chd'-on-es, a Pelasgian people of 
Chaonia, chd-on'-i-a, a mountainous pa-rt of 
Eplrus, named from Cha'dn, brother of 
Helenus, who married Andromache after 
Pyrrhus's death. 

Chaos, chd'-os, the rude and shapeless mass 
of matter, out of which, the ancients believed, 
the Deity formed the universe ; for creation out 
0/ nothing- was a conception unknown to the 
ancient philosophers and poets. 

Charadra, chdr'-ad-ra, a town of Phocis, 
on the Chdr'adrus, a tributary of the Ce- 
phlsus. 

Char^eadas, char-ce'-a-das, an Athenian 
general against Sicily in the Peloponnesian 
war, died 426 B.C. 

Chauax, chdr'-ax. 1. A town of Armenia. 
2. A philosopher of Pergamus, wrote a history 
of Greece. 

Charaxes, ckdr-ax'-es, of Mytilene, a 
brother of Sappho, squandered his fortune on 
the courtesan Rhodope, and took to piracy. 

Charaxus, chdr-ax'-us, one of the Cen- 
taurs. 

Chares, chdr'-es. 1. A corrupt Athenian 
general, 356 B.C., in the Social war, served 
under Artabazus, and fought at Chseronea 338. 
2. A statuary of Lindus. employed for twelve 
years in making the Colossus at Rhodes. 3. 
Of Mytilene, biographer of Alexander. 

Charicles, chdr'-i-cles. 1. One of the 
thirty tyrants set over Athens by Sparta.' 2. 
A famous physician temp. Tiberius. 

Chariclo, chdr'-i-cld, a daughter of Apollo, 
married the Centaur Chiron. 

Charila, chdr'-U-a, a Delian festival ob- 



Charybdis 

served once in nine years, commemorative of a 
famine. 

Charilaus, char-i-ld! -us , or Charillus, 
chd-ril'-lus. 1. A son of King Polydectes, of 
Sparta : was educated by his uncle, the regent 
Lycurgus : warred with Argos ; attacked 
Tegea, was taken prisoner, released, broke his 
word by resuming the war, and died, aged 64. 
2. An ancestor of Leutychides. 

Charis, chdy'-is {see Charites). 

Charisia, chd-ri'-si-a, festivals in honour of 
the Graces (Charites), with dances through the 
night. He who kept longest awake received a 
cake. 

Charistia, cha-ris' ti-a, a Roman feast for 
members of the family only, usually on the 
19th February. 

Charites, char'-it-es (-um), and Gratis, 
grd'-ti-ce, the three Graces, Agld'ta, Thdli'a, 
and Euphros'yne, daughters of Venus by 
Jupiter or Bacchus ; but, in Homer, Charis, 
chdr'-is, is the wife of Vulcan, and a goddess, 
surrounded with pleasures and graces : pro- 
bably, therefore, Charis and Venus (wife of 
Vulcan) are identical. The Graces were the 
attendants of Venus, and represented as three 
young, beautiful, and modest virgins, usually 
nude, holding one another by the hand, or 
embracing each other. They presided over 
the refinements of life, but especially poetry ; 
and hence were worshipped with the Muses. 

Chariton, char'-i-to?r, of Aphrodisias,fourth 
century a. d., wrote the dull romance, "The 
Loves of Chsereas and Callirrhoe." 

Charmande, char-man'-de, a city of Meso- 
potamia. 

Charminus, char-mt-nus, an Athenian 
general, successful in the Peloponnesian war. 

Charmis, char"-7nis, a physician of Mar- 
seilles, teinp. Nero. 

Charon, char'-dn. 1. Son of Erebus and 
Nox, ferried the souls of the dead in his boat 
{Bans), over the Styx and Acheron. Those 
whose corpses had not been buried had to flit 
on the shores for a hundred years before being 
ferried over. No living person could be taken 
over without presenting a golden bough which 
he received from the Sibyl. Charon was im- 
prisoned for a year for submitting to Hercules' 
power and ferrying him without this token. 
The fee for the passage was an ob'dlus, or 
dan' dee (about i2d.), which was always placed 
by the ancients under the tongue of the corpse. 
Charon was represented as an old man, ragged 
and filthy. 2. A historian of Lampsacus, 479 
B.C., wrote on Persia, &c. 

Charondas, chd-roti'-das, a legislator of 
Catana, 500 B.C., also gave laws to Thunum. ■ 
He is said to have stabbed himself on inad- 
vertently breaking one of his own laws. 

Charops, char 1 -ops. 1. A Trojan killed by 
Ulysses. 2. An Epirot, assisted Flaminius 
against Philip. 

Charybdis, chd-ryb'-dis, a whirlpool on the 
coast of Sicily, opposite another (Scylld) on 
the coast of Italy, both very dangerous to 
sailors, from the narrowness of the channel : 



8o BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Chauci 



whence the proverb, In'cidit in Scyl'lam qui 
•uult vita! re Charyb'dim. 

Chauci, chau-'cz, a Suevic people of north- 
eastern Germany. 

Chelae, che'-lce {claws), the zodiacal sign 
Scorpio. 

Chelidonia, che-ll-don'-z-a. i. A festival 
at Rhodes. 2. The wind Favonius. 3. Or 
Hiera, hi'-er-a, a. promontory on the south 
coast of Lycia. 

Chelidoni^e Insula, che-li-don'-i-ce. in'- 
siil-ce, a cluster of islets off Chelidonia (3). 

Chelonatas, che-ld-ud'-tas, a promontory 
in Ehs. 

Chelone, che-ld'-ne, a nymph transformed 
into a tortoise by Mercury, and deprived of 
voice. 

Chemmis, chem'-mis. 1. A city of Upper 
Egypt, on the east bank of the Nile. 2. An 
island of Egypt, in a lake near the city Butus. 

Cheops, che'-ops, king of Egypt after 
Rhampsinitus, made his subjects build the 
largest pyramid 2120 B.C. 

Chephren, cheph-ren, brother and successor 
of Cheops, built a pyramid. 

Chersonesus (a peninsula), cher-so-ne'-sus. 

1. Thracica, thra'-ci-ca, or The Chersonesus, 
at the south of Thrace, west of the Hellespont. 

2. Taurica, tau'-ric-a, or Scythica, scyth'- 
ic-a (now Crimed), between the Euxine, Cim- 
merian Bosporus, and Palus Mseotis. 3. 
Cimbrica, chn'-brtc-a (now Jutland), in the 
north of Germany. 4. Aurea, au'-re-a, in 
India beyond the Ganges, probably Malacca. 
5. Peloponnesus (q. v.). 

Cherusci, che-rus'-ci, a people of Germany 
between the Visurgis and the Albis. Under 
Armimus they defeated Varus, and drove the 
Romans beyond the Rhine, a.d. 9. They 
were defeated by Germanicus, and, from dis- 
sensions, never regained their eminence. 

Chilon, chl'-lon, a Spartan, son of Dama- 
getus, and one of the seven wise men, 590 B.C. 

Chimtera, chim-cel-ra, a monster, offspring 
of Echidna and Typhon, had three heads (a 
lion's, goat's, and dragon's), and continually 
vomited flames. The foreparts of its body 
were those of a lion, the middle a goat's, 
the hinder a dragon's. The Chimsera made 
great havoc in Lycia temp. Jobates, and was 
slain by Bellerophon (q. v.), mounted on the 
Pegasus. It is generally supposed that the 
myth referred to a volcano near Phaselis, in 
Lycia. From the union of the Chimera with 
Orthos sprang the Sphinx and the famous lion 
of Nemsea. 

Chimerium, chl-mer'-i-um, a promontory of 
Thesprotia. 

Chion, clii'-on, of Heraclea Pontica, dis- 
ciple of Plato, was killed when trying to liberate 
his country. 

Chione, chl'-on-e. 1. Daughter of Boreas 
and Orithyia, was mother of Eumolpus. 2. 
A daughter of Dsedahon, was mother of Au- 
tolycus by Hermes, and of Philammon by 
Apollo. Chione grew boastful, and considered 
herself more beautiful than Diana ; whereon 



Chromis 



the goddess killed her, and changed her into 
a hawk. 

Chionides, cki-ou'-id-es, a comic poet of 
Athens, 487 B.C. 

Chios, chl'-os, an isle in the iEgean, between 
Lesbos and Samos, off Asia Minor; it was 
well inhabited, and could once equip a hundred 
ships : its chief town, also called Chios, had a 
beautiful harbour, with accommodation for 
eighty ships : it was anciently called AZthalia, 
Macris, and Pityusa, and celebrated for its 
pines, marble, and wines. 

Chiron, chl'-ron, a Centaur, son of Philyra 
and Saturn (who had changed himself into a 
horse to avoid Rhea) ; was famous for his 
knowledge of music, medicine, and shooting: 
he had for pupils the greatest heroes of the age, 
Achilles, ^Esculapius, Hercules, Jason, Peleus, 
^Eneas, &c. He was accidentally wounded iu. 
the knee with a poisoned arrow by Hercules in 
his pursuit of the Centauri (q. v.), and, having 
in his agony prayed Jupiter to deprive him oi 
his immortality, he was placed by the god a9 
the constellation Sagittarius. 

Chloe, chlo'-e, a name of Cer'es at Athens, 
the epithet (like fla'va, yellow) denoting her 
being the goddess of corn : the Chld'eia were 
celebrated with much mirth, and a ram was 
always sacrificed. 

Chloreus, chlo'-re?is, a priest of Cybele, 
accompanied ./Eneas to Italy, and was killed by 
Turnus. 

Chloris, chlo'-ris. 1. Flora, the goddess of 
flowers, married Zephyrus. 2. A daughter of 
Amphlon, son of Jasus and Persephone, 
married King Neleus of Pylos, and bore him a 
daughter and twelve sons, all, except Nestor, 
killed by Hercules. 

Chlorus, chlo'-rus. 1. A river of Cilicia. 2. 
Constantinus, con-stan-tl '-nus ; one of the 
Caesars temp. Diocletian, who reigned two 
years after the Emperor's abdication. 

Choaspes, cho-as'-pes, a river of Media, 
tributary of the Tigris. The kings of Persia 
drank no other water but that of the 
Choaspes. 

Chcerades, c/ioZ-rad-es. 1. And Pharos, two 
islets opposite Alexandria in Egypt. 2. Two 
islets off Italy, near Tarentum. 

Chcerilus, chce'-rll-us. 1. A tragic poet of 
Athens, of whose 150 tragedies thirteen 
obtained the prize. 2. An historian of 
Samos. 3. A poet intimate with Herodotus, 
wrote on the Athenian victories over 
Xerxes. 4. An epic poet in Alexander's 
train. 

Chones, cho'-nes, an early people in Chonia, 
cho'-nl-a, a name anciently applied to the dis- 
trict from the east of the Bruttii to the promon- 
tory Zephyrium. 

Chorasmii, cJuj-ras'-vti-i, a people of Asia, 
near the Oxus. 

Chorcebus, clw-rce'-bus, a Mygdonian lover 
of Cassandra. 

Chremes, chrem'-es, a sordid old man. 

Chremetes, chrem'-ei-es, a river of Libya. 

Chromis, chrdfn'-is. 1. A captain in the 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Chromius 



Trojan war. 2. A young shepherd. 3. A 
Phrygian killed by Camilla. 4. A son of 
Hercules. 

Chromius, chrom'-i-tes, an Argive, alone 
with Alcenor survived the battle between three 
hundred of his countrymen and three hundred 
Spartans. 

Chrysa, chry'-sa. 1. A town of Cilicia, 
famous for the temple of Apollo Sminthens. 2. 
A daughter of Halmus. 

Chrysaor, chry'-sa-or, a son of Medusa by 
Neptune, married Callirrhoe, an Oceanid, who 
bore Geryon, Echidna, and the Chimaera. 

Chrysas, chry'-sas, a tributary of the 
Simsethus, in Sicily. 

Chryseis, chry-se'-is, the daughter of 
Chryses (q. v.). 

Chryses, chry'-ses, the priest of Apollo 
and father of Astynome {Chryseis) : she was 
the wife of the king, Eetion, and, on the cap- 
ture of Lyrnessus, fell to the share of Aga- 
memnon ; Chryses went to the chiefs' camp to 
solicit her restoration, which was refused, and, 
on the prayer of Chryses, Apollo sent a plague, 
which raged till Chryseis was restored. 

Chrysippus, chry-sip'-pus. 1. An illegiti- 
mate son of Pelops (see Atreus). 2. A Stoic 
philosopher of Tarsus, of eccentric views, died 
207 b.c, aged 80. 

Chrysoaspides, chry-so-as'-pid-es, select 
soldiers in the Persian armies, whose arms 
were covered with gold. 

Chrysogonus, chry-sog'-o7i-us, a singer 
temp. Domitian. 

Chrysopolis, chry-sop' -ol-is , a promontory 
and port of Asia, opposite Byzantium, now 
Scutari. 

Chrysorrhoas, chry-sor'-rho-as, a river of 
Peloponnesus. 

Chrysostomos, chry-sos'-tom-os, bishop 
of Constantinople, an elegant preacher, a deep 
theologian, and a faithful interpreter of scrip- 
ture ; he was banished for opposing the raising 
of a statue to the empress, and died a.d. 407, 
aged 52. 

Chrysothemis, chry-soth' '-em-is, Iphigenla 
(q. v.). 

Chthonia, chthon'-z-a. 1. A daughter of 
Erechtheus, married Butes. 2. Ceres, from 
her temple by Chthonia at Hermione, and an 
annual summer festival to her there, when the 
priests marched in procession, with the magi- 
strates and a crowd of women and boys clad in 
white, and with garlands on their heads, and 
four victims were sacrificed at the temple, their 
throats being cut with scythes by old women — 
or from the seeds of corn being buried in the 
earth. 3. Hecate, as presiding over the 
underground. 

Chthonius, chthon'-l-tcs. 1. A centaur, 
killed by Nestor in the contest at the marriage 
of Pirithous. 2. Bacchus, who was said to 
have remained underground with Proserpine 
for the three years during which the vine 
attained perfection. 

Cibal^e, cib'-cil-cz, a town of Panno x.a. 

C ib yea, cib'-yr-a. 1. A town and district 



Cicero 



(Cibyratis, cib-y-rd'-tis) of Phrygia. 2. A 
town of Caria. 

Cicereius, C, ci-ce-rei'-us, secretary' of 
Scipio Africanus, obtained a triumph over the 
Cersicans. 

Cicero, M. Tullius, cV-cer-o, tul'-ll-us. 
1. Born at Arplnum, 3rd of January, 106 B.C.. 
was son of a Roman knight and Helvia, and 
lineally descended from the ancient kings of 
the Sabines ; he was taught philosophy by J*hiIo, 
and law by MucTus Scaevola ; acquired military 
knowledge under Sulla in the Marsic war, 89, 
and retired from Rome to indulge his philo- 
sophic tastes : for his health he visited Greece, 
and on his return soon became one of the most 
distinguished orators in the forum. As quaestor 
in Sicily, 75, he behaved with such justice that 
the Sicilians gratefully remembered him, and 
for them he impeached Verres, 70. After being 
aedile, 69, and praetor, 66, he was elected con- 
sul, 62, when Catiline's conspiracy was on foot, 
and he now joined the aristocratical party. An 
attempt was made by Martius and Cethegus to 
murder him, but he escaped and denounced 
Catiline in the Senate, and seized five of the 
conspirators ; whereon Catiline left the city, 
and was defeated in Gaul by C. Antony, the 
other consul's lieutenant, and Cicero put the 
imprisoned conspirators to death without trial 
before the people, — clearly T an illegal act, for 
which he was severely attacked by Julius 
Caesar and others, but defended by Lutatius 
Catulus, Cato, and the whole senate. Cicero 
received the thanks of the people, and was 
called the father of his country [pater patrltz) • 
but the vehemence with which he had attacked 
P. Clodius proved injurious to him, and when his 
enemy was made tribune, Cicero was banished ' 
from Rome : in his exile he was treated with 
the greatest respect, and on the fall »jf the 
Clodian faction he was recalled to Rome, 55, 
and in 52, as proconsul, he conducted with suc- 
cess the expedition against Cilirfa. In the civil 
war, 49, after much hesitation he joined Pom- 
pey, and, after Pharsalia, 48, went to Brundu- 
smm, became reconciled to Caesar, and subse- 
quently resided in the country, rarely visiting 
Rome. On the murder of Caesar, 44, Cicero 
advised a general amnesty, and advocated the 
decreeing of the provinces to Brutus and 
Cassms. When the assassins' power declined, 
he retired to Athens, but soon returned : 
Octavianus (Augustus) for a time professed 
friendship for him, but when the triumvirate 
(Octavianus, Lepidus, Antony) was formed, 43, 
Cicero was on the list of those proscribed by 
Antony, and Octavianus made no opposition ; 
the emissaries of Antony overtook him near 
Formiae, as he fled in a litter towards the coast 
of Caieta : when the assassins came up, he put 
his head out of the litter, and it was severed 
from the body by HerennTus, 7th of December, 
43 : his head and right arm were taken to 
Rome and hung up in the forum, and FulvTa, 
Antony's wife, ran a gold bodkin through the 
tongue. Cicero was of too timid and hesitating 
a disposition to display the active virtues of a 



82 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Ciceronis 



patriot, and his irresolution in the civil war 
almost brands him as a coward. In his private 
character he was very amiable, and won the 
good opinions of all who knew him : his fame 
rests on his literary compositions, philosophical, 
oratorical, and epistolary, which are the 
model of pure Latinity : his philosophical trea- 
tises did much to make the works of the 
ancient philosophers known. His attempts at 
versification were failures ; he translated many 
of the Greek poets and historians for his own 
improvement, and once planned a history of 
Rome, which he did not execute. He was 
married to Terentla, who bore him a son and a 
daughter, and whom he repudiated ; he then 
married one of his young wards, whom he re- 
pudiated on her seeming elated at the death of 
his daughter Tullla. 2. M., son of (1), was 
made by Augustus colleague in the consulship, 
30 B.C., and avenged his father by throwing 
ublic dishonour on the memory of Antony ; 
ut he disgraced himself by his dissipation. 
3. Q., the brother of (1), was Caesar's lieutenant 
in Gaul, 55 B.C., and proconsul of Asia for three 
years, and was proscribed by the triumvirs and 
killed, 43. 

Ciceronis Villa, ci-ce-rd' -nis vil'-la, a 
place near Puteoli. 

Cicones, cic'-dn-es, a people of Thrace, near 
the Hebrus, assisted Priam, and were punished 
by Ulysses on his voyage home. 

Cicuta, ci-cu'-ta. an old avaricious usurer. 

Cilicia, cil-V-cl-a. 1. A maritime country of 
Asia Minor, at the north of Cyprus, south of 
Mount Taurus, and west of the Euphrates. The 
inhabitants were piratical till conquered by 
Pompey, 66 B.C. The country was opulent, 
aod governed by kings under some of the 
Roman emperors, but made a province by 
Vespasian. It was named from Cilix, son of 
Agenor. 2. Part of the country between 
./Eolia and Troas. 

Cilix, cW-ix, a son of Phoenix, or of Agenor, 
was sent to seek Europa, and not to return 
without her. He settled in Cilicia (q.v.), 

Cilla, cil'-la. 1. A town of yEolia. 2. A 
town of Troas. 

Cilo, Junius, ci'-lo ju'-ni-tis, a governor of 
Bithynia and Pontus, was accused before the 
emperor Claudius of extortion ; but, from the 
noise his flatterers made, the emperor misun- 
derstood the case and prolonged the com- 
mand. 

Cimber, Tullius, cim'-her tul'-tt-tis, one of 
Caesar s assassins. 

Cimbri, cim'-bri, a people of Germany, in- 
vaded Italy, and were defeated by Marius, 
101 B.C. (see Cimbricum Bellum). 

Cimbricum Bellum, cim'-bric-um bel'-lum, 
the war begun with the invading Cimbri and 
Teutones, 109 B.C. In the first battle they 
destroyed 80,000 Romans, under the consuls 
Manlms and Servilius CaepTo. Marius, in his 
second consulship, met the Teutones at Aquae 
Sextlse, 102, when he killed 20,000 and took 
90,000 prisoners. The Cimbri having formed 
another army, penetrated into Italy ; they were 



Cineas 



met at Vercellae on the Athesis, 101, by Marius 
and his colleague, Catulus, and 140,000 of them 
slain. This ended the war. 

Ciminus, cim'-zn-us, a lake and mountain 
of Etruria. 

CiMMERii, cim-mer'-i-i. 1. A people near the 
Palus Maeotis, invaded Asia Minor, seized the 
kingdom of Cyaxares, and, after twenty-eight 
years, were driven back by King Alyattes, of 
Lydia. 2. A mythical people on the extreme 
west of the ocean, lived in caves, in a region 
of fogs (whence, from these gloomy abodes, 
Cimmerian darkness), and were predatory. 

Cimolus, ct-vw'-lus, an isle in the Cretan Sea. 

Cimon, cl'-mon. 1. An Athenian, son of 
Miltiades and Hegisipyle, spent his youth in 
debaucheries, but reformed on attaining man- 
hood. On the death of his father, 489 B.C., he 
was unable to meet the fine levied on him 
by the Athenians, and imprisoned, but re- 
leased by his sister Elpinlce, who married 
Calllas. He fought bravely at Salamis, 480, 
and acquired popularity by his munificence. 
In 466 he defeated the Persian fleet, took two 
hundred ships, and totally routed their land 
army the very same day on the Eurymedon, 
in Pamphylia. Soon after he lost his popu- 
larity, and was exiled, 461, but recalled 450, 
on war being declared against the Spartans. 
He was afterwards appointed against Persia 
and Cyprus, with two hundred ships ; and on 
the coast of Asia totally destroyed the enemy's 
fleet. He died 449, aged 50, at the siege of 
Citlum, in Cyprus. Cimon was the last of the 
Greeks whose spirit and bravery defeated the 
armies of the barbarians, whom he had so 
reduced that they agreed in a treaty not to 
pass the Ca^donian islands with their fleet, or 
approach within a day's sail of the Greek seas. 
2. The father of Miltiades and grandfather of 
Cimon (1). 

Cinara, ctn'-ar-a, an islet east of Naxos. 

Cincia Lex, cin'-ci-a lex, by tribune M. 
Cincius, 204 B.C., prohibited a judge receiving 
a gift or fee. 

Cincinnatus, L.Q., cin-ciu-nd'-ttts, a cele- 
brated Roman, esteemed for his integrity and 
frugality by his countrymen, was summoned, 
458 B.C., from his plough by the senate to 
assume the dictatorship and march to the relief 
of his countrymen, who were surrounded by 
the Volsci and .<Equi. He conquered the 
enemy, returned to Rome in triumph, laid 
down the office which he had held for sixteen 
days, and returned to his plough. In his eightieth 
year, 439, he was again summoned to assume 
the dictatorship to oppose Sp. Maelius, and pro- 
ceed against Praeneste ; he was successful ; and 
in twenty-one days resigned the office, declining 
the rewards offered by the senate. 

Cincius Aliment us, ci?i'-cl-us al-l-men'-tus. 
1. L., a praetor of Sicily, 209 B.C., wrote 
A nna'les in Greek, containing a history of the 
second Punic war. 2. M., tribune of plebs, 
204 B.C. 

Cineas, ci'-ne-as, a Thessalian, minister of 
King Pyrrhus, of Epi'rus, was sent by hi* 



£EE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



S3 



Cinga 

master to Rome to propose peace without 
effect, 280 B.C. He was very eloquent and of 
an extraordinary memory. 

Cinga, cin'-ga, a tributary of the Iberus. 

Cingetorix, cin-get' -or-ix , a chief of the 
Treviri. 

Cingulum, civi-gul-urn, a town of Picenum. 

Cinna, cin'-na. 1. L. Cornelius, cor-n^- 
U-iis, leader of the popular party during 
Marius's banishment, was made consul with 
Cn. Octavius, but, from his turbulence, ban- 
ished by his colleague. He returned at the 
head of thirty legions, and forcibly held the 
consulship from 86 to 84 B.C. He was assassin- 
ated by an officer at Ancona, 84. 2. Helvius, 
kel'-vi-us, a poet, was tribune of plebs, 44, 
and, being mistaken by the mob foi g), he was 
murdered at Caesar's funeral. 3. L. Cor- 
nelius, cor-7ie'-li-us, son of (1), was a praetor, 
and assassin of Caesar. 4. A grandson of 
Pompey, conspired against Augustus, but was 
pardoned. 

Cinniana, cin-ni-a'-na, a town of Lusitanla. 

Cinyps, chi'-yps, a river on the north 
coast of Africa. 

Cinyras, cin'-yr-as. 1. A king of Cyprus, 
son of Paphus, was husband of Cenchreis. By 
his daughter Myrrha (in disguise) he had a 
son, Adonis (q. v.), and, on discovering the 
incest, he stabbed himself after trying to stab 
her ; but she fled to Arabia and was made a 
tree. 2. A Ligurian ally of /Eneas against 
Turnus. 

_ Cios, ci'-os. 1. A tributary of the Ister, 
rising north-west of Mount Rhcdope. 2. A 
river and town of Bithynia. 

Cippus, Genucius, cip'-pus ge-nu'-cl-its, a. 
Roman praetor, on going out of the city was 
told by the haruspices that if he would return 
he would be king ; and, to avoid enslaving his 
countrymen, he voluntarily exiled himself. 

Circe, cir^-ce, daughter of Sol and Perse, 
and sister of iEetes and Pasiphae, married a 
Sarmatian prince of Colchis, whom she mur- 
dered ; and, being expelled by her subjects, 
went to the islet ^Eaea. (See Circeii.) There 
she was visited by Ulysses on his voyage home 
from Troy, and changed his companions into 
swine. But the hero was proof against en- 
chantment by the herb violy, and compelled 
her to restore his companions. He then re- 
mained with her a year, and she bore him 
Telegonus (or, according to Hesiod, Agrlus 
and Latlnus). She advised him to descend to 
Tartarus and consult Tireslas. Circe behaved 
very cruelly to Scylla (2) and to Picus (q. v.). 

Circeii, cir-cei'-i, or Circeium, cir-cei'-um, 
a town and promontory of Latium, said to have 
been formerly separate from the land, and to 
have been Circe's iEaea. 

Circenses Ludi, cir-ceti'-ses Id-di, games 
in the Circus Maximus at Rome, instituted by 
Romulus to attract the Sabines, and also called 
Consild'les (as dedicated to the god Consus) 
or Romd'ni, or Magni, consisted of a grand 
procession with the statues of the gods, 
chariot races, sham fights on horseback, repre- 



Clarus 



sentations of land and sea battles, athletic 
exercises (the Pentatk lum or Quiiiqtier 'than 
— leaping, wrestling, throwing the quoit and 
javelin, running, and boxing), and combats 
with wild beasts. The celebration lasted five 
days, beginning 15th September. 

Circesiuji, cir-ce'-si-icm, a city of Mesopo- 
tamia. 

Circius, cir'-cl-us. 1. A part of Mount 
Taurus. 2. A fierce north-west wind in Gallia 
Narbonensis. 

Circum-Padani Agri, cir'-cum-pd-dd'-?ii 
ag'-ri, the district of the Po. 

Circus, cir'-cus, a name given to buildings 
where were shows, games, &c. There were 
about eight at Rome ; the chief was the Circtis 
Maximus, built by Tarqumius Priscus, of 
oblong form, being about 2,190 feet long and 
650 broad, unroofed, and with rising seats 
all round, capable of containing 300,000 spec- 
tators. The Caesars adorned it with porticos 
three stories high, and surrounded it with a 
canal ten feet deep, to supply it with water for 
naval exhibitions. 

Oris, cl'-ris, Scylla, daughter of Nisus, 
made a bird. 

Cirrha, cir'-rJia, a town of Phocis. at the 
base of Mount Parnassus, was the harbour of 
Delphi. 

Cirta, cir'-ta, later Constanti'na, a city of 
the Massyli, capital of Svphax, Masinissa, 
&c. 

Cisseus, cis'-seus. 1. a king of Thrace, 
father of Hecuba (Cisse'is). 2. A son of Me- 
lampus, killed by iEneas. 

Cissia, cisf-sl-a, a district of Susiana, south 
of Media, and east of Babylonia. 

Cissus, cis'-s7(s, a town and mountain of 
Macedonia, south of Thessalonlca. 

Cith^eron, clth-ce'-rdn, a mountain-range 
separating Bceotia from Attica and Megaris, 
was haunted by Bacchus and the Muses. On 
it Actaeon was torn to pieces by his dogs, and 
Pentheus by the Bacchanals ; and Hercules 
killed a lion. 

Citium, cl'-ti-um. 1. a town of Cyprus, 
where Cimon died. 2. A town of Macedonia, 
north-west of Beraea. 

Cius, cl'-us, a Milesian colony in Bithynia. 

Civilis, J., d-vl'-lis, a Batavian ; rose 
against Galba. 

Civitas, d'-vit-as (see Socn). 

Cladeus, clad' -e-tis , a river of Elis. 

Clanis, cldu'-is. 1. A centaur killed by 
Theseus. 2. A river of Etruria, flowing from 
Arretium to the Tiber, north-east of Vulsinli. 
3. A river of Campania, flowing from the Apen- 
ines near Nola to the sea near Liternum, 
through the Palus Literna. 

Clarus, claS-us, or Claros, cldi'-os. 1. A 
town of Ionia, famous for an oracle of Apollo 
(Clashes); was built by Manto, daughter of 
Tireslas, who had fled from Thebes on its de- 
struction by the Epigoni, and wept so much 
that a lake was formed with her tears. 2. An 
isle in the /Egean, between Tenedos and Scios. 
3. A companion of /Eneas. 



84 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Classis 



Classis, clas'-sis {see Centuria). 
Clastidium, clas-tid} '-i-u»i, a town of Li- 
gurfa. 

Claudia, clau'-di-a, i. A Roman patrician 
family, descended from a Sabine king, Clausus, 
produced many illustrious patriots. 2. A Vestal 
virgin, accused of incontinence, proved her 
innocence by dragging ashore with her girdle 
a ship which had brought Vesta's image to 
Rome and had grounded on a shoal in the 
Tiber. 3. A step-daughter of Mark Antony, 
was married to Augustus, but immediately 
after divorced by him, from his quarrel with 
her mother, Fulvia. 4. Quinta, quin'-ta, a 
daughter of Appius Claudius Csecus. 5. Pul- 
chra, pul'-ckra, cousin of Agripplna, con- 
demned for adultery and treason, temp. Tibe- 
rius. 6. Antonia, an-to'-nl-a, a daughter of the 
emperor Claudius, married Cn. Pompey, who 
was put to death by Messallna. Her second 
husband, Sulla Faustus Nero, was killed ; and, 
on her refusing to marry his murderer, she was 
put to death. 7. The wife of the poet Statius. 
8. Via, vi'-a, a road leading from the Milvian 
bridge to the Flaminian way. 9. Lex, lex, 
de comitlis, by M. CI. Marcellus, 52 B.C., abol- 
ishing votes by proxy at elections. 10. Another, 
de usura, forbidding loans to minors on post 
obits of parents. 11. Another, de negotiatione, 
by tribune Q. Claudius, 219 b. c, prohibiting any 
senator having a ship of more than 300 amphorae 
burden, lest they should engage in commercial 
pursuits ; and also prohibiting the scribes and 
attendants of quaestors from commercial trans- 
actions. 12. Another, 178 B.C., to permit the 
allies to return to their cities after their names 
were enrolled. 

Claudius Aqu^e, clau'-di-ce d'-quce, the 
water brought in an aqueduct of eleven miles 
by the censor App. Claudius, 312 B.c 

Claudianus, clati-di-a'-nus, a celebrated 
poet, born at Alexandria, in Egypt, tei7ip. 
Honorius and Arcadius. His verses are 
characterized by purity of language, appro- 
priateness of expression, and sweetness. He 
retired from court on the disgrace of his patron, 
Stilicho, and passed his life in retirement. 

Claudius I., clau'-di-us (Tiberius Drusus 
Nero, ti-be'-ri-us drit-sus ner'-d). i. Son of 
Livia's second son, Drusus, born Aug. 1st, 10 
B.C. ; became emperor of Rome a.d. 41, on the 
murder of Caligula. He gained popularity by 
adorning Rome with buildings, &c. ; but, on 
passing over to Britain, where he obtained a 
triumph for victories his generals had won, he 
suffered himself to be governed by licentious 
and avaricious favourites, who preyed on the 
provinces and distracted the state ; he put to 
deathhis third wife, Messallna, for her infamous 
debaucheries, 48 ; and he was at last poisoned, 
54, aged 62, by his fourth wife, his niece 
Agripplna, to raise her son Nero to the throne. 
2. Claudius II. (M. Aurelius, au-re'-K-us), a 
Dalmatian, succeeded Gallienus, a.d. 268 ; con- 
quered the Goths, Scythians, and Heruli, 
and died of the plague in Pannoma, 270. His 
excellent character was well expressed in the 



Cleombrotus 



Senate's address, Clat/di Angus' te, tu fra'ter, 
tu palter, tu avii'cus, tu bon'us send'tor, tu 
ve're prin'ceps. 3. Nero, ner'-o, a consul 
with Livms Salinator, defeated and killed Has- 
drubal near the Metaurus. 4. The father of 
the emperor Tiberius, was Caesar's quaestor in 
the Alexandrine war. 5. Pontius, po?i'-ti-us, 
a famous Samnite general, made the Roman 
army pass under the yoke at Furcae Caudlnae, 
321 B.c. 6. See Tiberius and Appius. 

Clausus, claul-sus, a king of the Sabines, 
assisted Turnus against iEneas. His des- 
cendant App. Claudius founded the Roman 
Claudian family. 

Clavienus, cldv-i-e'-nus, a poetaster, temp. 
Juvenal. 

Claviger, cld'-vi-ger, Janus, from his car- 
rying a key {cla'vis) ; and Hercules, from his 
carrying a club {cla'vci). 

Clazomen^e, cldz-ovi'-en-cB, a coast city of 
Ionia, between Smyrna and Chios, founded 
656 B.C., by the Ionians ; was the birthplace of 
Anaxagoras, &c. 

Cleadas, cle'd-das, a Plataean, raised ceno- 
taphs over those killed in battle against 
Mardonius. 

Cleander, cle-an'-der. 1. A soothsayer of 
Arcadia. 2. The first tyrant of Gela. 

Cleanthes, cle-an'-t/ies, a Stoic philosopher 
of Assos, in Troas, succeeded Zeno. He was 
very indigent, and, to be able to devote the 
day to study, used to draw water at night for 
a gardener. The Roman senate raised to him a 
statue at Assos. He died 220 b. c. , aged 80. 

Clearchus, cle-ar'-chus. 1. Tyrant of 
Heraclea, in Pontus, killed 353 B.C. 2. The 
second tyrant of Heraclea, died 288 B.C. 3. A 
Spartan general, at the close of the Pelopon- 
nesian war, crossed over to Asia, and was con- 
demned to death for refusing to obey his 
recall. He supported Cyrus, and was killed 
by Tissaphernes' perfidy, 

Clearides, cle-ar'-i-des, a son of Cleo- 
nymus, governor of Amphipolis. 

Clemens, Romanus, cle'-viens ro-ma'-nus. 
1. A Christian father, contemporary with St. 
Paul. 2. Alexandrinus, d'-lex-an-drl'-nus, 
a Christian father of Alexandria, flourished 
206 A.D. 

Cleobis, cle'-ob-is, and Biton, lit' -on, two 
youths, sons of Cydippe, Juno's priestess at 
Argos, drew their mother's chariot to the 
temple when oxen could not be obtained for it. 
The spectators congratulated the mother on 
their filial piety, and she prayed the goddess 
to give them the best of gifts. Next morning 
they were found dead. 

Cleobulus, cle-o-bu'-lus. 1. One of the 
seven wise men of Greece, died 564 B.C. 2. 
An ephor. 

Cleod^iv, cle-o-dar '-us , a son of Hyllus, 
unsuccessfully endeavoured to recover Pelo- 
ponnesus after his father's death. 

Cleombrotus, cle-om'-lrot-us. 1. Son of 
Pausanlas, was king of Sparta after the death 
of his brother Agesipolis I., 380 B.C. ; warred 
with the Boeotians, and was defeated and 



SEE TON'S CLASSICAL D1CTL0NARY 



85 



Cleomedes 



killed at Leuctra, 371. 2. A son-in-law of 
King Leomdas of Sparta, usurped the kingdom 
on the expulsion of his father-in-law ; and, on 
his recall, was expelled with his wife Chelonis. 

3. A philosopher of Ambracia, flung himself 
into the sea after reading Plato's treatise on 
the immortality of the soul (the Phcedou). 

Cleomedes, cle-o-me'-des, an athlete of 
Astypalsea. 

Cleomenes \.,cle-om'-en-es, king of Sparta, 
520 — 491 B.C., conquered the Argives, 
relieved Athens from the Pisistratldae, bribed 
the oracle to pronounce his colleague De- 
maratus illegitimate, and killed himself in a 
fit of madness. 2. Cleomenes II., succeeded 
his brother Agesipolis II. at Sparta, was 
father of Acrotatus and Cleonymus, and, 
after a tranquil reign, was succeeded by 
Acrotatus's son, Areus I. 3. Cleomenes III., 
succeeded his father Leonldas II., 236 B.C. 
Resolved to banish luxury and restore the 
ancient discipline of Lycurgus, he killed the 
Ephori, poisoned his colleague Eurydamldas, 
and placed his own brother Euclldas on the 
vacant throne. He warred with the Achaeans ; 
but, on their general, Aratus, calling in the 
aid of Antigonus, he was defeated at Sellasia, 
222, and retired to the court of Ptolemy Euer- 
getes in Egypt, where his wife and children 
had fled before him. He was hospitably re- 
ceived by Ptolemy, but imprisoned by his 
successor ; whereon he killed himself, 219, and 
his body was flayed and exposed on across. 

4. A Sicilian, favourite and instrument of 
C. Verres. 

Cleon, cle'-on. 1. An Athenian, originally 
a tanner, became prominent as a demagogue, 
and was placed in command of the troops 
against Sphacterla, 424 B.C. He took Thoron, 
in Thrace, and, after distinguishing himself in 
several engagements, was killed at Amphipolis, 
in battle with the Spartan BrasTdas, 422. 2. 
An orator of Halicarnassus. 3. A tyrant of 
Sicyon. 

Cleonje, cle-o'-nie, and Cleona, cle-o'-nd. 
1. A village between Corinth and Argos. Near 
it Hercules {C led nee 1 us) killed the lion of 
Nemsea, which was made a constellation. 2. 
A town on Athos. 

Cleon ic us, cle-o-ul'-ctis, a freedman of 
Seneca. 

Cleonymus, cle-o'-nym-2is, a son of Cleo- 
menes II., called in Pyrrhus, because his 
nephew Areus had been preferred to him in 
the succession. 

Cleopatra, cle-o-J>at'-ra. 1. The grand- 
daughter of Attalus, was married to Philip of 
Macedonia after his divorce of Olympias, and 
put to death by Pausanias after he had mur- 
dered Philip. 2. A sister of Alexander the 
Great, was wife of Perdiccas, and killed by 
Antigonus when flying to Ptolemy, in Egypt. 
3. A daughter of Idus and Marpessa (the 
daughter of King Evenus, of ./Eolia), married 
Meleager, son of King CEneus. 4. A daughter 
of Ptolemy Philometor, married Alexander 
Bala, and afterwards Nicanor, whose son 



Clinus 



Seleucus she killed for ascending the throne 
without her consent. She was suspected of 
preparing poison for her son Antiochus, and 
was compelled by him to drink it herself, 120 
B.C. 5. The wife and sister of Ptolemy Euer- 
getes, raised her son Alexander, a minor, to 
the throne of Egypt in preference to his popular 
elder brother Ptolemy Lathurus, whom, how- 
ever, she soon substituted ; but again raised 
Alexander, by whom, for her cruelties, she 
was killed. 6. The famous queen of Egypt, 
daughter of Ptolemy XI. Auletes, and sister 
and wife of Ptolemy XII., was celebrated for 
her beauty, craftiness, and extravagance. She 
attracted Julius Csesar, to whom she bore a 
son, Csesarion (q. v.), and who, on her behalf, 
involved himself in the Alexandrine war. 
When the triumvir M. Antony proceeded 
against Parthia, he summoned her before him, 
and, enamoured of her, publicly married her, 
after divorcing OctavTa (whence his fatal 
rupture with Augustus), and gave her the 
greater part of the eastern provinces of Rome. 
Cleopatra supported Antony against Augustus, 
31 B.C., but ruined his cause by flying with 
sixty sail to Egypt, where he soon followed 
her. Antony, on a false report that Cleopatra 
was dead, stabbed himself, and was taken to 
the queen, and drawn up by a cord through a 
window into the monument where she had 
concealed herself, where he soon after died ; 
and Cleopatra, after vainly trying to attract 
Augustus, who had come to Egypt, killed 
herself, 30, aged 39, by the bite of an 
asp, to avoid being led in the triumphal pro- 
cession ; and Egypt became a Roman province. 
7. A daughter of Ptolemy Epiphanes, married 
Philometor, and afterwards Physcon of Cyrene. 

Cleopatris, cle-o-pat'-ris, or Arsinoe, ar- 
siu'-d-e, a fortified town of Egypt on the 
Arabian Gulf. 

Cleopompus, cle-o-pom'-pus. 1. An Athenian, 
took Thronium, and conquered the Locrians. 
2. The father of Parnassus by the nymph 
Cleodora. 

Cleoptolemus, cle-oj>-tol' -em-us, a man of 
Chalcis, whose daughter was given in marriage 
to Antiochus. 

Cleostratus, cle-es'-trat-us, a philosopher 
and astronomer of Tenedos, about 536 B.C. 

Clepsydra, clefi-syd-ra. 1. A fountain of 
Messenia, on Mount Ithome. 2. A water- 
clock, on the principle of the sand-glass. 

Clesides, cle'-sl-des, a Greek painter, 276 

B.C. 

Clientes, ctt-en'-tes {see Plef.s). 

Climax, cli'-max, a pass of Mount Taurus, 
formed by the projection of the west ridge into 
the Mediterranean. 

Clinias, cli'-ni-as. 1. A Pythagorean phi- 
losopher and musician, 520 B.C. 2. A son ol 
Alcibiades, the bravest in the Greek fleei 
against Xerxes. 3. The father of Alcibiades, 
killed at the battle of Coronca. 

Clinus, cli'-nus, of Cos, a Greek general in 
the pay of Nectanebus, killed by Nicostratu* 
and the Argives as he passed the Nile. 



S6 



BEET ON' S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Clio 



Clio, cli'-o. i. The first of the Muses, 
daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, presided 
over history. She is represented crowned with 
laurels, holding in one hand a trumpet, and a 
book in the other, or sometimes with a lute and 
the plectrum, or quill, for the lyre. Clio was 
mother of Hyacintha by Pierus, son of Magnes, 
and of Hymenaeus and Ialemus. 2. One of 
Cyrene's nymphs. 

Clisthenes, clis'-then-es. 1. The last tyrant 
of Sicyon, about 590 B.C. 2. An Athenian, one 
of the Alcmseonldae, archon 512 B.C., reformed 
the constitution of Athens by establishing ten 
instead of the old four tribes, and instituted 
Ostracism, from which he was the first to suffer. 
3. An orator of Athens, 510 B.C. 

Clitve, cll'-tcB. 1. A people of CilicTa. 2. 
A place near Mount Athos. 

Clitarchus, cli-tar'-chiis. 1. Made him- 
self tyrant of Eretria by means of King Philip 
of Macedon, but was expelled by Phocion. 2. 
A companion and biographer of Alexander. 

Cliternia, cll-ter'-ni-a, a. town of Apulia. 

Clitomachus, cll-tdm' -dch-ns , a Cartha- 
ginian philosopher of the Third Academy, pupil 
and successor of Carneades at Athens, 128 B.C. 

Clitor, cll'-tdr. 1. A son of Lycaon. 2. 
A son of Azan, founded and named the city 
Clitor in the north of Arcadia : there Ceres, 
./Esculaplus, Ilithyla, the Dioscuri, &c, had 
temples, and near it was a fount Clitorium, 
cli-td'-rl-um, whose waters gave a dislike for 
wine. 

Clitumnus, cti-ium'-nus. 1. A river of 
Arcadia, whose waters, when drunk, made 
oxen white. 2. A river in Umbria. 

Clitus, cli'-tus. 1. The familiar friend and 
foster-brother of Alexander, killed by him with 
a javelin in a fit of anger for preferring Philip's 
actions to his son's, 328 B.C. 2. A commander 
of Polysperchon's ships, defeated by Anti- 
gunus. 3. An officer sent by Antipater with 
two hundred and forty ships against the Athe- 
nians, whom he defeated off the Echinades. 4. 
A Trojan prince killed by Teucer. 

Cloacina, clo-a-cl'-na, a goddess at Rome, 
who presided over the Cloacae, clo-a'-cce, or 
sewers. The greatest {Cloa'ca Maxfimd) was 
begun by TarquinTus Priscus, and finished by 
Tarquinius Superbus : it was so strongly built 
as to be in use to the days of the empire, and 
still exists : there were certain Ciirdtd' res 
cloaca'rum 7ir J bis in charge of them. 

Cloanthus, clo-an' -tints , a companion of 
iEneas, progenitor of the Cluentii at Rome. 

Clodia, clo'-di-a. 1. The wife of Lucullus, 
divorced for her licentiousness. 2. The mother 
of D. Brutus. 3. The wife of Q. Metellus, 
disgraced by her licentiousness. 4. Lex, lex, 
de Cy'pro, by the tribune P. Clodius, 59 B.C., 
to make Cyprus a province, and sell the effects 
of King Ptolemy of Egypt. 5. Another, de 
Magistrd'tibzts, by the same, 59 B.C., pro- 
hibiting one censor from affixing his stigma to 
a man unless actually accused and condemned 
by both censors. 6. Another, by the same, de 
Reli'gime, 58 B.C., to transfer the priesthood 



Clotho 



of Cybele from a native of Pessinus to 
Brotigonus, a Gallogrecian. 7. Another, de 
Prdvin'cus, by the same, 58 B.C., giving Syria, 
Babylon, and Persia to the consul Gabinlus, and 
Achaia, Thessaly, Macedonia, and Greece to 
Piso, with proconsular power. 8. Another, by 
the same, 59 B.C., ordaining the usual distribu- 
tion of corn among the people to be gratis 
instead of, as formerly, at six asses one triens 
the bushel. 9. Another, de Judi'ciis, by the 
same, 59 B.C., calling to account such as had 
executed a Roman citizen without formal trial 
before the people and all formalities (aimed at 
Cicero for his treatment of the Catilinarians). 

Clodius, P., clo'-dl-us. 1. A Roman, sprung 
from an illustrious family (the Claudian), and 
remarkable for his licentiousness, avarice, and 
ambition ; for his violation of all human and di- 
vine laws, by his incest with his three sisters, and 
profanation of the Bona Dea mysteries, 62 B.C., 
he was tried, but escaped by corrupting his 
judges. To gratify his hatred to his prosecutor, 
Cicero, he descended, by adoption, from a pa- 
trician to a plebeian family, that he might be 
elected tribune of the plebs, 58, and by the Cld'- 
dia lex (9) he procured Cicero's exile, burnt his 
house, and exposed his goods for sale, but no one 
would buy them, and they were soon after re- 
stored to the orator on his recal : he caused 
Cato (Uticen'sis), who had supported Cicero 
against the Catilinarians, to be sent with 
praetorian power to Cyprus against Ptolemy, in 
the vain hope that Cato might be unsuccessful 
and ruin his reputation, while Clodius would in 
his absence destroy his influence at Rome. 
Clodius was some time after murdered in a 
tumult with the gladiators of Milo, whom 
Cicero defended. 2. Licinus, li'-cin-us, wrote 
on history of Rome, 100 B.C. 3. Quirinalis, 
quir-i-iid'-lis, a rhetorician teinfi. Nero. 4. 
Sextus, sex'-tus, a Sicilian rhetorician, friend 
and preceptor of M. Antony. 

Clcelia, claf-U-a. 1. A Roman patrician 
family, sprung from Clcelius, a companion of 
iEneas. 2. A Roman virgin, one of the 
hostages to the besieging king Porsenna, of 
Etruria, escaped and swam across the Tiber to 
Rome ; she was re-delivered to Porsenna, but 
released by him. 

Clceli,e FosSvE, clce'-li-ce fos'-sce, a place 
near Rome. 

Clcelius Gracchus, clos'-li-us grad-chus. 
1. A leader of the Volsci and Sabines against 
Rome, conquered by the dictator Q. Cincinna- 
tus. 2. Tullius, tul'-tt-7ts, a Roman ambas- 
sador put to death by King Tolumnlus, of the 
Veientines. 

Clonius, clou'-i-us. 1. A Boeotian, went 
with fifty ships to the Trojan war. 2. A Tro- 
jan, killed by Messapus in Italy. 3. A Trojan, 
killed by Turnus. 

Clotho, clo'-tho, the youngest of the three 
Parca? (q. v.), was daughter of Jupiter and 
Themis (or Nox), and presided over the 
moment of birth. She was represented wearing 
a crown of seven stars, and a variegated robe, 
with a distaff in her hand, with which she 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



87 



Cluentius 



spun the thread of life (whence her name, 
spinning). 

Cluentius Habitus, A., clu-en' -ti-ns hdV- 
It-us, a Roman citizen, accused his step-father 
Stat. Alb. Oppianlcus of having tried to poison 
him, and procured his condemnation by, it was 
supposed, bribing the judices, 74 B.C. ; and in 
66 he was himself accused of poisoning, on three 
distinct charges, by Oppianicus's son, and was 
defended by Cicero. — The Cluentli were sprung 
from Cloanthus, a companion of ^Eneas. 

Cluilia Fossa, clii-i'-li-a fos'-sa, a place 
five miles from Rome. 

Clupea, clup'-e-a, or Clypea, clyp'-e-a, a 
town of Africa Propria, twenty-two miles east 
of Carthage, named from its resemblance to a 
shield (clyp'e?cs). 

Clusini Fontes, clu-si'-7ii foii'-tes, baths in 
Etruria, near Cluslum. 

Clusium, clu'-si-um, a town of Etruria, 
taken by the Gauls under Brennus, 391 B.C. : 
north of the town there was a lake, Clusi'ua 
Lac'us, running as far north as Arretmm, and 
communicating with the Arnus. 

Clusius, clu'-sl-us, Janus, when his temple 
was shut. 

Cluvia, clu'-vla, a debauchee, temp. 
Juvenal. 

Cluvius Rufus, clu'-vi-us ru'-f>cs. r. A 
quaestor, 61 B.C. 2. A native of Puteoli, ap- 
pointed by Caesar to divide the lands of the 
Gauls. 

Clymene, clym'-hi-e. 1. A daughter of 
Oceanus and Tethys, married Japetus and bore 
Atlas, Prometheus, Mencetius, and Epi- 
metheus. 2. A Nereid, mother of Mnemosyne 
by Jupiter. 3. The mother of Thesimenus by 
Parthenopseus. 4. The mother of Phaeton by 
Apollo. 5. A female servant of Helen, accom- 
panied her mistress to Troy. 

Clymeneides, clym-e-ne'-id-es, the sisters 
of Phaeton, who were daughters of Clymene 
CO- 

Clytemnestra, clyt-em-nes -tra, a daugh- 
ter of King Tyndarus of Sparta and Leda 
(q.v.), and sister of Castor, Pollux, and Helen, 
married King Agamemnon of Argos, having 
been previously married, according to some, to 
Tantalus, son of Thyestes. When Agamem- 
non went to Troy, ./Egisthus (q.v.), who was 
left regent, lived in adultery with Clytemnestra, 
and Agamemnon resolved to take vengeance 
on his return ; but, on his arrival, she and her 
adulterer murdered him, along with Cassandra, 
his captive ; and afterwards Clytemnestra pub- 
licly married ./Egisthus, who ascended the 
throne, and with whom she was killed by her 
son Orestes (q. v.). 

Clytia, clyf-i-a, or Clytie, clyt'-i-e. 1. A 
daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, was loved 
by Apollo, who deserted her for Leucothoe, 
whereon she disclosed the intrigue to her 
rival's father. Apollo despised her for this, 
and she pined away, and was changed into the 
sunflower (Jieliotropiuni), which ever faith- 
fully turns to tha sun in its course. 2. A con- 
cubine of Amyntor, son of Phrastor, whose 



Codrus 



calumny caused him to blind his falsely-accused 
son Phoenix. 

Clytius, clyt'-i-ns. 1. A son of Laomedon 
by Strymon. 2. A youth in Turnus's army, 
loved by Cydon. 3. The father of Pireus, 
faithfully attended Telemachus. 4. A son of 
/Eolus, and companion of /Eneas, was kilied 
by Turnus. 

Clytus, clyf-us, a Trojan killed by Hector. 

Cnemus, cne'-mus, a Macedonian general, 
unsuccessful against the Acarnanians. 

Cnidus, cnid'-us, or Gnidus, gnid'-tts, a 
town and promontory of Doris, in Caria, where 
Venus had a temple and statue by Praxiteles. 

Cnossus, cnos'-s7is, or Gnossus, gnos'-sus, 
a town of Crete, about three miles from the 
sea, built by Minos ; had a famous labyrinth. 

Co, co, Coos, co'-os, Cos, cos, or Cea, ce'-a, 
one of the Cyclades, about fifteen miles from the 
coast town of Halicarnassus. Its chief town 
was Cos (anciently A stypalced). Cos gave birth 
to Hippocrates, Apelles, and Simonides. It 
was very fertile, and famous for its wine and 
silkworms, and its manufactures of silkand fine 
cotton. The women of Cos, who dressed in 
white garments of a thin texture (Coee vestas'), 
were fabled to have been once changed into 
cows by Venus, or Juno, whom they reproached 
for suffering Hercules to lead Geryon's flocks 
through their territories. 

Coastr^e, co-ns'-trce, or Coactr^e. co-ac'- 
trce, a people of Asia, near the Palus Mseotis. 

Cocalus, cd'-cal-us, a king of Sicily, hos- 
pitably received Daedalus in his flight from 
Minos. His daughters murdered Minos on 
his arrival in Sicily. 

Cocceius Nerva, coc-cei'-us ner-va. 1. A 
friend of Horace and Mecsenas, was grand- 
father of the emperor Nerva. He had acted as 
mediator between Augustus and Antony. He 
accompanied Tiberius to his retreat at Capreae, 
and starved himself to death. A man granted 
a triumph by the emperor Nero after the dis- 
covery of Piso's conspiracy. 

Cocintum, co-cin'-tum, a promontory of the 
Bruttli. 

Cocles, P. Horatius, cod-Ies, ko-rd' -tl-us , 
a famous Roman, defended the bridge across 
the Tiber against Porsenna's army till his 
comrades had destroyed the part behind him ; 
he then leapt into the river, and, though 
wounded and assailed by the enemy's darts, 
swam safely across. A statue was erected to 
him in Vulcan's temple, by the consul PublicGIa. 

Cocytus, cd-cy'-tits {lamented). 1. A river 
of Eplrus, regarded, from its unwholesome 
waters, and from being a tributary of the 
Acheron, as a river of Tartarus ; whence the 
fury Alecto is called Cocy'tta vir'go. 2. A 
•■wer of Campania, flowing into the Lucrine 
take. 

Codomannus, cod-o-man'-nus, Darius III 
(q. v.) of Persia. 

Codrus, cod'-rus. 1. Seventeenth and last 
king of Athens, was son of Melanthus. When 
the Heraclldae warred with Athens, an oracle 
declared victory would be with those whose 



88 BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Ccela 

king fell. Codrus disguised himself, and was in 
ignorance killed by the enemy, 1070 B. c. Out 
of respect to him, no king was appointed to 
succeed him. and the government was vested 
in ArchonP'-s (q. v.). 2. A Latin poet, con- 
temporary with Virgil. 3. Another, temp. 
Domitian, whose poverty became proverbial. 

Ccela, cos' -la, the west coast of Eubcea. 

Ccele-Syria, coe '-le-syr '-z-a, a district of 
Syria, between Mounts Libanus and Anti- 
libanus, where the Orontes rises. 

Ccelia, cce'-li-a, a Roman plebeian family, 
sprung from Cceles Vibenna, an Etruscan 
chief, who settled at Rome temp. Romulus. 

Ccelius, cce'-li-us. 1. A Roman defended 
by Cicero. 2. A lieutenant of Antony. 3. 
Cursor, cursor, a Roman knight, temp. 
Tiberius. 4. A spendthrift, became a high- 
wayman with his friend Birrhus. 5. A Roman 
historian, 121 B.C. 6. See Ccelius (5). 

Ccelus, cce'-lzts, the Greek Uranos, u'-rdn-os, 
son and husband of Terra (the Greek Ge), be- 
gat Saturnus (Kronos), Oceanus, Hyperion, 
&c, all known as the Titanes (q. v.). Ccelus 
was mutilated with a scythe by his son Saturn, 
and from the blood the Giants, Furies, and 
Nymphs sprang ; and from the mangled flesh, 
which was cast into the sea, Aphrodite 
(Venus). 

Cceranus, ce^-ran-us. 1. A Stoic philo- 
sopher. 2. A man slain by Ulysses. 3. The 
charioteer of Merion, was killed by Hector. 

Coes, co'-es, of Mytilene, was set over it by 
Darius, but stoned to death by his countrymen. 

Cceus, cce'-ics, a son of Ccelus and Terra, 
was father of Lat5na, Asteria, &c, by Phoebe. 

Cogidunus, co-gi-dzi'-nzis, a king of Britain. 

Cohors, cd'-hors, a division in the Roman 
army, the tenth part of a legio (q. v.), and 
hence fluctuating in its numbers as the size of 
the legion was altered. 

Colaxais, col-ax'-d-is, an ancestor of the 
Scythians. 

Colchi, col'-chi, the inhabitants of Colchis. 

Colchis, col'-chis,ox Co^chos, col' -chos, a dis- 
trict of Asia, south of Asiatic Sarmatla, east of 
the Euxine, north of Armenia, and west of Iberia, 
famous as the birthplace of Medea and for the 
expedition of the Argonautse (q.v.), was fruitful 
in poisonous herbs and flax. The inhabitants 
were originally Egyptians, settled temp. King 
Sesostris. The adjectives are Col'chtis, Col'- 
chz'czis, Colchi' dcus, and Col'chis (fern. ). 

Colias, cd'-li-as, a. promontory on the west 
of Attica. 

Collatia, col-l&'-ti-a, a Sabine town on 
the Anio, built by Albans, famous for the 
violence offered Lucretia by SextusTarquinius. 

Collatinus, col-la-ti'-nus. 1. L. Tar- 
quinius, tar-quin'-z-zis, nephew of Tarquin. 
Superbus, married Lucretia, to whom Sext. 
Tarquinius offered violence. With Brutus he 
expelled the Tarquins from Rome and was 
elected consul ; but, being himself of the 
hated royal blood, he resigned, and left Rome 
for Alba. 2. One of the seven hills of Rome. 

Collin a, col'-li'-ua. 1. A gate of Rome, 



Comana 



near Mount Quirinalis. 2. A Roman goddess 
of hills. 

Colo, Junius, co'-lo jii'-ni-m, governed 
Pontus under Claudius. 

Colons, cdl-d'-7ice, a place of Troas. 

Colone, col-d'-ne. 1. Towns in Phocis, 
Erythraea, Thessaly, Messenia. 2. A rock in 
the Thracian Bosporus. 

Colonia Romana, col-o'-nl-a ro-vzd '-na 
(see Socn). 

Colonia, Agrippina, col-d'-ni-a a-grip- 
pl'-na. 1. A city on the Rhine (now Cologne). 
2. A town on Lake Geneva. 3. Morinorum, 
mor-i-nd'-rzim, a town of Gaul. 4. Nor- 
BENSIS, iior-ben'-sis., a town of Spain. 5. 
Trajana, trd-jd'-na, or Ulpia, nl'-pz-a, a 
town of Germany. 6. Valentia, zdl-ezz'-tz-a, 
a town of the Edetani In Tarraconense Spain. 

Colonos, col-o'-uos, an eminence near 
Athens, where the exiled CEdlpus retired, ren- 
dered famous by the CE'dzpits Coldne'us of 
Sophocles. 

Colophon, col'-o-phozt, a coast town of 
Ionia (with a harbour, Ndfiuvi), built by 
Manto's son Mopsus, and colonized by Codrus's 
sons, was the birthplace of Mimnermus, Ni- 
cander, Xenophanes, and (perhaps) Homer. 
It had a temple and oracle of Apol'lo Cldr'zzzs. 

Colosse, cd-los'-sc, and Colossis, co-los'-sis, 
a large town of Phrygia near Laodicea. 

Colossus, co-los'-szts, a brazen image at 
Rhodes, one of the seven wonders of the 
world. Its feet rested on two moles at the 
entrance of the harbour, and ships passed full 
sail between its legs. It was seventy cubits 
high, and took Chares twelve years to finish. 
It was begun 300 B.C., and was injured by an 
earthquake 224 B.C. It remained in ruins 
many centuries, though liberal donations were 
made to the Rhodians to rebuild it ; and, a.d. 
672, was sold by the victorious Saracens to a 
Jewish merchant of Edessa. 

Colubraria, col-ii-brd'-rz-a, an islet off the 
east of Spain, one of the Pityusa?. 

Columella, L. Jun. Moderatus, col-u- 
?nel'-la mod-e-rd'-tzis, of Gades, wrote on 
agriculture, early in the first century, a.d._ 

CoLUMNJE,cdl-z(m'-)zse. 1. Herculis, 
is, two mountains at the extremity of Spain and 
Africa, at the entrance into the Mediterranean 
from the Atlantic,— Cal'pe (now Gibraltar), 
on the coast of Spain, and Ab'yla (now J'ebel 
Zatout, near Ceutd), on the coast of Africa, 
eighteen miles apart. They were believed to 
have been joined till Hercules made the strait. 
2. Protei, pro-te'-i, the boundaries of Egppt, 
or of Proteus's kingdom, placed by Homer in 
the isle Pharos. Later, Alexandria was believed 
to be built on them. 

Coluthus, co-lii'-tJzzis, a native of Lyco- 
polis, in Egypt, wrote a short poem on the rape 
of Helen, in imitation of Homer, a.d. 500. 

Comana, cd-md'-na. 1. A town of Cappa- 
docla, famous for its temple of Bellona, with 
three thousand priests and priestesses, the 
chief priest being usually a member of the 
reigning family. 2. A town of Pontus, 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Combe 



Combe, com' -be, a daughter of the Ophius, 
first invented bronze armour. She escaped 
from her children, who had conspired to mur- 
der her, and was made a bird. 

Combi, com'-bi, or Ombi, a city of Egypt. 

Combrea. com-bre'-a, a town near Pallene. 

Cometes, co-me'-tes. i. A centaur, killed 
at the nuptials of Pirithous. 2. A son of 
Thestius, killed in the Calydonian Hunt. 

_ (Dominium, co-mln '-i-um , a town in Sam- 
nium. 

Cominius, co-min'-i-us, a Roman knight, 
wrote some illiberal verses against Tiberius. 

Comitia, com-it'-i-a, an assembly at Rome for 
voting on public questions. There were three : 
the Curiata, cu-ri-d'-ta, in which the votes 
were given by cu'rice (30), each curia having 
but one vote (decided by the majority of its 
members), was the ancient assembly, and con- 
sisted of the then popuhis, patricians only. 
The establishment of the Centiiridta by King 
Servius Tullms greatly injured it, but its assent 
was still required till the Publilia Lex, 339 
B.C. After that it declined, but was retained 
to grant the Imperium (supreme military com- 
mand), and legalize arrogatio (adoption). 
The Centuriata, cen-ticr-i-d'-ta, in which 
the votes were by centur'tce (q. v.), instituted 
by King Servius Tullius, included all citizens, 
became superior to the Curiata in 339 B.C., and 
was the great popular assembly. It (1) elected 
magistrates, (2) enacted or repealed laws, (3) 
tried all cases affecting the personal and poli- 
tical privileges of Roman citizens, and (ex- 
cepting once) always met in the Campus 
Martms. The Tributa, trib-ii'-ta (votes by 
tribes), was originally confined to plebeians ; it 
first formally met to try Coriolanus, 491 B.C. ; 
and was regularly instituted, 471, by tribune 
Publillus Volero, who enacted that it should 
elect all plebeian magistrates ; and, by the 
Valeria Horatia, 449, Ptcblilia, 339, and Hor- 
tensia, 286, its decrees were made binding on 
all the people. It also tried cases affecting 
the rights and privileges of the plebeians as an 
order. An assembly of the Pontifices to (1) 
elect and consecrate the Rex Sacrificithis and 
the Flamines,_ (2) attest wills, and (3) authorize 
the renunciation by an heir of certain sacred 
rites attaching to his property [Detestatio sa- 
crorum), was called the Comitia Calata, cal- 

& '-ta{summoned, from cdldre). The auspices 

were always taken before the meeting, and, if 
anything untoward occurred during it, it was 
at once dissolved. The mode of voting was 
fixed by the Tdbelld'rice Le'ges (q. v.). There 
were numerous enclosures (sep'ta or ovl'lia) 
erected for the voters, entered by a narrow 
passage (pons), with one opposite for exit. 
Each voter on entering received two tickets 
(tabel'lce) from a divisor, or diribitor, and 
deposited the one he approved of in a vase 
(cis'ta, or urnd) at the inner end of the pons. 
If the vote was affirmative, the ticket was 
marked V. R. (itt'i rdg'as, as you ask) ; if 
negative, A. (anti'.juo, I prefer the old state of 
matters). In criminal trials there were three 



89 



Conon 



tickets given, A. (absol'vo), C. (cmdem'no), 
and N. L. (Non Uq'uet, not proven). 

Commagena, com'-md-ge'-na, a part of 
Syria, north of Cilicia, running as far east as 
the Euphrates. Its capital was Samosata, 
where Lucan was born. 

Commius, com'-mi-tis, a man made king of 
the Atrebates by Julius Caesar for his services. 

Commodus. 1. L. Aurelius Antoninus, 
com'-mod-us, au-re '-li-?is an-io-ni'-mis, son of 
the emperor M. Antoninus, whom he succeeded, 
a.d. 180, aged 19. After rendering himself in- 
famous by debauchery, incest, extravagance, 
and a total disregard of the commonest decen- 
cies, he was given poison by a concubine, 
Marcia, and then, as that did not act soon 
enough, was strangled by a wrestler, 192. 
2. See Verus. 

Commoris, com'-mor-is, a village of Cilicia. 

Compitalia, com-pit-d'-li-a, Roman fes- 
tivals on 12th January and 6th March, in the 
cross-ways, in honour of the Lares, instituted 
by Tarquinius Superbus. Originally human 
victims were offered, but in the historical 
period the offerings were poppyheads and 
men of straw. The ministers were slaves, who 
enjoyed freedom during the celebration. 

Compsa, comp'-sa, a town of the Hirplni, 
east of Vesuvius. 

Compsatus, co7iip'-sa,-tns, a river of Thrace 
falling into the lake Bistonis. 

Comum, cot-mum, a town at the north of 
Insubria, birthplace of the younger Pliny. 

Comus, cd'-mus, the god of revelry, feasting, 
and nocturnal entertainments, generally repre- 
sented as a drunken youth, with a garland j>f 
flowers on his head, or a torch falling from his 
hands. During his festivals men and women 
exchanged each other's dress. 

Concani, con'-cdn-i, a people of Spain, 
lived chiefly on milk mixed with horse's bL-od. 

Concordia, con-cor'-di-a, the Roman god- 
dess of peace, to whom Camillus raised a tem- 
ple, 367 B.C., and the Senate on the murder of 
Caius Gracchus, 121 b.c. 

Condrusi, con-drii'-si, a people of Gallia 
Belglca. 

Cone, co'-ne, an islet at the mouth of the 
Ister. 

Confluentes, con-flu-en' -tes, a town of 
Germany, at the confluence of the Moselle and 
Rhine, now Coblentz, 

Confucius, con-fu'-ci-us, a Chinese moral 
and political philosopher, 500 B.C. 

Congedus, C07i-ge'-dus, a. river of Tarra- 
conense Spain. 

Conon, con'-dn. 1. A famous general of 
Athens, son of Timofheus, was made governor 
of the isles of the Athenian confederacy, and 
was defeated by Lysander's fleet near yEgos- 
potamos, 405 B.C. ; he retired to King Evagoras 
of Cyprus, and, subsequently, to King Arta- 
xerxes of Persia, who gave him assistance ; 
he defeated the Spartans under Pisander off 
Cnidos, 394 ; fortified Athens, and attempted 
to recover Ionia and yEtolia ; was betrayed by 
a Persian, and died in prison, 392. 2, A Greek 



90 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Consentes 



astronomer of Samos, 240 B.C. 3. A Greek 
mythologist, temp. Julius Caesar. 

Consentes Dii, con-se?i'-tes dl'-i, the 
Roman name for the twelve superior gods, 
Dl'i majd'rum gen'tuim, named by Ennius in 
the lines — 

Ju'no, Ves'ta, Miner 7 va, CeVes, Dia'na, Ven'us, 
Mars. 

Mercur'his, Jov'i, Neptu'nus, Vulca/nus, 
Apol'lo. 

They were called Consentes, from consenfaig 
to the deliberations of Jupiter's council. 

Consentia, cou-seu'-ti-a, capital of the 
BruttTi, on the Crathis. 

Constans, coii'-stans, youngest son of Con- 
stantine the Great, received a portion of the 
empire on his father's death, a.d. 337 ; con- 
quered his brother Constantlnus, 340 ; and was 
murdered by Magnentms, governor of Rhaetia, 

CONSTANTINOPOLlS, C0n-stci7l' -tl-fWp -Ol-lS , 

built on the site of Byzan'Uum (q.v.) by 
Constantine the Great, a.d. 330, was the seat 
of the Eastern empire, and the asylum of 
science and literature. Its conquest by Ma- 
homet III., 28 May, 1453, led to the migration 
westwards of learned men, and greatly aided 
the revival of literature in Europe. 

Constantinus, con-stan-ti '-mis. 1. The 
Great, son of Constantius, born 272 a.d., as- 
sumed the title Augustus 306. When he was 
going to fight his rival, MaxentTus, 312, there 
appeared in the sky a cross with the legend, 
ev Tovrtp vlna (in this conquer) ; from this 
alleged miracle he became a convert to Christi- 
anity, ever after adopting the cross (labaruni) 
as his standard. After the death of his rivals 
Diocletian, Maximian, Maxentius, Maximlnus, 
and Licinius, Constantinus became sole em- 
peror ; he built Co7istan 'tinofi 'olis and made 
it his capital, thus taking the first step towards 
the division of the empire into East and West, 
from the rivalry between the new city and 
Rome ; he defeated the Goths, and received 
into the empire 300,000 Sarmatians who had 
been banished with their slaves. He was per- 
sonally brave, but evidently destitute of mili- 
tary foresight; for, by his withdrawal of the 
legions that garrisoned the frontiers, he opened 
an easy passage to the barbarians, and made 
his troops unwarlike. In the Christian con- 
troversies, he at first persecuted, but after- 
wards sided with the Arians. His character is 
deeply stained by his murder of his son Crispus 
(4) (q.v.). He was learned, and composed and 
preached several sermons. He died 337, having 
reigned with the greatest glory and success. 
Constantinus divided the empire among his 
three sons, Constantinus, Constans, and Con- 
stantius. 2. His eldest son, received Gaul, 
Spain, and Britain for his portion ; fell in battle 

with his brother Constans, a.d. 340. Several 

of the emperors of the East bore this name in 
a later period. 

Constantius Chlorus, con-stan'-ti-us 
chld'-rus. 1. Son of Eutropras, and father of 
Conbtantine the Great, obtained the title of 



Consul 



Ccesar by his victories in Spain and Germany ; 
became the colleague of Galerius, on Diocle- 
tian's abdication, a.d. 305; and, after displaying 
the character of a mild and benevolent prince, 
died, 306, at York, leaving the empire to his 
son. 2. Constantius II., the third son of 
Constantine the Great, became sole emperor 
on the murder of his brother Constans by Mag- 
nentms, a.d. 353; he punished the murder, but 
gave way to cruelty and oppression ; he visited 
Rome and enjoyed a triumph, and died in his 
march against Julian, who had been proclaimed 
emperor by the soldiers. 3. The father of 
Julian and Gallus, was son of Constantius by 
Theodora, and died a.d. 337. 4. Constan- 
tius III., a Roman general of Nyssa, married 
Placidla, sister of Honorius, and was pro- 
claimed emperor a.d. 421. He died, univer- 
sally regretted, seven months after, and was 
succeeded by his son Valentinian in the Western 
empire. 

Consuales Ludi, con-su-a'-les Itf-di, or 
Consualia, con-su-a'-U-a, Roman festivals, in 
August, to Consus (q.v.), the god of secret 
councils, whose altar Romulus discovered 
under the ground, and by whom they were 
instituted to attract the Sabines. The altar 
was uncovered only at the festival, when a 
mule was sacrificed ; and there were games and 
horse-races in honour of Neptunus Equestris ; 
and horses, mules, and asses were led through 
the streets adorned with garlands. 

Consul, con'-sul, a name applied to two 
annual magistrates at Rome, instituted on 
expulsion of the kings (Tarquinii), 509 B.C., 
whose civil and military powers they inherited, 
while the religious functions were transferred 
to the Rex Sacrificiilus. Their powers were 
equal, but they usually alternated every month 
in the direction of the state when in the city, 
the acting Consul being preceded by twelve 
officers (lictd'res), each carrying a bundle of 
rods (fas'ces) with an axe (secu'ris) stuck in 
the midst ; while the other Consul appeared 
without lictors, or they walked behind him, 
and an ordinary messenger (accen'sus) preceded 
him. The election was made by the CdmU'ia 
Centuria'ta, usually in July, for the year be- 
ginning in the January following ; and this 
vote conferred on them the Potes'tas, i.e., their 
civil privileges as heads of the government, 
summoning the Senate, &c. ; and the Comit'ia 
dirtd' ta granted the Imper'ium (supreme mili- 
tary power) and A uspi'cta (the right of taking 
the auspices for the state). Patricians only 
were eligible till, after severe conflicts, the Lex 
Licln'ia was passed in 367. At induction, the 
Consuls went in procession with the Senate to 
the Capitol, to offer sacrifices ; their insig'nia 
consisted of twelve lictors with the fasces, a tog 1 a 
prcBtex'ta (cloak with a scarlet border), and a 
sel'la curu'lis (ivory chair). The year was 
called after them (as in the case of the Athe- 
nian Ar'chon Epo'numos). The power of the 
Consuls might at any time be overridden by 
the appointment of a Dicta 1 tor (q.v.), with 
whose power tfoey were, under the later 



SEETON s S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



91 



Consus 



public, on critical occasions, invested ; and, 
like all other magistrates, they were liable to be 
tried for maladministration when their office 
had expired. The sphere of their action was 
much reduced by the creation of the Censor- 
ship, Prsetorship, ./Edileship, &c. Under the 
Empire the Consulship was retained, but there 
were two classes of Consuls : the Or'dina'rii, 
who gave their name to the year, and then 
resigned ; and the Stiffed 'ti, any number of 
successive pairs afterwards appointed accord- 
ing to the number of persons the emperor 
wished to gratify. Between the day of election 
and that of entering on office, the consul was 
called Consul designa' tus. 

Consus, con'-sus, a Roman god of secret 
deliberations, identified by some with Neptu'- 
nus Eques'tris ; his altar in the Circus Maxi- 
mus was kept covered, to show councils should 
be secret : his festivals were Consudlia (q.v.). 

Contadesdus, con-ta-des' -dus , a river of 
Thrace, flows into the Agrianes (Erzene). 

Contrebia, con-treb'-i-a, a town of Celti- 
beria. 

Coos, co'-os (see Co). 

Copais, co-pa' -is, a lake of Bceotia into which 
the Cephlsus, &c, flow : on its north shore 
was a town, Q.o?m, co'-pce. 

Copia, cd'-pi-a, the Roman goddess of 
Plenty, represented as bearing a horn full of 
grapes, fruits, &c. 

Coponius, C, co-po'-iu-jis, commanded 
the fleet of Rhodes at Dyrrhachlum, in Pom- 
pey's interest. 

Coptus, cop'-tus, or Coptos, cop'-tos, a town 
of Upper Egypt, east of the Nile below 
Thebes. 

Cora, cor 1 -a, a town of LatTum, south-east of 
Velitrse, founded by a Dardanian colony before 
Rome was built. 

Coracesium, cor-a-ce'-si-um, a coast town 
of Pamphyl la. 

Coralli, co-ral'-li, a savage people of 
Pontus. 

Coras, cor'-as, a brother of Catillus and 
Tiburtus, fought against ^Eneas. 

CorassIjE, cor-as'-si-ce, islets south-west of 
Icaria, in the ^Egean. 

Corax, cor' -ax. 1. A rhetorician of Sicily, 
467 B.C., the first teacher to take fees from his 
pupils. 2. A mountain of ^Etolla. 

Corbis, cor'-bis, and Orsua, or'-sii-a, two 
brothers who fought for the dominion of a city 
in the presence of Scipio in Spain. 

Cokbulo, Domitiijs, cor'-biil-o, dom-it- 
i-us, a prefect of Gallia Belglca, and afterwards 
of Syria, routed the Parthians, destroyed 
Artaxata, and made Tigranes king of Armenia. 
Nero, out of jealousy of his virtues, ordered 
him to be murdered, whereupon Corbulo fell 
on his sword, a.d. 66. 

Corcyra, cor-cy'-ra, the ancient Phcea'cia, 
an isle off EpTrus, twelve miles from 
Buthro'tum, famous for Ulysses' shipwreck and 
Alcinous' gardens ; it was also called Drep'dne 
and ScheVia. A colony of Colchians had 
settled there 1349 B.C., and Corinthians under 



Corinthus 

Chersicrates colonized it 703 B.C. : the war of 
the Corcyreans with the Athenians formed the 
introduction to the Peloponnesian war. 

Corduba, cor'-dub-a, a city of Hispanla 
Baetica, birthplace of the Senecas and 
Lucan. 

Core, cor'-e (ike Maiden), Persephone (q.v.). 

Coressus, co-res'-sus, a mountain and town 
near Ephesus. 

Coresus, cdr'-e-sus (sse Callirrhoe, i). 

Corfinium, cor-fi'-nl-um, the capital of the 
Peligni, three miles from the mouth of the 
Aternus. 

Corinna, co-rin'-na. 1. A famous poetess 
of Tanagra, near Thebes, 490 B.C., was 
daughter of Archelodorus, and disciple ot 
Myrtis ; obtained five times a poetical prize, 
when Pindar was her competitor : probably her 
beauty contributed to her success. 2. A 
woman of Thespis, celebrated for her beauty. 
3. Ovid's mistress. 

Corinthiacus Sinus, cor-in-tJu' -dc-us 
sin'-ns, now the Gulf of Lepanto, the bay 
between the north of Greece and Pelopon- 
nesus, on the west coast. 

Corinthus, co-rin'-thus, originally Eph'yra, 
an ancient city of Greece, on the middle of the 
Isthmus of Corinth (and thence called 
Bhn'aris, as midway between the SaronTcus 
and the Crissseus Sinus), was founded by 
Sisyphus, son of ^Eolus, 1388 B.C., and named 
from Corinthus, the son of Pelops : it colonized 
Syracuse, Ambracia, Corcyra, ApollonTa, 
Potidaea, &c. In the Peloponnesian war it 
strongly supported the Spartans. In 395 B.C. 
the Corinthian War was begun by the Corin- 
thians, Athenians, Thebans, and Argives, 
against Sparta, in which Pisander and Agesi- 
laus distinguished themselves ; the former was 
defeated with the Spartan fleet by Conon off" 
Cnidus, but shortly after Agesilaus defeated 
the allies at Coronea, a victory more than 
counterbalanced by the Spartan defeat at 
Leuctra. It joined the Achaean league 243, 
and, after a brave defence, it was totally de- 
stroyed by the consul L. Murnmlus, 146, when 
the Romans carried away immense treasures : 
the city was burnt down, and the fusion of 
metals that ensued is said to have led to the 
discovery of the composition brass (Corin- 
thlum ess), but probably the composition was 
known to its artists before. Julius Caesar 
again colonized Corinth. The government 
of Corinth was monarchical till 779 B.C., 
when officers called Prytanes were instituted : 
the Bacchiadae were expelled by Cypselus in 
655, and the government again became aristo- 
cratical on the fall of Psammetlchus, Peri- 
ander's son, in 585. Corinth was noted for 
the extravagance and voluptuousness of its in- 
habitants, and had a famous temple of Venuo, 
the scene of great licentiousness : the proverb 
expressed in Horace's line, Non cui'vis hom'ini 
coiitin'git ddl're Corin'thum, is said to refer to 
the great expenses thereby incurred by visitors, 
but it is also explained as referring to the dan- 
gerous harbour-entrance. 
Or 



92 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Coriolanus 



Coriolanus, cor'-i-oda'-nus, the surname of 
Cn. Marcius, mar'-cl-7is, from his victory over 
Corioli, 493 B.C., when, from a private soldier, 
he rose to the highest honours. He opposed the 
plebeian claims for equality, and, in a famine, 
when King Gelo of Sicily sent a present of 
corn, he urged that it should be sold and not 
given gratis : the tribunes inflamed the plebs 
against him, he was tried and exiled, 491, and 
he took refuge with his deadly enemy Attius 
Tullus, leader of the Volsci. 'At the head of 
the Volsci he marched against Rome, pitched 
his camp five miles from the city, and refused 
to see the ambassadors ; his wife VolumnTa and 
his mother Veturla, accompanied by Roman 
matrons, at last prevailed on him to withdraw, 
and from the patriotism of his female relatives 
the Romans dedicated a temple to Fortftna 
Muliebris. Coriolanus was summoned by the 
angry Volsci to appear before the people at 
Antlum, where he is said to have been 
murdered, 488, but, according to others, he 
lived to a great age in exile. 

Corioli, cor-i'-ol-i, a. Volscian town of 
Latium, taken by C. Marcius Coriolanus, 493 
B.C. 

Cormasa, cor'-mas-a, a town of Pamphylia. 

Cormus, cor'-imts, a river of Assyria. 

Cornelia, cor-fti'-li-a. 1. Daughter of 
Cinna, was the first wife of Julius Caesar. 2. 
Daughter of Metellus Scipio, married P. Cras- 
sus, and, after his death, Pompey : she has 
been praised for her virtues. 3. Daughter of 
Scipio Africanus, was TJte Mother of Tlie 
Gracchi (Tib. and C.) by SempronTus 
Gracchus, and commended for her virtues. 
When a Campanian lady once displayed to her 
b~r jewels, Cornelia produced her two sons as 
her best jewels. Some of her epistles are ex- 
tant. During her lifetime a statue was raised to 
her, with the inscription, Cornelia mater Grac- 
dw'-rum. 4. Lex, lex, de civitate by Sulla, 84 
B.C. ; confirmed the Sulpicia, and required that 
the citizens of the eight newly created, should 
be distributed among the thirty-five ancient 
tribes. 5. Dc judiclis, by the same, 81 B.C., 
that the pra;tors should observe the same 
methods of judicial procedure. 6. De sump- 
tibus, by the same, limited funeral expenses. 
7. De religid7ie, by the same, 77 B.C., abro- 
gated the Domitla, and restored to the sacred 
colleges the right of co-optation. 8. De 
municipiis, by the same, took away all their 
privileges from the towns that had supported 
Marius and Cinna. 9. De magistratibus, by 
the same, suspended the Lex A nndlis in favour 
of his own young adherents, and made the sons 
of his enemies ineligible for office. 10. Another 
de magistratibus, by the same, 81 B.C., that 
no one should hold the same office twice within 
ten years, or two offices in one year. 11. De 
maj estate (treason), by the same, 84 B.C., 
punished with aquce et ignis interdictio the 
sending troops out of a province, or engaging 
in war without orders, influencing the soldiers 
to spare or ransom a captive general of the 
enemy, sparing the leaders of robbers or 



Corsi 



pirates, or being present at a foreign court 
without leave. 12. Another, by the same, 
gave a man accused of murder or arson the 
right of choosing whether the jurors should 
vote openly or by ballot 13. Another, by the 
same, inflicted aquce et ignis interdictio on 
those guilty of forgery, perjury, or debasing 
the coinage. 14. The De pecicnus repetutidis 
assigned the same punishment on those guilty 
of extortion or embezzlement in the provinces. 
15. Another, by the same, allowed provincial 
governors to retain their command without a 
renewal of it by the senate. 16. Another, by 
the same, confiscated the lands of the pro- 
scribed. 17. By the tribune C. Cornelius, 6S 
B.C., that no person should be exempted from 
any law according to the general custom, unless 
200 members were present in the Senate, and 
that an appeal might be taken to the people. 
18. By Scipio Naslca, 172 B.C., declaring war 
against King Perseus, son of Philip, of Mace- 
donia, unless satisfaction were given. 

Cornelius, cor-ne'-li-7ts. 1. C, a sooth- 
sayer of Padua, foretold the battle of Phar- 
sah'a. 2. Dolabella, dol-a-bel'da, friend 
and admirer of Cleopatra. 3. Cn., colleague 
with Marcellus in the consulship, 222 B.C. 
4. Cossus, cos'-sns, military tribune during the 
suspension of the consulship, offered Jupiter 
the second spolia opima, 428 B.C. 5. Balbl'S, 
bal'-bus, a native of Gades, was ably defended 
by Cicero when accused. 6. Master of the 
horse under dictator Camillus. 7. L. Merula, 
mer'-ii-la, consul 193 B.C., sent against the 
Boii, killed 14,000. His grandson, L. , supported 
Sulla, and killed himself when Marius entered 
Rome, 87 B.C. 8. Severus, se-ve'-rus, an epic 
poet, temp. Augustus, wrote poems on Mount 
/Etna and death of Cicero. 9. Aurelius Cel- 
sus, au-re'-U-us cel'-sus, wrote eight (extant) 
books on medicine. 10. See Scipio and Nepos. 

Corniger, cor'-ni-ger (Jwrn-beari7ig), Bac- 
chus (q. v.). 

Cornutus, cor-nii'-tus. t. L. Annex's, an- 
na? -us, a Stoic philosopher of Attica, preceptor 
of the satirist Persius, wrote on philosophy and 
rhetoric. 2. M., a pra?tor temp. Cicero. 

Corcebus, cd-roe'-bus. 1. A Phrygian, son 
of Mygdon and Anaximena, allied with Priam 
to obtain the hand of Cassandra. She advised 
him to leave the war. He was killed by Pene- 
leus. 2. A hero of Argolis. 

Coronea, cor-o-ne'-a. 1. A town of Bceotla, 
south-west of Bcebeis, scene of Agesilaus's 
victory, 394 b.c. 2. Towns in Corinth, Cyprus, 
Ambracla, PhthiOtis. 

Coronis, cor-o'-nis. 1. The daughter of 
Phlegyas, was mother of /Esculaplus (q. v.) 
by Apollo. 2. The daughter of King Coronaeus 
of Phocis, was made a crow by Minerva when 
flying before Neptune. 3. A daughter of Atlas 
and Pleione. 

Coronta, co-ron'-ta, a town of Acarnanla. 

Corrhagium, cor-rha '-gi-um , a town of 
Macedonia. 

Corsi, cor'-si, a people in the north of Sar- 
dinia, descended from the Corsicans. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



93 



Corsica 



Corsica, cor'-sic-a, the Greek Cyrnos, cyr 1 - 
nos, a mountainous isle west of Italy, inhabited 
by a fierce people. It was early held by the 
Carthaginians, and was conquered by Rome 
231 B.C. It produced honey in abundance, but 
of a bitter taste, from the quantity of yew-trees 
and hemlock. 

Corsote, cor-so'-te, a city of Mesopotamia. 

Cc^tona, cor-to'-na, an ancient town and 
mountain of Etruria, north of Thrasymenus, 
the CorytJncs of Virgil. 

Coruncanius, Tib., cor-un-ca'-ni-us, was 
consul 2S0 b.c, and the first plebeian made 
Pontifex Maximus. 

Corvinus, cor-vi'-mcs. 1. A name given 
M. Valerizcs, from a crow assisting him when 
fighting a Gaul. 2. Messala, mes-sa'-la, an 
orator temp. Augustus, virtuous and patriotic, 
but ridiculed for his pedantry. 3. One of the 
family became so poor that he had to hire him- 
self out as a shepherd. 

Co RYB antes, cor-y-ban'-tes, or Galli, 
gal'-li, the eunuch-priests of Cybele, migrated 
from Mount Ida to Crete, where they reared 
Jupiter ; whence the Coryban'tica festival at 
Cnossus, in Crete. They were named from 
Corybas, cor'-y-bas, a son of Jasus and Cybele, 
who introduced his mother's rites into Phrygia. 
The chief, Archigal 'his , in dress resembled a 
woman, and had a necklet with two represent- 
ations of the head of Atys. At their festivals 
they beat their cymbals and seemed delirious. 
{See Atys 6 and Cybele.) 

CoryCides, co-ry'-ci-des. 1. The nymphs at 
the base of Mount Corycus, near Parnassus. 
2. The Muses(from Corycus, 3). 

Corycius, co-rf-ci-us, an old man of Ta- 
rentum, noted for the rearing of bees. 

Corycus, cd-ryc-us. 1. A cave, town, and 
lofty mountain of Cilicia, with a grove pro- 
ductive of saffron. 2. A mountain of Ionia, the 
retreat of robbers. 3. A cave at the top of 
Parnassus, sacred to Pan and the Muses. 

Corydon, cor'-y-don, a shepherd, in the 
pastorals of Theocritus and Virgil. 

Corymbifer, cd-rym' -bi-fer (bearing ivy- 
berries), Bacchus. 

Corythus, cor'-y-tlms, a king of Etruria (see 
Dardanus). 

Cos, cos (see Co). 

Cosa, cos' -a, or Cos^E, cos'-ce, a. coast town 
of Etruria. 

Cossus, cos'-siis. 1. A family of the Cor- 
nelia gens. 2. Corxelius, cor-ne'-li-ns, killed 
King Volumnius of Veii, and dedicated to 
Jupiter the second S folia Op una, 42S B.C. 

Cosyra, cd-sy'-ra, a barren isle near Mellta. 

Cotes, cd'-tes, a promontory of Mauretania. 

Cothon, co'-tkon, an islet, with harbour, 
near the citadel of Carthage, served as a 
dockyard. 

Cotiso, cof-is-o, a king of the Daci, in- 
vaded Pannonia, and was defeated by Corn. 
Lentulus, in the reign of Augustus. 

Cotta, cotf-ta. 1. M. Aurelius, au-re'- 
li-its, a Roman, opposed Marius ; was consul 
with Lucullus, 74 b.c. ; defeated Mithridatesby 



Crassus 



sea and land ; and was named Ponticus, from his 
capture of Heraclea, in Pontus, by treachery. 

2. An orator commended by Cicero, was con- 
sul 75 b.c. 3. A spendthrift temp. Nero. 4. 
A poet mentioned by Ovid. 

CottIjE, cof-ti-cz, the part of the Alpes 
separating Italy from Gaul. 

Cottius, cot'-ti-us, a king of Ligurian tribes 
in the Cottia^, subdued and reinstated by Au- 
gustus 8 B.C. 

Cottus, cof-tus, a giant, son of Ccelus and 
Terra, had a hundred hands and fifty heads. 

CotYjEUM, cot-y-tz'-um, a town of Galatia. 

Cotyora, cot-y-o'-ra, a colony of Sinope, 
on the coast of Pontus Polemoniacus. 

Cotys, cof-ys. 1. The father of Asia. 2. 
A king of Maeonia. son of Manes and Callirrhoe. 

3. A king of Thrace, supported Pompey. 

4. A king of Thrace temp. Ovid, shared his 
kingdom with his uncle, by whom he was 
killed. 5. A king of the Odrysae. 6. A king 
of Armenia Minor temp. Claudius; warred 
with Mithridates. 

Cotytto (-us), cot-yf-to, the goddess of de- 
bauchery, was identified with the Phrygian 
Cj'bele. Her festivals were Cotyftia, and 
priests were Bapt^e. 

Cragus, crag 1 -us, a wooded ridge of Mount 
Tauris, in Cilicia, sacred to Apollo. 

Cranai, cran'-a-i, the Athenians, from 
King Cranaus. 

Cranaus, crau'-a-us, a king of Athens, 1497 
B.C., reigned nine years. 

Cranii, cran'-i-i, a town of Cephallenia. 

Cranon, era! -non, a town of Thessaly. 

Grantor, cran'-tor. 1. A philosopher of 
Soli, and pupil of Plato, flourished 310 B.C. 2. 
Armour-bearer of Peleus, killed by Demoleon. 

Crassipes, eras' -si-pes, surname of xh^Furii. 

Crassus, cras'-siis. 1. SurnamedAGELASTUS, 
a-gel-as / -tus(q.v.). 2. P. Licinius, li-cm'-i-?is, 
pontifex maximus 131 B.C., fell near Smyrna 
in an expedition against Aristonlcus. 3. M. 
Licinius, li-ciu'-i-us, tlie Rich, raised himself 
to great wealth by educating his slaves and 
selling them at a high price. He retired to 
Spain during the savage rule of Cinna ; after 
whose death he returned to Italy and ingratiated 
himself with Sulla ; he was sent against the in- 
surgent gladiators, 71 B.C., under Spartacus, 
whom he totally overthrew, and was rewarded 
with a triumph. He was soon after Consul 
with Pompey, 70, and entertained the people 
at ten thousand tables ; he was made Censor ; 
and formed, 60 B.C., the first Triumvirate with 
Pompey and Cssar ; and received the province 
of Syria in 55. Crassus set out for the East, 
though the omens were unfavourable; he 
crossed the Euphrates against Parthia, was 
betrayed by King Artavasdes of Armenia and 
King Ariamnes of Cappadocia, and was defeated 
in a large plain by Surena, the general of 
King Orodes of Parthia, when twenty thousand 
Romans were killed and ten thousand taken 
prisoners. Crassus escaped in the darkness of 
the night, but was forced by his mutinous soldiers 
to trust himself to his conqueror on pretence 



94 



BEE TON >S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Craterus 



of making terms ; and was put to death. His 
head was cut oft and sent to Orodes, who 
poured molten lead down the throat. Crassus 
has been called avaricious, but he lent to his 
friends without interest. He was learned in 
history and fond of philosophy. 4. P. , son of 
(3), accompanied him into Parthia. On his 
father's defeat he ordered one of his men to 
run him through. His head was cut off and 
shown his father by the Parthians. 5. L. 
Licinius, U-cin'-i-us, an orator commended 
by Cicero, and introduced as principal speaker 
in his De Oratore. 6. A son of (3), fell in the 
Civil Wars. 

Craterus, crat'-e-rus. 1. An able general 
and biographer of Alexander, after whose 
death he subdued Greece with Antipater, and 
fell in Asia in battle with Eumenes, 321 B.C. 
2. A physician of Atticus. 

Crates, crdt'-es. 1. A philosopher of The- 
bes in Bceotia (324 B.C.), son of Ascondus, and 
disciple of Diogenes the Cynic at Athens, sold 
his estates and gave the money to his fellow- 
citizens ; he was naturally deformed, and ren- 
dered himself still more repulsive by his manners 
and dress ; in summer he was thickly, and in 
winter thinly clad ; HipparchTa, the sister of a 
philosopher, became enamoured of him, and 
obliged him to marry her, and she herself became 
a leading teacher of Cynicism. 2. A Stoic, son 
of Timocrates, taught grammar at Rome. 3. 
Of Pergamos, 165 B.C., wrote on most notable 
events of history. 4. An Athenian philosopher, 
pupil and successor of Timoleon. 

Crathis, crd'-this. 1. A river of the 
Bruttii, whose water rendered yellow the hair 
of those who drank of it. 2. A river of Achaia. 

Cratinus, cra-ti '-nits , a comic poet of 
Athens, noted for drinking; he died 431 B.C., 
aged 97 ; some fragments remain. 

Cratippus, era-tip '-pus, a philosopher of 
Mytilene, taught at Athens. He was visited 
after Pharsalia by Pompey, who discoursed 
with him on Providence, which the philosopher 
defended and the defeated warrior blamed. 

Cratylus, crdf-yl-us, a philosopher, pre- 
ceptor of Plato, after Socrates. 

Cremera, crem'-er-a, a rivulet of Etruria, 
tributary of the Tiber, scene of the massacre 
of the Fabii, 477 B.C. 

Cremni, crem'-ni, an emporium on the Palus 
Mffiotis. 

Cremona, cre-mo'-na, a Roman colony in 
Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po, near Mantua, suf- 
fered much from Hannibal. 

Cremonis Jugum, crs-mo'-nis ju'-gum, a 
part of the A /pes Graice, by which some sup- 
pose Hannibal entered Italy. 

Cremutius CoRDVS,cre-mu'-tI-ies cor'-dus, 
wrote a history of the civil wars, and starved 
himself under Tiberius (a.d. 25), whom he had 
offended by calling Cassius the last of the 
Romaits. 

Creon, cre'-on, 1. King of Corinth, son of 
Sisyphus, promised his daughter Glauce (or Cre- 
iisa) to Jason, who had divorced Medea. Me- 
dea presented her rival with a poisoned gown ; 



Crimisus 



Glauce put it on, and it at once burst into 
flames, which consumed her and all the family. 
2. A son of Menoeceus and brother of Jocasta, 
the wife and mother of CEdipus, succeeded his 
brother-in-law Lams, who was killed in igno- 
rance by his son CEdipus (q.v.). To stop the 
ravages of the Sphinx (q.v.) Creon offered 
his crown and widowed sister Jocasta to him 
who could solve her enigmas ; CEdipus was 
successful, and received the throne and Jo- 
casta. OZdipus's sons, Eteocles (q.v.) and 
Polynlces (q.v.), killed each other in a battle 
for the throne after their father had exiled 
himself, on discovering that his own mother 
(Jocasta) was his wife ; and Creon again ob- 
tained the throne, till Eteocles' son, Leodamas, 
should be of age. He ordered CEdipus's 
daughter Antigone (q.v.) to be buried alive 
for disobeying him by burying her brother 
Polynices, and Hsemon, son of Creon, being 
enamoured of her, slew himself at her tomb, 
after vainly trying to procure her pardon. 
Creon was afterwards killed by Theseus, who 
warred with him at Adrastus's request for re- 
fusing burial to the Argive soldiers of Poly- 
nices. 

Creontiades, cre-on-ti'-d-des, son of Her- 
cules and Megara, daughter of Creon, was 
killed by his father for slaying Lycus. 

Creophylus, cre-o'-phyl-us, of Chios, an 
early epic poet, before 800 B.C. 

Cres, cres (-etis), any inhabitant of Crete. 

Cresphontes, cresphon'-tes, son of Aristo- 
machus the Heracleid, tried, with his brothers 
Temenus and Aristodemus, to recover the Pe- 
loponnesus. 

Cressius, cres'-si-us, Cretan, adj. from 
Creta. 

Creston, cres'-ton, a city of Thrace. 

Creta, cre'-ta, now Candia, a large isle at 
the south of the Cyclades, once famous for its 
100 cities and the laws of Minos (q.v.) ; the peo- 
ple were excellent archers, but noted for their 
unnatural loves, falsehood, and piracies ; and 
their own poet, Epimemdes, as quoted by St. 
Paul, speaks of them as "always liars, evil 
beasts, low bellies." The infant Jupiter (q.v.) 
was reared in Crete by the Corybantes ; Phry- 
gia, Doris, Achaia, &c, founded colonies on 
it. After being long under a democracy, and 
subject to frequent seditions, it was made a 
Roman province, 66 B.C. It produced chalk 
{creta), with which the Romans marked the 
lucky days in the calendar. 

Cretheis, cre'-the-is (see Acastus). 

Creusa, cre-u'-sa. 1. Or Glauce, glau'-ce, 
See Creon (1). 2. A daughter of King Priam 
and Hecuba, married /Eneas, by whom she 
had Ascanlus ; on the night of the capture of 
Troy she was separated from her husband in 
the confusion, but saved by Cybele, and car- 
ried to her temple, of which she became 
priestess ; she appeared in a vision to ./Eneas, 
and predicted his wanderij^s and marriage 
with Lavinla. 

Creusis, cre-il'-sis, the harbour of Thespiae. 

Crimisus, cri-mi'-szis, a Trojan prince, ex« 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



95 



Crispinus 

posed his daughter (Segesta, mother of Acestes) 
on the sea rather than let her be devoured by 
the monster sent by Neptune to punish Lao- 
medon (q.v.); the daughter came safe to Sicily ; 
Crimisus followed her, and was so disconsolate 
at her loss that the gods changed him into a 
river, Crimisus, in the west of Sicily, near 
Segesta, where Timoleon defeated the Cartha- 
ginians, 339 B.C. 

Crispinus, cris'-pl-nus. i. An Egyptian 
slave, rose to wealth, and was made a Roman 
knight by Domitian. 2. A Stoic, ridiculed by 
Horace for loquacity and a silly poem on 
Stoicism. 

Crispus, cris-pus. 1. See Sallustius. 2. 
The second husband of Agripplna (2). 3. Fla- 
vus J., _fla'-vtis, son of Constantlnus the 
Great, was poisoned by his father's orders, 
a.d. 326, having been falsely accused by his 
stepmother Fausta of offering her violence : 
he had rejected her overtures to him. 

CrissjEus Sinus, cris-stz'-us sin'-us, a bay 
on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Corinth, 
named from a town on it, Crissa (or Cirrha). 

Critalla, cri-tal'-la, a town of Cappadocia. 

Crithote, cri-tho'-te, a town of the Thracian 
Chersonesus. 

Critias, crit'-i-as, one of the thirty tyrants 
set over Athens by Sparta, 404 B.C. ; he was 
eloquent, but cruelly persecuted his enemies ; he 
fell in battle with the citizens. He had been a 
pupil of Socrates, and wrote elegies, &c. 

Critolaus, crit-o-ld'-us. 1. Of Tegea, in 
Arcadia, fought with his two brothers against 
the sons of Demostratus of Pheneus ; his bro- 
thers were killed, but Critolaus slew the three 
antagonists, and carried home their arms as 
trophies; his sister, the betrothed of one of the 
slain, lamented their death, whereon heslewher; 
he was pardoned for his services by his country, 
became a general of the Achaeans, and fought 
against the Romans at Thermopylae, after 
which he poisoned himself. The same story is 
told of the Roman Horatii and Alban Cu- 
riatli. 2. A Peripatetic of Phaselis, in Lycia, 
succeeded Ariston at Athens, and was ambas- 
sador of Athens to Rome, 155 B.C. (j^Carne- 
ades). 3. The general of the Achaean league, 
disappeared after his defeat by Metellus, 147 b. c. 

Criton, crlt'-on. 1. A pupil of Socrates, 
was present at his death, and wrote some 
dialogues. 2. A historian of Naxos. 3. A 
historian of Macedonia. 

Crobyzi, cro-by'-zi, a people of Thrace. 

Crocale, croc'-al-e, an attendant of Diana. 

Crocodilopolis, croc-o-dl' -lop' -ol-is {see Ar- 
sinoe). 

Crocus, croc'-us, a youth enamoured of the 
nymph Smilax, was made the flower crocus, 
and the nymph a yew. 

Crcesus, crcef-sus, fifth and last of the 
Mermnadae, son of Alyattes, was king of 
Lydia 560-546 B.C., and reputed the richest of 
men. He made the Asiatic Greeks tributary to 
the Lydians, and patronized learned men, and 
among them ^Esopus (q. v. ). Croesu-s was visited 
by Solon, and wished to be thought the happiest 



Cumaa 



of men ; but the philosopher named several 
more happy, and declared no man could be called 
happy till his death. Resolved to make war 
on King Cyrus, Crcesus consulted the Delphic 
oracle (having previously tested its reliableness 
and made it great presents), and received the 
ambiguous answer that if he marched against 
the Persians he would overthrow a vast em- 
pire, which he interpreted in his favour. With 
a great army he attacked Cyrus and was 
defeated, and was besieged in his capital, 
which was taken by Cyrus, and the oracle 
fulfilled. The conqueror ordered him to be 
burned. Crcesus, after the pile was lit, thrice 
exclaimed, So/on ! (remembering his conver- 
sation on happiness), when Cyrus, receiving 
an explanation, ordered him to be rescued 
from the pile, and made him one of his most 
cherished friends. Croesus survived Cyrus. 
The manner of his death is not known. His 
only son, Atys (2, q.v)., had been killed acci- 
dentally by Adrastus. 

Cromna, crom'-na, a. town of Bithynia. 

Cronia, cron'-l-a, festivals at Athens and 
at Rhodes (where a condemned criminal was 
sacrified) to Cronos, cron'-os, the Greek deity 
identified with Saturnus (q.v.) 

Cross^ea, cros-sctf-a, a district partly in 
Thrace and partly in Macedonia. 

Crotona, cro-td ! -na, a city of Italy, in the 
Bay of Tarentum, founded by an Achaean 
colony, 759 B.C., famous for wrestlers, and the 
birthplace of Democedes, Alcmaeon, Milo, 
&c, and the seat of Pythagoras's school. It 
was surrounded by a wall twelve miles in cir- 
cumference before Pyrrhus's arrival in Italy ; 
it was conquered by Dionysius of Sicily, and 
suffered much in the wars of Pyrrhus and 
Hannibal. Its inhabitants were called Crot- 
onzatcz, and the district Crotonldtis. 

Crotopus, cro-to'-pus, king of Argos, son of 
Agenor, was father of Psammathe, who bore to 
Apollo Linus (thence named Croto'pias, or 
Crotopi' ades). 

Crustumerium, cnts-tu-mer'-i-mn, or 
Crustumium, cms-turn' '-t-um, a town of Etru- 
ria, near Veii, famous for pears. 

Crustumius, crus-tujn'-i-us, a river of Uni- 
bria near Arimmum. 

Crypta, cryp'-ta (see Pausilypus). 

Ctenos, cten'-os, a port of the Tauric Cher- 
sonesus. 

Ctesias, cte'-sl-as, a Greek historian and 
physician of Cnidos, was made prisoner by 
Artaxerxes Mnemon at Cunaxa, 401 B.C., and 
became his physician. He wrote a history of 
the Assyrians and Persians : fragments remain. 

Ctesibius, cte-sib' -i-us , a mathematician of 
Alexandria, 135 B.C. He invented the pump 
and other hydraulic instruments, and improved 
the clepsydra. 

Ctesiphon, cte'-siph-on. 1. An Athenian, 
son of Leosthenes, proposed the golden crown 
to Demosthenes, for which he was impeached by 
^Eschines (q.v.). 2. A town of Assyria, on the 
Tigris, the winter residence of Parthian kings. 

Cum^e, cu'-mce, or Cuma, cii'-ma. 1. A 



9 5 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Cunaxa 



town of iEolia, in Asia Minor ; its people were 
called Ciima'ni. 2. A city of Campania, near 
Puteoli, founded before the Trojan war by a 
colony from Chalcis and Cumae of ^Eolia. Its 
people were called Cumce'i and Ciima'ni. One 
of the Sibyllse (q.v.) lived here in a cave. 

Cunaxa, cu-nax'-a, a town in Assyria, 
scene of Artaxerxes' defeat of his brother 
Cyrus the Younger, 401 B.C. 

Cupido, cit-pi'-do, the Greek Eros, er'-ds, 
son of Jupiter and Venus, the God of Love, is 
represented as a winged infant, naked, armed 
withabow and a quiver full ofarrows ; generally 
on gems, &c, he is amusing himself with 
some childish diversion, driving a hoop, throw- 
ing a quoit, playing with a nymph, catching a 
butterfly, or trying to burn with a torch, or 
playing on a horn before his mother, or closely 
embracing a swan, or, with one foot raised in 
the air, looking meditative and planning some 
trick, or, as a conqueror, marching trium- 
phantly, with helmet, spear, and buckler, to 
intimate that even Mars owns the superiority 
of love ; or (to signify his power) riding on the 
back of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to 
pieces the thunderbolts of Jupiter. His di- 
vinity was as universally acknowledged and in 
the same way as that of his mother Venus. 
Cupid, like the rest of the gods, assumed 
various shapes. — Cupid, as the god of de- 
bauchery and riotous love, was represented as 
son of Nox and Erebus. There was also a god 
of mutual love, Anterds. 

Cupiennius, cup-i-eu' '-ni-ics, a friend of Au- 
gustus, noted for the nicety and effeminacy of 
his dress. 

Cures, cur'-es, a Sabine town, of which 
Tatius (q.v.) was king. The inhabitants, 
Quirltes (q.v.), went with him to Rome, of 
which they became citizens. 

Curetes, cu-re'-tes, also Corybantes (q.v.), 
a mythical Cretan people, possessed of exten- 
sive knowledge, which they communicated to 
Greece from their settlements in Acarnania 
and iEtolia. They reared the infant Jupiter, 
and, to prevent his being discovered by his 
father Saturn, invented a kind of dance, and 
drowned his cries with the clash of shields and 
cymbals. As reward, they were made priests 
of Rhea {i.e. Cybele). 

Currtis, cu-re'-tis, Creta, from the Curetes. 

Curia, cii'-ri-a. 1. A division of the Roman 
Tribes. Romulus had divided the people into 
three non-local tribes, and each tribe into ten 
curiae, the members of each being curiales. 
Each curia had its officiating priest, curio, and 
sacrifices, curlonia ; and over all the curidnes 
was a curio maximus. 2. The public building 
where an Assembly (especially the Cdmitia Cu- 
ridta and the Senate) was held. There were 
three buildings in particular thus designated : 
the Curia Hostilia, built by King Tullus Hos- 
tilius ; the Curia Pompeii, where Julius Caesar 
was murdered ; and the Curia Augusti, the 
palace and court of the emperor Augustus. 3. 
Lex Curia, de comitiis, by tribune Curius Den- 
tatas, forbade the summoning 01 the Comitia for 



Cyaneaa 

the election of magistrates without the previous 
permission of the Senate. 4. A town of Rhaetia. 

Curiatii, citr-i-d'-ti-i, see Horatius (3). 

Curio, Q., cii'-ri-o. 1. An orator, noted for 
debauchery. 2. C. Scribcnius, scri-bo'-ni-us > 
son of (1), was tribune of plebs, 90 B.C. and 
intimate with Caesar, whose life he saved when 
he was returning from the Catilinarian debates 
in the Senate ; he died in 53. 

Curius Dentatus, M. Annius, citr'-i-us 
deu-td '-tits , au'-ni-us, noted for bravery and 
frugality, thrice consul (290, 275, 274 B.C.), 
and twice honoured with a triumph ; gained 
decisive victories over the Samnites, Sabines, 
Lucanians, and Pyrrhus (near Tarentum, 275). 
The Samnites visited him when cooking in his 
rustic cottage, and tempted him with large 
presents, but he declared that he preferred his 
earthen pots to vessels of gold and silver. 

Curtius, Mettus, citP-ti-us, mef-tus. 1. 
A Roman youth, devoted himself for the ser- 
vice of his country, 362 B.C., by leaping, in full 
armour and on horseback, into the gulf (after- 
wards called Curtius Idcus), which had opened 
in the forum, and could only be closed by 
Rome throwing in what was most precious : 
the gulf immediately closed over his head. 2. 
Montanus, mon-td'-nus, an orator and poet 
temp. Vespasian. 3. Atticus, at'-tic-us, a 
knight, retired with Tiberius to Capreae. 4. 
See Quintus. 5. Fons, a stream con- 

veying water forty miles to Rome by an aque- 
duct so elevated as to be distributed through 
the highest parts of the city. 

Curulis Magistratus, ciir-u'-lis md-gis- 
trd'-tus, any of the Roman magistracies which 
conferred the privilege of sitting in an ivory 
chair in public assemblies; viz., the office of 
Dictator, Consul, Censor, Praetor, and Curule 
(not Plebeian) iEdile : imagines, or waxen 
figures of these, used to be kept in the atrium 
of the house by their descendants, who came 
to be designated as nobiles ; the first of a family 
who reached it was novus Jiomo (e. g. Cicero) ; 
those who had never held it themselves, or by 
their ancestors, were igndbiles. 

Cutilium, cii-tll'-i-um, a town of the Sa- 
bines, near a lake on which was a floating island. 

Cyane, cy'-dn-e. 1. A nymph of Syracuse. 
Her father, in a fit of drunkenness, offered her 
violence : she killed him, and afterwards her- 
self, to stop the pestilence sent in punishment 
by the gods. 2. A nymph of Sicily, tried to 
help Proserpine against Pluto, and was made a 
fountain and river {La Pismd) near Syracuse. 

Cyane^e, cy-dn'-e-ce, or Syiuplegades, 
sym-ple'-gd-des, or Planets, plan-e'-tce, two 
rocky islets at the W. entrance of the Euxine, 
about two and a half miles apart, and three 
miles from the mouth of the Thracian 
Bosporus. The ancients supposed that before 
the passing of the Argo they floated about 
(thence Pldnetce, and united to crush vessels 
passing between them (thence Symplegades) : 
the name Cya?iece was given from the air being 
darkened with the foam of the wav violently 
breaking on them. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



97 



Cyaraxes 



Cyaraxes, cy-a-rax'-es, or Cyaxares, 
cy-ax-d'-res. i. Son of Phraortes, was king of 
Media and Persia, 634 — 594 B.C., defended his 
kingdom against the invading Scythians, and 
warred with King Alyattes of Lydia, and the 
Assyrians. 2. The son of King Astyages of 
Media, identified with Darius the Mede. 

Cybele, cyb'-e-le, a goddess, daughter of 
CceIus and Terra, and wife of Saturn, was 
variously identified with Ceres, Rhea (q. v.), 
Ops, Vesta, Bona Dea, 8zc. Her worship was 
introduced into Phrygia byAtys (6, q. v.), and 
there the Corybantes most solemnly celebrated 
her festivals. Cybele was generally represented 
as a robust woman, pregnant (to intimate the 
fertility of the earth), holding keys or a sceptre 
in her hand, and her head adorned with a 
crown or oak leaves, or riding in a chariot 
drawn by two lame lions, with Atys following, 
carrying a globe in his hand, and leaning on a 
fir-tree (sacred to Cybele). At times she has 
many breasts, and bears two lions under her 
arms. Her worship passed from Phrygia to 
Greece, and was established as the Eleusinia 
mysteries of Ceres. By order of the Sibylline 
books, the Romans brought the goddess's 
statue from Pessinus to Italy, and when the 
ship ran aground in the Tiber, the vestal 
Claudia (q. v.) drew it to shore with her 
girdle. Her shrine at Rome was washed every 
year on VI. kal. Apr. with water from the 
Almon. 

Cybistra, cy-his'-tra, a town of Cilicia. 

Cyclades, cyd-la-des, a cluster of about fifty 
isles in the ^Egean, named from surrounding 
Delos as with a circle ; the chief were Ceos, 
Naxos, Andros, Paros, Meios, Seriphos, Gya- 
ros, and Tenedos. 

Cyclopes, cy-clo'-pes _ (pi., Cyclops, cy'- 
clops, sing.), the cannibal giants, sons of 
Coelus and Terra, named from having but one 
eye, in the centre of the forehead (kvkXoq 0>\li). 
According to Hesiod, they were but three, 
Arges, Brontes, Steropes, but Homer and 
other mythologists make them more, and 
Polyphemus (q. v.) their king. They lived in 
the west of Sicily, and thus, from their vicinity 
to Mount iEtna and the ^Eohse (q. v.), were 
called the workmen of Vulcan, and makers of 
Jupiter's bolts. Seven Cyclopes (not Vulcan's) 
built Argos. The most ancient masonry 
(cyclopean) was attributed to them, and they 
made Jupiter's armour, Pluto's shield, and 
Neptune's trident. The Cyclopes had a temple 
and sacrifices at Corinth. Apollo (q. v. ) destroyed 
them all for making the bolt of Jupiter which 
killed his son ^Esculapius. 

Cycnus, cyc'-ntcs. 1. Son of Mars and 
Pelopea, was killed by Hercules, whom Mars 
vainly tried to punish. 2. A son of Neptune, 
was invulnerable : Achilles threw him on the 
ground and smothered him. 3. A son of King 
Sthenelus of Liguria, was made a swan when 
lamenting the_ death of Phaeton. 

Cydippe, cy-dip'-pe. 1. The wife of Anaxi- 
laus. 2. The mother of Cleubis and Biton. 3. 
See Acontius. 



Cynuria 



Cydnus, cyd'-nus, a river of Cilicia, near 
Tarsus. 

Cydon, cyd'-on, or Cydonia, cy-do'-m-a, a 
Samian colony in Crete, where Minos had 
resided ; hence Cyddueus. 

Cyllarus, cyl'-lar-tis, the most beautiful of 
the centaurs, was enamoured of Hylonome : 
they both perished at the same time. 

Cyllene, cyl'-le-ne, a mountain and small 
town of Arcadia, named from Cyilen, a son of 
of Elatus. Mercury (Cyllcuhis) was born there. 

Cylon, cy'-lon, an Athenian of noble birth, 
a victor at the Olympic games, 640 B.C., aimed 
at the tyranny and seized the Acropolis ; when 
provisions failed, he and his supporters fled to 
Minerva's altar, from which they were taken by 
the Alcmaeonid Megacles, who promised to spare 
their lives, but they were at once put to death. 

Cyme, cy'-uze. 1. Or Cymo, cy'-md, or Cy- 
MODOCE, cy'-mod'-o-ce, a Nereid. 2. SeeCuMM. 

Cymolus, cy-77io'-lus, an isle in the Cretan sea. 

Cyn^egirus, cyn-cE-gi'-rus, a brave Athenian, 
brother of the poet ^Eschylus, lost both his 
hands at Marathon. 

Cynara, cyn'-ar-a, one of Horace's 
favourites. 

Cynesii, cy-ne'-si-i, or Cynetes, cy-ne'-tes, 
a nation at the western extremity of Europe, 
on the shores of the Ocean. 

Cvnici, cyn'-i-ci, a philosophic sect, founded 
by Antisthenes, 400 B.C. ; he seized on the 
ascetic side of Socrates' character, and placed 
the supreme good in Virtue, which consisted 
in abstinence and privations, as the means of 
assuring to us our independence of external 
objects. The best known of these Ascetics were 
Diogenes of Sinope. Crates, and his wife Hip' 
parclua, Onesicrlttis, Menedemus, and Me- 
7iippus. Cynicism eventually merged in 
Stoicism, and was revived in externals, but not 
in spirit, shortly before the Christian era. The 
Indian Gy7ii7iosdphistcB (q. v.) were a similar sect. 

Cynos, cym'-os. 1. A town of Locris. 2. 
A town of Thessaly, burial-place of Pyrrha. 

Cynosarges, cy/i-o-sar'-ges. 1. Hercules. 
2. A gymnasium of Athens, sacred to Her- 
cules, and seat of the Cynic school. 

Cynoscephal^e, cy/i-os-ceph'-al-cp (dog's- 
heads), two hills near Scotussa, in Thessaly, 
where Flaminmus defeated Philip, 197 B.C. 

Cynoscephali, cy7i-os-ceph'-Lil-i, a dog- 
headed people of India. 

Cynossema, cy7i-os-se'-77za {dog 's-to77tb), a 
promontory of the Thracian Chersonesus, the 
burial-place of Hecuba (771a.de a dog). 

Cynosura, cy 7i-d -sic' -ra [dog's-tail), a nymph 
of Ida, in Crete, nursed Jupiter, and was made 
a star, Ursa Mi7ior. 

Cynthia, cy7i'-thi-a. 1. Diana, from her 
birthplace, Mount Cynthus. 2. The mistress 
of Propertius. 

Cynthus, cy7i'-thtis, a lofty mountain of 
Delos, birthplace of Apollo (Cynthius) and 
Diana (Cy7itkia). 

Cynuria, cy7i-u'-rl-a, a disputed district 
between Argolis and Laconla, gained by Sparta 
550 B.C. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Cyparissi 

Cyparissi, cyp-a-ris'-si, or Cyparissia, 
c^p-a-ris'-si-a, a coast town of Messenia. 

Cyparissus, cyp-a-ris' -sus , a youth, son of 
Telephus of Cea, was loved by Apollo. He 
pined away after killing a favourite stag of the 
god, and was made a cypress. 

Cyphara, cy-pha'-ra, a fortified place of 
Thessaly. 

Cyprianus, cyp-rz-d'-nus, a native of Car- 
thage, converted to Christianity and made 
bishop. He repudiated his wife to devote 
himself to asceticism and study, and gave the 
poor his goods. He wrote letters and theo- 
logical treatises. He died a.d. 258. 

Cyprus, cy'-prus. 1. A daughter of Antony 
and Cleopatra, married Agrippa. 2. A large 
isle in the Mediterranean, south of Cilicia and 
west of Syria, anciently called Acamantis, 
Amathusla, Asperia, Cerastis, Colinla, Ma- 
caria, was the birthplace of Venus (Cypris), 
its chief deity, to whom it had many places 
and temples consecrated. It was anciently 
divided into nine kingdoms, was subdued by 
Egypt 540 B.C., and afterwards Persia. It 
became independent 385, and in 58 B.C. the 
Romans made it a province. 

Cypsela (-orum), cyp'-sel-a. 1. A town in 
Arcadia. 2. A town in Thrace. 

CypseliDvE, cyp-sel-z-dce, the two descend- 
ants and successors of Cypselus at Corinth ; 
the dynasty reigned seventy-seven years. 

Cypselus, cyp'-sel-us. 1. A king of Ar- 
cadia, married the daughter of Cteslphon, to 
strengthen himself against the Heraclldae. 

2. A native of Corinth, son of Eetlon (named 
from being concealed by his mother in a 
chest when the Bacchiadae tried to kill him), 
destroyed the Bacchiadae, and seized the 
sovereign power, 665 B.C. He died 625, and 
was succeeded by his son Periander (q. v.). 

3. The father of Miltiades. 
Cyrenaica, cy-re-na! -Ic-a (see Cyrene). 
Cyrenaici, cy-re-na' -l-ci, a philosophic sect 

founded by Aristippus of Cyrene, after the 
death of Socrates. He seized on one feature 
in Socrates' character, that of enjoyment, and 
taught that the supreme good of man consisted 
in Pleasure, accompanied with good taste and 
freedom of mind (76 KpuTeM/ mi fit] r\Tractiai 
Tjdovuiv apiarov, ov to fi'i] XP^^^i). He little 
esteemed other pursuits, especially Mathe- 
matics and the Physical Sciences. The best- 
known Cyrenaics were Theodorus the A theist, 
B1011 of Borysthenes, Eulzeznerus of Messene, 
Hegeslas the Death-persuader, and Anniceris 
of Cyrene. The Cyrenaic system merged in 
Epicureanism. The Cynlci (q. v.) were the 
opposite school. 

Cyrene, cy-re'-ne. 1. The daughter of the 
Peneus (or of Hypseus, king of the Laplthae 
and son of the Peneus), was loved by Apollo, 
and carried by him to a part of Africa (after- 
wards Cyrenaica), where she bore him Aris- 
taeus. 2. A city of Libya, between Alexandria 
and Carthage, founded by Aristaeus, son of 
Cyrene, and called after his mother, in a beau- 
tifti} ?*d fertile plain about eight miles from 



Cytse 

the coast, was the capital of the surrounding 
district {Cyrenaica), which was called also 
Pentapolis, from its containing five cities 
(Cyrene, Barca,TauchIra, Hesperis, Apolloni2). 
The town was built by Battus, with a colony 
fiom the isle Thera, 631 B.C., and was be- 
queathed by King Ptolemy Appion to the 
Romans 97 B.C. 

CYRiLLUS,cy-ril'-lzts. 1. Bishop of Jerusalem, 
died 386. 2. A bishop of Alexandria, died 444. 

Cyrnos, cyr'-nos (see Corsica). 

Cyrrhes, cyr'-rhes, a people of Macedonia. 

Cyrrhestice, cyr-rhes' -tl-ce , a district of 
Syria, near Cilicia, with capital Cyrrhza/z. 

Cyrsilus, cyr'-sil-us, an Athenian, stoned 
to death for recommending submission to 
Xerxes, 480 B.C. 

Cyrus, cy^-rzis. 1. The Elder, king of 
Persia, was son of Cambyses (a man of obscure 
birth) and Mandane. The marriage of his 
parents had taken place from the fears of his 
grandfather Asty ages (q. v.). Cyrus was given, 
as soon as born, to Harpagus to be exposed ; 
but he gave the babe to a shepherd, whose wife 
reared it as her own. When playing with 
some boys, they elected him their king, and he 
exercised his power 50 severely that one of 
them, the son of a nobleman, complained to 
his lather, who brought Cyrus before king 
Astyages. The latter was told by the Magi that 
this was his son, and by their advice he sent him 
to his parents in Persia. When Cyrus came to 
manhood, he led the Persians (then a tribe of 
mountaineers) against his grandfather ; was 
assisted by the discontented ministers ; and 
defeated Astyages and made him prisoner, 55^ 
B.C. From this time Media became subject to 
Persia. Cyrus then warred with and con- 
quered King Croesus of Lydia, .546 ; he invaded 
Assyria, and, after a long siege, took Babylon 
during a festival, by marching his troops 
through the bed of the river, which he had 
diverted into another channel, 538 ; he next 
invaded Scythia, and fell in battle, 529, with 
Queen Tomyris of the Massagetae, who, in- 
censed at the loss of her son in a previous 
battle, cut off the head of Cyrus and threw it 
in a skin-ful of blood to glut itself. Xenophon 
has written a roznance of Cyrus's life, Cy'ro- 
pcedz'a, containing his views of what should be 
a model prince. 2. The Younger, was 
younger son of Darius 1 1. Nothus, and brotherof 
King Artaxerxes Mnemon ; he revolted against 
his brother, 404 B.C., but was pardoned by the 
intercession of his mother Parysatis, and was 
reinstated in his satrapy of Lydia and the sea- 
coasts , but he intrigued and levied troops, and 
at length marched against Artaxerxes, and was 
defeated and slain by his brother at Cunaxa, 
401. The Retreat of the Tezi Thozisand 
Greek auxiliaries of Cyrus has been immor- 
talized by Xenophon, one of their leaders and 
friend of Cyrus. 3. One of Horace's rivals in 
love. 4. A river of Armenia, flowing through 
Iberia into the Araxes (Bendanzir). 

Cyt\e, cyt'-ce, a town of Colchis, birthplace 
of Medea (thence called CyUeis), 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



99 



Cytliera 

Cythera, cy-tlie'-ra, an isle off Laconia, 
sacred to Venus {Cythercea or Cythe?-eis), who 
rose near it from the foam of the sea, and to 
whom the Phoenicians had built a temple there. 
It was of great maritime importance, and for a 
while under the Argives. 

Cythnos, cyth'-nos, or Ophiusa, or Dry- 
cpis, an isle near Attica, famous for cheese. 

Cytinium, cy-thi'-i-um, one of the four 
cities in Doris. 

Cytorus, cy-to'-rns, a mountain (and town) 
of Galatia, abounded in boxwood. 

Cyzicus, cy'-zic-us, or Cyzicum, cy'-zic-um. 
i. An isle and town of the Propontis, about 
66 miles in circumference, was joined by- 
Alexander to the continent by a mole (instead 
of the previously existing two bridges), and 
afterwards regarded as a peninsula. It had a 
natural harbour, Pimonmis, and an artificial 
one, Chytus. It became a considerable city, 
was besieged by Mithridates, and relieved by 
Lucullus. 2. Son of CEneus and Stilba, was 
king of CyzTcus. He entertained the Argo- 
nauts, but on their being driven back by night 
in a storm and mistaken for invaders, his people 
attacked them, and Cyzicus was tilled by 
Jason. 



D 

Da^e, da'-ce, % tMople of Scythia, on the 
east shores of tho Cjjspian, in Hyrcania. 

Daci, da'-ci, and Dac^e, da'-cce, a warlike 
lation of Germany beyond the Danube, whose 
country, Dacia. da'-ci-a, was conquered by 
the Romans under Trajan, a.d. 103, and joined 
to Mcesia by a bridge over the Danube, sub- 
sequently demolished by Hadrian. 

Dacicus, da'-ci-cus, the name assumed by 
Domitian on his pretended victory over the Daci. 

Dactyli dad-tyl-i, a mythical race of 
workers in iron, dwelt in Phrygia. 

D/EDALA, d&'-ddl-a. 1. A mountain and 
city of Lycia, burial-place of Daedalus. 2. 
Circe, from her being cunning, like Daedalus. 
3. Two Boeotian festivals, the one celebrated 
at Alalcomenos by the Plataeans, the other 
celebrated once in sixty years by all the 
cities of Bceotia to compensate for the omission 
of the smaller festivals during the exile of the 
Plataeans. 

DyEDALiON, dcp-dal '-i-on, changed into a 
falcon by Apollo on his excessive grief for the 
death of his son Philonis. 

D/EDalus, dce'-dal-us, an Athenian, son of 
Eupalamus, and sprung from King Erechtheus 
of Athens, was a most ingenious artist ; in- 
vented the wedge, axe, wimble, level, sails, 
&c, and made automatic statues. From 
jealousy of the talents of his nephew Talus, he 
killed him, and then fled with his son Icarus to 
Crete, where he was received by King Minos, 
for whom he made the labyrinth. He offended 
the king by aiding «;he unnatural desires of 



Damon 



Pasiphae, and was confined in the labyrinth, 
from which he escaped with his son by making 
wings of feathers and wax. The heat melted 
the wax on Icarus's wings, and he fell into the 
sea, from him called Icarian. Daedalus 
alighted at Cumse, where he built a temple to 
Apollo, and then went to Sicily to King 
Cocalus, who, after obtaining many specimens 
of his skill, put him to death to avoid war 
with King Minos, who had arrived in pursuit 
of him. 

Daemon, dcd-mon, a genius which presided 
over the actions of men, gave counsel, and 
watched their secret intentions. Some sup- 
posed that every man had two, a good and a 
bad. The daemon could assume any form, and 
at death delivered up the soul to judgment, 
and gave evidence {see under Socratfs for 
his famous daemon). The dcB7H07ies or genii 
were at first regarded mere';/ as the sub- 
ordinates of the superior deities, but in process 
of time they received divine honours, and we 
find statues and altars to Genio loci, Genio 
Augusti, Junonibiis. 

Daldia, dal'-dl-a, a town of Lydia. 

Dalm atia, dal-niat'-i-a, a part of IllyrTcum, 
at the east of the Adriatic, whose predatory 
and turbulent inhabitants, Dalmat^e, dal'- 
mat-cz, were defeated by Metellus, 118 B.C., 
but not subdued till 23 by Statillus Taurus. 

Damascus, da-mas '-cics , an ancient and 
wealthy city of Damascena, da-mas-ce'-na. 
the district of Syria near Mount Libanus. 

Damasippus, dam-a-sip'-pus. 1. A Roman 
senator, accompanied Juba when he entered 
Utica in triumph. 2. A Roman merchant, 
who failet* in business, and became a Stoic 
philosopher : he is ridiciled by Horace. 

Damasithynus, dam'-as-l-thy'-nus. 1. A 
son of Candaules, was general under Xerxes. 
2. A king of Calyndae, sunk in his ship by 
Artemisia at Salamis. 

Damia, da'-mi-a, Persephone, or Demeter, 
also called Atixesia, from increasing the 
earth's produce. 2. See Auxesia. 

Damn 11, dam'-ni-i, a people of North 
Britain [PeriJishi^e, Argyleshire, Siiriing- 
shire, &c). 

Damnonii, dam-non'-i-i, a people in the 
south-west of Britain {Cornwall, Devonshire, 
&c). 

Damocles, dd'-mo-cles, a flatterer of Dio- 
nysius the Elder, of Sicily. On his pronouncing 
the tyrant the happiest man on earth, Dionysius 
made him assume for a while the royal state. 
Damocles surveyed with pleasure from the 
throne all the splendour around, but saw a 
sword suspended over his head by a horse-hair, 
on which in terror he begged to be removed 
from such imminent danger. 

Damon, da'-mdn. 1, A poet and musician 
of Athens, intimate with Pericles, distinguished 
for his knowledge of government and fondness 
for discipline, was banished for his intrigues 
about 430 B.C. 2. A Pythagorean philosopher 
intimate with Phintlas. He was condemned 
to death for treason by th« tyrant Dionyiius, 



loo BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Damophila 

but obtained permission to go and settle his 
domestic affairs, if he would promise to return, 
and meanwhile leave a surety whose life would 
be forfeited if he failed to return. His friend 
Phintias (or Pythias) gladly went into prison 
as his surety; but Damon punctually returned, 
and Dionysius, astonished at their friendship, 
pardoned Damon, and asked to become the 
friend of both. 

Damophila, da-mo fth'-il-a, a poetess of 
Lesbos, wife of Pamphilus, was intimate with 
Sappho, wrote hymns, and taught girls music 
and poetry. 

Dana, dcui'-a, a city of Cappadocia. 
Danace, dan'-a-ce, the piece of money 
Charon (q. v.) required for his fee for ferrying 
the dead over Styx. 

Danae, dan'-d-e, daughter of KingAcrisIus 
of Argos and Eurydlce, was confined in a 
brazen tower by her father to avoid fulfilment 
of an oracle, that her son would destroy him ; 
but Jupiter wooed her in a shower of gold, and 
she bore him a son, Perseus (q.v.). Her 
father exposed her and the babe on the sea ; 
the vessel drifted to Serlphos, and some fisher- 
men conveyed Danae and her son to King 
Polydectes, whose brother Dictys reared Per- 
seus. Polydectes fell in love with Danae, but, 
being afraid of Perseus, sent him to conquer 
the Gorgones (q. v.), to get Medusa's head to 
adorn his approaching nuptials with Hippo- 
damla, daughter of CEnomaus. When Perseus 
returned successful, he retired with Danae to 
Argos, and inadvertently killed Acrisius. 
According to Virgil, Danae came to Italy with 
Argive fugitives, and founded Ardea. 

Danai, dan'-a-i, the Greeks indiscriminately, 
but especially the Argives, from King Danaus. 

Danaides, ddn-d'-i-des, the fifty daughters 
of King Danaus (q. v.) of Argos, by whose 
orders they each, excepting Hypermnestra, 
slew their cousins, the fifty sons of iEgyptus, 
on the first night of their marriage with them ; 
each, as a proof of obedience, presented 
Danaus with the head of her murdered bride- 
groom. Hypermnestra, who had spared her 
husband Lynceus, was, through the influence 
of the people, pardoned by her father, and 
dedicated a temple to Persuasion. The 
Danaides were compelled to fill, in Tartarus, 
with water, a vessel full of holes, from which 
the water ran out as soon as poured in ; and 
thus their labour was eternal : but, according 
to another tradition, they were purified of the 
murder by Mercury and Minerva by Jupiter's 
order. 

Danaus, dmt'-d-us, a son of Belus and An- 
chinoe, shared with his brother ^Egyptus the 
throne of Egypt. A difference arose between 
the brothers, and Danaus set sail in the A rjnais 
with his fifty daughters. He visited Rhodes, 
where he consecrated a statue to Minerva ; 
and went to Peloponnesus, where he was 
received by King Gelanor (the last of the 
Jnachidce), of Argos, who had recently as- 
cended the throne and was unpopular. Danaus 
compelled him to abdicate, and himself, the 



Daphnephoria 

first of the Betides, became king. The success 
of Danaus tempted the fifty sons of iEgyptus 
to follow. Danaus gave them his fifty daughters 
in marriage, but caused them all to be mur- 
dered, except Lynceus, whom Hypermnestra 
spared, on the first night of their nuptials 
(see Danaides). Danaus at first persecuted 
Lynceus, but afterwards acknowledged him 
and made him his successor. 

Dandari, dan'-dar-i, or Dandaridje, dan- 
ddr'-i-dce, a people near Mount Caucasus. 

Danubius, da-nub' -i-us, the Greek Ister (a 
name applied to it by the Romans only for the 
latter half of its course), the largest river in Eu- 
rope, rises, according to Herodotus, near Py- 
rene, among the Celta? ; and, after flowing 
through the greatest part of Europe, falls into 
the Euxine, anciently by five, but now by two 
mouths. The Danube was the northern 
boundary of the Roman empire in Europe, 
and on its banks were forts to check the in- 
cursions of the barbarians. It was worshipped 
as a deity by the Scythians. 

Daphne, daph'-nce, a town of Lower Egypt, 
on a mouth of the Nile, sixteen miles from 
Pelusium. 

Daphne, daph'-ne. i. A daughter of the Pe- 
neus, or of the Ladon, and Terra, was beloved 
by Apollo, who, proud of his victory over the 
Python, had boasted himself superior to 
Cupid's darts, and was now, in punishment, 
inflamed by him ; Daphne fled, pursued by 
Apollo, and was changed by the gods into a 
laurel ; Apollo crowned himself with laurel- 
leaves, and pronounced the tree to be ever 
sacred to him. According to another tradition, 
Leucippus, son of King CEnomaus of Pisa, 
was enamoured of Daphne, and, disguised as 
a female, attended her in her hunting expedi- 
tions, and gained her esteem and affections ; 
whereon his rival, Apollo, disclosed Leucippus' 
sex, and he was killed by Diana's attendants. 
2. A daughter of Tireslas, was priestess in the 
temple of Delphi, and identified by some with 
Manto ; Daphne was consecrated to Apollo 
by the Epigoni, or by the goddess Tellus, and 
was called Sibyl on account of her wild looks 
when she delivered oracles. 3. A famous 
grove or pleasure-garden near Antioch, with a 
temple of Apollo. 

DAPHNEPHORiA,rf^/z-«^-//2<?/-z-«,aBreotian 
festival to Apollo, celebrated every ninth year. 
An olive bough was adorned with garlands of 
laurel and other flowers, and on the top was 
placed a brazen globe (the sun), with smaller 
ones suspended (the stars), in the middle sixty- 
five crowns (the sun's annual revolutions) and a 
smaller globe (the moon), the bottom being 
adorned with a saffron-coloured garment ; the 
bough was borne in a procession by the &a<pvr\- 
<p6pov, a beautiful and noble youth, richly 
dressed, preceded by one of his nearest rela- 
tions bearing a festooned rod, and followed by 
a train of virgins with branches in their hands : 
the procession went to the temple of Apollo 
Ismenius, where supplicatory hymns were 
sung. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



SOI 



Daplmis 

Daphnis, dafih'-nis. i. A shepherd, son of 
Mercury and a Sicilian nymph, was educated 
by the nymphs, taught the pipe and singing 
by Pan, and inspired with poetry by the 
Muses ; he is said to have been the first to 
write pastoral poetry, in which Theocritus and 
Virgil excelled. 2. A shepherd on Mount Ida, 
was changed into a rock. 

Daphnus, dafih'-mcs, a river of Locris. 

Dardani, dar'-ddn-i. 1. The inhabitants 
of Dardama. 2. A people of Mcesia, very 
hostile to Macedonia. 

Dardania, dar-daii'-i-a. 1. A district of 
Troas, south-west of Abj'dos, from which the 
Trojans were called Da?-dani and Dardanides. 
2. A district near Illyricum. 3. Samothrace. 

Dardanides, dar-ddu'-i-des, iEneas, de- 
scendant of Dardanus. 

Dardanides, dar-ddn' -i-des , the Trojan 
women. (Sing., Darddnis.) 

DAni)ANUS,dar'-ddu-us. 1. A son of Jupiter 
and Electra, killed his brother IasTus to obtain 
the throne of Etruria after the death of his 
reputed father Corythus, and fled to Samo- 
thrace, and thence to Asia Minor, where he 
married Batia, daughter of King Teucer of 
Teucria, and became king on the death of his 
father-in-law; Dardanus built the capital of Dar- 
dania, and was regarded as founder of the king- 
dom of Troy, and, after reigning sixty- two years, 
was succeeded by Erichthonlus ; he taught his 
subjects the worship of Minerva, and gave 
them two statues of her, one the famous Pal- 
ladium (q.v.). According to some, his nephew 
Corybas introduced Cybele's worship into Teu- 
cria. 2. A Trojan killed by Achilles. 

Dares, ddr'-es. 1. A Phrygian, was engaged 
in and wrote a Greek history of the Trojan war. 
2. A companion of iEneas, sprung from Amy- 
cus, was celebrated as a pugilist at the funeral 
games in honour of Hector, where he killed 
Butes ; he was killed by Turnus in Italy. 

Darius, da-ri'-us. 1. A noble satrap of 
Persia, son of Hystaspes, conspired with six 
other Persian nobles to destroy the Magian, 
who pretended to be Cambyses' son Smerdis, 
and usurped the throne. On the murder of the 
usurper, the seven conspirators agreed that he 
should have the throne whose horse neighed 
first : by a stratagem of his groom, Darius was 
the one selected, and was at once, at the age 
of 29, saluted king by the others, and it 
was resolved that the kings should take 
wives out of their families only, and that they 
and their descendants should have the right of 
free access to the palace at all times. Darius 
besieged and took Babylon (which had re- 
volted), after twenty months' siege, by the arti- 
fice of Zopyrus, 516 B.C. ; he conquered Thrace, 
and marched against Scythia, but, after several 
disasters in the wilds, he had to retire ; he 
ionquered the Ionians, who were instigated to 
revolt (501), and were assisted by the Athe- 
rians, who took and burnt Sardis, which so in- 
Censed Darius against the Athenians that he 
Ordered a servant to remind him every evening 
at supper to punish the Athenians ; he sent his 



Datos 



son-in-law Mardonius against Greece with an 
army, which was destroyed by the Thracians, 
492 ; in 490 he sent a larger force under Datis 
and Artaphernes, which was defeated at Mara- 
thon by 10,000 Athenians, and the Persians 
lost in the expedition 206,000 men ; Darius 
then resolved to proceed in person against 
Greece, and collected a large army, but died 
in the midst of his preparations (485 B.C.), 
after thirty-six years' reign, leaving the throne 
and the war to Xerxes. 2. Darius II., 
Ochus, o'-chus, or Nothus, noth'-us, as being 
the illegitimate son of Artaxerxes, ascended 
the throne soon after Xerxes' murder, 424 B.C., 
and married his cruel and ambitious sister Pary- 
satis, who bore him Artaxerxes II. Mnemon, 
Amestris, and Cyrus {the Yotinger) ; he waged 
successfully many wars by his generals and 
son Cyrus ; he died 405. 3. Darius III., 
Codomannus, cod-o-mau '-mis , the last king 
of Persia, son of Arsames and Sisygambis, and 
descended from Darius II., was placed on the 
throne, 336 B.C., by the eunuch Bagoas, who 
had poisoned Artaxerxes III. Ochus ; Bagoas, 
disappointed at not finding Darius subservient, 
tried to poison him, but was detected and 
killed. Alexander the Great attacked Darius, 
who collected an army remarkable more for 
numbers (600,000), opulence, and luxury than 
for courage. Darius was defeated near the 
Granlcus, 22 May, 334 ; again at Issus, 333, 
where his mother, wife, and children were taken 
prisoners ; and finally overthrown at Arbela, 
1 October, 331, from which he fled to Media, 
where Bessus, his governor of Bactriana, in hopes 
of getting the throne, ordered him to be killed, 
and he was found by the Macedonians in his cha- 
riot, covered with wounds and almost expiring ; 
Darius sent his thanks to Alexander for his 
kindness to his captive family, and Alexander 
honoured the body with a magnificent funeral, 
continued his kindness to the family, and put 
Bessus to death. The Persian empire ended 
in Darius, after having lasted 226 years, from 
its establishment by Cyrus the Great. 4. A 
son of Xerxes, married Artaynta, and was 
killed by Artabanus. 

Dascylitis, das-cy-li'-tis, a province of 
Persia. 

Dascylus, das'-cyl-us, the father of Gyges. 

Dassaretii, das-sa-re'-ti-i, a people in 
Illyria, near the lake Lychnltis. 

Datames, dat'-dm-es, son of Camissares, 
governor of Caria, and general of the armies of 
Artaxerxes II., was forced by his enemies at 
court to fly to MithridCtes I., who killed him, 

362 B.C. 

Datis, dd'-lis, a general of Darius I., sent 
with 200,000 foot and 10,000 horse with Arta- 
phernes ; was defeated at Marathon, 490 B.C., 
by Miltiades, and some time after put to death 
by the Spartans. 

Datos, da'-tos, or Daton, da' -ton, a town 
of Thrace, on a small eminence, near the 
Strymon. In its district were gold mines, 
whence A.6.Tog iiyaOwv was a common expres- 
sion for an abtmdance of goods. 



102 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Daulis 



Daulis, dau'-lis, a nymph, gave her name 
to the city Daulis (formerly Anacris), in 
Phocis, where Philomela and Procne made 
Tereus eat his son's flesh : whence the night- 
ingale (Philomela) is called Daidias avis. 

Daunia, dau'-ni-a. i. The northern part of 
Apulia, on the Adriatic coasts, named from 
Daunus, who settled there and conquered the 
(people afterwards known as) Dauni. 2. 
Juturna, ju-tur 1 -na, a sister of Turnus. 

Daunus, dau'-mis. 1. Son of Pilumnus 
and Danae Daunia). 2. A river of Apulia. 

Davus, dd'-vus, a comic character in Te- 
rence's "Andria." 

Decebalus, de-ceb'-dl-us, a king of Dacia, 
warred with Domitian, was conquered by 
Trajan, revolted, was defeated, and killed 
himself, a.d. 103. 

Decelea, de-ce-le'-a, or Deceleum, de-ce- 
le'-um, a village of AttTca, north-west of 
Athens, where, in the Peloponnesian war, the 
Spartans took up a position and harassed 
Athens (413 — 404 B.C.). 

Decemviri, de-cem' -vir-i. 1. LegibusScri- 
BENDis, le'-gi-bus scri-ben'-dis, entered on office 
451 B.C., to drawup a set of laws, on the return 
of the commissioners sent in 454 to collect the 
laws of Solon in Athens, in accordance with 
the Terentilta Lex. All other magistrates 
were suspended, and the Decemvirs were to 
exercise all functions, civil and military, in 
addition to legislating. At the end of their 
year of office, ten new Decemvirs (including 
Applus Claudius, decemvir of the former year; 
were appointed, and behaved very tyrannically, 
making common cause with the patricians 
against the plebeians : at the end of the year 
they refused to resign ; but an unjust decision 
of Appius regarding Virginia (q. v.) led to a 
secession of the plebs to the Sacer Mons and 
the fall of the Decemvirs, 449. The laws drawn 
up by the Decemvirs were the Twelve Tables, 
which were the foundation of all Roman law. 
2. Stlitibus (or Litibus) Judicandis, stll'- 
tl-bus, li'-ti-bus, ju-dic-an' -dis , a. court that 
took cognizance of civil cases. They were 
placed by Augustus at the head of the Cen- 
tumviri, but still existed as a separate and 
independent body down to the end of the fifth 
century. 3. Sacrorum, or Sacris Faciundis, 
sa-cro '-rum, sad-ris fa-ci-un'-dis, were an 
ecclesiastical corporate body (collegium) that 
took charge of the Sibylline books and con- 
sulted them for information of future events 
when ordered by the senate ; and celebrated 
the games of Apollo and the secular games. 
At first they were only two {Duittgwiri) ; made 
ten in 367 B.C., half being patricians and half 
plebeians ; and they were raised by Sulla to 
fifteen (Quindecemvirf). 

Decius Mus, P. [de'-cz-us mus'). 1. A 
celebrated Roman consul, after many glorious 
exploits, devoted himself to the manes for the 
safety of his country, in battle with the Latins, 
340 B.C. 2. The son of (1), devoted himself, 
when fighting against the Gauls and Samnites, 
at Sentlnum, 295 B.C. 3. The son of (2) and 



Deidamia 



grandson of (1), similarly devoted himself when 
fighting against Pyrrhus and the Tarentines, 
at Asculum, 279 B.C. 4. Brutus, brii'-tus, con- 
ducted Caesar to the senate-house the day that 
he was murdered. 5. Cn. Metius Q. Tra- 
janus, me'-ti-tis, tra-ja!-nus, a native of Pan- 
nonia, was sent by the emperor Philip to 
appease a sedition in Moesia ; but assumed the 
purple, marched against Philip, and, at his 
death, became sole emperor, A.D. 249. He 
distinguished himself against the Persians. 
When he marched against the Goths, his horse 
stuck fast in a marsh, and he perished, with all 
his army, by the darts of the barbarians, 251. 
He was brave and a strict disciplinarian, and 
by his just life merited the title of Opthnus, 
bestowed on him by the servile Senate. 

Decretum Ultimum, de-cre'-tum ul'-tlm- 
um (see Dictator). 

Decumates Agri, dec-it-ma' -tes ag'-ri, 
lands in Germany, east of the Rhine and north 
of the Danube, which paid the tenth of their 
value to the Romans. 

Decurio, de-ciir'-i-o. 1. A subaltern officer 
in the Roman army, commanded a decur'ia, 
the third part of a turma, and thirtieth of a 
legto of horse. 2. Decuriones Municipales, 
de-cur-1-0' -nes mu-nic-i-pa' -les , ten magistrates 
representing the Roman Senate in free and 
corporate towns. They had to watch over the 
interest of their fellow-citizens and increase 
the revenues of the commonwealth ; their 
court was curia decuridnum, or ml?ior senatus, 
and their decrees [decreta decuridnum) were 
marked with D.D. at the top. They styled 
themselves civitatum patres curidles and 
hondrati miinicipidrum senatores, and were 
elected, on the calends of March, with the 
same ceremonies as the Roman Senators. They 
were required to be possessed of a certain 
amount of property and not under 25 years 
of age. 

Degis, dd-gis, brother of King Decebalus 
of Dacia. 

Deianira, de'-i-d-nl'-ra, a daughter of King 
GZneus of ^Etolla, was promised by her father 
to him who proved the strongest of all her 
numerous admirers. Hercules won her, and 
had by her three children, of whom the best 
known is Hyllus. When Deianira and Her- 
cules were travelling together, they came to 
the Evenus, which was in flood. The centaur 
Nessus offered to convey them over, and took 
Hercules across first, and then attempted to 
offer violence to Deianira. Hercules shot a 
poisoned arrow, and the dying centaur, wishing 
to be avenged, gave Deianira his tunic, covered 
with the poisoned blood, and told her it would 
at any time reclaim her husband if his affec- 
tions were transferred to another. Deianira 
accepted the present, and when Hercules (q. v.) 
proved faithless she sent it him, and it instantly 
caused his death. Deianira, in excess of 
grief, destroyed herself. 

Deidamia, de'-i-da-mi'-a, a daughter of 
King Lycomedes of Scyros, bore Pyrrhus (or 
Neoptolemus) to Achilles when he was dit 



£EETON h S CLASSICAL DiCTIOJVAEV. \o% 



Deioces 



guised as a female (Pyrrhd) at her father's 
court, that he might avoid going against Troy. 

Deioces, de-i'-d-ces, a son of Phraortes, by 
his upright conduct as a judge among the 
Medes made himself so popular that he was 
raised to the throne, and delivered them from 
the yoke of the Assyrians, 709 B.C. He built 
Ecbatana, the capital of Media, and sur- 
rounded it with seven walls of different colours, 
the royal palace being placed in the centre of 
the city. He died 656, and was succeeded by 
his son Phraortes, 

Deioneus, de-i' -on-eus , a king of Phocis, 
married Diomede, daughter of Xuthus, by 
whom he had Dia, the wife of Ixlon. Ixion 
put him in a hole full of burning materials. 

Deiotarus, de-i-dt'-dr-us, a governor of 
Galatia, was made its king by the Romans, 
63 b.c. He supported Pompey, 49, and was 
deprived of part of his kingdom by Caesar, 47. 
He afterwards supported Brutus, 42. 

Deiphobe, de-lph'-d-be, a sibyl of Cumae, 
daughter of Glaucus, led .<Eneas to Hades. 

Deiphobus, de-iph' -ob-tis , a brave son of 
Priam and Hecuba, married Helen after the 
death of his brother Paris, and was by her 
betrayed to Menelaus, who mutilated him. 

Deiphon, de'-iph-dn, or Demophon, de 1 - 
vioph-dn, son of Celeus and Metanlra, and 
brother of Triptolemus. Celeus had enter- 
tained Ceres in her search for Proserpine, and 
as reward, the goddess began to make Deiphon 
immortal by placing him on the fire every 
night. His mother, surprised at his growth, 
watched the goddess, and, on seeing her so 
act, shrieked out. Ceres was so disturbed in 
her mysterious operations that Deiphon was 
allowed to perish in the flames. 

Delia, de'-ll-a, a great quinquennial festival 
and also an annual festival of the Athenians 
at Delos, in honour of Apollo, instituted by 
Theseus, who, on going against the Minotaur, 
vowed that, if successful, he would annually 
visit solemnly the temple at Delos. The 
persons sent were called Theori and Deltasta> ; 
and the ship was Thedrls and Delias. The 
Theori were crowned with laurels, and pre- 
ceded by men bearing axes. Before departure, 
the priest of Apollo adorned the stern of the 
ship with garlands, and a lustration of the 
city was made. At Delos the festival was 
celebrated with sacrifices, races, &c. On their 
rt'turn, the Deliastae were received by the 
people in crowds. During the festival no 
malefactor was put to death ; and, on that 
account, Socrates' life was prolonged thirty 
days. There was also a minor festival every 
year. 

Delia, de'-U-a, Diana ; and Delius, de'- 
ll-us, Apollo ; as born at Delos. 

Deli ad es, de-li' -d-des , priestesses in Apollo's 
temple. 

Delium, de'-ll-um. 1. Any temple of Apollo. 
2. A town of Boeotia, opposite Chalcis, where 
the Boeotians defeated the Athenians, 424 B.C. 

Delos, de'-lds, also called Lagla, Ortygla, 
Asterla, Chlamidia, Pelasgla, Pyrpile, Cyn- 



Demaratus 



thus, and Cyucethtes, was the central isle of 
the Cyclades, north of Naxos, and called 
Delos from its suddenly appearing on the 
surface of the sea by Neptune's power, to give 
Latona (q.v.) a place for the birth of Apollo and 
Diana, with whose divinities it was especially 
associated. The isle was reckoned sacred, and 
the Persians left it untouched in their invasion. 
It was unlawful for a dog to enter it, or a man 
to die or a child be born on it ; and when the 
Athenians were ordered to purify it, 426 B.C., 
they removed all the human bones they could 
find to the neighbouring islands, and transferred 
to the adjacent isle, Rhenea, all labouring 
under dangerous diseases. Asterla (q. v.) was 
said to have been changed into this isle. It was 
peopled by Ionians, and was the seat of the trea- 
sury (afterwards transferred to Athens) of the 
Greek confederacy against Persia, 470 — 461 B.C. 

Delphi, del' -phi, or Pytho, py'-tho (from 
the Python killed there by Apollo), a town of 
Phocis, in a valley on the south-west of Mount 
Parnassus, named from Delphtis, the son of 
Apollo, was famous for Apollo's temple and 
Oracle, whose authority was unquestioningly 
accepted throughout the ancient world, and 
which was regarded as of remote antiquity 
even in the days of Homer. According to 
some, Terra, Neptune, and Themis gave 
oracles there before Apollo. The Oracle was 
discovered by a shepherd, who observed that 
his goats were affected by a vapour ascending 
from a fissure in Mount Parnassus ; and he 
himself, going near it, was seized with a fit of 
enthusiasm, and uttered wild expressions which 
passed for prophecies. For the manner of 
delivering the oracles see Pythia. The temple 
was destroyed and rebuilt several times. Rich 
presents were made by those who consulted it, 
and it was the storehouse of the wealth of 
many of the Greek states. It was plundered 
by the Phocians {see Sacrum Bellum), Nero, 
and Constantine the Great. Delphi was sup- 
posed to be in the centre of the earth, and 
therefore styled the terra timbilictis (yris 
"navel of the earth." 

Delphicus, del '-phic-us , Apollo. 

Delphis, del'-phis, the Pythia (q. v,) 

Delta, del'-ta, a part of Egypt (named from 
its resemblance to the Greek D, A) between the 
Canopian and Pelusiac mouths of the Nile ; it 
has been formed by the river's deposits of mud 
and sand. 

Demades, de'-md-des, an Athenian orator, 
made prisoner at Chseronea by Philip, who 
highly esteemed him. He was put to death by 
Antipater, on suspicion of treason, 322 B.C. 

Demaratus, dem-d-rd'-tus. 1. Succeeded 
his father Ariston as king of Sparta, 510 B.C. ; 
was banished as illegitimate by the intrigues 
of his colleague Cleomenes, 491 ; and was re- 
ceived by Darius I. of Persia : he secretly 
informed the Spartans of the Persian invasion. 
2. A rich citizen of Corinth, of the Bacchiadse 
family, migrated to Tarquinii, in Etruria, 658 
B.C., on the usurpation of Cyp-selus ; his so? 
became king of Rome as Tarq'iinius Priscus, 



1.14 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Demeter 



Demeter, de-77ie' -ter (see Ceres). 

Demetrius, de-me'-trl-us. i. Surnamed 
PoLlorce'tes, (the besieger), son of Antigonus 
and StratonTce, was at 22 sent by his father 
against Ptolemy I., who had invaded Syria. He 
was at first defeated, 312 BC, but soon gained 
a victory. With 250 ships he sailed to Athens, 
to which he restored liberty by expelling 
the garrison of Demetrius Phalereus, 307. His 
success roused the jealousy of Alexander's 
other successors, and Seleucus, Cassander, and 
Lysimachus united to destroy Antigonus and 
Demetrius. Antigonus fell in a battle at 
Ipsus, 301, and Demetrius retired to Ephesus, 
but soon after ravaged the territories of Lysi- 
machus. He was reconciled to Seleucus, who 
married his daughter Stratonice, 299, and he 
again relieved Athens from tyranny, 295. By 
the murder of Alexander's son Cassander, he 
gained the Macedonian throne, 294, from which, 
in 287, he was expelled by Pyrrhus ; he again 
attacked Lysimachus, but, as his army suffered 
from famine and pestilence, he had to retire to 
Seleucus, with whom, after a time, he quarrelled, 
and, after some successes, was made prisoner, 
286, but treated very leniently. After three 
years' imprisonment, he died, 283, and his 
tody was given up to his son Antigonus. His 
posterity held the Macedonian throne till Per- 
seus was conquered by the Romans. Deme- 
trius was a skilful soldier, and invented many 
military engines. He was distinguished for 
his filial affection, but was fond of dissipation. 
2. Demetrius II. succeeded his father Anti- 
gonus Gonatas on the Macedonian throne, 
239 B.C., and, in 229, was succeeded by Anti- 
gonus Doson. 3. A son of King Philip V. of 
Macedonia, was a hostage to the Romans, and 
put to death by his father on a false accusation by 
his brother Perseus, 181 B.C. 4. Demetrius I. of 
Syria, Soter, so'-ter, son of Seleucus Philopa- 
tor and grandson of Antiochus the Great, king 
of Syria, was a hostage of the Romans. After his 
father's death, the throne was usurped by his 
uncle Antiochus Epiphanes, who was succeeded 
by his son Antiochus Eupator. Demetrius 
fled from Rome, and put himself at the head 
of the troops as king, 162 B.C., and put Eupator 
and Lysias to death. Alexander Bala, the son 
of Antiochus Epiphanes, claimed the throne and 
killed him, 150 b.c. 5. Demetrius II. of Syria, 
Nicator, ni-ca'-tor, was son of (4), and suc- 
ceeded him by aid of Ptolemy VI. Philometor, 
after driving out the usurper Alexander Bala, 
346 B.C. He married Cleopatra, daughter of 
Ptolemy and wife of the expelled monarch, 
and gave himself up to voluptuousness. Dio- 
dorus Tryphon, a pretended son of Bala, seized 
Syria, 143. Demetrius allied with the Jews, and 
marched to the East, 140, where he was taken 
by the Parthian king Phraates, 138, who gave 
Sum in marriage his daughter Rhodogyne. 
Cleopatra, incensed, married her brother-in- 
law, Antiochus Sidetes, who was soon after 
killed in battle with the Parthians, and Deme- 
trius regained his kingdom, 128 ; but his 
subjects appealed to King Ptolemy Physcon, 



Demophon 

of Egypt, and Demetrius fled to Ptolemais, 
which was held by Cleopatra ; she refused to 
admit him, and he then fled to Tyre, where he 
was killed by the governor's orders, 125. 
Alexander Zebina succeeded him. 6. Eucerus, 
eii-c/Z '-rtts , son of Antiochus Gryphus, seized 
Damascus, 93 B.C. ; was taken by the Parthians, 
and died in captivity. 7. Phalereus, pJia-le'- 
rej(s, a disciple of Theophrastus, was made 
governor of Athens by Cassander, 317 B.C., but 
had to fly on its surrender to(i), in 307, and took 
refuge with Ptolemy I. Lagus, 296, on whose 
death he was made prisoner by Philadelphus 
(Lagus' son by Berenice) for having advised 
Ptolemy to raise to the throne his children by 
Eurydice in preference to those by Berenice, 
whereon he killed himself by the bite of an 
asp, 283 ; his works on history and rhetoric 
are lost. 8. A Cynic philosopher, temp. Cali- 
gula, was a disciple of Apollomus Tyaneus, and 
was banished for insulting the emperor. 

Democedes, de-mo-ce'-des, a celebrated 
physician of Crotona, son of CallTphon, was 
intimate with Polycrates, with whom he was car- 
ried prisoner from Samos to Darius I., 522 B.C., 
and acquired great reputation. When sent by 
the king into Greece as a spy, he fled to Crotona, 
and married a daughter of the wrestler Milo. 

Demochares, de-mdeh'-ar-es, an orator, 
ambassador from Athens to King Philip of 
Macedonia, to whom, when asked his demands, 
he said, " Hang yourself." He was sent away 
unharmed. 

Democritus, de-mod '-rit-us, a celebrated 
philosopher, born at Abdera 460 B.C., disciple 
of Leucippus, travelled extensively in quest 
of knowledge, and returned home in great 
poverty : he was accused of insanity ; and 
Hippocrates, who was appointed to inquire 
into his disorder, pronounced his accusers to 
be insane. Democritus, The Laughiiig Philo- 
sopher, laughed at the follies of mankind, who 
distract themselves with anxiety : it is said 
that he deprived himself of sight to withdraw 
from the world and devote himself to study ; 
he died in 361. He studied the natural sci- 
ences, mathematics, mechanics, grammar, 
music, philosophy, &c. ; he expanded and 
developed Leucippus's Atomic Theory, — that 
the universe (material and mental) consisted of 
minute indivisible and impenetrable atoms. 
Among his disciples were Nessiis of Chios, 
Metrodorus, Diomenes of Smyrna, Narcsi- 
phdnes of Teos, Diagoras of Melos, and 
Anaxarchus of Abdera ; Epicurus partially 
adopted his theory. 

Demonax, de-mo'-nax. i. A philosopher 
of Crete, te7np. Hadrian. 2. A man of 
Mantinea, sent to settle the government of 
Cyrene for Battus III., 550 B.C. 

Demophile, de-moph'-U-e, the Sibyl of 
Cumse, also called Deiphobe (q.v.). 

Demophon, de'-vioph-dn, or Demophoon, 
de-moph'-d-dn. 1. Son of Theseus and Phaedra, 
was king of Athens 1182 B.C. ; on his return 
from Troy he visited Thrace, and was well re- 
ceived by Phyllis (q.v.), but when he retired 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Demosthenes 

to Athens he forgot her, whereupon she 
hanged herself in despair, and was made a 
tree. 2. A friend of iEneas, killed by Ca- 
milla. 3. See Deiphon. 

Demosthenes, de-mos'-then-es. 1. A cele- 
brated Athenian orator and statesman, born 
385 B.C., son of a rich blacksmith, Demos- 
thenes, and Cleobule ; he was but seven when 
his father died, and his fortune was embezzled 
or mismanaged by his guardians. He became 
a pupil of Isseus and Plato, and studied the 
orations of Isocrates, and at seventeen he im- 
peached his guardians and recovered the greater 
part of his fortune. He had several physical 
disadvantages to contend with : to cure his 
stammering, he used to speak with pebbles in 
his mouth, and to get rid of the distortion of 
his face, he used to watch the motions of his 
face in a looking-glass ; he strengthened his 
lungs by running up-hill, and, to accustom 
himself to the noise of an assembly, used to 
declaim on the sea-shore. He became the most 
distinguished of the orators of Athens, and the 
acknowledged political leader ; he aroused his 
countrymen against King Philip of Macedonia, 
but at the battle of Cha^ronea (338) he betrayed 
his pusillanimity, and saved his life by flight ; 
after Philip's death he as strongly opposd his 
son Alexander, and when the Macedonians 
demanded the surrender of the orators, he re- 
minded them of the fable of the sheep giving 
up their dogs to the wolves ; but though his 
popularity was not so great, he succeeded in 
procuring a verdict against .rEschmes (q.v.), 
330, when the latter impeached CtesTphon for 
proposing a golden crown to Demosthenes. 
He was suspected of being bribed by Harpalus, 
325, and was condemned and imprisoned ; he 
escaped and resided at Trcezene and /Eglna 
till the Greek states rose on the death of Alex- 
ander, 323, when he was recalled ; but on the 
defeat (322) of the confederates he fled to 
Calauria, and, being pursued by Antipater's 
messengers, poisoned himself in Neptune's 
temple. 2. An Athenian general, son of Alcis- 
thenes, assisted Cleon against Sphacteria, 425 
B.C., and in 413 was sent with a fleet to assist 
the expedition under Nicias in Sicily : the 
united forces were destroyed, and both com- 
manders had to surrender, and were put to 
death. 

Deo, de'-o, Ceres, whence Deois and Deolne, 
Proserpine. 

Derbe, der'-be, a town of Lycaonia. 

Dercetis, rfi?/-«7-u,orDEKCETO, der'-cet-d, 
also Atargatis, a Syrian goddess, identified 
by some with Astarte : she was represented as 
a beautiful woman above the waist, and the 
lower part terminated in a fish's tail : she had 
been changed into a fish when she flung her- 
self into a lake, ashamed of herself for having 
born a daughter, Semiramis (whom she in- 
effectually exposed) to a youth whom she 
killed. 

Dercyllidas, der-cyT-Ud-as, a celebrated 
Spartan general, 399 B.C., performed many 
military exploits, and freed the Chersonesus 



Diana 

from the incursions of the Thracians by build- 
ing a wall across the country. 

Deucalion, deu-cal'-z-du. 1. Son of Pre- 
metheus, married Pyrrha, daughter of Epi- 
metheus, and reigned in Thessaly. The in- 
habitants of the earth were destroyed, 1503 
B.C., in a deluge by Jupiter for their wicked- 
ness, and Deucalion and Pyrrha alone escaped 
by taking refuge on the summit of Mount Par- 
nassus or of Mount ./Etna. According to some, 
Deucalion, by Prometheus's advice, built a 
ship, in which he and his wife embarked, and 
which, after being tossed about for nine days, 
grounded on the top of Parnassus. On the 
subsidence of the waters, the pair were directed 
by the oracle of Themis to repeople the world 
by throwing behind them the bones of their 
grandmother, z'.^.,the stones of the earth ; and 
the stones thrown by Deucalion became men, 
and those by Pyrrha women. Deucalion had 
two sons by Pyrrha, Hellen and Amphictyon, 
and a daughter, Protogenla. The deluge of 
Deucalion was caused by the inundations of 
the Peneus, diverted from its course by an 
earthquake near Mount Olympus, and its 
waters disappeared through a small aperture, 
about a cubit in diameter, near Jupiter Olym- 
pius's temple, where, according to Pausanias, 
there were annual commemorative offerings ol 
flour and honey. 2. An Argonaut. 

Deus, de'-us (see Dn). 

Dia, dl'-a. 1. See Naxos. 2. An isle off 
Crete. 

Diacria, di-ac'-ri-a, the hilly district in 
north-east Attica. 

Diagoras, di-ag'-or-as, an Athenian philo- 
sopher (born at Melos), son of Teleclytus ; 
from a most superstitious person he became an 
atheist, for which he was banished, 411 B.C. 

Dialis Flamen, di-a'-lis fla'-men, the 
priest of Jupiter at Rome, first appointed by 
Numa : he was assisted by his wife (Flanumcd) ; 
he was a senator, wore the toga prcetexta, 
Iccna, and albogalerm, and used the sella 
curulis. 

Diamastigosis, ai-a-mas'-ti-go'-sis, a Spar- 
tan festival to Diana OrthTa, when boys (Bd/iid- 
nicce) were whipped before her altar by a pub- 
lic officer. Some suppose that it was first in- 
stituted by Lycurgus to inure the youths to 
suffering ; others, that it was a substitute for 
the old practice of human sacrifices. 

Diana, dl-a'-na, called Artemis, ar' -tern-is, 
by the Greeks, the goddess of hunting, was 
daughter of Jupiter and Latona (q.v.), and 
twin-sister of Apollo, and was therefore iden- 
tified with the moon (Phcebe) ; she devoted 
herself to hunting, and received from Jupiter, 
as attendants, sixty of the OceanTdes and 
twenty other nymphs, who, like herself, were 
vowed to chastity. Diana is represented with 
a bent bow and quiver, a crescent on her head, 
attended with dogs, and sometimes drawn in a 
chariot by two white stags ; she was taller 
than her attendants by a head, her face and 
figure were masculine, the legs bare, and the 
feet covered with a buskin ; at Ephesus she 



^EE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Dicaearchus 



vtjs represented with a great number of 
breasts, signifying the fertility of the earth. 
Diana was called Liiclna or Ilithyia when in 
voked by women in travail (see Juno Pro- 
nuba), and Trivia when worshipped in the 
cross-ways, where her statues were erected, 
and, when identified with the Moon and Pro- 
serpine or Hecate, Trifomiis (whence on 
some of her statues are three heads — a horse's, 
a dog's, a boar's), three characters well ex- 
pressed in the verses — 

Terret, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, Luna, 
Diana, 

Ima, suprema, feras, sceptro, fulgore, sa- 
gitta. 

Diana was also called Agrotera (the huntress), 
Orthia (from Mount Orthium), Taurica, Delia, 
Cy?itJua, Aricia, &c, and was identified with 
the Egyptian /sis. When Typhon warred 
with the gods, Diana transformed herself into 
a cat (see Bubastis) ; she was the goddess of 
chastity, and punished many who offered her 
offence (but see Endymion, Pan, Orion); she 
had a famous temple at Ephesus (q. v.), one of 
the seven wonders of the world, and oracles at 
Ephesus, and in Egypt and Cilicia ; her tem- 
ple at Aricia was served by a priest who had 
always murdered his predecessor, and, before 
Lycurgus's age, the Spartans annually offered 
her human victims, and the inhabitants of 
Tauris offered on her altars shipwrecked 
strangers. Her usuai offerings were goats, 
white kids, boars, or oxen ; and the poppy 
and dittany were sacred to her. 

Dicaearchus, di-cce-ar'-chus, a Messenian 
writer, disciple of Aristotle, was noted for his 
knowledge of philosophy, history, and mathe- 
matics ; he died about 285 B.C. 

Dict^eus Mons, dic-tce'-us, or Dicte, did-te, 
a mountain in Crete, the isle being often 
named Dictcea arva. Jupiter (nursed in Crete) 
and King Minos often receive the epithet 
DictcEus. 

Dictamnum, dic-tam'-num, a town of north 
Crete, also named Dictynna, from a temple of 
that goddess (Diana, or Britomartis). 

Dictator, dic-ta'-tor, an occasional abso- 
lute magistrate at Rome, first instituted 501 B.C. 
(Titus LartTus being the first) to meet the 
coalition of the Latin states for the restoration 
of the Tarquins. The Dictator was nominated 
by the Consul, on the order of the Senate, to 
avert some great danger arising from external 
enemies (rei gemndce catisd) or intestine dis- 
cord (seditidnis sedandcz causa), but later for 
minor duties when the proper functionaries 
were absent ; as holding the elections, presiding 
at unusual trials, solemn games, &c. He re- 
ceived the Imperium (supreme military power) 
from the ComitTa Curiata, and during his 
tenure of office all other magistrates were 
dependent on him ; he was a temporary despot, 
from whom was no appeal, and even the 
atixilium of the Tribunes was powerless ; but 
in performing an ordinary constitutional act, 
he had to proceed constitutionally, or might be 
resisted. He was appointed for six months 



Dido 



only, ^ but usually resigned immediately on 
effecting the object for which he had been 
appointed. The Dictator, as he represented 
both consuls, had twenty-four lictors ; and he 
nominated a lieutenant, Mdgister Equitum, 
who attended him, or acted as his representa- 
tive when absent. Once, in 216 B.C., there 
were two dictators at the same time — M. 
Fablus Buteo, to fill up the Senate ; and M. 
Junius Pera (rei geriuicLe cattsa). The Dic- 
tatorship became extinct after the second 
Punic war, and its revival as a perpetual office 
in Sulla and Caesar was rather the creation of 
a new office ; but the Senate, by a decretiwi 
ult'uitum, used, in seasons of great periL to 
arm the Consuls with extraordinary powers, by 
passing a resolution, Videant (or dent ope- 
rant) consoles ue quid detrimenti respublica 
capiat. 

Dictidienses, did-tid-z-eu'-ses, a people on 
Athos. 

Dictys, did-tys. 1. A Cretan, went with 
Idomeneus against Troy, of which he is said to 
have written a history. The work was buried 
in his tomb, and thrown out — so runs the tale 
— by an earthquake, temp. Nero, and carried 
to Rome. A spurious work under this title is 
extant, "> A son of Magnes and Nais, mar- 
ried Cl^^ene, and was made king of the isle 
SerTphos by Perseus, who deposed Poly- 
dectes. 

Didia Lex, did'-i-a, by Didius, 148 B.C., 
restrained the expenses at public festivals and 
private entertainmeuts. 

Didius Salvius Julianus, dld'-l-us saV- 
vi-us ju'-lz-a'-nus, a rich Roman, bought, 
after the murder of Pertlnax, the empire from 
the Praetorians, a.d. 193 ; but, refusing to pay 
the price, was killed by them soon after. 

Dido, di'-do (-us), or Elissa, e-lis'-sa, 
daughter of King Belus of Tyre, married her 
uncle Sichaeus (also called Acerbas), the priest 
of Hercules. Sichaeus was murdered by Belus's 
successor, Pygmalion, to obtain his wealth ; 
and Dido, disconsolate, sailed with some 
Tyrians, 953 B.C. ; she visited Cyprus, where 
she procured wives for her Tyrian followers, 
and was driven in a storm to Africa, where she 
bought as much land as cculd be enclosed by a 
bull's hide ; she cut the hide into thongs, and 
on the ground thus acquired built Byrsa {hide), 
which was afterwards the citadel of Carthage. 
Her city rapidly increased, and, from her 
wealth and beauty, she had many admirers, 
and among them King Iarbas of MauretanTa, 
who threatened her with war in the event of 
rejecting him. Dido obtained three months 
to decide, and, before the time was expired, 
erected a funeral pile, as if for a sacrifice to 
the manes of Sichaeus, to whom she had vowed 
eternal fidelity ; and on the pile stabbed herself 
before the people. Virgil and others have, by 
an anachronism, represented Dido's death as 
due to her being deserted by iEneas (whereas 
he lived 230 years before her), and have thus 
traced the rivalry of Rome and Carthage to 
their very foundation. 



ME TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 167 



Didymseus 



DiDYMyfius, did-y-mce'-us, Apollo, from 
Didyme (4). 

Didyme, did'-^m-e. 1. One of the Cy- 
clades. 2. A city of Sicily. 3. One of the 
Lipari isles. 4. A place near Miletus, seat of 
the oracle of the Branchidse. 

Diespiter, di-es'-pit-er, Jupiter, as the 
father of light. 

Digentia, di-gen'-ti-a, a small river which 
watered Horace's farm, in the country of the 
Sabines. 

D11, di'-i, the gods of the ancients, are very 
numerous. Almost all the powers of nature, 
and every prominent natural object, terrestrial 
or celestial, received divine honours, and were 
regarded, from poetical fancy or from ignorant 
terror, as animated beings. In the Greek 
mythology, as represented by Homer, the gods 
(Oeoi) proper were the great family of Olympus 
— Zeus (Jupiter), Hera (Juno), Pallas A thena 
(Minerva), Phcebus Apollo, Posidon (Neptune), 
Aiddneus (Pluto), Artemis (Diana), Per- 
sephone (Proserpina), Ldtona, Ares (Mars), 
Hermes (Mercury), Hephcestos (Vulcan), 
Aphrodite (Venus), Demeter (Ceres), Themis, 
Helios (Sol), Dionysus (Bacchus), Pcean, Iris, 
Didne, Hebe (Juventas), Eris or Enyo Bellona). 
The minor Greek deities were — (1) The greater 
impersonations of natural powers, and of ideas : 
Oceanus and Tethys, Cronos (Saturnus) and 
Rhea, Ourdnos (Ccelum) and Gcea (Terra), 
Nereus and A mphitrite, Phobos (Terror), &c. : 
(2) The minor impersonations of natural 
powers : the Winds, Rivers, Nymphs (Dry- 
ades, Oreades, Naiades, Nereides, Oceanldes, 
&c.) : (3) Superhuman beings, exterior to the 
proper system -of Homeric mythology : Pro- 
teus, Leucothea, the Sirenes, Calypso, Circe, 
Atlas, Idothea, Perse, JEetes, &c. : (4) The 
ministers of justice : the K*jpe£ (Parcae, or 
Fata), 'kpirvlai (Harpylse), 'YLpiwveg (Furise) : 
(5) Beings midway between gods and men : 
those translated during life, as Ganymedes, or 
Cleitus ; those deified after death, as Hercules, 
Orion, &c. ; and the kindred of the gods, or 
races intermediate between deity and hu- 
manity, the Cyclopes, Lcestrygdnes, Phcedces. — 
The Romans reckoned two classes of the gods 
— Dii mdjorum gentium (or Consentes, q. v.), 
the twelve superior gods ; and Dii minorum 
gentium, the latter class including all the 
other gods worshipped throughout the earth. 
There were six Dii selecti associated with the 
Consentes, viz., J anus, Saturnus, the Genius, 
Luna (the Moon), Pluto (or Orcus), Bacchus. 
The demigods, the Dii Indigetes, as Hercules, 
sEneas (or Jupiter Indiges), Romulus, &c, 
were those who deserved immortality from their 
exploits,or services to mankind, and the offspring 
of the immortal gods ; and the Topici, those 
whose worship was established at particular 
places, such as Isis in Egypt, Astarte, Uranus at 
Carthage, &c. The DUNovensiles was the term 
applied by the Romans to the gods who, the 
Etruscans believed, could wield the thunder- 
bolts ; viz., Tinia or Jupiter, Menrva or 
Mtiiei"va, Summdnus or Orcus (who hurled 



Diocles 



the bolts by night), Mars, Setklans or V ul- 
cdnus, Vedius or Vejovis. There were Rural 
Deities — Faunus (and Fauni), the Sdtyri, 
Lupercus, Pan, Picus, Silvdnus, Pales, Po- 
mona, Vertumnus, Anna Perenna, and Ter- 
minus; and, in process of time, the Moral 
Qualities, Mental Affections, and other Abstrac- 
tions were personified, and temples raised ta 
them (especially by the Romans), as Virtus, 
Honos, Fides, Spes, Pudor, Pdvor, Concordia, 
Pax, Victoria, Libertas, Sdlus, Juventas, 
Mens, Fdma, Fortuna or Fors Fortuna (the 
Etruscan Nortia). Other gods, not classified 
above, were Aurora (or Mater Mdtuta, the 
Greek 'Ha>£ and Etruscan Thesan), Consus, 
Libitina (or Venus), Laverna, Feronia, Va- 
c-Una, Carmenta, Cdmence, Fata (or Parcce), 
Furiat or Dira (or 'Eptvvveg), Manes or Lem- 
ures, Mania (wife of Orcus, and called mother 
of the Manes), Lara or Larunda or Ldrentia 
("mother of the Lares), Lara or Larentia 
\Acca Larentia, wife of Faustulus.) The 
departed spirits of ancestors who guarded their 
offspring, were worshipped as tutelary gods, 
and called Lares Familidres, and those of 
the Roman city (regarded as one family) were 
Lares Prcestites, and of these latter there were 
minor groups. Lares Riirdles, Lares Compi- 
tdles, Lares Vidles, Lares Permdrlni, The 
special protectors of every family, worshipped 
along with the Lares in the Penetralia or in- 
most part of the house, at the Focus or hearth, 
were called Penates ; and the public Penates 
of the Roman people were two youthful war- 
riors, identified later with the Greek Castor 
and Pollux (noXvdeuKtig), the Aiocwovpot of 
the Greeks, who were believed to be in some 
way connected with the Dii Cdbiri of Samo- 
thrace. The Romans readily identified their 
national gods with those of Greece, but ad- 
mitted only a few avowedly foreign deities, as 
sEsciildpius, Cybele, Pridpus. Towards the 
close of the republic, the worship of Isis, Osiris, 
A nubis, Serdpis, &c. , became fashionable, and 
many of the emperors were deified. See Apo- 
theosis. 

Dinarchus, di-nar'-chus, a Greek orator, 
320 B.C., native of Corinth, and pupil of Theo- 
phrastus, gained much money at Athens by 
composing for others. 

Dindymus (-i), din'-dym-us, or Dindyma 
(-orum), din'-dy-ma, a mountain and town of 
Phrygia, near Cyzicus, sacred to Cybele (Din- 
dymene). 

Dinocrates, di-noc'-rat-es, an archi- 
tect of Macedonia, temp. Alexander the 
Great. 

Dinostratus, d*nos'-trat-us, a geome- 
trician, teiiip. Plato. 

Dioc^esarea, di-o-ccB'-sdr-e'-a, anciently 
Sepphoris, a small towi in Galilee, made its 
capital by Herod Antipas. 

Diocles, di'-o-cles. 1. An Athenian, lived 
in exile at Megara, and lost his life in battle 
when defending a favourite youth. The Me- 
garians celebrated a festival to him, Didclea, 
every spring. 2. Of Syracuse, led the popular 

H 



io8 BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Diocletianus 



party against Hermocrates, and drew up a 
code of laws, 412 B.C. 

Diocletianus, C. Valerius Jovius, di-o- 
cle'-ti-d'-mts, vd-ler'-t-zis jov'-i-tis, emperor 
of Rome, a.d. 284 — 305, born of an obscure 
family in Dalmatia, 245, rose to be general, 
and eventually successor of Numerian. He 
made his supporter Maximianus his colleague, 
and shared with him the title of Augustus, 286 ; 
and created two subordinate emperors, Con- 
stantms and Galerius, each of whom he called 
Ccesar, 292. After governing the East twenty- 
one years, Diocletian abdicated, 1 May, 305, 
at Nicomedla, and made his colleague do 
the same. He retired to his birthplace, Salona, 
where he spent eight years in rural pursuits. 
He died 313. Diocletian patronized learning 
and genius, was bold and resolute, and diligent 
in the government. At the instigation of 
Galerius, he caused a great prosecution of the 
Christians in 303. 

'Diopo'RVs, di-o-do'-riis. 1. Cronus, cron'-us, 
a native of Iasus, in Caria, was a dialectic 
philosopher at Alexandria temp. Ptolemy Soter. 
2. Siculus, sid-iil-us, a celebrated historian, 
native of Agyrium, flourished 44 B.C. He 
travelled extensively, and spent many years at 
Rome, where he compiled his Bibliotheca His- 
torica, a universal history, in forty books, of 
which I.— V. (on the East, Egypt, ^Ethiopia, 
Greece), and XI.— XX. (480 — 302 B.C.), and 
some fragments, are extant. 3. A Peripatetic 
philosopher, native of Tyre, was disciple and 
successor of Critolaus, 110 B.C. 4. Of Sinope, 
a comic poet at Athens, 353 B.C. 

Diodotus, di-dd'-ot-us, a Stoic philosopher, 
preceptor of Cicero, in whose house he lived 
and died. 

Diogenes, di-o'-geu-es. 1. Of Sinope, a 
celebrated Cynic philosopher, born 412 B.C. 
He lived wildly in his youth, and was banished 
for coining false money. He retired to Athens, 
was reformed by Antisthenes (who had at first 
tried to drive him away by blows), and soon 
became known as an extreme Cynic. He 
despised wealth, was indifferent to the weather, 
and took up his residence in a tub near the 
Metroum (temple of Cybele). When going to 
jEglna, he was seized by pirates and sold as a 
slave in Crete, where he was bought by 
Xeniades of Corinth, who made him preceptor 
to his children. When Alexander the Great 
asked him if he could oblige him in any way, 
Diogenes replied, " Yes; stand out of viy 
sunshine ; " and the independence of the an- 
swer so pleased the monarch that he exclaimed, 
" Were I not A lexander, I ivotdd wish to be 
Diogenes.'" Diogenes died at Corinth 323 b.c. 
Many of his maxims were remarkable for 
their pithiness and moral tendency ; and, not- 
withstanding his eccentricities, he was much 
respected. 2. Of Apolloziia, in Crete, was a 
celebrated Ionic philosopher, and pupil of 
Anaximenes, 5th century b.c. He wrote ITept 
4>u<reco£. 3. A Stoic of Babylon, was pupil of 
Chrysippus and successor of Zeno of Tarsus 
at Athens. He was ambassador along with 



Dionysia 



Carneades and Critolaus from Athens to Rome, 
155 B.C. He died, aged 87. 4. Laertius, 
Id-er'-ti-us, an Epicurean of Laerte, in Cilicia, 
wrote an extant work, Lives of the Phi- 
losophers, in ten books, compiled without any 
plan, method, or precision. He died a.d. 222. 
5, A philosopher, accompanied Alexander to 
Asia. 

Diomeda, di-o-me'-da, a daughter of Phor- 
bas, brought by Achilles from Lemnos, after 
his loss of Briseis. 

Diomedeje, di' -o-me-de' -ce (see Diomedes). 

Diomedes, dz-o-me'-des. 1. SonofTydeus 
and Dei'pyle, and known as Tydides, ty- 
dl'-des, succeeded Adrastus as king of Argos ; 
fought as one of the Epigoni against Thebes ; 
went with eighty ships to Troy, and exhibited 
signal bravery, having, under the protection of 
Minerva, engaged with Hector and iEneas, 
and wounded Venus and Mars. With Ulysses 
he stole the Palladium from Troy, and assisted 
in murdering King Rhesus of Thrace, and 
carrying away his horses. On his return to 
Argos, he found that his wife ^Egialea had been 
unfaithful with Hippolytus (or Cometes, or 
Cyllabarus), which was a punishment for his 
wounding Venus. Diomedes, in disgust, went 
to iEtolia, but again set out to return tc Argos, 
when he was driven in a storm to Daunia, in 
Itaty. He married Evippe, daughter of King 
Daunus, and built Argyrlpa. He died, ac- 
cording to some, by the hands of Daunus, and 
was buried in one of the Diomedece Insiilce, 
off Garganus ; and his comrades, inconsolable 
at his loss, were made birds (Aves Diomedece), 
which joyfully approached Greek ships, but 
avoided all others. 2. A king of the Bistones, 
in Thrace, son of Mars and Cyrene, fed his 
horses on human flesh, for which he was killed 
by Hercules, and his body given to his horses. 

Dion, di'-dn. 1. A Syracusan, son of Hip- 
parinus, was much esteemed by his relative, 
the tyrant Dionysms I. When Plato resided 
at the court of the latter, Dion became his 
pupil. He was banished by the dissolute 
Dionysius II., and went to Athens. He col- 
lected a large force to liberate his countrymen, 
and entered the port of Syracuse,_ which sur- 
rendered in three days, whereon Dionysius II. 
fled to Corinth. Dion kept the power in his 
own hands, and was assassinated 353 e.c. 
2. Cassius, cas'-si-us, a historian, son of a 
Roman senator, born at Nicsea, in Bithynia, 
A.D. 155, was raised to high offices by Pertinax, 
Commodus, Caracalla, and Alexander Severus. 
He wrote a History of Rome in eighty books, 
from the time of yEneas to Alexander Severus, 
of which XXXVI.— LI V. are extant, and 
fragments of the others. He spent ten years 
in collecting materials for it, and took Thu- 
cydldes as his model. 3. See Chrysostomus. 

Dione, di-d'-ne, a nymph, daughter of 
Nereus and Doris, became mother of Venus 
(hence called Dion&a, or Dione) by Jupiter ; 
whence Caesar, Venus's descendant (through 
iEneas), is called Dioncezis. 

Dionysia, di-o-ny-n-a, Greek festivals to 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



TOO 



Dionysius 



Bacchus {Dionysus), especially celebrated at 
Athens, the season being devoted to boisterous 
merriment. Women dressed as Bacchse, Lena?, 
Thyades, Naiades, &c., marched with the men 
(dressed as Silenus, Pan, the Satyrs, &c.) in the 
processions (Olaaoi), were adorned with ivy 
garlands, and bore the thyrsus ; and musicians 
attended with flutes, cymbals, and drums : 
hymns (diOOpa/dftoc) were sung by choruses to 
the god, reciting his exploits and extolling his 
services to mankind. The Rural, or Lesser 
Dionysia, were celebrated throughout Attica 
every Poseideon by the demarchs, the magis- 
trates of each deme, when slaves enjoyed 
temporary freedom, rustic merriment was 
indulged in, and scurrilous jests were heaped 
on the bystanders by peasants as they rode 
about in waggons (whence the origin of Com- 
cedia) ; the Lenaea (q. v.), every Gamelion ; 
the Anthesterla (q. v.), every Anthesterion ; 
and the City, or Great Dionysia, in the middle 
of Elaphebollon, when there were the great 
public procession, a chorus of boys, a chorus 
of men, and the representation of comedies 
and tragedies. In the great public procession 
were carried various sacred vessels, one of 
which contained water ; then came a select 
number of noble virgins (navncpopot), bearing 
little baskets of gold filled with various fruits, 
and occasionally containing small serpents ; 
next came men (<pa\Ao<p6pot) carrying poles, 
at the top of which were fixed the <pa\\oi, the 
symbol of fertility, the men being crowned 
with ivy and violets, and their faces covered 
with other herbs ; and they sang songs on the 
occasion of the festival (<pa\Auca ao-uara) ; 
next came the it)u<paAAoi, who danced lewd 
dances, imitated drunken men, and were 
dressed as women, with white striped garments 
reaching to the ground, their heads decked 
with garlands, and their hands wreathed with 
flowers. At all the festivals there were \ikvo- 
ipopot, persons bearing the Xi/cvqi/, or mystica 
vannus Iacchi (Virg. Georg. iii. 134), the win- 
nowing-fan, or broad basket, in which the 
corn was placed after threshing, and then 
thrown against the wind to winnow the grain 
from the chaff : it was borne with the sacri- 
ficial utensils and first-fruits, and from it 
Bacchus was often called Amvirvg. It must be 
remembered that though the (pa\\6g and its 
attendant ceremonies appear so revolting to us, 
they were not viewed by the Greeks in any 
other light than as sacred symbols, and they 
suggested nothing impure. The Dionysia were 
introduced at Rome under the name Baccha- 
nalia, but forbidden after 186 B.C., except in 
seme few cases ; but the Romans celebrated 
annually, on 16th March, a more innocent 
festival, the Liberalia (q. v.). 

Dionysius I., dl-o-ny '-si-us , or the Elder, 
born 430 B.C., rapidly rose from being a clerk, 
by his exploits in the Syracusan wars with 
Carthage, to be supreme general of Syracuse, 
405 ; he fortified Ortygia as his residence, in- 
creased the army and won it over by largesses, 
seized supreme power, and succeeded in sub- 



Dioscuri 



jugating the rest of Sicily, repelling the Car- 
thaginians, and annexing a considerable por- 
tion of southern Italy. He was odious for his 
cruelty, putting many of his subjects to death, 
and imprisoning many in the subterranean 
prison, Latctumice, which he caused to be cut 
out of the solid rock near Epipolse, and he 
plundered the temples. He died 367. 2. Dio- 
nysius II., or the Younger, son and suc- 
cessor (367 B.C.) of (1), became the creature of 
his dissolute flatterers : for a time he was re- 
claimed by his popular brother-in-law, Dion, 
and Plato (whom, by Dion's advice, he had in- 
vited to his court), but he soon banished Dion, 
and refused to recall him, though Plato in- 
terested himself very much in his favour. 
Dion returned from Greece, 357, at the head 
of a force, and Dionysius, unable to hold out, 
sailed to Italy, 356, and took up his residence 
at Locri (the birthplace of his mother, Doris), 
where he seized the supreme power, but was 
ejected for his cruelties, 346, and again re- 
covered Syracuse, from which, however, he 
had to sail, 343, after being besieged by Timo- 
leon and obliged to surrender the citadel : he 
became a schoolmaster at Corinth. 3. Of 
Hallcamassus, critic and historian, came to 
Rome, where he studied Greek and Latin 
writers on Roman history, and became in- 
timate with the leading Literati : he wrote the 
history of Rome, 'Pco^aix^ 'Apx aioA oYta, to 
264 B.C., in twenty- two books (of which only 
i. — xi. are extant), and excellent commentaries 
and rhetorical works, some of which exist ; he 
died 7 B.C. 4. Of Heraclea, a philosopher, 
pupil of Zeno, starved himself 279 B.C. 5. 
Periegetes, per'-l-e-ge'-tes, wrote an extant 
geographical treatise in Greek hexameters, 
a.d. 300. 6. Areopagita, dr-e' -o-pd-gi' -ta, 
an early Christian writer at Athens. 7. Thrax, 
or the Rhodian (from living at Rhodes), a 
grammarian and critic, 80 B.C. : he was a native 
of Thrace. 8. See Longinus. 

Dionysus, di-o-ny-sus (see Bacchus). 

Diophanes, di-dph'-dn-es, a rhetorician of 
Mytilene, preceptor of Tiberius Gracchus. 

Diophantus, di-o-phau'-tus. 1. An Attic 
orator, supported Demosthenes against the 
Macedonians. 2. A geometrician of Alex- 
andria, a.d. 450. 

Diopithes, di-o-pi-thes. 1. An Athenian 
oracle-monger. 2. An Athenian general, was 
sent as leader of Athenian settlers in the Thra- 
cian Chersonesus, 344 B.C., and defended by 
Demosthenes, 341, when accused by the Mace- 
donian party. 

Dioscorides, di-os-cor'-i-des, a physician, 
probably temp. Nero, was a native of Cilicia, 
and originally a soldier : he wrote an extant 
work on medicinal herbs. 

Dioscoridis Insula, di-os-cor 1 -i-dis in'- 
siil-a, now Socotra, an isle at the south en- 
trance of the Arabian Gulf (or Ajan, off Aza- 
nia 2). 

Dioscuri, di-os-cu'-ri ("sons of Zeus"), 
Castor and Pollux ; their festivals, Dioscuria 
(and at Athens Andceia), were celebrated 



BEE TOM' S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



I to 



Diotrephes 



throughout Greece with much jovial festivity. 
{See Castor.) 

Diotrephes, di-of-repk-es, an Athenian 
officer, sent to abolish the democracy at 
Thasos, 411 B.C. 

Diphilus, di'-phil-us. 1. An architect so slow 
in his works that Dlphllo tardior became a 
proverb. 2. An Athenian comic poet, 310 B.C. 

Dir^e, dl'-rce \see Eumenides). 

Dirce, dir'-ce, wife of King Lycus of 
Thebes, after his divorce of Antiope (q. v.). 
Zethus and Amphlon threw her body into the 
fountain Dirce, near Thebes. 

Dirceus, dir-cce'-zis, i.e. Boeotian, from 
Dirce (q. v.). 

Dircenna, dir-cen'-na, a fountain near 
Bilbilis, in Spain. 

Dirphys, diS-phvs, a mountain in Eubcea, 
with a temple of Juno (thence named Dirphiia). 

Dis (-Itis), dls, "wealthy," i. e. Pluto (q. v.). 

Discordia, dis-cor'-di-a, the goddess of 
strife, called Eris by the Greeks, daughter of 
Nox, and sister of Nemesis, the Parcae, and 
Mors, was expelled from heaven by Jupiter 
for sowing dissensions. Angry at not being 
invited to the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis, 
she threw the " Golden Apple of Discord," 
which was inscribed "to the fairest," among 
the assembled deities who were guests ; and 
Juno.Ve.ius, and Minerva immediately claimed 
it. Its award by Paris (q. v.) to Venus caused 
the hatred of Juno and Minerva to Troy. 

Dium, dl'-um. 1. A town in Macedonia, 
on the Thermaic gulf. 2. A town in Mace- 
donia, on the Strymonic gulf. 3. A town in 
Euboea, near Censeum. 

Divitiacus, di-vit-i'-dc-tts, a chief of the 
iEdui, was intimate with Julius Caesar. 

DiVOdurum, di-vo-du' -rtun (now Metz, in 
Lorraine), the capital of the Mediomatrici. 

Doberes, do-be '-res, a people north of Mount 
Pangaeum, in Paeonia. 

Dobsrus, do-be'-res, a town of Paeonia. 

Docimia, do-chn'-i-a, or Docimeum, do- 
cim-e'-unt, a town of Phrygia, noted for 
marble quarries. 

Dodona, dd-do'-na, a famous town ot Thes- 
protia, in Eplrus, founded by Deucalion. A 
grove of oak and beech trees on a neighbouring 
hill, Tmarus, was the seat of an ancient oracle 
of Jupiter {Dodoncezts), founded by a black 
dove, another having gone to found Ammon 
(q. v.). According to Herodotus, this tradition 
arose from the Phenicians having carried off 
two Egyptian (dark-skinned) priestesses, one 
»f whom, was settled at Dodona. The oracle 
was interpreted from the rustling of the leaves, 
caused by the wind (and sometimes from the 
sounds of brazen vessels suspended from the 
branches, as they swung in the wind), originally 
by men, but afterwards by three women (rte- 
\etadec;, from ireheia, pigeon), and the temple 
was under the charge of priests, Sclli or Helli, 
or rd/jLovpoi. The ^Etolians destroyed the temple 
and sacred oaks, 219 B.C., but the oracle was 
in existence till the third century after Christ. 
The Argo had in her prow a beam from one of 



Domitius 



the oaks of Dodona, from which the Argo- 
nauts drew oracles. 

Dolabella, dol-a-beV -la. 1. A distinguished 
patrician family of the gens Cornelia. 2. P. 
Corn., after his divorce of Fabia, married 
Cicero's daughter Tullia, 51 B.C. ; supported 
Julius Caesar at Pharsalla, 48 ; Thapsus, 46 ; 
and Munda, 45 ; and was made consul by his 
patron, 44, though Antony opposed it. After 
Caesar's death he joined the assassins for a 
time, and was placed over Syria. Having 
murdered, at Smyrna, Trebonlus, the Senate's 
proconsul of Asia, he was declared a public 
enemy, and was besieged in Laodicea by Cas- 
sius, who was set over Syria by the Senate. 
The city was taken, and Dolabella, by his own 
orders, was killed by one of his soldiers, 43. 

3. Cn. Corn., consul 81 B.C., was accused of 
extortion in his province by Julius Caesar, 77. 

4. Cn. Corn., praetor urb. 81 B.C., was con- 
demned for extortion in Cilicia, his legate 
Verres becoming evidence against him. 5. P., 
when consul, conquered the Senones Gauls, 
Etruscans, and Boii, at LakeVadimo, 283 B.C. 
6. L. Corn., conquered Lusitania, 99 B.C. 

Doliche, dot ' i-clie. 1. Afterwards the isle 
Icarus. 2. A town of Thessaly, on the west of 
Olympus. 3. A town of Commagena. 

Dolonci, dd-lon'-ci, a Thracian tribe, con- 
nected with the Doliones, do-U'-on-es, of 
Cyzicus and the Doldpes of Thessaly. 

Dolopes, dol'-op-es, a people of Thessaly, 
on the Enlpeus, were sent by their king Peleus 
under Phoenix against Troy. They became 
masters of Scyros, and afterwards migrated to 
Dolopia, dol-op'-i-a, at the base of Pindus. 

Domitia Lex, dom-it'-i-a lex, 104 B.C., by 
Domitius Ahenobarbus, transferred the right 
of electing priests from the sacred colleges to 
the people. 

Domitia Longina, dom it'-i-a lon-gj'-na, 
the profligate wife of the emperor Domitianus. 

Domitianus, T. Flavius, dom-it'-i-a' -mis, 
fld'-vi-tis, emperor of Rome, a.d. 81 — 96, 
son of Vespasian and Flavia Domatilla, bora 
at Rome 51, succeeded his elder brother Titus, 
during whose and Vespasian's reigns he had 
been excluded from all public affairs. The 
early part of his reign was good, but_, from 
unsuccess in his wars with the Chatti (over 
whom he celebrated, to please himself, a 
triumph, 82\ and King Decebalus, of the Daci, 
who compelled him to purchase peace, he 
became cruel, and latterly yielded to unnatural 
indulgences. Out of Jealousy, he recalled 
Agricola from Britain. He lived in constant 
fear of his life, and was at last assassinated, 
at the instigation of his profligate wife, Do- 
mitia Longma, and three of his officers, by his 
freedman btephanus, 18th September, 96. 

Domitius, dom-if-i-us. 1. Ahenobarbus 
(q. v. ), a-h& '-no-bar -bits. A family of the Domitia 
fens produced many illustrious men, of whom 
the chief were — (1.) Cn., consul, 122 B.C., con- 
quered the Allobroges. (2.) Cn., tribune of 
plebs, 104 B.C., was made Pontifex Maximus 
for passing the Domitia Lex, and was Consul 



ZEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Donatus 



06, and Censor 92. (3.) L., married Cato's 
sister Porcia, supported the aristocratical 
party, was aedile 61, praetor 58, consul 54 ; was 
obliged by his troops to surrender Corfinlum 
to Caesar, 49 ; joined Pompey, and fell at 
Pharsalla, 48. (4.) Cn., son of (3), fought at 
Pharsalia, 48 B.C., was pardoned by Caesar 46, 
and accompanied Antony to Parthia 36 ; was 
consul 32, and joined Augustus against Antony. 
(5.) Cn., consul a.d. 32, was father of the 
emperor Nero by AgrippTna, daughter of Ger- 
manlcus. 2. Domitianus, L., doin-lt'-i-a'-nus, 
a general of Diocletian in Egypt, assumed the 
purple at Alexandria, a.d. 288, and after two 
years was put to death. 3. Marsus, mar- 
sus, an epigrammatic poet, temp. Augustus. 
4. Afer, d/'-er, an orator, preceptor of Quin- 
tilian, was an informer under Tiberius and. his 
successors, and consul under Nero, a.d. 59. 
{See Calvinus, Corbulo, Ulpianus.) 

Donatus, dd-nd'-tus. 1. ^Elius, (b'-U-us, 
a grammarian at Rome, a.d. 353. 2. A bishop 
of Numidia, promoter of the Donatists, 311. 
3. A bishop of Africa, banished from Carthage, 
356. 

Dores, do'-res, the people of Doris (q. v.). 

Dorieus, do'-ri-eus, a son of King Anax- 
andrldas of Sparta, colonized Eryx, in Sicily, 
508 B.C. 

Dorion, do'-rl-on, a town of Thessaly, 
where Thamyras, the Thracian musician, chal- 
lenged the Muses. 

Doris, do'-ris. 1. A country of Greece, 
bounded east by Phocis, north by Thessaly, 
west by iEtolia, south by Locris, and named 
from the settler Dorus ; it was also known as 
Tetrdpolis, from its four cities, Pindus (or 
Dryopis), Erineum, Cytinium, Borium (and 
also Hexdpolis, Lilaeum and Carphsea being 
included). Its iuhabitants had migrated from 
Phthiotis to Histiaeotis, and, expelled by the 
Cadmeans, thence to near the town Pindus, 
and afterwards into Dryopis and Pelopon- 
nesus. Hercules having reinstated King 
iEgimtus on the throne of Phthiotis or Doris, 
the king nominated the hero's son Hyllus his 
successor, and the HeraclTdae set out from 
Doris to recover Peloponnesus. The Dorians 
founded many colonies, the most famous of 
which was — 2. Doris in Asia Minor (the 
Dorian settlements on the coast of Caria and 
neighbouring isles), of which Halicarnassus 
was once the capital ; it was also called Hex- 
dpolis, and, after the exclusion of Halicarnas- 
sus, Pentapoiis. 3. The mother of the fifty 
Nereides. 4. A Nereid. 5. A daughter of 
Xenetus of Locri, married, along with Aris- 
tomache, by Dionyslus I. of Syracuse. 

Doriscus, dor-is'-cus, a town and plain in 
Thrace, at the mouth of the Hebrus. 

Dorso, C. Fabius, dor J -so,fab'-i-us, issued 
from the Capitol in sacerdotal robes and offered 
sacrifice on Mount Quirinalis when Rome was 
in possession of the Gauls, by whom he was 
unmolested (390 B.C.). 

Dorus, do'-rus, a son of Hellen and Orseis, 
95 of Deucalion, migrated from his father's 



Drusus 



kingdom, Phthiotis, to near Mount Ossa, giving 
his name to Doris (q. v. ). 

Dracon, drad-on, a celebrated lawgiver of 
Athens. When archon, 621 B.C., he drew up 
a code of laws so severe that they were said to 
be written in letters of blood. 

Drances, dran'-ces, a friend of LatTnus, re- 
markable for his weakness and eloquence, 
obstinately opposed Turnus's violent measures. 
Some have supposed that Virgil portrayed 
Cicero under the character of Drances. 

Drangiana, dra7i-gi-d'-na, a district of 
Ariana. 

Dravus, dra'-vus, a river of Noricum. 

Drepana, drep'-dn-d (-orum), and Drep- 
ANUM, drep'-dn-um (-i). 1. A town of Sicily, 
near Mount Eryx. Anchises was buried 
there ; and off its coast Claudius Pulcher de- 
feated the Carthaginians under Adherbal, 
249 B.C. 2. A town of Bithynia. 

Druentia, dru-en'-ti-a, a river of Gallia 
Narbonensis, tributary cf the Rhone. 

Druid^e, drii'-id-cE, or Druides, dru'-id-es, 
the ministers of religion among the ancient 
Celtic nations (named from dpvi;, an oak, be- 
cause they frequented the woods). They were 
divided into Bardi, Eubages, Vates, Semnothei, 
Sarronides, Samothei. They led an austere 
and recluse life, wore a peculiar dress, and 
were greatly venerated. They had extensive 
powers : they nominated the annual magistrates 
of cities, approved of the kings elected, had 
charge of education and all religious ceremonies 
and festivals, and even exercised power over 
the family relations. The Druids taught the 
doctrine of the metempsychosis and immor- 
tality of the soul, professed magic and astro- 
logy, and interpreted omens. They at times 
offered human victims, a practice which the 
Roman emperors vainly attempted to abolish. 

Drusilla, Livia, drii-sil'-la ll'-vi-a. 1. 
Daughter of Germanlcus and AgrippTna, in- 
famous for her debaucheries ; lived in incest 
with her brother, the emperor Caligula, and 
was made his heiress, but she died before him, 
a.d. 38, aged 22, and was deified by him. 2. A 
daughter of King Agrippa of Judaea, married 
Felix, procurator of Judaea. 

Drusus, Caesar, drii'-sus, ca'-sar. 1. A 
son of the emperor Tiberius and Vipsanla, 
distinguished himself in Illyricum and Pan- 
nonla. Sejanus, whom he had offended, cor- 
rupted the wife of Drusus, Livid, and, in 
conjunction with her, poisoned hun, A.D. 23. 

2. A son of Germanlcus and AgrippTna, enjoyed 
high office under Tiberius ; but the emperor, 
from the insinuations of Sejanus, caused him to 
be imprisoned and starved to death, a.d. 33. 

3. Nero Claudius, ner'-o clau'-di-us, a son 
of Tiberius Nero and Livia, and twin-brnther 
of the emperor Tiberius, was adopted by Au- 
gustus, who had married Livia on her husband's 
death, before the birth of the twins. He sig- 
nalized himself in Germany and Gaul against 
the Rhaeti and Vindellci, and received a tri- 
umph. He died of a fall from his horse, 9 B.C., 
aged 30, and left three children, Germaiuc\i§, 



Ii2 BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Dryades 

Livia, and Claudius, by his wife Antonia. _ 4. 
M. Livius, li'-vi-us, though of the patrician 
party, renewed the proposals relating to agra- 
rian laws, which had proved fatal to the 
Gracchi, and was murdered when entering his 
house attended by his clients, and deputies 
from the Latins, to whom he had proposed the 
franchise, go B.C. 5. Livius, li'-vi-us, fatber 
of Julia Augusta, was intimate with Brutus, 
and killed himself with him after Philippi, 42 B.C. 

■ The plebeian family of the Drusi, of the 

Livid gens, produced many other distinguished 
men. It is said to have been named from one 
of them having killed a Gaulish leader of that 
name. 

Dryades, dry'-dd-es, nymphs, genii of the 
woods, received offerings of milk, oil, and 
honey, and sometimes a goat. The life of 
each dryad terminated with that of the tree 
over which she presided. 

Dryantides, dry-an-ti'-des, Lycurgus (2), 
the son of Dryas. 

Dryas, dry'-as, son of Hippolochus and 
father of Lycurgus (2), perished with Eteocles 
against Thebes. 

DRYiiiEA, dry-ma? -a, a town in Phocis. 

Dryope, dry'-op-e. 1. A virgin of CEchalla, 
was carrried off by Apollo, and afterwards 
married Andraemon. She bore Amphissus, who, 
when a year old, was changed with his mother 
into a lotus. 2. A nymph, bore Tarquitus to 
Faunus. 3. A nymph of Arcadia, bore Pan to 
Mercury. 

Dryopes, dry'-op-es, an ancient Pelasgic 
people, inhabited Dryopis or Dryopida, near 
Mount CEta ; migrated to Asme and Hermione, 
in Argolis ; were expelled from Asine by the 
Argives, and went to found A sine, in Messenia. 
Some accompanied the Ionians to settle in 
Asia Minor. 

Dubis, du'-bis, or Alduabis (the Doichs), a 
river flowing from Mount Jurassus, in Gaul, 
into the Arar, near Cabillonum. 

Dubris Portus, dub'-ris port'-us, now 
Dover, a port of the Cantii, in Britain. 

Duilia lex, du-l'-U-a lex. 1. By tribune 
M. Duilius, 450 B.C., made it a capital crime 
to leave the Romans without Tribunes, or to 
create a new magistracy without a sufficient 
cause. 2. Another, 362 B.C., regulated rates 
of interest on loans. 

Duilius Nepos, C, du-i'-R-us nep'-os, con- 
sul, defeated the Carthaginians, 260 B.C., off 
Mylse, by using grappling-irons, and was hon- 
oured with the first naval triumph at Rome. A 
commemorative column (still existing), Co- 
lw7ina Rostrata, was erected at Rome, and 
adorned with the beaks of the ships captured. 

Dulichium, du-Uch'-i-tivt, an isle off the 
mouth of the Achelous (one of the Echinades), 
formed part of Ulysses' kingdom. 

Durius, du'-ri-tis (the Dourd), a river of 
Hispanla Tarraconensis. 

Duumviri, du-uni' -vir-i. 1. See Decem- 
viri (3). 2. Ferduelliokis, per-dti-el'-li-d'-m's, 
or Capitales, cdp-i-td'-les, two magistrates 
Created by King Tullus Hostillus to try those 



Echo 



accused of treason ; were abolished as un- 
necessary, but revived by the tribune Labienus. 
3. Nava'les, joint commissioners for repairing, 
&c, the Roman men-of-war, fust created 

212 B.C. 

Dym^e, dy'-ma, a town of Achaia. 

Dymas, dym'-as, the father of Hecuba. 

Dyrrhachium, dyr-rhdck'-l-um, a coast 
city of Macedonia, founded from Corcyra, 623 
B.C. ; its name was changed from Epldavuius, 
which the Romans considered of ill-omen ; it 
was the landing place for voyagers to the East 
from Brundusium. 

Dyspontium, dys-pon'-ti-um, a town of Pisa 
in Elis, destroyed by the Eleans, 572 B.C. 



E 

EBORACUM, e-bo-rd'-cum, the city York in 
England. Severus (1) died here. 

Ebud^e, e-bu'-dce, now the Hebrides, off the 
west of Scotland. 

Eburones, e-bu-ro?-7ies, a people of Belgic 
Gaul. 

Ebusus, eb'-u-sus or e-bu'-sus, one of the 
Pityusse isles off the east of Spain (now Ivizd). 

Ecbatana, ec-bdt'-dn-a (-orum). 1. See 
Deioces. 2. A town of Syria. 

Ecclesia, ec-cle'-si-a, see Senatus (2). 

Ecetra, e'-cet-ra, the capital of the Volsci, 
early destroyed by Rome (after 378 b.c). 

Echecrates, ech-ec '-rdt-es (see Pythia). 

Echemus, ech'-em-us, king of Arcadia, slew 
Hyllus, the Heracleid. 

Echestratus, ech-es'-trdt-zis, succeeded 
his father, Agis I., king of Sparta, 1058 B.C. 

Echidna, e-chid'-na, a monster, offspring of 
Chrysaor and Callirrhoe, daughter of Oceanus, 
bore Orthos, Geryon, Cerberus, the Kydra, 
&c. , to Typhon, and Agathyrsus, Gelonus, and 
Scytha to Hercules. She was represented as 
a beautiful woman above the waist, and thence 
downwards as a serpent. 

Echinades, e-cAi'-udd-es (-um), or Echini, 
e-chi'-uce, five alluvial islets at the mouth of 
the Achelous, in Acarnania. 

Echinus, e-chi'-nus, a town of Phthiotis. 

Echion, e-chi'-dn, one of the men sprung 
from the dragons' teeth . sown by Cadmus 
(q. v.), and one of the five who survived, 
assisted Cadmus in building Thebes, and re- 
ceived in marriage his daughter Agave, who 
bore him Pentheus. Echion succeeded Cad- 
-mus as king ; whence Thebes is called Echio?uce, 
and the Thebans Echionlda, 

Echo, e'-cAd, an Oreade, daughter of the Air 
and Tellus, chiefly resided neat the Cephlsus, 
was an attendant of Juno, and the confidante of 
Jupiter. For her loquacity Juno deprived her 
of the power of speech, except in answer to 
questions put to her. She became enamoured 
of Narcissus, and, as he did not return her 
passion, she pined away and was made a 
stone, which still retained the power of voice. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



"3 



Eenomos 



Ecnomos, ed-nom-os, a mountain in the 
south of Sicily, at the mouth of the Himera 

Edessa, e-des'-sa. i. A city of Macedonia, 
the hurial-place of the kings. 2. Or A utiockia 
Czllirrli.de, the capital of Osroene in Meso- 
potamia. 

Edetani, e-de-td'-ni, a people of Tarraco- 
nense Spain. The capital was Valentia. 

Edon, e'-don, a mountain of Thrace, in the 
district of the Edones (or Edoni), a great seat 
of Bacchus's worship ; whence Eddnis, a 
Bacchante, and Eddmis, Thracian. 

Eetion, e-et'-i-dn {see Aetion). 

Egeria, e-ger'-i-a, one of the Camenas, lived 
in a grove near Rome, at the Porta Capena, or 
in another near Aricia. She was enamoured of 
King Numa, and instructed him in her grove. 

Egesta, e-ges'-ta [see Acestes). 

Eilithyia, ei-li-thy-i-a {see Ilithyia). 

El^ea, e-lcd-a, a town of iEolis, in Asia 
Minor, south of the Calcus. 

Ei^eus, e-lcd-its, a town in the south of the 
Thracian Chersonese. 

Elagabalus, e-la-gab'-dl-tts (see Helioga- 
balus). 

Elaphebolia, el'-d-pJte-bol'-i-a, festivals to 
Diana, when a cake was made in the form of a 
deer {e\a<poc), and offered to the goddess ; it 
was celebrated in a month thence named, 
ElapJiebolion, and instituted to commemorate 
a great victory of the Phocians over the 
Thessalians, when the former had, by a severe 
defeat, been reduced to such desperation that, 
on the proposal of Deiphantus, they resolved 
to burn themselves and their possessions on a 
funeral pile ; but before lighting the pile 
they engaged the enemy and utterly routed 
them. 

Elatea, el-d-te'-a. 1. A town of Phocis. 
2. A town of Thessaly. 3. Or Elatria, a town 
of Thesprotia in Eplrus. 

Elea, el'-e-a (or Velio), a town of Campania, 
whence the followers of Zeno (1) were called 
the Eleatic school. 

Electka, e-led-tra. 1. An Oceanid, wife 
of Atlas, bore Dardanus to Jupiter. 2. An 
Atlantid. 3. A daughter of King Agamemnon, 
incited Orestes (q. v.) to revenge his father's 
murder. She had been married by Clyte- 
mnestra to a person of low birth, and was 
given in marriage by Orestes to his friend Py- 
lades, to whom she bore Strophms and Medon. 

Electryon, e-lec '-try-on, king of Argos, son 
ef Perseus and Andromeda, married Anaxo, 
daughter of his brother Alcseus, by whom he 
had several sons and Alcmena (q. v.). 

Elei, e-le'-i {see Elis). 

Eleleus, el'-el-eus, Bacchus, and Eleleis, 
el-e-le'-is (-idis), any of his priestesses, from the 
cry k\e\ev at the orgies. 

Elephantis, el-e-p/tan'-tis. 1. An indelicate 
poetess. 2. Or Elephantine, el-e-plian'-tin-e, 
a fortified town and island of the Nile, opposite 
Syene. 

Eleusinia, el-eu-sl'-ni-a, the solemn cele- 
bration of the mysteries to Ceres (Demeter) and 
Proserpine (Persephone) at Eleusis, instituted 



Eleutlieria 



by Eumolpus (or Musaeus, or Erechtheus), or 
by Triptolemus (q. v.), when Ceres herself 
visited Attica in her search for Proserpine. The 
superintendence was vested in the Eumolpldse 
(q. v.), a priestly family, and partiy in their 
branch the Ceryces. The Eleusinia were di- 
vided into the Lesser (to. LitKpd), celebrated at 
Agrae on the Ilissus,and the Greater (r a p.eyd\a) 
at Athens and Eleusis. The former, merely a 
preparation {TrpnKatiapcrig or irpodivevcrtg) for 
the latter, were held every Anthesterion. The 
initiation of the (initiated) consisted in 

their being washed in the bay Cantharus, and 
purified by a priest ('Ydpavog), and taking the 
oath of secrecy to the leader (jj.v<T-a-j<jL>y6g). 
The great Eleusinia were celebrated 15 — 23 
Boedromion at Athens and Eleusis. On the 
first of these nine days the iivarai assembled at 
Athens, and on the second went in procession 
to the coast to be purified. The third was 
devoted to fasting, relieved at eventide by 
cakes of sesame and honey. On the fourth 
day the ndXaBog uddodog (basket-procession) 
took place, when vase-shaped baskets {Ka\a8oi), 
full of pomegranates and poppy-seeds, were 
borne on a waggon drawn by oxen, followed by 
women carrying small mystic boxes (Kicrrat). 
On the fifth day the fiuo-rat followed the 
dadovxog (torch-bearer), carrying torches 
(\a/jLTrd6eg) to Ceres' temple at Eleusis, where 
they spent the night. On the sixth day 
{"latcx o s) the statue of Ceres' son Iacchos, 
adorned with a myrtle, garland, and with a 
torch in one hand, was borne, amid shouts and 
festal songs, and accompanied by a great 
throng, from the Ceramicus to Eleusis, where, 
during the night, the [xva-ai repeated the oath, 
were again purified and led bj'the ^uo-Tc^cd-yog 
to undergo the complete initiation (kiron-eia) 
in the sanctuary, and now were called enowTcu, 
as fully initiated by actual inspection. Each 
eiroizmg was sent away with the words K07?, 
ojun-af (corruption for K07?, 6/jLoicog 7raf), and on 
the next (the seventh) day the en-oTrrat marched 
back to Athens amid raillery and jests 
(<TK.wijLfxa.Ta, te<pvpia/j.6g), especially at the 
bridge over the Cephlsus, commemorative of 
Iambe's or Baubo's jests to dispel Ceres' grief. 
The eighth,'E7ri5aupi'a,institutedwhenAsclepms 
came too late from Epidaurus, was devoted to 
the initiation of those by any reason omitted 
on the seventh day. On the ninth (nXrinoxoal) 
two little cups were filled with wine and water, 
and the contents of the one were thrown to 
the east, and of the other to the west, while 
mystical words were uttered. The Eleusinia, 
which were regarded as bringing the initiated 
more under the protection of the gods here 
and hereafter, continued down to the time of 
the elder Theodosius (a.d. 3S0). 

Eleusis, el-eu'-sis, a town of Attica, mid- 
way between Megara and the Piraeus, founded 
by Triptolemus {see Eleusinia). 

Eleutheria, el-eii-tJier'-i-a. 1. A festival, 
celebrated by delegates from almost all the 
Greek cities, at Plata?a, to Zeus Eleutherios 
(Jupiter the Asserter of Liberty), commemo- 



114 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Elimea 



rative of the great defeat of the Persians at 
Platsea, 22 September, 479 B.C., when the 
Greeks under Pausanlas raised on the spot an 
altar and statue to the god ; and it was sub- 
sequently agreed by the combined Greeks, 
by advice of AristTdes, to establish a general 
quinquennial festival ; a minor festival, in 
honour of the slain, being celebrated by the 
Platseans mainly. There was a solemn pro- 
cession at break of day, headed by a trumpeter, 
and the chief magistrate washed and anointed 
the monuments, then sacrificed on a pile of 
wood a black bull to Jupiter and the infernal 
Mercury, and drank a goblet of wine to the 
memory of the fallen. 2. A Samian festival 
to Eros. 3. The holiday observed by slaves 
on being set free. 

Elimea, el-l-me'-a, or Elimiotis, el-hn'-l- 
o'-tis, a district of Macedonia, on the borders of 
Thessaly and Epirus. 

Elis (-Idls), e'-lts, a district of Peloponnesus, 
west of Arcadia and north of MessenTa, ex- 
tending along the coast and watered by the 
Alpheus. It was named from a king Eleus. 
Its chief town, of the same name, became 
large and populous in the age of Demosthenes 
(350 B.C.) though in Homer's time it did not 
exist. At Olympia (q. v.) the Olympic games 
were celebrated. Its people were Elei, formerly 
Epei; their horses were in great repute. 

Elissa, e-lis'-sa (see Dido). 

Ellopia, el-lop'-i-a. r. A district in the 
north of Eubcea. 2. The district about Do- 
dOna, in Epirus. 

Elpenor, el-p?-nor, a companion of Ulysses, 
made into a hog by Circe, but afterwards 
restored. He was killed by falling from the 
top of a house where he was sleeping. 

Elymais, el-y-mdf-is, a country of Persia, 
between the Persian Gulf and Media. An- 
tiochus IV. Epiphane sattempted to plunder the 
rich temple of Diana in its capital, Elymais. 
It supported Antiochus III. the Great against 
the Romans. 

Elysium, e-lys'-i-um, or Elysii Campi, the 
Elysian fields, the region where the souls of 
the virtuous dead were placed. There hap- 
piness was complete, and the pleasures were 
innocent and refined ; the air was serene and 
temperate, the bowers ever green, and the 
meadows watered with perennial streams ; and 
the birds continually warbled in the groves. 
The souls of the dead engaged in various 
pursuits ; Achilles is represented as waging 
war with the wild beasts, while the Trojan 
chiefs devoted themselves to managing horses 
or handling arms. But some authors include 
among the amusements constant feasting and 
revelry, and voluptuous indulgences. Elysium 
was variously placed ; in the Fortunate Islands 
{Canaries) on the coast of Africa, or in the 
Atlantic, or in the isle Leuce (which others 
make a sort of select Elysium). It was regarded 
by the Latin poets as a part of the netJter world. 

Emathia, e-math'-i-a, a name given by the 
coets to the countries which formed afterwards 
Macedonia and Thessaly. Strictly, it is the 



Endymion 

part of Macedonia between the Haliacmon 
and the Axlus. 

Emathides, e-math'-i-des, the nine daugh- 
ters of King Pierus of Emathia. 

Emathion, e-math'-i-dn, son of Titan and 
Aurora, reigned in Macedonia, and gave his 
name to Emathia. According to some he was 
a famous robber destroyed by Hercules. 

Empedocles, em-ped'-o-cles, a philosopher, 
poet, and historian, of Agrigentum, 444 b. c. 
He was the disciple of the Pythagorean 
Telauges, and warmly adopted the doctrine of 
metempsychosis. He wrote a poem on Pytha- 
goreanism, in which he spoke of the various 
transmigrations of his own soul, through a 
girl, a boy, a shrub, a bird, a fish, and, lastly, 
Empedocles. His verses were much esteemed, 
and recited at the Olympic games. His phy- 
sical philosophy was a combination of the 
Atomism of Democritus with the doctrines of 
Heraclltus and Pythagoras. He held that 
there were four elements (Earth, Water, Air, 
Fire), moved by two forces, <pi\ia (Love), and 
veinog (Hatred), like the modern Attraction 
and Repulsion, and he admitted a third prin- 
ciple, Necessity, to explain existing phenomena. 
He thought that all things would return again 
to chaos ; that the principle of life was fire ; 
but that there was a Divine Being pervading 
the universe, from whom emanated inferior 
beings, dcemones ; and that man was a fallen 
deemon. Empedocles was as remarkable for his 
social virtues and humanity as for his learning. 
He taught rhetoric in Sicily, and also cultivated 
music. His curiosity to inspect the crater of 
./Etna proved fatal to him : but, according to 
some, he threw himself into it, to have it be- 
lieved that he was a god, and had disappeared 
from earth ; but the volcano threw up one of 
his sandals. According to others, he lived to 
an extreme old age, and was drowned at sea. 

Emporia, em-por'-i-ce, a town of Tarra- 
conense Spain, now Ampur ias. 

Enceladus, en-cel'-ad-us, a son of Titan 
and Terra, the most powerful of the Giant 
assailants of Jupiter, was struck by the god's 
bolts and placed under iEtna, the flames and 
earthquakes of which were supposed to be 
caused by his writhings. Some consider him 
identical with Typhon. 

EnchelEjE, en-chel'-e-ce, a. town of Illyrl- 
cum, where Cadmus became a serpent. 

Endymion, en-dym' -i-on, a shepherd, son 
of Aethllus and Calyce, asked Jupiter to granr 
him eternal youth, and the capacity of sleeping 
as much as he wished ; whence the proverb, 
Endymid7iis somnnm donnlre to express a 
long sleep. As he slept on Mount Latmos, 
Diana (Luna) became enamoured of him, and 
visited him nightly. ByChromla, or Hyperipne. 
he had Pseon, Epeus, iEolus, Eurydice, and 
he gave his crown to the best racer among his 
sons (Epeus). Some suppose there were two 
of the name, Endymion, a king of Elis, and 
Endymion, an astronomer of Caria (whose 
nocturnal observations on the mountain gave 
rise to the story of his being courted by the 



»5 



Bnipeus 



Moon)._ The Eleans showed his tomb at 
Olympia. 

Enipeus, e-nl'-peus. i. A river of Thessaly. 
2. A river of Elis. Tyro, daughter of Sal- 
moneus, became enamoured of its god, and 
Neptune assumed his shape to woo her. 

Enna, en'-na, a town, in the middle of 
Sicily, with a beautiful plain, where Proserpine 
was carried off by Pluto. 

Ennius, Q., en'-ni-us, the first epic poet of 
Rome, born at Rudise, in Calabria, 239 B.C., 
was made a Roman citizen for his genius and 
learning. He wrote, in eighteen books, the 
Annates of Rome, in hexameters, and dra- 
matical and satirical compositions. Only 
fragments are extant. Ennius enjoyed the 
friendship of the great men of his day, especi- 
ally Scipio. He died 169, from the gout, 
contracted by frequent intoxication. His style 
was necessarily rough, from the period in which 
he lived. He is warmly commended by Quin- 
tilian, and Virgil has incorporated many of his 
lines without change. 

Ennosigjeus, en'-nos-i-gce'-us, or Enosich- 
thon, en-os-ich'-thon [earth-shaker), Neptune. 

Entella, en-tel'-la, an inland city of Sicily. 

Entellus, en-tel'-lus, an athlete, with 
.ffineas, founded Entella in W. Sicily. 

Enyo, e-ny-d (see Bellona) ; Mars is called 
Enyal'ius. 

Eos, e'-ds, or e'-ds, the name of Auro'ra 
among the Greeks ; whence Eo'us, eastern. 

Epaminondas, ep-ant'-l-non'-das, a Theban, 
of royal descent, was son of Polymnis, and cele- 
brated for his private virtues and military ac- 
complishments. He became an intimate friend 
of Pelopidas (q. v.), whose life he had saved in 
battle, 385 b. c. , and who, by his advice, delivered 
Thebes from the power of Sparta, 379, which 
was the signal for war. Epaminondas led the 
Theban army, routed the Spartans at Leuctra, 
371, and invaded LaconTa with 50,000 men. 
On his return to Thebes he was arrested for 
treason in having held, contrary to law, the 
supreme command longer than a month, and, 
instead of making any defence, he begged his 
judges to inscribe on his tomb that he had suf- 
fered death for saving his country from ruin ; 
whereupon he was at once pardoned and re- 
invested with supreme power. He was suc- 
cessful in a war in Thessaly, and assisted the 
Eleans against the Spartans, whom he met at 
Mantinea, 363, where he was mortally wounded 
by Xenophon's son Gryllus ; but before his death 
he was informed of the rout of the enemy. 
On his death the supremacy of Thebes ter- 
minated. 

Epaphus, ep'-aph-us, a son of Jupiter and 
Io, founded Memphis (where he was wor- 
shipped), and called it after his wife, the 
daughter of the Nile. His daughter Libya 
bore iEgyptus and Danaus to Neptune. 

Epei, e-pe'-i {see Elei). 

Epeus, e-pe'-tis. 1. Son of EndymTon, 
reigned over filis. 2. Son of Panopeus, made 
the wooden horse in which the Greeks entered 
Trey. 



Epictetus 

Ephesus, eph'-es-us, a great city of Ionia, 
famous for its Temple of Diana, one of the seven 
wonders of the world. The Temple, 425 feet 
long and 220 broad, had its roof supported by 
127 columns, each the gift of a king and each 
60 feet high, and of these thirty-six were most 
beautifully carved. A great stone above the 
entrance was said to have been placed there 
by Diana herself. The temple, whose chief 
architect was Ctesiphon (or Chersiphron), took 
220 years in building (begun 560 B.C.), and was 
the storehouse of immense treasures ; it was 
wantonly burnt, 356, by an Ephesian, Eratos- 
tratus, to immortalize his name, the nighi 
Alexander the Great was born, whose future 
greatness the calamity was believed to portend ; 
but it was soon rebuilt with greater splendour 
Alexander had offered to rebuild it if the Ephe- 
sians would place on it an inscription denoting 
the name of the benefactor, but they declined, 
replying, in the language of adulation, that it 
was improper that one deity should raise tero - 
pies to another. Lysimachus called the city 
Arsin'oe, after his wife, but on his death the 
old name was resumed. The words IVtertz 
Ephes'icE are applied to letters believed to con- 
tain magical powers. 

Ephet^e, eph'-et-a:, an ancient Athenian 
court for the trial of homicide. 

Ephialtes, eph-l-al'-tes. 1. See Aloeus. 
2. A Malian, led a part of Xerxes' army by a 
secret path to attack the Spartans at Ther- 
mopylae, 480 B.C. 

Ephori, eph'-or-i, five annual magistrates 
at Sparta, first created by Lycurgus (or by 
Theopompus), 760 B.C., to protect, like the 
Roman tribunes, the rights and liberties of the 
people. They were the real rulers ; they 
checked the authority of the two kings, whom 
they could even imprison if guilty of irregu- 
larities ; they fined Archidamus for marrying 
a wife of small stature, and imprisoned Agis 
and caused him to be strangled. They man- 
aged the public funds, were arbiters of peace 
and war, regulated foreign relations, convened, 
prorogued, and dissolved the public Assemblies, 
and exercised a general superintendence over 
the morals and internal economy of the 
nation. 

Ephyra, eph'-yr-a, a nymph, attendant of 
Cyrene ; from her Corinth was anciently 
called Eph'yra, and Ephyre'ius is used as 
equivalent to Corinthian. 

Epicaste, ep-i-cas'-te (see Jocasta). 

Epicharmus, ep-l-char'-mus, a poet and 
Pythagorean philosopher of Cos, born 540 
B.C., introduced comedy at Syracuse, to which 
he removed from Megara in Sicily, where he 
had been reared. Plautus imitated his com- 
positions. He also wrote on philosophy and 
medicine, and, according to Aristotle and 
Pliny, added x and to the Greek alphabet. 

Epictetus, ep-ic-te '-tus ; a Stoic philosopher 
of Hierapolis, originally a slave, was expelled 
from Rome by Domitian, but returned after 
his death and gained the esteem of Hadriais 
and M. Aurelius ; he opposed the doctrine o£ 



n6 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Epicurus 

suicide, which had been so strongly adopted 
by the other Stoics ; his Enchlrid'ion, a faithful 
picture of Stoicism, is a resume of his lectures, 
compiled and published by Arrian. 

Epicurus, ep-t-cii'-rus, a celebrated philo- 
sopher, born in Samos, 342 B.C., was the son 
of poor parents, but was earty sent to school, 
where he distinguished himself by his clever- 
ness and acuteness, at the age of 12 puzzling his 
preceptor, who had recited to him the verse of 
Hesiod/'H-roi juti/ npooTiara x«°£ yever', k.t.X. 
{First C/utos ivas created}, with the question, 
"Who created it?" The teacher answered 
that only philosophers knew ; whereon Epicurus 
said, " Then philosophers alone henceforth 
shall instruct me." After extensive travels, he 
went, 306, to Athens, then thronged with the 
Academics, Cynics, Peripatetics, Cyrenaics, 
and Stoics : there he established himself, and 
taught in a garden (kTittoq) ; whence his fol- 
lowers were called The Philosophers of the 
Garden, and he soon attracted many disciples 
by the sweetness and gravity of his manners 
and by his social virtues. He taught that the 
Supreme Good was Happiness, — not such as 
arises from sensual gratification, but from the 
enjoyments of the mind and the practice of 
Virtue. His doctrine was misrepresented and 
grossly maligned by the other schools, from 
whose misrepresentations the term Epicurean- 
ism has become popularly identical with sen- 
sualism. His physical philosophy was the 
Atomism of Democritus. His health was 
impaired by constant labour, and he died, 
270, of a painful internal disease, the agonies 
of which he bore with great fortitude. His 
followers showed great respect to his memory, 
observing his birthday with unusual festivity, 
and devoting a month to mirth and innocent 
amusements. Epicurus is said to have written 
no less than 300 volumes. His philosophy, so 
beautifully expounded in Lucretius's poem 
J?e Re' rum Natu'ra, was a development of 
the Cyrenaic school, and was rapidly spread 
by his numerous followers, who, however, in 
practice departed from its great principle, 
and, justly meriting the reproaches falsely 
heaped on Epicurus, substituted sensual gra- 
tification for the practice of Virtue, and con- 
tributed greatly to the general destruction of 
morals under the Roman empire. 

Epidamnus, ep-i-dam'-nus (see Dyrrha- 
chium). 

Epidaurus, ep-i-dau'-rus, a town in the 
north of Argulis, named from Epidaurus, son 
of Argus and Evadne, had a famous temple of 
JEsculapms. 

Epigoni, ep-ig'-on-i, the descendants of the 
seven heroes — Adrastus, Polynlces, Tydeus, 
Capaneus, Parthenopasus, Amphiaraus, and 
Hippomedon— who fell in the great mythical 
war against Thebes (see Eteocles). The 
Epigoni marched, ten years after these heroes, 
against Thebes to avenge them, under the 
command of Thersander (or of Alcmseon son of 
Amphiaraus), assisted by the Corinthians, 
Messenians, and Arcadians. Near the town 



Equites 

Glissas, in Boeotia, they routed the Thebans and 
their allies, some of whom fled with their 
general Leodamas to Illyricum, and the rest, 
after a siege in Thebes, had to surrender. Of the 
Epigoni, yEgialeus alone was killed, while in 
the first war his father Adrastus was the only 
leader who escaped alive. The common list of 
the Epigoni contains iEgialeus, Alcmaeon, 
Diomedes, Euryalus, Promachus, Sthenelus, 
and Thersander. 

Epimenides, ep-i-men'-id-es, an epic poet of 
Crete, contemporary with Solon, was son of 
Agiasarchus and Blasta, and by some reckoned 
(instead of Periander) one of the seven wise 
men. While one day tending his flocks, he 
entered a cave, where he fell asleep, and slept 
fifty-seven years. After death he was revered 
as a god, and greatly honoured by the 
Athenians, whom he had delivered, 596 B.C., 
from the plague resulting from Cylon's sacri- 
lege. 

Epimetheus, ep-i-me!-theus (see Prome- 
theus). 

EpipoLiE, ep-ip'-ol-ce (see Syracuse). 

Epirus, c-pl'-rus, a country bounded N. by 
Macedonia and Illyria, E. by Thessaly, S. by 
Acarnania and the Ambracian gulf, and W. by 
the Ionian sea, Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, 
was one of its earliest kings. It was under the 
great Pyrrhus 295-272 B.C. ; and became sub- 
ject to Rome, 168. Its inhabitants were a 
mixture of Pelasgians and Illyrians. The 
chief tribes were Chdones, Thesproti, and 
Molossi. 

Epopeus, e-po'-peus, son of Neptune and 
Canace (see Antiope, i). 

Eporedia, ep-d-red'-i-a, a Roman colony 
(100 B.C.) among the Salassi, in Cisalpine Gaul. 

Equester Ordo, e-ques'-ter or'-dd (see 
Equites). 

Equiria, e-qui'-ri-a, festivals instituted by 
Romulus to Mars : horse-races and games 
were exhibited in the Campus Martius. 

Equites, e'-quit-es, a term origi>ially used 
at Rome to denote, not an order in the Roman 
state, but the Cavalry of the army. Romulus 
levied 300 (10 out of each curia), which ires 
centurice equitum were subdivided into 10 
Tiirmce (squadrons) of 30 men each, and each 
Turma into 3 Deacrice (companies) of 10 men 
each, each under an officer (Decitrio) ; each 
Centuria (100) bore the name of one of the 
three tribes — Ra?unes, Titles, Luceres, — and 
every Turma contained 10 Ramnes, 10 Tides, 
and 10 Luceres : and the commander of all the 
Equites (or Ce teres, or Trossiili, or Flexil- 
mines) was called Tribumis Celertim. Tullus 
Hostilms doubled the Equites, but preserved 
the three Centurice ; each Centuria, however, 
now containing 20 Turma? and 200 Equites. 
Tarquinius Priscus again doubled the Equites, 
which contained 1,200, the six Centurise being 
designated Ramnenses Friores and Pos- 
teridres (or Secuudi), Titienses Friores and 
Posteriores, Lucerenses Friores and Pos- 
teriores; and these six are generally termed 
collectively Sex Suffrdgia, or CenffirUe. Sei> 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



117 



Equites 



vius added 12 new centurise of 200 each, 
taken from the leading men, whether Patrician 
or Plebeian, but of a fortune not less than 
125,000 asses (pounds of copper, each as about 
1 if oz. avoirdupois). The total number of 
Equites was now 3,600; each egues received 
10,000 asses (ces equestre) for purchasing a 
horse, and annually 2,000 asses {ces hordearium 
raised from the otherwise untaxed unmarried 
women and orphans) for its maintenance, and 
each had to serve ten years, but might continue, 
if he chose, longer. The officer who arranged 
the Census (viz., at first the King, next the 
Consuls, and after 443 B.C. the Censors) selected 
the Equites, and made a quinquennial review 
{Probdtio or Recognitid), when each knight 
had to march past, leading his horse, and those 
who were for any reason disapproved of were 
discharged with the words Vende eqtnim, and 
the vacancies were filled up. The Censors also 
held an annual review [Transvectid] on the 
Ides of July, commemorative of the aid of 
Castor and Pollux at the lake Regillus, when 
the Equites, in their robes of state {trabeati) 
and crowned with olive chaplets, rode from the 
temple of Honos outside the Porta Capena 
through the Forum, past the temple of the 
Dioscuri to the Capitol. Both the Transvectlo 
(instituted 403 B.C. by censor Q. Fabius Max- 
imus Rullianus) and Recognitlo, having fallen 
into disuse, were revived and combined by 
Augustus. From the reverses before Veii and 
intestine discord, the resources of the state 
were much reduced, and the Senate eagerly 
accepted, 403 B.C., the offer of many persons 
of equestrian fortune to volunteer as Equites 
without receiving the allowance for the 
purchase or maintenance of a horse ; but they 
received pay three times that of the infantry ; 
these were Equites equo privato, as 
distinguished from the Equites equo publico. 
Towards the close of the republic the Roman 
cavalry was composed almost entirely of non- 
citizens, and though the eighteen centurise still 
existed as a political body, the Equites equis 
privatis gradually disappeared. As Rome 
became more prosperous and powerful, the 
superabundance of candidates for the eighteen 
centurise and the disappearance of the 
Equestrian volunteers from the employment of 
allies and mercenaries in the cavalry, there was 
formed a class of men of equestrian fortune 
who were not senators nor ambitious of public 
distinction, but devoted themselves to mercan- 
tile enterprises. These first appear as govern- 
ment contractors in the second Punic war, and 
as the dominion of Rome was extended, they 
were employed in farming the public revenues 
(as publicani). They acted as a powerful middle 
class- between the Optimdtes and Populdres, 
and were brought over to the interests of the 
latter by C. Gracchus's Lex Sempronia 
Ji<diciaria,_ 122 B.C., by which the Judicia 
(right of acting as jurors on criminal trials) was 
transferred from the senators to those possessed 
of the Census Equester (fixed at 400,000 
sesterces), and the body was thus first formally 



Eratosthenes 



recognized as Ordo Equester, in contradistinc- 
tion to Ordo Senatorius, and from that time 
there was no necessary connection between the 
Equites and military service. The Ordo 
Equester was necessary hostile to the senators, 
who made several attempts to recover the 
Judicia. Cicero succeeded for a time in re- 
conciling them, but they again joined Julius 
Csesar and the Populdres. The Equites and 
Ordo Equester possessed the following 
insignia: the golden ring (annulus aureus), 
also common to the senators ; the angustzis 
cldvus or tunica angusticlavia, a tunic with a 
narrow vertical stripe of purple (the tunica, 
laticldvia, the broad stripe being confined to 
senators) ; and the fourteen rows (qziatuordecini 
ordines) of seats in the theatre immediately 
behind those occupied by the senators (assigned 
by the Lex Roscia of the tribune L. RoscTus 
Otho, 67 B.C.). The Equester Ordo, depending 
merely on property qualification, was early in- 
undated with liberated slaves and those who 
had, by dishonest means, attained the 400,000 
sesterces. To remedy this, Augustus put into 
an upper class Equites illustres, or spleudidi, 
those who were of distinguished birth, and 
these formed a sort of nursery for the Senate 
(seminarium sendtus) ; and he gave these, even 
when youths, the inferior offices of state and 
(by anticipation) the tutiica laticldvia of sena- 
tors. The eighteen centurise of Eq?{ites eqias 
publicis still survived under the empire, and 
Augustus chose from them cadets for military 
offices (as for civil offices from the Ordo 
Equester). These cadets were employed as 
subalterns under the immediate inspection of 
the chief generals, and they formed a select 
corps, their chief being styled Princeps 
Juventutis (the Equites as a body had been 
termed Principes Juventutis under the Re- 
public). This title was bestowed on Augustus's 
grandsons, C. and L. Csesar, and was after- 
wards generally conferred on the Ccesar (the 
heir-apparent to the throne), or on one closely 
connected with the Imperial Family. 

Equustuticus, e-quus-tu' -tic-us, a town of 
the Hirpini. 

Erasinus, er-a-si'-mis, a river of Argolig. 

Erasistratus, er-d-sis'-trdt-us, a famous 
physician, grandson of Aristotle, died about 
260 B.C. 

Erato, er'-d-to, the Muse of amatory 
poetry, invoked by lovers, especially among 
the Romans, in April. She is represented 
crowned with roses and myrtle, holding in 
her right hand a lyre, and in her left a lute 
(of which instruments she was considered 
by some the inventress) : and occasionally 
Cupid is by her side holding a lighted flam- 
beau. 

Eratosthenes, er-d-tos'-then-es, son of 
Aglaus, born at Cyrene 276 B.C., was the 
second librarian of Alexandria, and devoted 
himself to grammatical criticism, philosophy, 
mathematics, and poetry. He has been called 
a second Plato, the cosmographer and the 
geometer of the world. Some fragments of 



1 1 8 BEE TON'S CLASSICAL D1C TIONAR Y. 



Eratostratus 



his works are extant. Eratosthenes starved 
himself to death, 194. 

Eratostratus, er-d-tos'-trdt-us {see 
Ephesus). 

Erbessus, er-bes'-sus, a town north of 
Agrigentum, in Sicily. 

Erebus, er'-eb-us, a deity of hell, son of 
Chaos and Darkness, married Nox, by whom 
he had /Ether and Hemera (Dies). Erebus is 
often used by the poets for the dark region 
through which the souls passed into Elysium 
(q. v.). 

Erechtkeus, er-ech'-iheus, sixth king of 
Athens, son of Pandion I., was, by Praxithea, 
father of Cecrops II., Merlon, Pandorus, 
Creusa^rithyia.Procris.OthoniaCorChthonla). 
To gain victory in a war against Eleusis he 
sacrificed Othonia, and killed the enemy's 
general, Eumolpus, son of Neptune. At the 
god's request Jupiter struck him with a bolt, 
3247 B.C. He is by some said to have first 
introduced Ceres' mysteries at Eleusis. After 
death he received divine honours at Athens, 
and a temple, Erechthe'um, was built to him 
on the Acropolis. Erechtheus is considered by 
many identical with Erichthonius. 

Eretria, er ef-ri-a, a city of Euboea, on 
the Euripus, destroyed by the Persians, 490 
B.C. 

Eretum, e-re'-tum, a Sabine town. 

Erginus, er-gi'-?ius, king of Orchomenos, 
son of Clymenus, was killed by Hercules when 
Erginus was invading boeotia to avenge his 
servants, who had been killed when exacting 
from the Thebans the annual tribute of a 
hundred oxen, imposed on them for the murder 
of the father of Erginus by a Theban. 

Eribcea, er-i-bae'-a. 1. An epithet of Juno. 
2. The mother of Ajax son of Telamon. 

Erichtho, er-ich'-tlw. 1. A Thessalian 
sorceress. 2. One of the Furiae (q. v.). 

Erichthonius, er-ich-tJwn'-i-us, fourth king 
of Athens, was the offspring of Vulcan and 
Atthis, daughter of Cecrops, and was given by 
Minerva in a basket to the other daughters of 
Cecrops, with strict injunctions not to examine 
the contents. Aglauros disobeyed, and was 
punished by being made jealous of her sister 
Herse (q. v.). Erichthonius, who was very 
deformed, and had the tails of serpents instead 
of legs, ascended the throne when young, and 
died 1437 b.c, after fifty years' reign, and was 
made a constellation. The invention of cha- 
riots is attributed to him. He is considered 
by many identical with Erechtheus (q. v.). 

Eridanus, e-rid'-dn-us {see Padus). 

Erigone, e-rig'-dn-e. 1. A daughter of 
Icarus, hanged herself when she heard that her 
father had been killed by some shepherds 
whom he had intoxicated. She was made a 
constellation, Virgo, or Bootes. The star Cants 
is called E'rigoni us, from facing her. Bacchus 
deceived her by taking the form of a grape. 
2. A daughter of iEgisthus and Clytemnestra, 
had, by her brother Orestes, Penthilus, who 
shared the throne with Timasenus, son of 
Orestes and rjermione 



Eteocles 



_ Erinka, e-riu'-na, a poetess of Lesbos, in- 
timate with Sappho. 
Erinnyes, er-in'-ny-es {see Eumeni- 

des). 

Eripiiyle, er-i-ph?-le, wife of Amphia- 
raus (q.v.), whom she betrayed for the golden 
necklace which had been given by Veiius to 
Hermione. 

Eris, er'-is {see DisrorcniA). 

Eros, er'-os {see Cupido). 

Erostratus, er-os'-trdt-us {see Erato- 
stratus). 

_ Erymanthus, er-y -man' -thus, a mountain, 
river, and town of Arcadia, where Hercules 
killed an enormous boar. Eryiuati! this is 
applied to Callisto and Arcadia. 

Erysichthox, er-y-sich'-thon, son of Triops, 
was punished with continual hunger for cutting 
down Ceres' groves. His daughter Metra 
received from Neptune the power of assuming 
any form. 

Erythr>e, e-rjf-tkra'. 1. A town of Ionia, 
opposite Chios, built by Neleus, son of Codrus, 
was once the residence of a Sibyl. 2. A town 
of Bceotia, mother-city of (1). 3. A town of 
the Locri Ozolse. 

Erythr/EUM Mare, e-ry-thra' -um mdr'-e, 
the tract of sea between Arabia and Africa on 
the west, and India on the east ; but later this 
was divided into In'dlcus Oce'dnus, A rdb'icus 
Sin' us (Red Sea), and Per'sicus Sin' its; and 
Erythraeum Mare was used as identical with 
Arabicus Sinus. 

Eryx, er'-yx. 1. Son of Butes and Venus, 
famous for his strength, challenged all 
strangers to fight with the cestus ; Hercules 
accepted the challenge and killed him. 2. A 
steep mountain of Sicily, near Drepanum, 
named from (1), who built a temple to Venus 
(Erycina) on it, and was buried there. Its top 
had been levelled and walled round by 
Daedalus, who consecrated a life-like golden 
heifer to Venus. 

Eryxo, c-ryx'-d {see Etearchus). 

Esquili^E, es-quil'-i-a, or ESQUILINUS 
Mons, es-quil-i'-nus mons, one of the seven 
hills of Rome, was joined to the city by 
Servius. Criminals were executed on it ; 
whence the birds of prey that devoured their 
bodies were called Esqui/i'na; dl'ttes. 

Eteocles, et-e-od-les, elder son of CEdipus 
(q. v.) and Jocasta ; he agreed with his brother 
Polynices to share with him the throne, 
reigning alternately each a year. Eteocles, by 
his seniority, reigned the first year, and refused 
to resign at its end. Polynices, to enforce the 
compact, allied with King Adrastus of Argos, 
whose daughter he married, and from whom he 
received an army, which he led against Thebes, 
accompanied by six, who with him formed the 
Seven against Thebes; viz., Adrastus, Tydeus, 
Amphiaraus, Capaneus, Hippomedon, and 
Parthenopasus. Eteocles posted six brave 
generals at the gates to oppose them, and 
himself against Polynices. The war was at 
length decided by single combat between the 
brothers, both of whom perished. The Sevv* 



& EE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTION ART. 



Eteonicus 



against TJiebes were avenged ten years after 
by the Epigoni (q. v.). 

Eteonicus, et-e-d-ni'-cus, a Spartan general, 
who, when informed of Callicratidas's defeat at 
Arginusse, ordered the messengers to enter 
Mvtilene triumphantly with crowns ; on which, 
the besieger Conon, concluding some victory 
had been obtained, granted peace. 

Etesi^e, e-te'-si-cz, periodical mild north 
winds in the Mediterranean, blowing forty days 
in spring and autumn. 

Etruria, et-rii'-ri-a, or Tuscia, tus'-ci-a, 
a country of central Italy, bounded N. and 
N. W. by the Apennines and the Macra, 
W. by the Tyrrhene sea, and E. and S. 
by the Tiber. Its inhabitants were called 
Tyrrheni by the Greeks, and by the Ro- 
mans Etrusci, and the ancients believed 
they were a colony from Lydla ; but from 
their name RJiase'nas, among themselves 
they are now believed to have been a 
Rhaetian race that descended from the Alps 
and mingled with the earlier immigrants, the 
Tyrrheni proper. They were early powerful, 
and, inheriting by conquest the culture of the 
Tyrrheni and the Umbri, highly cultivated. 
They attained to great commercial prosperity, 
and ruled over the greater part of Italy, from 
the Alps and the plains of Lombardy to Vesu- 
vius and the gulf of Sarento. They formed 
a great confederacy of twelve independent 
cities, Cortona, Arretium, Cluslum, Peruslx, 
Volaterrce, Vetuloiua, Ruse lice, Volsinii, 
Tarqni?iii, Valerli, Veii, and Ccere (anciently 
Agylla), the annual meeting of the Lucu- 
mones, or governing families ecclesiastical 
and civil, of the sovereign states being held 
every spring at the temple of Voltumna near 
Volsinii. The power of Etruria was gradually 
reduced by the encroachments of the Gauls 
in the north, and the Sabines, Samnites, 
and Greeks in the south, and after a pro- 
longed struggle with Rome they were sub- 
jugated by the victory of Cornelius Dolabella, 
283 B.C. 

Euagoras, eu-ag'-or-as. 1. King of 
Cyprus, retook Salamis, which had been taken 
from his father by the Persians. He was de- 
feated by Artaxerxes and made tributary, and 
soon after assassinated by an eunuch, 374 B.C. 
2. Son of Nicocles, and grandson of (r), was 
deposed by his uncle Protagoras, and fled to 
Artaxerxes Ochus, who gave him a satrapy, 
but afterwards put him to death for op- 
pression. 

Eubcea, eii-bcet-a, a large island separated by 
the Eurlpus from Boeotia, anciently called 
Miccris, Oche, Ellopia, Clialcis, A bant is, 
and Asopis. Its length is ninety miles, greatest 
breadth thirty, and smallest four. Its fertile 
plains contained excellent pasturage and corn- 
fields. Its northern part was called Histicea, 
further south Ellopia, and the southern 
Dryopia. The central part was Ionian, and 
contained the Athenian colonies, Chalcis and 
Eretria. Eubcea fell under the Athenians 
after the Persian war. Eubd'Uus is especially 



Eumenes 



applied to Cumae, in Italy, colonized from 
Chalcis. 2. A town in the interior of Sicily. 

Eubulides, eu-bii'-lid-es, a philosopher of 
Miletus temp. Aristotle, pupil and successor of 
Euclides (1), and instructor of Demosthenes, 
severely attacked Aristotle's doctrines. 

Euclides, eu-cll'-des. 1. Of ^Megara, 
404 B.C., was a disciple of Socrates, and 
founded the Megarian school, 399, _ which 
blended the ethical and negative dialectial 
principles of Socrates. 2. Of A lexandria, the 
famous mathematician, 323 — 283 B.C., wrote on 
music, and fifteen books on geometry, a work 
which is still the mathematical text-book in our 
schools, astronomical treatises, &c. He was 
patronized by the munificent Ptolemies, and 
established a school at Alexandria, which 
became the Cambridge of the ancient world 
and flourished till the Saracen conquest. 

Eudemus, eu-de'-mus. 1. A Peripatetic of 
Cyprus temp. Aristotle. 2. A Peripatetic of 
Rhodes, was a disciple of Aristotle, many of 
whose writings he edited. 

Eudocia, eu-do'-ci-a. r. Wife of emperor 
Theodosius II., 421, wrote a poem, Hojnero- 
Centones, the Fall and the Redemption, 
described in verses extracted from Homer. 2. 
The wife of emperors Constantine XI. Ducas, 
and Romanus IV. Diogenes, 1059 — 1071, wrote 
a dictionary of history and mythology. 

TLudoxus, en-dox'-us. 1. Famous for his know- 
ledge cf astronomy, geometry, and medicine, 
was son of^Eschines of Cnidus, born 404 B.C. 
He first regulated the Greek calendar, and 
introduced from Egypt the celestial sphere and 
regular astronomy. His astronomical system 
was adopted by Plato and developed by 
Aristotle. He spent a long time on the top cf 
a mountain to study the celestial motions, and 
firmly believed in astrology. He died 352. _ 2. 
A native of Cyzicus, coasted all round Africa, 
starting from the Red Sea, and entering the 
Mediterranean by the Pillars of Hercules, 130 

R.C. 

Euergetes, eu-er'-get-es {benefactor), a sur- 
name applied to Philip of Macedonia, Anti- 
gonus Doson, Ptolemy of Egypt, the kings of 
Syria and Pontus, and some of the Roman em- 
perors. 

Euganei, eu-gan'-e-i, a coast people of 
north-eastern Italy, were expelled by the 
Heneti (q v.), and seized on a part of the 
Alps. 

Euhemerus, eu-he'-mer-us, an ancienthisto- 
rian of Messenia, 316 B.C., intimate with Cas- 
sander of Macedonia, travelled over Greece 
and Arabia, and wrote a history of the gods 
(translated into Latin by Ennius), in which he 
tried to prove they were merely deified mortals. 

EuMjEUS, eu-mce'-us, herdsman and steward 
of Ulysses, recognized his master on his return 
in disguise from Troy, and assisted him ia 
killing Penelope's suitors. He was the son of 
the king of Scyros, and had been kidnapped 
by pirates and sold to Laertes. 

Eumenes, eu'-men-es. 1. A Greek officer 
ia the army of Alexander, after whose death 



120 



SEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Eumenides 



323 B.C., he obtained Paphlagonia, Cappa- 
docia, and Pontus, the government of which 
he held till expelled by Antigonus. He joined 
Perdiccas, and defeated Craterus and Neopto- 
lemus, killing the latSer, and to Craterus, who 
fell later in the war, he gave an honourable 
funeral. He defeated Antipater, and, after 
Perdiccas's death, attacked Antigonus, but w r as 
defeated ; he fled, with 700 followers (A rgy- 
rasfpldes) to Nora, a fortress on the borders of 
Cappadocia, where, after a siege of a year, he 
was betrayed by his troops to Antigonus, who 
imprisoned him and put him to death, 316, but 
honoured his corpse with a splendid funeral. 
Eumenes was one of the most talented of 
Alexander's generals, and had raised himself 
by merit alone. 2. Eumenes I., ki7ig of Per- 
gamns, succeeded his uncle Philetaerus, 263 
B.C. ; warred successfully with Seleucus's son 
Antiochus, and with King Prusias of Bithynia. 
He died 241, being succeeded by Attalus I. 
He had lived in alliance with the Romans, 
and was a great patron of learning. He was 
much given to inebriety, from the effects of 
which he died. 3. Eumenes II. of Pergamus, 
succeded Attalus I., 107 B.C., allied with the 
Romans, and extended his kingdom by vic- 
tories over Antiochus the Great, Prusias, and 
Antigonus. He died 159, being succeeded by 
Attalus II. He was very benevolent, and 
fond of learning, and founded and greatly 
enriched the famous royal library of Per- 
gamus. 

Eumenides, en-mhi'-id-es (benevolent), the 
name given as a euphemism to the Furies, 
Tisipho7ie, Megtzra, Alecto (and, some add, 
Ne7?iesis). They sprang from the blood from 
the wound inflicted by Saturn on Ccelus, or, 
according to others, were daughters of Ache- 
ron and Nox, or Pluto and Proserpine, or 
Chaos and Terra, or Saturn and Euonyme ; 
they were also called Fiir'zcs, Eri7i f 7iyes, and 
Dl'rcE, and Eumenides after they had ceased 
to persecute Orestes (who, in gratitude, offered 
them sacrifices and erected a temple), and by 
the Athenians 2e^ivai tieai, ve7ierable god- 
desses. They were the ministers of the ven- 
geance of the gods, and were stern and in- 
exorable, punishing the guilty both upon earth 
and in the infernal regions. They were gene- 
rally represented as winged maidens, of a grim 
and frightful aspect, with a black and bloody 
garment, serpents entwined in their hair, and 
blood-dripping eyes ; in one hand they held a 
burning torch, and in the other a whip of scor- 
pions, and were always attended by Terror, 
Rage, Paleness, and Death; and in Tartarus 
they were seated around Pluto's throne as the 
ministers of his vengeance. Their worship 
was almost universal, but people avoided men- 
tioning their names or fixing their e5 r es on 
their temples. They were honoured with 
sacrifices, when the votaries used branches of 
cedar, alder, hawthorn, saffron, and juniper, 
and offered turtle-doves and sheep, with liba- 
tions {yr\(pa\ia netAiy/jicna) of water, milk, and 
honey. At their festivals, Eiwzenid'ia, at 



Euphrosyne 



Athens only freeborn citizens who had led a 
virtuous life were admitted. 

Eumolpus, eu-i7iol'-p7is, king of Thrace, 
was son of Neptune and Boreas's daughter 
Chione, and thrown into the sea at his birth 
by his mother, but saved by Neptune and car- 
ried to .Ethiopia, where he was brought up 
by Amphitrlte, and afterwards by a woman of 
the country, one of whose daughters he mar- 
ried. Having offered violence to his sister-in- 
law, he had to flee from ^Ethiopia with his son 
Ismarus to Thrace, where he married the 
daughter of King Tegyrius, and afterwards 
conspired against his father-in-law, and had to 
flee to Attica, where he was initiated in the 
mysteries of Ceres at Eleusis, and made hiero- 
phantes, or high-priest, by King Erechtheus 
of Athens. He was afterwards reconciled with 
Tegyrms, and inherited his throne ; he then 
warred with Erechtheus, and both fell in battle. 
After his death it was agreed with the Athenians 
that his descendants, the EuMOLPlDyE, ezi-i7ioF- 
pi-dce, should for ever hold the priesthood of 
Ceres at Eleusis, while the regal power was 
to be vested in the descendants of Erechtheus 
at Athens. The Eumolpidse presided at the 
celebration of the Eleiisniia (q. v.), and tried 
all causes relating to impiety or profanation ; 
the Ceryces were a branch of them. 

Eunus, eu'-nus, a Syrian slave, led the re- 
volt of the slaves in Sicily, 134 — 132 B.C. 

Eupatoria, e7i-pa-tor J -l-a. 1. A town of 
Paphlagonia, built by Mithridates, and named 
Pompeiopolis by Pompey. 2. Also Mag/idp'- 
olis, a town in Pontus. 

Eupeithes, eic-fiei'-t/ies, a noble of Ithaca, 
father of Antinous. In early life he had to 
flee from the Thesprotians for having wasted 
their territories when pursuing some pirates. 
He was the most importunate of Penelope's 
suitors. 

Euphemus, eu-plie'-i7ius, son of Neptune 
and Europa, and ancestor of Battus of Cyrene, 
was an Argonaut and at the Calydonian Hunt ; 
he was so swift and light as to run over the 
sea without scarcely wetting his feet, 

Euphorbus, eu-pJio7 J -bns, a famous Trojan, 
son of Panthous, was the first to wound Patro- 
clus, whom Hector killed. He was killed by 
Menelaus, who hung his shield in Juno's tem- 
ple at Argos, and it was identified by Pytha- 
goras (q. v.), who maintained that his soul had 
been in the body of Euphorbus. 

Euphorion, eu-phor'-i-o7i, a Greek poet 
and grammarian of Chalcis, in Eubcea, te7>ip. 
Antiochus the Great, to whom he was librarian. 

Euphrates, eic-phra'-tes. 1. A disciple of 
Plato, governed Macedonia with great cruelty 
under Perdiccas, after whose death he was 
murdered by Parmemo. 2. A famous river of 
Asia, rising in Mount Taurus, in Armenia, and 
flowing with the Tigris into the Persian Gulf : 
like the Nile, it at certain seasons overflows in 
Mesopotamia : it flowed through Babjdon, 
which Cyrus took by diverting the stream, 

Euphrosyne, eu-phrfc-y-ne , one of the 
Graces {see Charites). 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



121 



Eupolis 

Eupolis, eu'-pol-is, a comic poet of Athens, 

420 B.C. 

Euripides, eu-rl' -pid-es , a celebrated tragic 
poet, born at Salamis on the day of the defeat 
of Xerxes' army, 23rd September, 480 B.C.; 
he studied eloquence under Prodicus, ethics 
under Socrates, and physics under Anaxa- 
goras ; he applied himself to the drama, and 
his works became so popular that the unfor- 
tunate companions of Nicias in his expedition 
against Syracuse obtained their freedom by 
reciting passages from his compositions; he 
often retired to a solitary cave near Salamis, 
where he finished his best pieces. The hos- 
tility between him and his senior Sophocles 
gave opportunity to Aristophanes to ridicule 
them both ; the ridicule and envy to which he 
was continually exposed obliged him to retire 
at last to the court of King Archelaus of Mace- 
donia, where he was well received. When 
walking alone, he was attacked by Archelaus's 
dogs and torn to pieces, 406. Euripides wrote 
seventy-five tragedies, of which only nineteen 
are extant ; he is peculiarly happy in delineat- 
ing the passion of love, and, as Aristotle re- 
marks, represented men not as they ought to 
be, but as they are. He was majestic in per- 
son, and his deportment was always grave and 
serious ; he was very slow in composing ; he 
was such an enemy to women as to merit the 
epithet ni<rofvvr\Q, woman-hater; he was, 
however, twice married, but divorced from 
both wives. 

Euripus, eu-ri'-pus, a narrow strait separat- 
ing Eubcea from Boeotia, spanned by a bridge 
at Chalcis. Its flux and reflux, which con- 
tinued regular during eighteen or nineteen 
days, and were unsettled the rest of the month, 
greatly puzzled the ancients ; and it is said 
that Aristotle drowned himself in it because he 
could not discover its cause. 

Europa, eu-rd'-pa. 1. One of the three 
great divisions of the earth, inferior to the 
others in extent, but superior in the learning, 
power, and abilities of its inhabitants, named 
from (2). Its greatest length is 3,400 miles, 
breadth 2,400, and superficial area (including 
islands) 3,900,000 square miles. It is bounded 
east by the ^Egean, Hellespont, Euxine, Palus 
Maeotis, and Tanais ; south by the Mediter- 
ranean ; and west and north by the Atlantic 
and Northern oceans : its northern parts were 
little known to the ancients. 2. A daughter of 
King Agenor, of Phoenicia, and Telephassa. 
Jupiter became enamoured of her, and ap- 
peared as a bull among the herds of Agenor. 
Europa, gathering flowers with her maidens in 
the meadows, caressed the beautiful animal, 
and at last sat on his back, when the bull at 
once retired to the shore, and crossed over 
safely to Crete with Europa on his back ; here 
the god assumed his proper shape, and she 
afterwards bore him Minos, Sarpedon, and 
Rhadamanthus, who were adopted by King 
Asterius of Crete on her marrying him. 

Eurotas, eu-ro'-tas. 1. A river of Laconia, 
flowing past Sparta, named from an early king 



Eurystlieus ' 

of Laconia, son of Lelex, and father of Sparta, 
the wife of Lacedsemon. 2. Or Tltare'shis, a 
river in Thessaly, near Mount Olympus. 

Eurus, eid-rus, or Vulturnus, the east or 
south-east wind. 

Euryale, eu-ry'-dl-e (see Gorgones). 

Eurybia, eu-ryb'-i-a. 1. Mother of Lucifer 
and the stars. 2. A daughter of Pontus and 
Terra, mother of Astraeus, Pallas, and Perses, 
by Crius. 

Eurybiades, eu-ryb-i' -dd-es, a Spartan, 
commanded the Greek fleets at Artemisium 
and Salamis. 

Euryclea, eu-ry-cle'-a, a beautiful daughter 
of Ops of Ithaca. Laertes bought her for 
twenty oxen, and made her nurse of 
Ulysses. 

Eurydice, eu-ryd'-i-ce. 1. See Orpheus. 

2. Wife of Amyntas II., of Macedonia, bore 
him Alexander II., Perdiccas, Philip, Euryone. 

3. A daughter of Amyntas, married Aridaeur, 
(q. v.). She called back Cassander, and with 
him marched against Polysperchon and Olym- 
pias. By the latter's orders, she, on defeat, 
destroyed herself. 4. A daughter of Cly- 
menus, married Nestor. 

Eurymedon, eu-rym'-e-don. 1. Father of 
Peribcea, the mother of Nausithous. 2. A river 
of Pamphylia, near which Cimon defeated the 
Persian forces, 469 B.C. 

Eurypontid^e, ett-ry-pon' '-tid-ce {see Eury- 
tion, 2). 

Eurypylus, eu-ryp'-yl-us. 1. Son of 
Telephus and Astyoche, courted Cassandra. 
He was killed by Pyrrhus. 2. A soothsayer 
in the Greek camp before Troy, received a 
reply from the oracle that a human sacrifice 
was required for the safe return of his country- 
men. 

Eurysthenes, eu-rys'-tkeu-es, son of Aris- 
todemus, lived in constant dissension with his 
twin brother Procles, his colleague on the 
Spartan throne. Their mother Argia, wishing 
both to succeed, had refused to say which was 
born first, and the Delphic oracle appointed both 
to be kings, 1102 B.C., but gave precedence to 
Eurysthenes. After them the Spartan throne 
was always occupied by two kings conjointly, 
one from the family of Eurysthenes (Eurys- 
thhi'ldce), and one from that of Procles [Pro- 
clidcB, or Eurypcm' tidce). The Eurysthenidae 
were subsequently called A'g idee, from Agis I., 
son and successor of Eurysthenes. 

Eurystheus, eu-ry s' -tlieus , king of Argos 
and Mycenae, son of Sthenelus and Nicippe, 
daughter of Pelops. His mother's labour was 
hastened by Juno before Alcmena's (q.v.), that 
he might rule over Hercules (q.v.). Jealous 
of the hero's .fame, and wishing to destroy 
him, Eurystheus imposed on Hercules his 
famous twelve labours. Hercules' success 
alarmed Eurystheus, who made a brazen vessd 
to retire into in case of danger. After the hero's 
death Eurystheus persecuted his children, 
warred with their host, King Ceyx of Tra- 
chinia, and was killed by Hercules' son Hyllus. 
His head was sent to Alcmena*. -mho tore out 



122 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Eurytion 



the eyes. His nephew Atreus succeeded 
Eurystheus. 

Eurytion, eu-ryf -t-on. i. A centaur, whose 
insolence to Hippodamia caused the battle at 
Pirithous's nuptials. 2. Or Eu'rypon, king of 
Sparta, was grandson of Procles, and from 
him the Procli'dce were called Eurypon'tidce. 

Eurytus, eu'-ryt-us, king of (Echalia, was 
father of Iole (Eu'rytis), whom he offered to 
whoever could shoot arrows better than him- 
self. He was conquered by Hercules, and 
killed for refusing him the prize. 

Eusebius, eu-seb'-i-us, bishop of Caesarea, 
315, and in favour with the emperor Con- 
stantine, took part in the Arian controversy, 
and wrote an ecclesiastical history. 

Euterpe, eu-ter'-pe, the Muse of music, 
was regarded as inventress of the flute and all 
wind instruments, and, by some, of tragedy 
(usually attributed to Melpomene). She is 
represented crowned with flowers, and holding 
a flute. 

Eutropius, eu-trop'-i-tis, a historian, temp. 
Julian, whom he accompanied in the fatal 
expedition against the Persians. From the 
epithet Clarissimus prefixed to his history, he 
is supposed to have been a Roman senator. 
He wrote an extant epitome of Roman history, 
from Romulus to the emperor Valens, and a 
lost work on medicine. 

Euxinus Pontus, eu-xl'-nus p07i'-tus (hos- 
pitable sea), anciently A 'xenus {inhospitable, 
from the savage people on its coasts), an inland 
sea between Asia and Europe, at the north of 
Asia Minor, west of Colchis, south of Sar- 
matia, and east of Dacia and Thracia, is 700 
miles long, and varies from 400 to 160 broad. 
The savage tribes were gradually softened by 
commerce and the plantation of colonies. It 
is now known as the Black Sea. 

Evadne, e-vad'-ne (see Capaneus). 

Evagoras, e-vag'-dr-as (see Euagoras). 

Evan, e'-van, or Evius, e'-vi-us, Bacchus, 
from the cry evoT at his orgies. 

Evander, e-van'-der. 1. Of Pallantmm, 
in Arcadia, was son of the prophetess Car- 
menta. From an accidental homicide he had 
to fly to Italy, expelled the Aborigines (q. v.), 
and founded Rome. He received Hercules 
after his conquest of GeryPn, and was the first 
to raise altars to the hero. He entertained 
and helped iEneas. He introduced the Greek 
alphabet and worship of Greek deities into 
Italy. He was worshipped after death on 
Mount Aventine. 2. A philosopher of the 
Second Academy, 215 B.C. 

Evenus, e-ve'-nus. 1. A river flowing from 
Mount GEta through iEtolia into the Ionian 
Sea, named from Evenus, the father of Mar- 
pessa, who was carried off by Idas ; whereon 
Evenus flung himself into the river in despair 
at not being able to overtake Idas. 2. A son 
of Jason and Hysipyle. 3. A river of Mysia. 

Evius, e'-vi-us (see Evan). 

Exsilium, ex-sW -i-itm [$ee Ostracismos). 



Fabius 



F 

Fabaris, fab'-dr-is, or Farfarus, far*- 
fdr-us, a river of the Sabines, falling into the 
Tiber above Capena. 

Fabii, fab'-i-i, a powerful Roman patrician 
family, descended from Fabius, son of Her- 
cules and an Italian nymph. They strongly 
opposed the plebeian demands, but at length 
seceded from the patrician party to the ple- 
beians, and marched forth from Rome three 
hundred strong, and took up a position near 
the Cremera, where they were surprised and 
cut to pieces by the Veientines, 477 B.C. Only 
one boy escaped, who was the ancestor of the 
Fabii, afterwards so illustrious. The family 
was divided into six great branches, — Am- 
busti, Maximi, Vibuldni, Buteones, Dorsdnes, 
Pictdres. 

Fabius, fab'-i-us. 1. Q. Maximus Rulli- 
ANUS, max'-im-us rull-i-a'-nus, the first of 
the Fabii who obtained the surname Max'imus, 
for lessening the power of the populace at 
elections. He was Master of the Horse under 
the Dictator L. Papirius Cursor, 325 B.C., and 
successfully engaged, without his permission, 
with the Samnites, for which the popular 
favour alone saved him from being put to 
death by the dictator. He was defeated by 
the Samnites at Lautulse, 315, and gained the 
great victory of Sentlnum over the united 
Samnites, Gauls, Etruscans, and Umbrians, 
296. He was five times consul, twice dictator, 
once censor, triumphed over seven of the 
neighbouring nations, and made himself illus- 
trious by his patriotism. 2. Q., Maximus, 
a celebrated Roman, surnamed Verrucd'sus 
from a wart on his lip, and Ovidula from his 
inoffensive manners. Dull and unpromising 
in childhood, he became famous for valour and 
prudence, and rose to the highest offices of the 
state. In his first consulship he obtained a 
victory over Liguria ; and, after the unfor- 
tunate battle of Thrasymenus, was made dic- 
tator, 217 B.C. He opposed Hannibal by 
harassing him by countermarches and ambus- 
cades ; whence he was called Cuncta'tor, 
(delayer), and blamed for cowardice, and super- 
seded as dictator by his own master of the 
horse, M. Minucius Rufus. After the fatal 
battle of Cannae, caused by the rashness of 
Varro, he again took command, and conquered 
Tarentum. When the senate refused to ratify 
his agreement with Hannibal for the ransom 
of the captives, he sold his estates to raise the 
stipulated sum rather than break his word. 
He opposed as chimerical Scipio's proposal to 
carry the war into Africa, and did not live to 
see the latter's success against Carthage. He 
died 203, after being five times consul, and 
twice honoured with a triumph ; and a splendid 
funeral was accorded to his remains from the 
public treasury. 3. Son of the preceding, before 
whom he died, and of whose virtues he showed 
himself worthy. 4. Pictor, pid-tor, the first 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



123 



Fabrateria 



historian of Rome, flourished 225 B.C., wrote 
on the period from Romulus to 218 B.C. ; the 
extant work is an imitation. 5. An ambassador 
to the Delphic oracle while Hannibal was in 
Italy. 6. A consul, conquered the Allobroges, 
121 B.C. 7. A lieutenant of Lucullus, defeated 
by Mithridates. 8. A consul with Julius 
Caesar, conquered Pompey's adherents in 
Spain. 9. A Pontlfex Maximus, wrote some 
annals, and warred with Viriathus in Spain. 
10. Rusticus, rus'-tic-us, a historian temp. 
Claudius and Nero, intimate with Seneca : 
Tacitus praised his style. 

Fabrateria, fab-rd-ter'n-a, a town of 
Latium. 

Fabricius, fd-brl'-cl-us. 1. C. Luscinus, 
lus-ci' -nns , a celebrated Roman, obtained 
several victories over the Samnites and Lu- 
canians in his first consulship, 282 b.c He 
was ambassador to Pyrrhus, 280, and indig- 
nantly refused the bribes offered him, and was 
unalarmed by the trunk of an elephant (which 
was concealed behind a curtain) waving over 
his head. Fabricius opposed Pyrrhus in battle, 
278, and informed him of the treacherous offer 
of his physician to poison him. He was noted, 
like his contemporary Curius Dentatus, for his 
great simplicity of manners and contempt for 
luxury and useless ornaments ; and, when 
censor, 275, expelled from the Senate Cornelius 
Ruflnus, who had been twice consul and dic- 
tator, for keeping in his house more than 10 lb. 
of silver plate. He lived and died in great 
poverty, and his funeral and the dowries of 
his two daughters were defrayed out of the 
treasury. 2. A Latin writer, temp. Nero, by 
whose order his works were burnt. He 
satirized the senators. 3. Pons, a bridge over 
the Tiber, at Rome, built by L. Fabricius, 
curator viarum, 62 B.C. 

Fmswje,/^-suI-cb, a city of Etruria. 

Falerii, _/#-/£'- ?"z-z, a town of Etruria, near 
Mount Soracte. famous for its pastures and a 
peculiar kind of sausage. Its inhabitants, 
Fdlisci, came from Macedonia. It surrendered 
to Camillus, who ordered a schoolmaster to be 
whipped and sent back with his noble pupils, 
whom he had brought out with him to be 
delivered to Camillus to compel the capitu- 
lation of the town. 

Falernus Kcer, fd-ler'-mis d'-ger, a fertile 
district in the north of Campania, famous for 
its wines. (See Massicus. ) 

Fanum Fortunes, fa'-num for-tu'-nce, a 
town in Umbria, with a famous temple of Fortune 

Fanum Vacun^e, fa'-num va-cu'-nte, a vil- 
lage in Samnium. 

Farfarvs, /ar'-/dr-t(s (see Fabaris). 

Fata, fd'-ta [see Parce). 

Fauna, fau'-na, originally Mdri'ca, from 
her knowledge of futurity called Fd'tila and 
Fatidlca, and by some identified with the Bona 
Dea, was a nymph of the Liris, near Minturnse 
(Martcce littora), where she was worshipped in 
a grove. She was the daughter of Picus. She 
married Faunus, and never saw any man after 
her marriage with him. She bore Latlnus. 



Feriea 



Fauni, fau'-ni, rural demigods, the Satpri 
of the Greeks, represented with the legs and 
ears of goats, and the rest of the body human. 
The peasants offered them lambs or kids. 

Faunus, fau'-nus, son of Picus, and from 
his bravery called son of Mars, reigned in 
Italy, 1300 B.C. He raised a temple to Luper- 
cus (Pan J at the base of Mount Palatine, and 
liberally entertained strangers. From his 
popularity and fondness for agriculture he was 
deified, and represented as a Satyr, and was 
consulted for oracles. Later, Faunus was 
identified with Pan. 

Faustitas, fans' -tit-as, a goddess among 
the Romans, was believed to preside over 
cattle. 

F austu-lus, fans'- tiil-us (see Acca). 

Faventia, fd-veti'-tz-a, a town of Gallia 
Cisalpina. 

Faveria, fd-ve'-rz-a, a town of Istria. 

Februus, Jeb-r-u'-us (see Feralia). 

Feci ales, fe-cz-a'-les, the college of Roman 
priests employed in declaring war and making 
peace. When any offence was committed 
against Rome, a sacred Fecial, with three other 
Fecials as attendants, was sent to demand re- 
dress four times, and, if it was not given in 
thirty days, he declared war by hurling a blood- 
tipped spear into the enemy's territory, and 
uttering a set form of words. The Fecial 
thus acting was called pater patrd'ttis pop'uli 
Rdmd'ni, and had a fillet of white wool round 
his head, and in his hand a wreath of sacred 
herbs (verbe'tue), gathered on the Capitoline 
(whence he was called Verbena' rzns). 

Felix, M. AnTOtuus,fe'-lix, an-to'-nz-us, 
freedman of Claudius Caesar, was made pro- 
curator of Judaea. 

Felsin A, fel-si'-na (see Bononia). 

Fenni, fen' -ni, or Finni, fin' -ni, the savage 
inhabitants of Finningia, or Eningia, now 
Finland. 

Feralia, Je-ra'-lz-a, or Fevxu a, feb'-rzi-a, a 
Roman festival to the Dii Manes (from 
Feb'riizts, the god of purification), on 17th or 
21st oi February. During eleven days presents 
were carried to the graves, marriages were 
forbidden, and the temples closed. 

Ferentinum, fer-en-tz'-num. 1. A town 
of the Hernici, south-west of Anagnia. 2. A 
town of Etruria, south of Volsinii. 

Ferine,/*?' '-ri-ce. 1. The common term for Festi 
dies, or holidays, and during them it was un- 
lawful for any one to work. There were four 
kinds of public Feriae ; viz., Stdti'vce, immov- 
able feasts, celebrated by the whole city ; 
Concepti'vcz, movable feasts fixed by the 
magistrates or priests (of which the chief were 
the Latince, the Compitalia, &c.) ; Im'pera- 
ti'vce, appointed by a consul, dictator, or 
praetor, for a signal victory ; Nun'dince, regu- 
lar fairs or market days, kept every ninth day. 
The Feriae priva'tce were observed by families, 
in commemoration of birthdays, marriages, 
funerals, &c. 2. Latince, ld-tl'-?ice, Roman festi- 
vals instituted by Tarquinius Superbus, and 
celebrated on the Alban mount by the principa 



124 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Feronia 



magistrates of forty-seven towns in Latium, when 
they offered to Jupiter Latialis a bull, pieces of 
which they carried home, after swearing mutual 
friendship and alliance, and continued by the 
Romans after their subjugation of Latium. The 
festival was in time extended from one to four 
days. 

Feronia, fe-ro'-ni-a, a Roman goddess of 
woods and groves, had a temple at Tarraclna, 
near Mount Soracte, another three miles 
from Anxur, and another near Capena. Her 
votaries, who were filled with her spirit, were 
believed to be capable of walking with bare 
feet unharmed over burning coals. 

Fescennia, fes-cen'-ni-a, a town of Etruria, 
where were first invented the Fesceunine 
•verses, a sort of extempore rustic coarse dia- 
logue, in which their actors exposed the weak- 
ness of their adversaries, and raised the laugh- 
ter of the company by satirical humour and 
merriment. They were often repeated at 
nuptials and harvest-homes. Augustus pro- 
scribed them as immoral. 

Festus Porcius, fes'-tus por'-ci-us, 
succeeded Felix as proconsul of Judaea, 
a.d. 62. 

Fetiai.es, fe-ti-a!_-les [see Feciales). 

Fibrenus, fl-bre'-nus, a small river of 
Latium, falling into the Liris through Cicero's 
farm at Arplnum. 

FiCAUA,fi-cd'-na, a town of Latium. 

Ficulea, fi-ciil'-e-a, or Ficulnea, 
fi-cul'-ne-a, a town of the Sabines, east of 
Fidense. 

FideNjE, jl-de'-nce, the town of the 
Fidenates in Latium, was conquered by the 
Romans, 437 B.C. 

Fidius Dius, Jid'-i-us di'-us (for Fil'ius 
A(6^, son of Jupiter), or Med'ius Fidius, i.e. 
■me Atbgfilhis [j'uvet], also called Sancus or 
Sanctus, or Semip'dter, was the same with 
Hercules, and the divinity by whom the 
Romans generally swore. 

Figulus, P. Nigidius, fig'-ii-lus, ni-gid'- 
t-us, a senator and Pythagorean philosopher 
at Rome, 60 B.C. 

Fimbria, C. FLAVius,jim'-b?i-a,fld'-vi-us. 
1. An orator, was consul 104 B.C. 2. Son 
of (1), supported Marius and Cinna. When 
legate in Asia, he murdered the consul Valerius 
Flaccus, 86. He warred with Mithridates, was 
attacked by Sulla's troops, and killed himself 
on his soldiers leaving him, 84. 

Flaccus, flad-cus. 1. Fulvius, "M.., fluP- 
■vt-us, consul 125 B.C., was slain with C. 
Gracchus, 121. 2. Verrius, ver'-rttis, a 
grammarian, tutor to the two grandsons of 
Augustus, and supposed author of the Capi- 
toline marbles. 3. See Fulvius, Horatius, 
Valerius. 

Flaminius, C, fld-min'-t-us. 1. When 
consul, 217 B.C., was drawn into an engage- 
ment by Hannibal near the lake Trasimenus, 
and fell with an immense number of the 
Romans. When tribune, 229, he passed the 
Flamtnia lex (to distribute the lands of the 
expelled Senones) against the advice of the 



Formiee 



Senate, and his own friends. He made the 
Circus Flaminius and Via Flamtnia (the road 
from Rome to Arimlnum and Aquileia). 2. Or 
Flamininus, T. Q., fla-mi-ni'-mis, a cele- 
brated Roman, trained in the wars with 
Hannibal, and made consul 198 B.C. He led 
an expedition with great success against King 
Philip of Macedonia, whom he totally defeated 
at Cynoscephalse, 197. At the Isthmian games, 
196, he proclaimed Greece free and inde- 
pendent. He was ambassador to King Pruslas 
of Bithyma, 183, to demand the surrender of 
Hannibal. Flaminius was found dead in bed, 
about 174, after a life spent in the greatest 
glory, and successful imitation of his model 
Sciplo, the elder Africanus. 3. L., brother of 
(2), signalized himself in Greece. 4. Calpur- 
nius Flamma, cal-pur 1 -ni-us flam' -ma, with 
300 men saved the Roman army in Sicily, 258 
B.C., by engaging the Carthaginians and 
cutting them to pieces. 

Flavinia, fla-vtn'-i-a, a town of 
Latium. 

Flavius, fla'-vt-us. 1. See Domitianus. 
2. A schoolmaster at Rome, temp. Horace. 

Flevus, fle'-vus, the right branch of the 
Rhine, forming at its mouth a large lake, 
Fle'vo (now Zuider-zee). At its more con. 
tracted part it was called Helium (now Ulie); 
and a fort, Flevum Frisid'rum, was erected 
there. 

Flora, flo'-ra. 1. The Roman goddess of 
flowers and gardens, the Chloris of the Greeks. 
Titus Tatius first raised a temple to her at 
Rome. She married Zephyrus, and received 
from him the privilege of presiding over flowers 
and of perpetual youth. She was represented 
crowned with flowers, and holding in her hand 
the horn of Plenty. The Flora! lia, instituted 
by Romulus, were, after 174 B.C., observed 
annually, and exhibited a scene of the most 
unbounded licentiousness. 2. A celebrated 
Roman courtesan. 

Florentia, flo-ren' -ti-a, now Florence, a 
town of Etruria, on the Arnus. 

Florianus, flo-ri-d'-nus, wore the im- 
perial purple at Rome only for two months, 
a.d. 276. 

Florus, flo'-rus. 1. L. Ann^eus J., an- 
nce'-us, a Latin historian, a.d. 116, wrote 
an extant abridgement of Roman annals in 
four books, composed in a florid and poetical 
style. He also wrote poetry, and entered the 
lists with the emperor Hadrian, who satirized 
him for frequenting taverns and places of 
dissipation. 2. J., a poet and orator, friend of 
Horace, accompanied Claudius Nero in his 
military expeditions. 

Fonteius, fon-te'-l-us. 1. Capito, cdp'-tt-o, 
a friend of Horace. 2. M., was pro-prsetor 
of Gallia Narbonensis, and defended, 69 B.C., 
by Cicero when accused of extortion. 

F ORE.NTUM, Jd-ren'-tum, a town of Apulia. 
_ Formle, for'-mi-ce, a coast town of La- 
tium, south-east of Caieta, the abode of the 
ancient Lsestrygones, was famous for its wines. 
There were many villas of Roman nobles neaf 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



125 



Fornax 



it : Cicero had a villa there {Formia'nuni). 
See Mamurra. 

Fornax, for'-nax, a Roman goddess, pre- 
sided over baking. Her festivals were 
Fornacct 'lia. 

Fortun a, for-tii'-na, called Tyche, tych'-e 
by the Greeks, daughter of Oceanus or of the 
Parcae, the goddess of fortune, conferred riches 
and poverty, blessings and pains. At Rome 
she received particular attention, and had eight 
temples, the first being erected by Tullus 
Hostilius. Her most famous temples in Italy 
were at Antmm, where offerings were sent 
from every part of the country, and at Prae- 
neste. The Romans worshipped her under 
different names — Muliebris, Virilis, Eqziestris, 
Mala, Virgo, &c. ; on 1st April the widows 
and marriageable virgins had a festival in the 
temple oiFortuna Virilis. Fortune is generally 
represented with the horn of plenty, blind- 
folded, and holding a wheel as the emblem of 
inconstancy. 

Fortunate iNSfUL^:, for-tu-na'-t<z in'- 
siil-ce, supposed to be the Canary and Ma- 
deira isles in the Atlantic, west of Mauritania : 
they were believed to be the seats of the souls 
of the virtuous, where the air was wholesome 
and temperate, and the earth, without toil, 
produced various fruits in abundance. 

Foruli, for'-ul-i, a town of Samnium. 

Forum, for 1 -tan. 1. Ap'pii, a town of La- 
tium, on the Appia via. 2. Aug?(s'ti, a place 
at Rome. 3. Allie'ni, a town of Gallia Cisal- 
pina. 4. A me 1 Hi, a town of Etruria. 5. Clau'- 
dli, a town of Etruria. 6. Cornelii, a town 
of Cispadane Gaul. 7. Domifii, a town of 
Gaul, in Languedoc. 8. Vocon'tii, a town of 
Gallia Narbonensis. 9. Lep'idl, a town of 
Gallia Cispadana. 10. Popl'lii, a coast town 
south of Ravenna, n. Flamin'ii, a town of 
Umbria. 12. Gallo'rum, a town of Gallia 
Togata. 13. Or For'ojulien'sis -urbs, a town 
of Venetia. 14. Jiilium, a town of Gallia 
Narbonensis. 15. Leb7io'rum, a town of In- 
subria. 16. Seniprd'nii, a town of Umbria. 

Many places, market-towns or the seat 

of a praetor's court {/brum vel conventus), 
were known as coiventus or fora. 

Fossa, fos'-sa. 1. Dru'si, or Drusid'na, 
a canal eight miles long, made n B.C., from 
the Rhine to the Issel, below the separation of 
the Waal, by Drusus. 2. Maria'nd, a canal 
cut by Marius, in the Cimbric war, from the 
Rhone to Marseilles. 3. Clui'lia, a trench 
five miles from Rome, dug by King Cluilius 
when he encamped against King Tullus Hos- 
tilius. 

Franci, fran'-ci, several confederate tribes 
on the Lower Rhine ; after warring with 
Rome, they migrated into Gaul {France) 
under King Clovis, a.d. 496. 

Fregell/e, fre-gel 1 -Ice , a town of the Volsci, 
on the Liris, colonized by the Romans 245 B.C. 

Frentani, fren-ta'-ni, a people near Apu- 
lia, named from the Fren'to, which flows 
through the east of their territory into the 
Adriatic opposite Diomedece insula. 



Gabii 



Frisii, fri'-si-i, a people near the Rhine. 

Frontinus, Sext. J., fron-ti'-mis, a cele- 
brated geometrician, wrote works on aque- 
ducts and stratagems, dedicated to Trajan : he 
was governor of Britain A.D. 75 — 78. 

Frusino, friis'-zn-d, a town of the Volsci, on 
the Liris. 

Fucinus, fu'-cin-us, a lake in the country 
of the Marsi, north of the Liris. 

Fugalia, fu-gd'-ll-a, Roman festivals to 
celebrate the flight of the Tarquinii. 

Fulginates, fid-gi7i-a '-tes (sing. Ftd'- 
glnas), a people of Umbria, whose capital 
was Ftd'ginum. 

Fulvia, fid'-vi-a, the bold and ambitious 
wife of, successively, Clodius, Curio, and M. 
Antony. She took a part in all the intrigues 
of Antony's triumvirate, and gratified her re- 
vengeful feelings by boring with her golden 
bodkin the tongue of the decapitated Cicero. 
When Antony was in the East, and living 
with Cleopatra, Fulvia tried, unsuccessfully, 
to stir up Augustus against him. When di- 
vorced by Antony for Octavia, she raised a 
faction against Augustus, in which she in- 
volved her brother-in-law L. Antonius. She 
afterwards went to the East, and died broken- 
hearted at the coldness with which Antony 
treated her, 40 b. c. 

Fulvius, ful'-vi-us. 1. See Lacinia. 2. 
Servius Nobilior, ser'-vi-zis no-bW -i-or, con- 
sul, went to Africa after the defeat of Regulus, 
255 B.C., and, after gaining much glory against 
the Carthaginians, when returning lost his 
fleet in a storm. 3. M., grandson of (2), 
greatly signalized himself in Spain, and was 
made consul. 4. M. , Flaccus, flad-ctis, con- 
sul 125, and tribune 122 B.C., was the friend of 
C. Gracchus, with whom he perished. 5. No- 
bilior, no-bU'-i-or, consul 189 B.C., conquered 
iEtolia. He was a patron of Ennius. 

Fundi, ftcn'-di, a town of Latium, near 
Caieta, on Appia via, at the head of a small 
deep bay, Lac' us Funda'mis. 

Furi.e, jur'-i-ce {see Eumenides). 

Furius, fii'-ri-us. 1. See Camillus. 2. 
Manlius Bibaculus, man'-li-us bib-d-cul-7is, 
a Latin poet of Cremona, wrote annals in 
iambics. 

Furnius, fur'-ni-us, a friend of Horace 
and historian ; was consul. 

Fuscus, Aristius, ftes'-cus, ar-is'-ti-us, a 
friend of Horace, noted for his integrity, 
learning, and culture. 



G 

Gabii, gab'-i-i, a city of the Volsci, built by 
the kings of Alba, was taken by the artifice of 
Sextus, son of King Tarquin. He mutilated 
himself, entered Gabii as a pretended deserter, 
was intrusted with command, and then be- 
trayed it. The inhabitants had a peculiar 



126 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Gabinius 



mode of tucking up the dress, — Gdbi'nus 
cindtus. 

Gabinius,Aulus, gd-bi'-nl-iis, arf-lus, con- 
sul 58 B.C. ; made war in Judsea, 57, and re- 
established tranquillity. He suffered himself 
to be bribed, and replaced Ptolemy Auletes on 
the throne of Egypt. On his return to Rome, 
he was accused of corruption, and, though 
defended by Cicero at Pompey's request, was 
banished, and died at Salona, 48. 

Gades, gd'-des (-lum), or Gd'-dis (-is), or 
Gd-di'-ra, also called Tartess'us and Erythl'a 
(now Cadiz), an isle in the Atlantic, off Spain, 
25 miles from the Pillars of Hercules. Her- 
cules (Gdditd'tnts) killed Geryon there, and had 
a temple, in which all his labours were beauti- 
fully engraved. 

Gea, gctf-a {see Tellus). 

G^etulia, ga-tu'-U-a, a wild country of 
Libya, near the Garamantes. 

Gaius, gd'-i-us, a famous Roman jurist 
under Antoninus Pius and M. Aurellus. 

Galanthis, gdl-an'-this, or Gdlin'thias, a 
servant-maid of Alcmena, was changed into a 
weasel by Lucina, for deceiving the goddess in 
regard to the birth of Hercules. 

Galata, gdl'-dt-a, a town of Syria. 

Galat^e, gdl'-dt-a; (see Galatia). 

Galat^ea, gdl-d-tce'-a, a sea-nymph, 
daughter of Nereus and Doris. {See Acis). 

Galatia, gdl-df-z-a, or Gallogrce 'cla, the 
country of the Galatae, in Asia Minor, between 
Phrygia, the Euxine, Cappadocia, and Bithy- 
nia, named from the Gauls, who migrated 
there in the third century B.C. The invaders 
adopted Greek customs, but kept their own 
language. 

Galba, gaV-ba. 1. Servius, ser'-vi-us, a 
Roman lawyer, satirized by Horace for the 
warmth with which he defended adulterers. 
2. Sergius, ser'-gl-us, a celebrated orator, 
praetor 151 B.C. 3. A buffoon, temp. Tiberius. 
4. A learned man, grandfather of the emperor 
Galba. 5. Servius Sulpicius, sul-pl'-cl-us, 
emperor of Rome, June, a.d. 68, to January 
16th, 69 ; rose gradually to the highest office, 
ar.d exercised his power in the provinces with 
equity and unremitting diligence. He devoted 
much of his time to study, to avoid the 
suspicions of Nero. He disapproved of the 
emperor's oppressive commands, which led to 
disturbances in the provinces ; whereon Nero 
ordered him to be put to death, but he escaped 
from the hands of the executioner, and was 
publicly saluted emperor. When once on the 
throne, he became the creature of favourites, 
whom he allowed to confiscate the goods of the 
citizens ; and exemptions and pardons were 
_ sold at high prices. He was assassinated by 
his soldiers for refusing to pay them the money 
he had promised when they raised him to the 
throne. 

Galenus, Claudius, gd-le'-nus, clau!-di-us, 
sorn at Pergamus a.d. 130, was celebrated as 
a physician under M. Antoninus and his suc- 
cessors. He travelled extensively, effected 
Bumy notable cures, and wrote over 300 



Gallinaria 



volumes on medicine, founded on Hippocrates' 
treatises. The greater part of his writings 
were burnt in the Temple of Peace at Rome. 
He died about 200. 

Galerius, gd-ler'-i-us (see Maximi anus, 2). 

Galesus, gd-le'-sus, a river of Calabria, 
noted for the shady groves and fine-fleeced 
sheep on its banks. 

Galinthias, gdl-in'-thi-as (see Galan- 
this). 

Galli, gdl'-ll. 1. See Corybantes. 2. 
This name was applied by the Romans, as 
Celtce (KeXTcu) by the Greeks, to the whole 
family of nations of the remote West, from 
Viadrus {Oder) to the Tagus ; but properly it 
belonged to only the portion of the race that 
settled in Cisalpine Gaul. (See Gallia and 
Galatia). 

Gallia, gal'-lz-a, a large country of Europe, 
called Galatia by the Greeks, inhabited by the 
Celfce, subdivided into the Gal' li (q. v.), Celti- 
be'ri, Celtos'cytJue. It was divided by the 
Romans into four provinces : Bel'gica, bounded 
by Germany, Gallia Narbonensis, and the 
German Ocean ; Narbonen 'sis , bounded by the 
Alps, Pyrenees, Aquitania, Belgium, and Medi- 
terranean ; Aqtcitd'nica, bounded by the Ga- 
rumna, Pyrenees, and the ocean ; and Celfica, 
or Lugdunen! sis , bounded by Belgium, Gallia 
Narbonensis, the Alps, and the ocean. Other 
Roman divisions of Gallia were into Cisalpl'na 
or Citer'ior, the part of Gallia within Italy, and 
Transalpl'na or Ulterior, the part on the 
non-Italian side of the Alps ; and Gallia Cis- 
alplna was subdivided into Cispdda'na and 
Tra.7ispddd'na, the former the part south, the 
latter north, of the Pad'us (Po ). Cisalpina was 
also called Togd'ta, from the Roman gown, 
toga, worn by the inhabitants ; and Narbonen- 
sis was Braced! ta, from the braccce (breecJies) 
worn by the inhabitants, and Celtlca was 
Comd'ta, from the people wearing long 
hair. 

Gallicus Ager, gal'-lic-us d'-ger. 1. The 
country between Picenum and Arimlnum, from 
which the Galli Senones were expelled, and 
which was distributed among the people by 
the Flatninia lex, 229 B.C. 2. Sinus, shi'-us, 
a part of the Mediterranean on the coast of 
Gaul, now Gulf of Lyons. 

Gallienus, P. Licinius, gal-U-ef-nus, 
U-cin-i-us, born a.d. 218, son of the emperor 
Valerian ; was associated with his father on 
the throne from a.d. 253 to 260, when he 
became sole emperor. Distinguished in his 
youth for his activity and warlike qualities in 
an expedition against the Germans and Sar- 
matae, he devoted himself to the greatest 
debauchery on the throne. Many usurpers, 
called the Thirty Tyrants, aspired to the 
purple, and, in the midst of his preparations 
against them, he was assassinated when be- 
sieging Milan, by some of his officers, 268. 

Gallinaria, gal-li-nd'-ri-a. 1. A wood 
near Cumas, in Campania, a famous retreat of 
robbers. 2. An isle off Liguria,. noted for ita 
number of hens. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



127 



Gallogrsseia 



Gallogr^ecia, gal-lo-grce'-cz-a (see Gala- 
tia). 

Gallus, gal'-lus. 1. See Alectryon. 2. 
Cornelius, cor-ne' -li-us , a Roman knight, born 
at Forum Julli, in Gaul, 66 B.C., famous for his 
poetical and military talents ; celebrated the 
beauty of the slave Lycoris (or Cytheris), who 
forsook him for M. Antony, which gave occa- 
sion for Virgil's Eel. x. Gallus was made 
governor of Egypt by Augustus, but, for ex- 
tortion and conspiracy, he was banished, and 
killed himself, 26. Virgil is said to have 
written an eulogium on him at the end of the 
Georgics, but substituted for it the episode of 
Aristeeus and Eurydice, for fear of offending 
Augustus. 3. Vibius, vi'-bi-us, an orator of 
Gaul, temp. Augustus. 4. Trebonianus, 
treb-d '-ni-a '-nus , assassinated the emperor De- 
cius, a.d. 251, and raised himself to the throne. 
After displaying great indolence and cruelty, 
and indifference to the revolt of the provinces 
and invasion of the barbarians, he was assas- 
sinated by his soldiers, 253. 5. Flavius Clau- 
dius Constantinus, Jld-vz-us clau'-di-us 
cons-tan-tz'-nus, brother of the emperor Julian, 
was raised to the throne under the title of 
Ccesar by his relation Constantms, and was 
beheaded by him for conspiracy, a.d. 354. 6. 
A small river of Phrygia, whose waters, if 
drunk in moderation, were believed to cure 
madness. 

Gamelia, gdm-e'-li-a. 1. Juno, and Game- 
lius, gam-e'-li-us, Jupiter, for presiding over 
marriages. 2. Festivals observed at the anni- 
versaries of marriages, births, and deaths. 

Gangarid^, gait-gar 1 -id-ce, a powerful peo- 
ple near the mouths of the Ganges. 

Ganges, gan'-ges, a great river of India, 
flowing from the Emodi mountains (Hima- 
layas), by a course of 2,000 miles, to the Indian 
Ocean, was anciently, as nowadays, held in 
'great veneration. 

Ganymedes, gan-y-me'-des, a beautiful 
youth of Phrygia, son of Tros, and brother of 
Ilus and Assaracus, was carried away by an 
eagle to Jupiter when hunting or tending his 
father's flocks on Ida, and became cup-bearer 
instead of Hebe (q.v.). 

Garamantes, gdr-d-man'-tes (sing. Gdr 1 - 
dmas), a people in the interior of Africa. 

Garganus, gar-gd'-nus, a lofty mountain of 
Apulia, forms a promontory in the Adriatic. 

Gargaphie, gar-gdph'-i-e, a valley and 
fountain near Plataea, where Actaeon was torn 
to pieces. 

Gargara, gar'-gdr-a (-orum), a town and 
fertile mountain of Troas, near Ida. 

Gargettus, gar-get' -tus, a village of Attica, 
on the north-west side of Mount Hymettus. 

Garumna, gdr-um'-na, now the Garonne, a 
river flowing from the Pyrenees to the Bay of 
Biscay; separates Gallia Celtfcafrom Aquitama. 

Gaugamela, gau-gd-me'-la, a village near 
Arbela. 

Gau rus, gau'-rus, a mountain-range of Cam- 
pania. 

Gebenna, ge-ben'-na, a mountain-range in 



Germania 



the south of Gaul, separates the Arverni from 
the Helvii. 

Gedrosia, ge-dro'-si-a, the most eastern 
province of Persia. 

Gela, gel' -a, a town on the Gel'as, in the 
south of Sicily, ten miles from the sea, was 
built by a Rhodian and Cretan colony, 690 B.C. ; 
its inhabitants (Gelen'ses, Geld'i, Gela'nz) and 
the stones of its best buildings were transported 
by PhintTas of Agrigentum to a new town, 
Phintias, 307. 

Gelduba, gel'-dub-a, a fort of the Ubli. 

Gellius, Aulus, gel' -li-us, au'-lus, a Roman 
grammarian, a.d. 117 — 180, wrote Nodes At- 
ticcz (so named because written at Athens 
during the long nights), a miscellaneous col- 
lection from the ancient classical authors. 

Gelon, gel' -on, made himself tyrant of Syra- 
cuse 491 B.C., defeated the Carthaginians at 
Himera 480, and died, after a popular reign, 
478. His brother Hiero succeeded. 

Geloni, gel-d'-ni, a people of Scythia, east 
of the Tanais, sprung from Gelonus, a son of 
Hercules. 

Gemini, gem'-zn-i, a sign of the zodiac, which 
represents the twins Castor and Pollux. 

Gemoni.<e, gem-o'-ni-cE, a series of steps on 
the Aventine, down which the bodies of Roman 
criminals were thrown. 

Genabum, gen'-db-um, a town of Gallia 
Lugdunensis. 

Genauni, gen-au'-ni, a people of Vindelicia. 

Geneva, gen-e'-va, a city of the Allobroges. 

Genius, gen'-z-us (see Daemon). 

Genseric, gen'-ser-ic, a famous Vandal king, 
crossed, a.d. 429, from Spain to Africa, where 
he took Carthage and founded a Vandal king- 
dom ; he invaded Italy and sacked Rome, 
July, 455- 

Gentius, gen'-ti-us, a king of Illyricum, 
conquered, 168 B.C., by the Romans. 

GENUA,^«'-£-«,acityofLiguria, nowGenoa. 

Genusus, gen'-ics-us, a river of Macedonia. 

_ Gephyr^ei, geph-y'-rtz-i, a people of Phoe- 
nicia, migrated with Cadmus to Bceotia, and 
thence to Attica. 

Ger^estus, ger-ces'-tus, a port of South 
Eubcea. 

Gergovia, ger-gov'-i-a. 1. A fortress of the 
Arverni, south-west of the Elaver. 2. A town 
of the Boii. 

Germania, ger-md'-nz-a, a country bounded 
W. by the Rhine, E. by the Vistula and the 
Carpathians, S. by the Danube, N. by the Baltic 
and German Ocean. It was called Germanra 
Mag'na, orTransrhend'na, or Barbara, in con- 
tradistinction to Germania Pri'ma and Se~ 
cun'da, the north and north-east of Gallia Bel- 
glca. Its people, distinguished by their blue eyes, 
fair complexions, red hair, and tall stature, were 
divided into many nomad tribes, the three 
great divisions being Ingcevones (on the opean), 
Hermiones (in centre), and Istcevones (in the 
east and south). As the Teutoties, they joined 
the Cimbri against Rome, 113 B.C., and bravely 
resisted the efforts of Julius Cesar (58—53), 
Drusus (12—9), Varus (a.d. 9), and Ger- 



128 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Germanicus 



manicus (a.d. 16); they were afterwards en- 
gaged among themselves in a war with the 
two great confederacies A lemanni and Franci, 
and in the 4th and 5th centuries a.d. they ob- 
tained some of the best Roman provinces. 

Germanicus Caesar, gcr-ma'-nic-us cces'-ar. 
x. Son of Nero Claudius Drusus and Au- 
gustus's niece Antoma,-was adopted by his 
uncle Tiberius, and raised to the highest offices. 
When his grandfather Augustus died, he was 
campaigning in Germany, and his soldiers 
saluted him as emperor, a.d. 14; but he re- 
fused the title, and quelled the tumults thereby 
occasioned. He continued the German war, 
defeated Arminius (16), and received a triumph 
when recalled to Rome. Tiberius appointed 
him over the East. His success over the Ar- 
menians aroused the jealousy of Tiberius, who 
was suspected of having instigated Cn. Piso to 
poison him at Daphne, near Antioch, 19. His 
ashes were carried to Italy, amid great popular 
demonstrations, by his heroic wife Agripplna 
(2, q.v.). Germanicus was distinguished for his 
learning, benevolence, and talents. One of 
his sons was the emperor Caligula. 2. Many 
of the Roman emperors assumed this title from 
victories, real or pretended, over the Germans. 

Gerousia, ger-ou'-si-a (see Senatus, 3). 

Geryon, ge'-ry-dn, a monster, offspring of 
Chrysaor and Callirrhoe, and represented as 
having three bodies united, or three heads on 
one body. He reigned in Gades, where his 
numerous flocks were guarded by EurythTon 
and the two-headed dog Orthos. Hercules, by 
Eurystheus's orders, went to Gades, killed Ge- 
ryon, Orthos, and Eurythion, and took away 
the flocks. 

Gesoriacum, ges-o-ri'-a-citm, a port of the 
Morini. 

Geta, Septimius, gef-a, sep-thn'-i-us, son 
of the emperor Severus, and brother of Cara- 
calla, with whom he reigned conjointly, 211— 
212. He was murdered by Caracalla's order. 

GeTjE, get'-ce, a people of European Scythia, 
near the Daci, into whose country Ovid was 
banished. GSt'icus is often used for Thracian. 

Gigantes, gi-gan'-tes, sons of Ccelus and 
Terra, or of Tartarus and Terra, were of great 
stature and strength, and some of them, as 
Cottus, Briareus, and Gyges, were monsters. 
They usually resided near Pallene. The de- 
feat of their relations the Titanes— with whom 
they are often confounded — made them conspire 
against Jupiter. They assailed the allied gods 
with rocks, oaks, and burning wood, and piled 
Ossa on Pelion to scale the heavens ; the af- 
frighted gods fled into Egypt, where they as- 
sumed the forms of different animals. Jupiter 
recollected that the Giants could be con- 
quered only by a mortal's aid, and, by Pallas's 
advice, armed his son Hercules, with whom he 
overthrew them. {See Enceladus, Aloides, 

PORPHYRION, TYPHON, OtUS, TlTANES, &C.) 

Gisco, gis'-co, conducted the Carthaginian 
war in Sicily against the Corinthians success- 
fully, 309 B.C. 

Gladiatorii Ludi, glad~i-d-tc?-ri-i W-di, 



Gladiatorii 



originally combats on the graves of the de- 
ceased, were first introduced at Rome by the 
Bruti, 264 B.C. Anciently slaves were mur- 
dered at funerals to propitiate the manes with 
blood ; then it became customary to make 
them kill each other in combat ; and, lastly, 
such combats were extended from funerals and 
became one of the means of popular amuse- 
ment at Rome. Captives, criminals, or dis- 
obedient slaves were trained for this purpose ; 
but in the demoralization of the Empire many 
of the nobles, and even some of the emperors, 
entered the lists ; and at one show Nero ex- 
hibited 400 senators and 600 knights ; and even 
women took part in the combats. The gla- 
diators were, from their numbers, training, and 
doom, a formidable body; and Spartacus (q.v.) 
was able to keep at the head of revolted gla- 
diators and runaway slaves against the Roman 
armies from 73 to 71 B.C. ; hence many laws 
were passed to determine their number and 
the times at which the show (mu'-nus) could 
safely be exhibited {e'dituni) by any magistrate 
or private person (e'ditor, mil nerd' tor, dom'i- 
ntis). They were kept in schools (lu'di) and 
trained by a lanis'ta, each troupe being called 
a famll'ia ; they were trained with wooden 
swords (rtid'es) ; those who became gladiators 
for hire were called auctdrd'ti, and their pay 
cnictordmen' tiun. The great shows were given 
by the /Ediles, and handbills (libelli) were cir- 
culated beforehand, notifying the place, time, 
&c. When introduced into the are'na, the 
gladiators walked round to show their strength, 
and were then matched in pairs ; after a skir- 
mish with foils [ar'ina luso'ria, oxri'id'es), they 
received their weapons (ar'ina decretd'ria), 
and, at the bugle's sound, the combat began. 
When any one was wounded, the spectators 
cried Hab'et (he has it) ; if the vanquished 
was to be spared, they intimated their will by 
pressing the thumb into the palm (pol'licem 
prem'ere), or if to be put to death (fer'rum 
reclp'ere), by directing the thumb towards 
the breast (pol'licem vert'ere). According 
to their weapons, dress, &c, gladiators were 
divided into the following classes : — Retid'rli, 
armed with a three-headed lance (fus'cina 
or trid'ens) and a net (re'te), in which 
they endeavoured to entangle their anta- 
gonists ; these generally fought with Secii- 
td'res or Mirmilld'nes, the latter of whom 
(named from the badge of an embossed fish, 
Idopfxvpog, on their helmets, and also called 
Gal'li, from being armed like the Gauls) were 
also matched with the Thra'ces, who, like the 
Thracians, had a round shield and a dagger 
(si'ca) ; the Hoplom' dchi fought in full armour ; 
the Samni'tes were armed in Samnite fashion, 
with a large shield (scu'ttim), broad at the top, 
and engaged the Pro'vocdtd'res ; the Esse- 
dd'rii fought from the es'seda (chariot of the 
Britons and Gauls) ; the Anddb'dtce fought 
hoodwinked ; the Seciitd'res fought with the 
Retid'rli, and were either named from follow- 
ing the latter when his net was thrown in- 
effectually, or were identical with the Supposf' 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTLONARY. 



12$ 



Glauce 



ItUli, and were substitutes for those who 
were rendered incapable by wounds ; the 
Caterva'rii fought not in pairs, but in sets ; 
the Laq'tieatd'res used a noose or lasso to 
catch their enemy ; the Merl'dia'ni fought at 
mid-day ; the Fiscd'les were maintained out of 
the emperor's treasury (Jisczis) ; the Dhna- 
chce'ri fought with two swords. If a gladiator's 
life was spared, he received a discharge (77iis- 
sio) for the day ; combats sine missione, when 
no vanquished gladiator was spared, were for- 
bidden by Augustus : when a gladiator had 
signalized himself, and was discharged from 
the service, he received a wooden foil, and was 
called Rudld'rius. 

Glauce, glau'-ce. i. See Creusa (i). 2. A 
Nereid. 3. A daughter of Cretheus, mother 
of Telamon. 

Glaucus, glau'-cus. 1. Son of Bellerophon's 
son Hippolochus, assisted Priam. He ex- 
changed his golden suit of armour for Dio- 
medes' iron one ; whence the proverb for a 
foolish purchase, Glauci et Diomedis iermu- 
tdtio. Glaucus behaved with much courage, 
and was killed by Ajax. 2. A fisherman of 
Anthedon, in Bceotia, son of Neptune and 
Nais, or of Mercury's son Polybius. The fish 
which he caught revived on touching the grass 
and leapt into the sea; he tasted the grass, 
and was seized with a desire to live in the sea. 
He leapt into the sea, and was made, at the 
request of the gods, a sea deity by Oceanus 
and Tethys ; and the Nereid Scylla (2, q. v.) 
was severely punished for slighting his passion. 
Apollo gave him the gift of prophecy, and he 
became the interpreter of Nereus. He assisted 
the Argonauts, and foretold the apotheosis of 
Hercules and Castor and Pollux. He was 
particularly reverenced by fishers and sailors. 

3. A son of King Sisyphus of Corinth and 
Atlas's daughter Merope, was torn to pieces 
by his mares, which were infuriated by Venus. 

4. A son of King Minos II. and Pasiphae, 
was smothered in a cask of honey. His fate 
was made known to Minos by Polyidus, who, 
when threatened with perpetual imprisonment, 
restored him to life, and was compelled to 
teach him divination, an art, however, of which 
he deprived him before returning to his native 
Argolis, by telling him to spit in his mouth. 

Glycera, gly'-ce-ra (sweet), a beautiful 
woman celebrated by Horace. 

Glycon, gtyd-on, an Athenian sculptor 
under the first Roman emperors. 

Gnossus, gnos'-S7is, or Cuossus, the city of 
King Minos, in Crete. Crete is called Gnos'- 
sia tel'lus ; and Ariadne, Gnos'sis or Gnos'sia, 
from being born there ; and her crown, made 
a constellation, Gnos'sia stel'la. 

Gonni, gon'-ui, a town of the Perrheebi in 
Thessaly. 

Gordianus, gor-di-d'-mis. 1. M. Antonius 
African us, aii-to'-ni-us qf-ric-d'-mcs, son of 
Metius Marcellus, and maternally descended 
from Trajan, spent his life in study and the 
practice of piety and virtue. He served as 
praetor and consul, and governed Africa as 



G-orgones 



proconsul. In his eightieth year, during the 
tyrannical reign of the Maximini, he was com- 
pelled by his troops, a.d. 236, to accept the 
purple. He sent his son (2), whom he asso- 
ciated with him on the throne, to oppose 
Maximinus, who was marching against him. 
On the death of young Gordian, the father, 
grown desperate, strangled himself at Car- 
thage, after eight weeks' reign. 2. M. Anto- 
ninus Africanus, au-td-?il'-7ms, son of (1), 
was bequeathed the library (62,000 volumes) of 
his tutor, Serenus Samnoticus, and by his 
studiousness and peaceful disposition grew in 
favour with the emperor Heliogabalus. He 
was made prefect of Rome and consul by the 
emperor Alexander Severus ; he was made 
joint emperor with his father (1); and was 
killed in battle with Maximinus in Mauretania, 
six weeks after. 3. M. Antoninus Pius, 
pi'-us, grandson of (1), was at twelve years 
styled Ccesar, and at sixteen proclaimed em- 
peror, a.d. 238. He married Furia Sabina 
Tranquillina, daughter of the eloquent and 
virtuous Misitheus. His father-in-law filled 
the most important state offices, and effected 
most salutary reformations, military and civil. 
Gordian marched to oppose the invasion of 
King Sapor of Persia, and on the route de- 
feated a body of the Goths in Moesia. He 
was successful in his Eastern campaign, but 
was assassinated in the East, 244, by means 
of Philip, who had succeeded, on the death of 
Misitheus, as guardian of the republic. 

Gordium, gor'-dl-tim, a town of Phrygia. 

Gordius, gor'-di-us, a Phrygian peasant, 
raised to the throne of Phrygia, in accordance 
with an oracle, which declared to its Phrygian 
consulters that their seditions would cease if 
they elected as king the first man they met 
going in a chariot to Jupiter's temple. He 
consecrated his chariot to Jupiter, and tied the 
yoke to the pole in such an artful manner that 
the ends of the Gordian knot could not be 
perceived. In time a report was spread that 
the empire of Asia would fall to him who 
could untie it. Alexander cut it with his 
sword. 

Gordyene, gor-dy-e'-ne, a mountain-range 
of Armenia. 

Gorge, gor'-ge, daughter of King CEneus 
(q. v.) of Calydon, was the mother of Oxilus. 

Gorgias, gor'-gi-as. 1. The Leo7itine, a 
celebrated sophist and orator, born about 480 
B.C., son of Carmantides, as ambassador suc- 
cessfully solicited the assistance of the Athe- 
nians against the Syracusans, 427. He died 
400. He wrote several works. 2. The Athe- 
7iian, taught rhetoric to Cicero at Athens. 

Gorgones, gor'-gdn-es, the three daughters 
of Phorcys and Ceto, — S the' 710, Etiry'dle, 
Medu'sa, of whom the last alone was mortal. 
The Gorgons had their hair entwined with 
serpents, brazen hands, gold-coloured wings, 
teeth as long as a wild boar's tusks, bodies 
covered with impenetrable scales, and eyes 
that turned to stone all on whom they gazed. 
According to Ovid, Medusa alone had serpent 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



G-orgophone 

hair, as a punishment by Minerva, in whose 
temple she had gratified Neptune's passion ; 
and /Eschylus says they had only one eye 
and one tooth between them, which they used 
in turn ; and when they were exchanging the 
eye Perseus attacked them. Perseus (q. v.), 
who received from Mercury a scythe-like 
weapon, and from Minerva a looking-glass, 
winged shoes, and Pluto's helmet (which con- 
ferred invisibility on its wearer, while it made 
everything visible to him), easily conquered 
them, and cut off Medusa's head, which he 
gave to Minerva (Gorgon'ia, or Gorgopk'ora), 
who placed it on her asgis, and thereby turned 
into stone all who gazed on it. The drops of 
blood that fell from Medusa's head as Perseus 
flew through the air to /Ethiopia, were made 
serpents, which ever after infested the deserts 
of Libya ; and from her blood Chrysaor and 
the horse Pegasus arose. The Gorgons were 
variously placed, — on the Western Ocean, in 
Scythia, near the Lake Triton in Libya, or in 
the gardens of the Hesperides. 

Gorgophone, gor-gopk'-o-ne, daughter of 
Perseus and Andromeda, married King Peri- 
eres, and afterwards OZbalus. 

Gortyna, gor-ty^ia, a town of Crete. 

Gortynia, gor-ty'-ni-a, a town of Emathia. 

Gothi, goth'-i, Gothones, goth-d'-nes, or 
Guttones, gutt-o'-nes (-urn), a warlike nation 
of Germany, at the mouth of the Vistula, 
assailed the Greek provinces of the Roman 
empire, and, temp. Aurelian, won Dacia ; they 
then branched into the eastern Goths, or 
Ostrogotlis, who settled in Pannonia and Moe- 
sia, and the western Goths, or VisigotJis, who 
plundered Rome under their king Alaric, 410. 
Subsequently the Visigoths settled in Gaul and 
Spain, and the Ostrogoths, under their king 
Theodoric the Great, gained all Italy, 493. 

Gracchus, grad-chus. 1. Tiberius Sem- 
pronius, ti-ber'-i-us sem-pro'-ui-tis, won over 
Spain, 179 B.C. ; was tribune, twice consul, and 
once censor, and was distinguished for his 
integrity, prudence, and ability. He married 
the virtuous, pious, and learned Cornelia, of 
the Scipio family. She educated her sons, the 
Gracchi, Tiberius Sempronlus and C. Sem- 
pronius, who became famous for their eloquence 
and attachment to the popular party. Tiberius, 
as tribune of plebs, renewed the agitation on 
the Licinian law, which was passed 133 B.C. ; 
and he, with his father-in-law Appius Claudius 
and brother Caius, was appointed to distribute 
the lands. The rich bequests of King Attalus 
were peacefully apportioned ; but, in the mo- 
ment of success, when about to be re-elected 
tribune, that, from the sacredness of his office, 
his person might be safe from his enemies, he 
was killed in the midst of his adherents. Caius 
supported also the popular cause with more 
vehemence ; he was tribune of plebs 123 B.C. 
and 122. The patricians were exasperated 
against him, and instigated his colleague, 
M. Livius Drusus, to propose more popular 
measures, which made the popularity of Caius 
wane. He lost the election for the tribuneship 



Grsecia 



for 121, and, as soon as he had resigned at the 
end of 122, Opimius began to repeal his laws. 
In the tumult that ensued, Caius fled to the 
temple of Diana, and then to the grove of the 
Furies, where he was, by his own orders, 
killed by his slave. His L*xiy was thrown into 
the Tiber, and his wife lorbidden to wear 
mourning. More than 3,000 of his supporters 
perished with him. 2. Sempronius, was 
banished to Africa for adultery with Au- 
gustus's daughter Julia ; and, fourteen years 
after, killed by Tiberius's orders. 3. TlB. 
Semp., distinguished himself in the second 
Punic war, and was killed in battle with Mago 
at Campi Veteres, in Lucania, 212 B.C. 

Gradivus, grad-i'-vus (i. e. marclier), Mars. 

GrvCE, grcs'-ce (see Perseus). 

GrjECIa, grce'-ci-a, inhabited by the Grce'ci 
or Gra'ii, or Helle'nes, a country of Europe 
bounded on the west by the Ionian Sea, south 
by the Mediterranean, east by the ^Egean, 
north by the Cambunian and Ceraunian moun- 
tains, divided into twenty independent states, 
ten in the north and ten in the south — Epirus, 
Thessdlia, Acarnania, sEtdlia, Doris, Locris, 
Phocis, Bceotia, Attica, Megan's, Corintkia, 
Sicyonia, Phiiasia, Achaia, Elis, Messenia, 
Lacouia, Cynuria, Argolis, Arcadia. Its 
greatest length is 250 miles, from CapeTaenarus 
to Mount Olympus, and greatest breadth 180, 
from the west of Acarnania to Marathon. The 
early history of the inhabitants is lost in the 
myths of the gods and heroes, the Trojan war, 
Argonautic expedition, migrations of the sons 
of Hellen, the HeraclTdse, immigrations of 
Cadmus and Cecrops, &c. The early govern- 
ment of each state was monarchical, and 
gradually became democratical or oligarchical 
(except at Sparta). The states were all inde- 
pendent of each other, and only rarely, as 
against the Persians, united for a common 
object ; and at times formed temporary con- 
federacies for internal supremacy, e.g. in the 
Peloponnesian war. The country, with its 
salubrious air, temperate climate, fertile soil, 
and great expanse cf coast, with numerous 
inlets and harbours, was well adapted for 
great commercial development and the sending 
forth of colonies. It "looked east "as Italy 
did west ; and hence the great re-exodus from 
Greece to Asia at an early period. The great 
national meetings at the Olympic, Isthmian, 
Pythian, and Nemean games gave opportunity 
for advance in learning and the arts. The 
victories of Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, 
Plataea, Mycale, and the Retreat of the Ten 
Thousand (see Cyrus, 2), have celebrated Greek 
prowess ; and the names of Socrates, Plato, 
Aristotle, Homer, iEschylus, Sophocles, Eu- 
ripides, Herodotus, Thucydides, and Demos- 
thenes, have immortalized their literature, 
philosophical, poetical,historical, and oratorical. 
Their literature, arts, and sciences were dis- 
seminated throughout their colonies, which 
fringed the shores of the Mediterranean ; their 
language became extensively used throughout 
the ancient world, lived till the capture of 




IBIS. 



7 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DLCTIONARY. 



Granicus 



Constantinople by the Turks, and, in a modern 
form, is still spoken by the inhabitants of 
Greece and throughout the Levant. After the 
Persian wars, and the contests for supremacy 
successively by the Athenians, Spartans, and 
Thebans, Greece fell under Macedonia, 338 
B.C. ; then the Achaean league was formed, 
281, which was dissolved by the Romans, and 
Greece made a Roman province, 146, and 
called Achdia. The term Hellas was used by 
the Greeks to designate not merely Graecia, 
but all the places where Greeks, Hellenes, 
dwelt. 2. Magna, mag'-na, the southern 
part of Italy, comprehending Lucania and 
Campania, so named from its numerous Greek 
colonies — Tarentum, Crotona, Sybaris, Siris 
(Heraclea), Caulonla, Locri, Rhegium, Meta- 
pontum, Cumse, Neapolis, &c. 

Granicus, grd-ni'-cus, a river of Bithynia. 

Gratis, grd'-ti-ce (see Charites). 

Gratianus, grd-ti-d'-nus. 1. Emperor of 
Rome, a Pannoman, was at 8 years associated 
with his father, a.d. 367, on the throne, and at 
16 became sole emperor (375). He associated 
with himself Theodosius as emperor of the 
East (379), to repel the Ostrogoths. He was 
remarkable for his learning and military quali- 
ties, and met with great success against the 
Germans. He opposed Paganism ; whereupon 
Maxlmus headed a body of the discontented 
and met him near Paris, where Gratian was 
forsaken by his soldiers and murdered, 383. 2. 
A Roman soldier, was proclaimed emperor by 
the rebellious army in Britain, in opposition to 
Honorius, and assassinated by them four 
months after. 

Gratidia, grd-tid '-i-a (see Canidia). 

Gravisce, grd-vis 1 -cce , a coast town of 
Etruria. 

Gregorius, gre-gor'-i-iis. 1. Theod. Tha?i- 
tndtur 1 gris , pupil of Origen and bishop of Neo- 
csesarea,died 266. 2. N azian2f.n ,nd-zi-an'-zen, 
the Divine, was nominated bishop of Con- 
stantinople, but resigned the see on its being 
disputed. He was noted for the eloquence, 
sublimity, and variety of his writings. He 
died 389. 3. Bishop of Nyssa, author of the 
Nicene creed. Died 396. 

Gryllus, gryl'-lus. 1. A companion of 
Ulysses, was changed into a swine by Circe, 
and preferred the life of that beast to a man's. 
2. A son of Xenophon, killed by Epaminondas, 
and was himself killed at Mantinea, 362 b.c. 

Grynia, gry-nl'-a, or Grynium, gr^-nt-urn, 
a town near Ciazomenae, with a temple of Apollo 
(Gryna/us). 

Gryps, gryps (-ypis), or Gryphus, gry'- 
f>hus(-\), a griffin, a monster with a lion's body 
and eagle's head and wings, guarded the gold 
on the Rhipaean mountains from the Hyper- 
boreans and Arimaspi (q.v.). 

Guttones, gut-td'-nes (see Gothi). 

Gyarus, gy'-dr-ies (-i), or Gyara, gy'-dr-a 
(-orum), a rocky isle south-west of Andros, to 
which the Romans transported criminals. 

Gyges, gy^-ges, or Gyas, gy'-ds. 1. Son of 
Coelus and Terra, had 50 heads and 100 hands. 



Haliearnassus 



With the other Gigantes he warred against tha 
gods, and was punished in Tartarus. 2. A 
Lydian, raised to the throne by the queen in 
revenge for her husband, King Candaules, the 
last of the A tyddce, having shown her naked 
to him. She obliged Gyges to prepare for 
death or to murder Candaules, and he chose 
the latter, married the queen, and ascended 
the throne, 718 B.C. He was the first of the 
Mermnddce line, which ended with Crcesus. 
He made magnificent presents to Delphi. He 
was famous for " the ring of Gyges," which he 
took from the corpse of a giant, found inside a 
brazen horse in a chasm, and which conferred 
on him the gift of invisibility. 

Gylippus, gy-lip'-ptis, Spartan general in 
Sicily against Nicias, 413 B.C. He was exiled 
for embezzlement, 404. 

GymnesIjE, gym-ne '-si-ce (see Baleares). 

Gymnosophist^e, gym' -no -soph-is' -tee, an 
Indian sect of ascetic philosophers, whose 
tenets resembled the Cynics'. One of them, 
Calanus, to avoid the infirmities of old age, 
immolated himself before Alexander. The 
Brachmanes (q.v.) were a branch of them. 

Gyndes, gyn'-des, a river of Assyria. 

Gytheum, gy-the'-um, a coast town of 
Laconia. 



H 

Hades, hd'-des, the Greek god of Tartarus, 
the Latin Pluto. It is often used to designate 
hell. 

Hadrianopolis, had'-rl-d-nop'-ol-is, a town 
of Thrace. 

Hadrianus, P. ^lius, had-ri-d' -mis , 
cef-li-tis, emperor of Rome, a.d. 117-138, born 
at Rome 76, was distinguished for his learn- 
ing, activity, bravery, and austerity. He built 
a wall 80 miles long in the north of England, 
to repel the Caledonians ; killed in battle 
500,000 rebellious Jews, and rebuilt the ruined 
Jerusalem and called it SElia. He died 
10 July, 138, at Baiae. 

H^emon, h<x'-mon (see Antigone). 

H^emus, hcz'-7nus, a lofty mountain, separat- 
ing Thrace from Mcesia, and named from 
Haemus, son of Boreas and Orithyia, who 
married Rhodope, and was change*' into the 
mountain for aspiring to divine honours. 

Halcyone, hal-cf '-o-ne (see Alcyone). 

Halesa, hdl-e'-sa, a coast-town of north 
Sicily. 

Halesus,A«/-!?'-5?/j. 1. A son of Agamemnon 
by Briseis or Clytemnestra, settled on Mount 
Masslcus in Campania ; built Falerli, assisted 
Turnus, and was killed by Pallas. 2. A river 
near Colophon. 

Haliacmon, hdl-i-ad-mon (see Aliacmon). 

Haliartus, hdl-l-aS-tus {see Aliartus). 

Halicarnassus, hdl-i-car-nas'-sus, a coast 
city, and residence of the kings, of Caria, 



132 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Halonesus 



famous for the Mausoleutn, and as the birth- 
place of Heraclitus, Herodotus, Dionysius, 
&c. It was founded by Dorians from Troezene. 

Halonesus, hal-d-ne'-stts, an isle off 
Thessaly. 

Halys, hal'-ys, a great river of Cappadocia, 
flowing into the Euxine. 

Hamadryades, ham-a-dry' -ad-cs {see 
Dryades). 

Hamilcar, ham-il'-car. i. Rhodanus, 
rhod' -a.7i-us , a Carthaginian general, visited 
Alexander's camp, 322 B.C., gained his con- 
fidence, and disclosed his schemes to the 
Athenians. 2. Barca, ba-/~ca, a Carthaginian 
general, father of Hannibal, was general in 
Sicily in the first Punic war, 247 B.C. ; and, on 
conclusion of peace, put down the rebellious 
slaves (240 — 238). He passed into Spain, 235, 
with Hannibal (q. v.), then nine years old ; 
founded Barcelona ; intended to cross the Alps 
into Italy, but was killed in battle with the 
Vettones, 229. He used to say of his three 
sons, that he reared three lions to devour the 
Romans. 3. A Carthaginian general, aided 
the Insubres against Rome, and was taken by 
Cn. Cornelius, 197 B.C. 

Hannibal, han'-nib-al. r. A famous Car- 
thaginian general, born 247 B.C., son of 
Hamilcar Barca, in whose camp he was 
reared, and who made him swear undying 
hatred to the Romans. At his father's death, 
229, he was set over the cavalry in Spain, 
and, at 25, on Hasdrubal's assassination, 
took command of the Carthaginian army in 
Spain, 221. In three years of continued suc- 
cess he subdued the Spanish tribes, and took 
Saguntum after eight months' siege. The fall 
of this city, which was an ally of the Romans., 
led to the second Punic war, 219. Hannibal 
■ sent one army into Africa, left a second in 
: Spain, and, at the head of a third, marched 
over the Alps (formerly considered impassable) 
by, probably, the Little St. Bernard, into Italy, 
218, where, for sixteen years, he kept the 
Romans in continual alarm, sweeping with the 
storm of war over the Italian cities, "as the 
eastwind sweeps over the waves." He inspired 
such terror that he was designated Di?~its 
Hannibal. He defeated P. Scipio at the 
Ticlnus, and him and his colleague Tib. Sem- 
pronius Longus at the Trebia, 218 ; Cn. 
Flaminius at Trasimenus, 217 ; and C. Teren- 
tius Varro and L. ^Emilms Paullus at Cannse, 
216; after which great success — though he 
unaccountably made no attempt to capture 
Rome — all southern Italy revolted to him. 
The re-appointment of Q. Fabius MaxTmus 
(Ctmctator) coincides with the turn of the war 
in favour of the Romans, 215. He was re- 
pulsed from Nola 215, and Tarentum 214, but 
took the latter city 213. Capua was retaken 
by the Romans 211, and Tarentum 209. After 
the defeat and death of his brother Hasdrubal 
at the Metaurus, in marching into Italy, 207, 
Hannibal retired to Bruttmm, and remained 
inactive, till recalled to Carthage, on Scipio's 
invasion of Africa, 203. He was totally de- 



Harpyi89 

feated at Zama, 202, and fled to Adrumetum, 
and thence to Syria. He advised King An- 
tlochus III., the Great, who was at war with 
the Romans, 193, to invade Italy, an advice 
which he did not act on. Peace was granted 
Antiochus, 190, on condition of delivering 
Hannibal, who then fled to King Pruslas I., of 
Bithynia, whom he assisted against King 
Eumenes of Pergamus, a Roman ally, and 
whom he urged to war with Rome. L. Q. 
Flaminlnus was sent from Rome to Prusias to 
demand the surrender of Hannibal, who, to 
avoid compromising his host, killed himself 
with poison (which he always carried in a ring), 
183, aged 70, an event celebrated with greaf 
rejoicings in Rome. Hannibal was taught 
Greek by a Spartan, Sosilus, and wrote some 
books in that language. After Zama, he was 
very apprehensive for his life, which, however, 
had never been attempted by any of his soldiers. 
From the inclemency of the weather and the 
hardships of his early campaigns in Italy, he 
lost the sight of one eye. He was noted for 
his humanity and magnanimity. His conqueror 
Scipio called him one of the greatest of gene- 
rals, and ranked him next to King Pyrrhus, 
the Epirot. 2. Son of Giscon, when trying to 
relieve Segesta, was overpowered by Hermo- 
crates, an exiled Syracusan. 

Hanno, han'-no. 1. A Carthaginian gene- 
ral, son of Bomilcar, was sent by Hannibal 
over the Rhone to conquer the Gauls. He was 
conquered by Scipio in Spain, and sent to 
Rome. 2. A Carthaginian, wrote a work, 
Periplus, on a voyage he made round Africa, 
a Greek translation of which is extant. 

Harmodius, har-7ndd'-t-us (see Aristo- 
giton). 

Harmonia, har-mon'-i-a {see Hermione). 

Harpagus, har'-pdg-tts, a minister of King 
Astyiges, by whom he was obliged to eat the 
flesh of his son for having disobeyed the king's 
orders as to killing the infant Cyrus. In re- 
venge he revolted, and assisted Cyrus to gain 
the Median throne. 

Harpalyce, har-fial'-y-ce. 1. Daughter of 
King Harpalycus of Thrace ; when young, lost 
her mother, and was early inured to hunting 
by her father, on whose death she took to the 
woods as a brigand. 2. The beautiful daughter 
of Clymenus and Epicaste of Argos. Her 
father committed incest with her before her 
marriage with Alastor, whom he murdered to 
bring her back to Argos. To punish her father 
she made him eat the flesh of his younger son 
(or the offspring of their incest), whom she had 
killed; whereon she was made an owl, and her 
father killed himself. 

H arpyi.e, har-py'-i-ce, three winged monsters 
— the Harpies — -Aello, Ocypete, and Cel&nd, 
daughters of Neptune and Terra. Each had 
the head of a woman, the body of a vulture, 
and the feet and fingers armed with sharp 
claws. They emitted an infectious smell. The 
Harpies were sent by Juno to plunder the 
tables of Phineus ; whence they were driven to 
the Strophades by Zethes and Calais; an<J 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



133 



Haruspex 

they plundered ./Eneas during his voyage to 
Italy, and foretold many of his calamities. 

Haruspex, ha-rus'-pex, the soothsayer who 
drew omens for the Romans by consulting the 
entrails of beasts that were sacrificed. The 
order was first established by Romulus, and 
the first haruspices were from Etruria, where 
the art of divination was cultivated, and they 
were instructed by a boy Tages, who was 
sprung from a clod of earth. There were 
originally three, but the Senate annually sent 
six (or twelve) noble youths to be instructed in 
Etruria. The Haruspex observed especially 
four things, — the beast before it was sacrificed, 
its entrails, the flames which consumed the 
sacrifice, and the flour, frankincense, &c. 
If the beast was led to the altar with difficulty, 
or bellowed, or died in agonies, the omen was 
unfortunate. If anything was wanting in- 
ternally, or if it had a double liver or lean 
heart, or if the entrails fell from the hands of 
the Haruspex, or were besmeared with much 
blood, or if no heart appeared (as in the two 
victims sacrificed by Julius Csesar a little be- 
fore his murder), the omen was equally unfa- 
vourable. When the flame was quickly kindled, 
and violently consumed the sacrifice, or arose 
pure, bright, and pyramid-like, without any 
paleness, smoke, sparkling, or crackling, the 
omen was favourable ; but unfavourable when 
the fire was kindled with difficulty, or expired 
before the sacrifice was consumed, or rolled in 
circles round the flesh, with intermediate spaces 
betv r een the flames. As regarded the frank- 
incense, meal, water, and wine, if there was 
any deficiency in the quantity, quality, or 
colour, or if anything was done irregularly, it 
was inauspicious. This custom of consulting 
the entrails prevailed among the Greeks, 
Egyptians, Chaldeans, &c, as well as Romans. 

Hasdrubal, has'-drub-al. 1. A Cartha- 
ginian general, son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca, 
on whose death, 229 B.C., having distinguished 
himself in theNumidian war, he was appointed 
commander-in-chief, and for eight years pre- 
sided with much prudence and valour over 
Spain, where he built Carthago Nova. He 
was killed among his soldiers, 221, by a slave, 
whose master he had killed. 2. Son of Ha- 
milcar Barca, was left in Spain by his brother 
Hannibal, 218, where he campaigned against 
the two Scipios, and set out, 207, to reinforce 
Hannibal in Italy. His despatches had been 
intercepted by the Romans ; and, after crossing 
the Alps and entering Italy, he was attacked 
by the consuls M. Livius Salinator and Claudius 
Nero, near the Metaurus, defeated, and killed. 
His head was cut off, and, a few days after, 
thrown into the camp of Hannibal. 3. Son of 
Giscon, was one of the generals along with (2) 
in Spain when Hannibal was in Italy. With 
Scyphax's aid he made head against the 
Romans in Africa, but was defeated by Scipio. 
He died 206 B.C. 4. A Carthaginian general, 
at the head of 20,000 men, was defeated in 
Africa by Scipio in the third Punic war, and 
his camp taken. He fled to the Romans ; and, 



Hector 



when he begged for mercy, was shown by 
Scipio to the Carthaginians ; on which his wife, 
with imprecations, flung herself and two 
children into the flames of the temple of 
./Esculapius, which she and others had set 
on fire. 

Hebe, he' -he, daughter of Jupiter and Juno 
(or of Juno only, who conceived her after eating 
lettuces), was the goddess of Youth, and made 
by her mother cup-bearer to the gods, an office 
in which she was superseded by Jupiter's 
favourite Ganymede for falling in an indecent 
posture at a festival of the gods. Hebe was 
employed by Juno to prepare her chariot and 
harness the peacocks. Hercules, when deified, 
was married to Hebe. Hebe was worshipped 
at Sicyon as Dia, and at Rome as Jicventas, 
and was represented as a blooming virgin 
crowned with flowers and dressed in a 
variegated robe. 

Hebrus, heb'-rus, a river of Thrace, whose 
waters were believed to roll down golden 
sands. It was named from Hebrus, a son of 
King Cassandra of Thrace, from his being 
drowned in it. The head of Orpheus was 
thrown into it. 

Hecat^eus, 7iec-a-t<z'-us, an historian and 
geographer of Miletus, born 549 b.c. He 
travelled extensively. He tried to dissuade his 
countrymen from the Ionic revolt, 500. 

Hecate, hec'-a-te, daughter of Perses and 
Asteria, was Luna (Selene) in heaven, Dia'na 
(q. v.) on earth, and Hecate or Proserpine 
(Persephone) in Hades ; whence her name of 
Dl'va triformis, tergem'lna, triceps. Hecate 
presided over magic and enchantments, and 
was usually represented like a woman with 
three heads (a horse's, dog's, boar's), and 
sometimes with three bodies and three faces 
joined by one neck. Dogs, lambs, and honey 
were offered her, especially at the crossways ; 
whence her name of Trivia. Her festivals 
(Hecate 1 sia) were particularly observed by the 
Stratonicensians and Athenians ; the latter 
deemed her the patroness of families, and 
erected her statues before the house-doors, and 
every new moon a supper was prepared at the 
expense of the richer citizens, and placed in 
the crossways for the poor, while it was said 
that Hecate had devoured it. 

Hecatonnesi, hec'-a-ton-ne'-si, the group 
of a hundredi slets between Lesbos and 
iEolis. 

Hector, Jtec'-tor, eldest son of King Priam 
and Hecuba, was the bravest of the Trojans 
against the besieging Greeks, and was made 
generalissimo, and slew thirty-one chiefs, 
among whom was Patroclus. He waited the 
approach of Achilles near the Scsean gate, 
though his parents and friends entreated him 
to retire ; but, terrified at the hero's aspect, he 
fled before him in the plain, was pursued and 
killed by the Greek hero, who was enraged at 
Patroclus's death, and his body was dragged, 
attached to his conqueror's chariot, thrice 
round Troy's walls, and round the tomb of 
Patroclus (q. v.) ; but it was ransomed by 



134 BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Hecuba 



Priam, who visited Achilles' tent by night, and 
a nine days' truce was granted for the funeral. 
Hector had married Andromache (q. v.), by 
whom he had Astyanax. Hector 1 his is applied 
by the poets to the Trojans, as expressive of 
valour. 

Hecuba, hed-ub-a, daughter of a Phrygian 
prince Dymas, or of King Cisseus of Thrace, 
was second wife of King Priam of Troy, and 
noted for her chastity. Before the birth of 
Paris (q. v.) she had a warning dream. She saw 
most of her children, including Hector, the 
eldest, killed in the Trojan war. On the cap- 
ture of Troy, Hecuba fell to the lot of Ulysses, 
and on the voyage to Greece her daughter 
Polyxena (q. v.) was offered in sacrifice, and 
she saw the body of her son Polydorus (q. v.) 
washed on the shores of the Thracian Cherso- 
nesus, whereon she tore out the eyes of his 
murderer ; but was prevented from killing him 
by some Thracians. She fled with her female 
companions in captivity, was pursued, and, 
when running after the stones thrown at her, 
was changed into a bitch, and she then flung 
herself into the sea at the place thence named 
Cyne'um, or the promontory Hec'iibce 
Sepul'crum. Among her numerous children 
were Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, Pammon, 
Helenus, Polytes, Antiphon, Hipponous, 
Polydorus, Troilus, Creusa, Ilione, Laodice, 
Polyxena, Cassandra, &c. Of them Helenus 
alone survived the fall of Troy. 

Hegesias, /ie-ge'-si-as, called PeisitJidnatos 
{death-persuader), a Cyrenaic, 260 B.C. ; 
preached the doctrine of suicide (believing that 
the Summum Bonum, pleasure, was unattain- 
able in life) so successfully that King Ptolemy 
had to forbid his lectures. 

Hegesinus, he-ge-sl'-mis, of Pergamum, 
succeeded Evander as chief of the Academy, 
185 B.C. 

Hegesippus, he-ge-sip'-ptis, an Athenian 
orator, temp. Demosthenes, whom he sup- 
ported. 

Helena, hel'-en-a. 1. The most beautiful 
woman of her age, was sprung from one of the 
eggs brought forth by Leda (q. v.); but, 
according to some, she was the daughter of 
Jupiter and Nemesis, and nursed by Leda. 
She was so early celebrated for her beauty that 
she was carried off before ten years old by 
Theseus, assisted by Pirithous (q. v.), and con- 
cealed at Aphidnae, with his mother iEthra ; 
but she was brought back in safety to Sparta 
by her brothers Castor and Pollux. This 
abduction increased her fame, and her hand 
was sought by all the young princes of Greece ; 
and among the most celebrated of her suitors 
were Ulysses, Antilochus, Sthenelus, 
Diomedes, Amphilochus (son of Cteatus), 
Meges, Agapenor, Thalpms, Mnestheus, 
Schedms, Polyxenus, Amphilochus (son of 
Amphiaraus), Ascalaphus, Ialmus, Oilean 
Ajax, Eumelus, Polypcetes, Elphenor, 
Podalirms, Machaon, Leonteus, Philoctetes, 
Protesilaus, Eurypilus, Telamonian Ajax, 
Teucer, Patroclus, Menelaus, Thoas, 



Helenus 



Idomeneus, Merlon, &c. Her father Tyndarus, 
who was alarmed at their number, was relieved 
from his perplexity by Ulysses, who, having 
been promised Tyndarus's niece Penelope in 
marriage, advised the king to bind all the 
suitors by an oath to accept the choice of 
Helen, and defend her person against all 
attempts to take her from her husband. Helen 
then married Menelaus, to whom she bore 
Hermione. Three years after, King Priam's 
son Paris came from Troy to Sparta on 
pretence of sacrificing to Apollo, and was 
hospitably entertained by Menelaus, in whose 
absence in Crete he corrupted Helen, who 
eloped with him to Troy, 1198 B.C. Menelaus 
on his return assembled all Helen's suitors, in 
accordance with the oath imposed on them by 
Tyndarus, and, the deputies to Troy having 
been refused the restoration of Helen, they 
sailed against the Trojans, Agamemnon being 
chosen commander-in-chief {see Troja). 
Helen is by some represented during the war 
as being devoted to Priam, by others as 
secretly favouring her husband's cause and 
revealing the Trojan plans. When Paris was 
killed in the ninth year of the siege, she volun- 
tarily married his brother Deiphobus, whom 
she betrayed when the city was taken. She 
was forgiven by Menelaus, and returned to 
Sparta; but on his death she was expelled 
from Peloponnesus by his illegitimate sons, 
Megapenthes and Nicostratus, and took refuge 
in Rhodes with the queen, Polyxo, an Argive, 
whose husband, Tlepolemus, had been killed in 
the Trojan war, and who, to avenge herself, 
dressed her attendants as the Furies, and sent 
them to murder Helen when bathing. They 
tied her to a tree and strangled her, and the 
Rhodians expiated the crime by raising a 
temple to Helena Dendrttis {" of a tree "). Ac- 
cording to another tradition, Helen never was 
in Troy, but was detained by King Proteus in 
Egypt, where Paris had been shipwrecked ; 
but the Greeks refused to believe Priam, and 
besieged Troy, and Menelaus having visited 
Egypt on his voyage home, recovered her. 
According to one tradition, she was placed in 
Leuce after death, and married Achilles. 
Helen was deified, and had a temple built by 
the Spartans at Therapne, and a festival, 
Helfoi'ia. 2. A Spartan virgin, was carried 
away by an eagle when about to be sacrificed ; 
whence human victims were abolished. 3. 
Flavia JvL.iA,J?d'-vi-a ju'-ll-a, the mother of 
the emperor Constantine, died 328, aged 80. 
4. A daughter of the emperor Constantine, 
married Julian. 5. Formerly Cran'de, a rocky 
islet off South Attica. 

Helenus, hel'-e-nus, a famous soothsayer 
{see Cassandra), son of Priam and Hecuba, 
greatly respected by the Trojans. * When 
Helen married Deiphobus in preference* to him, 
he retired to Mount Ida, where, by Calchas's 
advice, Ulysses took him prisoner. By 
entreaties, threats, and p-omises, the Greeks 
discovered from him that Troy was im- 
pregnable, both while t possessed the Palla- 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Heliades 



dium and until Philoctetes joined in the siege. 
On the fall of Troy, Helenus fell to the lot of 
Achilles' son Pyrrhus, whose life he saved by 
warning him of the storm at sea, for which he 
was rewarded with the hand of his brother 
Hector's widow, Andromache (q. v.), who bore 
him Cestrinus. After Pyrrhus's death he 
reigned over Chaonla (so called from his 
brother Chaon, whom he had accidentally 
killed), and he entertained ^Eneas on his 
voyage, and foretold his calamities. 

Heliades, he-li'-d-des, the three daughters 
of Helios (or Sol, the Sun) and Clymene, 
Lampetia, Phaetiisa, Lampethiisa,Qe.mg dis- 
consolate at the death of their brother Phaeton 
(q.v.), they were changed into poplars, and 
their tears into amber, on the banks of the Po. 

Helice, hel'-i-ce. i. Ursa Major, a star 
near the north pole, named from (2), where 
Callisto, who was changed into it, dwelt. 2. 
A town of Achaia, on the Bay of Corinth. 

Helicon, hel'-i-con, a mountain of Bceotia, 
sacred to the Muses {Hel'iconi'ddes), who had 
a temple there ; the fount Hippocrene was 
on it. 

Heliodorus, he'-li-o-do'-rus. 1. A favourite 
of King Seleucus Philopator of Syria, attempted 
to plunder the temple at Jerusalem, 176 B.C. 
2. A sophist, wrote the entertaining romance 
/Ethlopica. 3. A learned Greek rhetorician, 
temp. Horace. 

Heliogabalus, M. Aurelius Antoninus, 
ke'-li-d-gab'-al-us, au-re'-li-us an-to-ni' -nus , son 
of Varius Marcellus, and called Heliogabalus 
from being priest of the Syro-Phenician sun- 
god, was, on the death of Macrinus, a.d. 218, 
made Roman emperor at 14 years. He made 
his mother Scemias and grandmother Julia 
Maesa his colleagues on the throne, and chose 
a senate of women, under the presidency of his 
mother, which prescribed the fashions of the 
empire. Rome soon became a scene of great 
cruelty and debauchery. Heliogabalus made 
his horse consul, and enforced the worship of 
the god Heliogabalus, to deck whose temples 
the altars of the ancient gods were plundered. 
He married four wives, and disgraced himself 
by unnatural crimes with his officer Hierocles, 
from whom, without anger, he suffered the 
greatest indignities. At last Heliogabalus, un- 
able to appease the soldiers, whom his rapacity, 
extravagance, vanity, and debaucheries had 
irritated, hid himself in the filth of the camp, 
where he was found in his mother's arms, and 
his head was cut off, 10th March, 222. 

Heliopolis, /ie-H-dp'-o-lis. 1. A city of 
Lower Egypt, with temple and oracle of the 
Sun ; the people worshipped a bull, Mnevis, 
with the same ceremonies as Apis. 2. A city 
of Syria, seat of the worship of Baal (iden- 
tified with the Sun). 

Helios, he'-li-ds, the Greek name of the 
Sun (Latin Sol) or Apollo. 

Hellanicus, Jiel-la-ni'-cus, of Mytilene, an 
historian, flourished 411 B.C. 

Hellas, hel'-las, a part of Thessaly, the 
residence of Hellen, but later applied to all 



Hephsestia 



places inhabited by the Hellenes or Greeks, 
the Greek world. 

Helle, hel'-le {see Phryxus). 

Hellen, hel'-len, son of Deucalion and 
Pyrrha, reigned in Phthiotis, 1495 B.C. ; by 
Orseis he had three sons, zEolus, Dorus, and 
Xuthus, from whom spra»ng the sEolians, Do- 
rians, and (named from Xuthus' son Ion) 
Ionians, the three great divisions of the Hel- 
enes, hel-le'-nes or Greeks. 

Hellespontus, Ael-les-pon'-lus. 1. Now the 
Dardanelles, the narrow strait between Asia 
and Europe, near the Propontis, named from 
Helle (q.v.). Its length is 50 miles, greatest 
breadth 6 miles, and smallest f mile ; it was 
celebrated for the loves of Hero (q. v.) and 
Leander, and for the bridge of boats built 
over it by Xerxes, who ordered it to be lashed 
and fetters thrown into it. 2. The country 
along the Hellespontus, on the Asiatic coast. 

Hellopia, hel-lop'-i-a, a part of Eubcea. 

Helos, hel'-os, a town of Laconia, destroyed 
by the Spartans under Agis III. for a failure 
to pay the tribute. Its inhabitants {Helo'tes, 
et'AcoTe?) are said to have been made serfs, 
and distributed throughout the rural parts of 
Laconia to cultivate the soil for the owners in 
Sparta. However this may have been, the 
Spartan serfs, Helotes, were treated with great 
cruelty, and kept in a state of ignorance, and, 
lest their numbers should become too formid- 
able, several of the Spartan youths formed a 
rural secret police {Crypteid), which went 
round occasionally to diminish them by assas- 
sination. They fought with great bravery in 
the Peloponnesian war, and were for a time 
rewarded with liberty and allowed to enjey 
themselves, but were cowed by the sudden dis- 
appearance of 2,000 of their number. 

Helvetii, hel-ve'-ti-i, a people between 
Mount Jurassus, Lake Lemannus, the Rhone, 
and the Rhine, up to Lake Brigantinus : their 
capital was Aventicum, 

Helvii, hel'-vi-i, a people of Gallia Nar- 
bonensis. 

Hf.mithea, he-mith'-e-a (see Tenes). 

Heneti, hen'-e-ti, a people of Paphlagonia, 
migrated to Venetia, in North Italy, near the 
Adriatic. 

Henna, hen'-na {see Enna). 

Hephsestia, he-phces'-ti-a. 1. An Athenian 
festival to Vulcan, when young men raced with 
torches, one handing it to another to relieve 
him when the course was partly finished, and 
so on in succession, the prize being awarded 
to that set of runners which succeeded in carry- 
ing their torch unextinguished to the goal ; 
whence the frequent classical comparison of 
the succession of human lives ; e.g., Plato's 
naOanep KafXTTadarov fiiov Ttapabthovra^ SlWoiq 
ef aWuiv, and Lucretlus's lines — 

Inqiie brevi spatio mutantur scecla anl- 
mantum, 

Et quasi cursores vitdi lampada trddunt. 
At other times the competitors were single, 
not in sets, and had to run from the starting- 
point to the goal. 2. The capital of Lemnos. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



136 



Hephasstiades 



Heph,estiades, he-phces-tl'-a-des, Vulcan's 
isles, the Lipari, off south-west Italy. 

Hephaestus, he-phces'-tus {see Vulcanus). 

Hera, lie'-ra. 1. Greek name for Juno. 2. 
A daughter of Neptune and Ceres when trans- 
formed into a mare. {See Arion, 2.) 

Heraclea, he-ra-cle-a. 1. An ancient town 
of Sicily, near Agrigentum, named from Her- 
cules' victory over Eryx ; was formerly Ma- 
cara, and called Minoa when colonized by 
Minos. 2. A coast city of Pontus. 3. Or 

Traclun'ia, a town of Phthiotis. Several 

towns bore the name. 

Heracles, he'-ra-cles {see Hercules). 

Heraclid^e, M-ra-cli' -dee , the direct de- 
scendants of Hercules (q.v.). The hero left to 
his son Hyllus his claims on the Peloponnesus, 
and allowed him to marry Eurytus's daughter 
Iole as soon as he came of age. The children 
of Hercules were obliged to take refuge from 
Eurystheus (q. v.) with King Ceyx of Tra- 
chinla, and next with King Theseus of Athens. 
The latter helped them against Eurystheus, 
whom Hyllus killed, thus acquiring the cities 
of Peloponnesus ; but a pestilence came, and 
an oracle informed the Heraclidae they had 
taken Peloponnesus before the appointed time. 
They returned to Attica, where Hyllus married 
Iole. From an ambiguous oracle, Hyllus made 
a second attempt on the Peloponnesus, and 
challenged King Atreus of Mycenae, Eurys- 
theus's successor, to single combat ; and it 
was agreed that the victor should have undis- 
turbed possession : in the duel Hyllus was 
killed. A third unsuccessful attempt was 
made by his son Cleodseus, whose son Aris- 
tomachus was killed in the fourth equally un- 
successful attempt ; but the three sons of 
Aristomachus — Aristodemus, Temenus, and 
Cresphontes— encouraged by an oracle, in- 
vaded Peloponnesus from Doris by land and 
sea, gained some victories, and divided it 
among them, 1104 B.C., 120 years after Hyl- 
lus's first attempt. Aristodemus took Sparta, 
Temenus Argos, and Cresphontes Mycenae. 

Heraclitus, he-ra-cli'-tus. 1. A cele- 
brated philosopher of Ephesus, 510 B.C. He 
sought, like his predecessors, to reduce the 
universe to one principle or law, which he con- 
sidered to be yeveo-tg, the Becoming, or Change ; 
holding that everything was in a continual 
flux, that nothing was for two moments the 
same. He delivered his tenets in obscure 
apophthegms, devoted himself to study, and 
lived an unsocial life. He died of dropsy, aged 
60 : according to some, he was torn to pieces by 
dogs. 2. The A llegorist, an elegant writer of 
Halicarnassus, intimate with Callimachus. 

HeRjEA, hi-rce'-a {see Hybla, 3V 

Her^ei Montes, he-rce'-i mon'-tes, a range 
in Sicily, running south-east, and terminating 
in the promontory Pachynum. 

Herbita, her'-blt-a, an inland town of 
Sicily. 

Hercte, kerc'-te, a mountain overhanging 
Panormus, in the north of Sicily. 
Herculaneum, her-cu-lci'-ne-um, a town of 



Hercules 



Campania, was overwhelmed with Pompeii in 
an eruption of Vesuvius, 24th August, a.d. 79. 
It was discovered in 1720, and from the exca- 
vations many valuable antiquities have been 
recovered. 

Hercules, her'-cic-les, called He'racles by 
the Greeks, a celebrated hero deified after 
death, was son of Jupiter and Alcmena (q. v.), 
and was, by the artifice of Juno, subjected to 
King Eurystheus of Argos and Mycenae. He 
was reared at Tirynthus, or Thebes, and, at 
eight years, boldly crushed two serpents sent 
by Juno to kill him, while his brother Iphiclus 
(q. v.) alarmed the house with his shrieks. He 
was taught fighting by Castor, shooting by 
Eurytus, driving by Autolycus, singing by 
Eumolpus, and the lyre by Linus. At eighteen 
Hercules went to King Thespius of Thespis 
(by whose fifty daughters he became father of 
fifty children), to slay a lion which ravaged 
the district of Mount Cithaeron. After this 
success he delivered his country from an annual 
tribute of one hundred oxen to Erglnus (q. v.), 
whom he killed, and received in marriage the 
daughter of King Creon of Thebes. To check 
his rising fame, Eurystheus (q. v.) ordered him 
to appear at Mycenae, and imposed on him the 
famous Twelve Labours of Hercules; the 
hero refused, whereupon he was punished with 
Juno by mania, and murdered his children by 
Megara. On becoming sane, he retired into 
solitude ; but, being told by Apollo's oracle 
that he must be for twelve years subservient 
to Eurystheus and would be deified after 
achieving his labours, he went to Mycenae to 
perform them. Hercules received from Minerva 
a coat of arms and helmet, from Mercury a 
sword, from Neptune a horse, from Jupiter a 
shield, from Apollo a bow and arrows, and 
from Vulcan a golden cuirass and brazen bus- 
kins ; and he also bore a famous club of brass, 
or of wood cut by himself in the forest of 
Nemaea. Thus armed he performed these 
twelve labours — (1.) He killed the lion of 
Neincea (q. v.), at which Eurystheus was so 
astonished that he forbade Hercules entering 
within the city, and he made himself a brazen 
vessel to retire within for safety ; (2.) he killed 
the Lernaean Hydra (q.v.); (3.) he brought 
alive and unhurt to Eurystheus a stag, famous 
for swiftness, golden horns, and brazen feet, 
which haunted the neighbourhood of Ginoe : 
after a year he entrapped it, and appeased 
Diana, who was indignant at an animal sacred 
to her being molested ; (4. ) he brought alive to 
Eurystheus the wild boar which ravaged the 
district of Erymanthus, and in this expedition 
destroyed the Centauri (q. v.) ; (5.) he cleaned 
the stables of Auglas (q.v.); (6.) he killed 
the carnivorous birds of Lake Stymphalus 
(q. v.) ; (7.) he brought alive an enormous 
wild bull which laid waste Crete ; (8.) he ob- 
tained the flesh-eating_ mares of Diomedes 
(2, q. v.) ; (9.) he obtained the girdle of the 
Amazonian queen Hippolyte (q. v.) ; (10.) he 
killed the monster Geryon (q. v.) ; (11.) he 
obtained the golden apples of the Hesperidt$ 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



*37 



Herculeum 



(q. v.) ; (12.) he dragged on earth the three- 
headed dog Cerberus, having promised Pluto 
to employ no arms against the monster, and he 
again restored him to hell : Hercules had 
descended into Tartarus by a cave near Mount 
Tsenarus, and was also allowed to carry away 
his friends Theseus and Pirithous. Hercules 
also of his own accord performed some great 
achievements {see Cacus, Antceus, Busiris, 
Etyx, Atlas, Abyla, &c.) He accompanied 
the Argonauts before he delivered himself up 
toEurystheus, assisted the gods against the 
Gigantes (q. v.), conquered Laomedon (q. v.), 
and murdered Iphitus {<\.v .) in a fit of insanity. 
After being purified from this murder, he was 
visited by a disorder which obliged him to 
apply to Delphi ; and, from the boldness with 
which he was received by the PythTa, he re- 
solved to plunder the temple ; a conflict ensued 
with Apollo, which was ended by the inter- 
ference of Jupiter with his thunderbolts, and 
Hercules was informed by the oracle that he 
must be sold, and remain three years a slave to 
recover from his disorder. He complied, and 
Mercury, by Jupiter's order, conducted him to 
Queen Omphale of Lydia, who purchased 
him ; but, surprised at his exploits and grateful 
for his clearing the country from robbers, she 
set him free and married him. Hercules had 
by her Agelaus and Lamon (ancestor of 
Croesus), and, by one of her maids, Alceus. 
After the three years he returned to Pelopon- 
nesus and restored Tyndarus, who had been 
expelled by Hippocoon, to the Spartan throne ; 
and he married Deianlra after overcoming her 
other suitors {see Achelous). Having acci- 
dentally killed a man, he had to leave Calydon 
before the hunting of the boar, and retired to 
King Ceyx of Trachinla, who purified him of 
the homicide : and on the way, when crossing 
the Evenus, killed Nessus for insulting Deianira 
(q. v.). Hercules, to avenge his having been 
once refused the hand of Iole (q. v.), killed 
her father Eurytus and his three sons, and 
seized Iole, whom he took with him to Mount 
CEta, where he wished to raise an altar and 
offer sacrifice to Jupiter. He sent Lichas to 
Deianira for a proper dress for sacrifice, and 
she, to recall his affections to herself from Iole, 
sent him, as a philtre, the robe of Nessus, 
which she did not know was poisoned. As 
soon as Hercules put it on, he was attacked 
with incurable pains ; he implored the pro- 
tection of Jupiter, gave his bow to Philoctetes, 
erected a large funeral pile on Mount CEta, 
and calmly directed Philoctetes (or Paean, or 
Hyllus) to set it on fire when he had ascended 
it. Jupiter, with the approbation of the gods, 
suddenly surrounded the pile with smoke ; and 
Hercules, after his mortal parts were totally 
consumed, was carried up to heaven in a 
chariot drawn by four horses, amidst peals of 
thunder, and his friends raised an altar where 
the burning pile had stood. Mencetius sacri- 
ficed to him a bull, a wild boar, and goat, and 
ordered the people of Opus to annually observe 
the same ceremonies. His worship soon be- 



Hermione 



came general, and his temples were magnificent. 
The white poplar was sacred to him. Hercules 
is generallyrepresented naked, but occasionally 
covered with the skin of the Nemsean lion, and 
holding a knotted club in his hands, on which 
he often leans. At times he is crowned with 
poplar-leaves, and holds the horn of plenty 
under his arm ; and, at others, he is standing 
with Cupid, who breaks to pieces his arrows 
and his club, to intimate the power of love over 
the hero, who suffered himself to be beaten 
and ridiculed by Omphale, while she dressed 
herself in his armour and set him to spin with 
her handmaids. After being deified, Hercules 
was reconciled to Juno, who had persecuted 
him in life, and received from her Hebe in 
marriage. His offspring on earth, the Hera- 
clld(B (q. v.), conquered the Peloponnesus after 
various unsuccessful attempts. He was father 
of Deicoon and Therimachus by Megara ; Cte- 
sippus by Astydamia ; Palemon by Autonoe ; 
Everes \>y Parthenope ; Hyllus, Glycisonetes, 
Gyneus, and Odites by Deianira ; Tliessalus 
by Chalciope ; Thestalus by Epicastia ; Tle- 
polemus by Astyoche ; Agathyrsus, Gelon, 
and Scytha by Echidna, &c. Hercules was 
regarded by the ancients as the model of 
virtue and piety ; and " t lie choice of Hercules''' 
the preference of virtue to pleasure, as de- 
scribed by Xenophon, is well known. 

Herculeum, her-cul'-e-um. i. A promontory 
of the Bruttii, now Spariivento. 2. Fretum, 
fret'-um, the Straits of Gibraltar, between 
the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. 

Herculis, her'-cu-lis. 1. Columns, co~ 
lum'-na {see Abila). 2. Monae'ci Por'tus, a 
port of Liguria. 3. Labrd'nis, or Lifair'iii 
Por'tus, now Leghorn, a port of Etruria. 
4. Promonto'rium {see Herculeum, i). 5. hi'- 
siike, two isles near Sardinia. 6. Por'tus, a 
port of the Bruttii, on the west coast of Italy. 
7. Lii'cus, a wood in Germany sacred to Her- 
cules. 8. Or Scojubra'ria (from its tunnies, 
scombres), an islet off Spain. 

Hercynia, her-cy}i'-l-a, a great forest of 
Germany. 

Herilus, her'-i-lus, king of Prseneste, son 
of Feronia, had three lives, and was killed 
three times by Evander. 

Herm^e, her'-ma>, street statues of Mercury. 

Hermaphroditus, her-viafiti-ro-di'-tus, son 
of Venus and Mercury. The nymph Salmacis 
was enamoured of him, and, on her prayer, 
they were conjoined in one body, which still 
preserved the characteristics of both sexes. 

Hermes, her'-mes {see Mercurius). 

Hermione, her-mi'-o-ne. 1. Or Harmon'ia, 
daughter of Mars and Venus, married Cadmus. 
All the gods, except Juno, were at her nup- 
tials, and Vulcan gave her a necklace he had 
made, and (to avenge Venus's infidelity to him) 
a robe dyed in all sorts of crimes, which in- 
spired all her children with impiety. She was 
changed into a serpent with her husband, and 
placed in Elysium. 2. A daughter of Mene- 
laus and Helen, was married to Achilles' son 
Pyrrhus (Neoptolemus), whom she murdered 



I?S BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Hermus 



to marry Orestes, to whom she had been pre- 
viously attached. 3. A fishing town of Argolis, 
with a temple of Ceres. The descent to hell 
was considered so short there, that Charon's 
usual ferry-money was not placed in the mouth 
of the dead. The bay was called Hennion'icus 
Sin'us. 

Hermus, her'-fnus, a river near Sardis, re- 
ceived the Pactolus (q. v.) and Hyllus, and 
flowed to the ^Egean. 

Hernici, Zier'-tii-ci, a people of Latium, of 
Sabine origin, dwelt in the Apennines, between 
Lake Fucinus and the Trerus : their capital 
was Anagnia. 

Hero, he'-ro, a beautiful priestess of Venus 
at Sestus, was greatly enamoured of a youth of 
Abydos, Leander, who nightly swam across 
the Hellespont to visit her, while she directed 
his course by a torch on the top of a tower. 
One stormy night Leander was drowned, and 
Hero flung herself into the sea. 

Herod es, he-rd'-des. 1. The Great, or 
Ascdlonfta, supported Brutus, but went over 
to Antony, by whom he was made king of 
Judaea, 40 b. c. He was odious for his cruelties, 
and, on the day of his death, to check the 
rejoicings that event would cause, he confined 
the most illustrious of his subjects, who were 
to be murdered the moment he expired, 4 B.C. 
2. Antipas, an'-tz-pas, son of (1), was gover- 
nor of Galilsea. 3. Agrippa, a-grip'-pa, a Jew 
intimate with Caligula. 4. See Atticus (3). 

Herodianus, Jie-ro'-di-d'-nus, borp. at Alex- 
andria, was an officer under the Roman 
emperors, and wrote eight books on Roman 
history, from the death of M. Aurelius to 
Maximinus. He flourished a.d. 247. 

Herodotus, he-rod'-d-tus, a celebrated his- 
torian of Halicarnassus, son of Lyxes and 
Dryo, born 484 B.C., fled to Samos during the 
tyranny of Lygdamis, and travelled in Egypt, 
Italy, and Greece. He returned to Halicar- 
nassus, and expelled the tyrant. He left again, 
and settled at Thurii, in Italy. Herodotus 
recited his great work at the Olympic games, 
in his thirty-ninth year, 445, receiving such 
approval that the names of the Muses were at 
once bestowed on the nine books into which it 
is divided. This history is written in the Ionic 
dialect, and being the first important historical 
Greek composition, procured for him the name 
of The Father of History ; its theme is the 
wars of the Persians against the Greeks, from 
Cyrus to the battle of Mycale ; but it includes 
an account of the most celebrated nations in 
the world, geography, mythology, &c. He- 
rodotus also wrote a lost history of Assyria and 
Arabia. 

Heroes, he-rd'-es, those who were born of 
gods, or were deified for their great services to 
men ; as Hercules, Romulus, &c. The heroes 
described by Homer, as Ajax, Achilles, &c, 
were all of great strength, easily lifted and 
hurled huge stones, and alone scattered the 
masses of ordinary men. At their funeral anni- 
versaries, their great exploits were enumerated 
and offerings made. 



Hesperides 

Herse, her'-se, daughter of King Cecrops 
of Athens, was beloved by Mercury. He in- 
formed her sister Aglauros of his passion, to 
procure her aid. Aglauros was turned by him 
into a stone for betraying kis love, out of 
jealousy. Herse bore him Cephalus, and was 
deified after death. 

Hersilia, her-sif-l-a, one of the Sabine 
women carried off by Romulus, whom she 
married ; or, according to others, a Latin 
youth, Hostus, to whom she bore Hostus 
Hostilius. She received immortality from 
Juno, and was deified as flora. 

Heruli, Jier'-i'd-i, a barbarous nation in 
northern Europe, destroyed,under Odoacer, the 
Western empire, a.d. 476. 

Hesiodus, Jie-sV -d-dus , a celebrated poet 
of Ascra, in Bceotia, son of Dius and Pycimede, 
flourished 735 B.C. His extant poems are 
"Epya Kai 'H/jepai, Works and Days, onagri- 
culture, and containing also moral reflections ; 
TJteogonia, a miscellaneous account of the 
gods ; the Shield of Hercules, a fragment of a 
larger poem, supposed to give an account of 
the celebrated heroines of antiquity. He wrote 
others, now lost. Though destitute of the fire 
and sublimity of Homer, Hesiod was admired 
for elegance of diction and sweetness of rhythm. 
Virgil took the Works and Days of Hesiod 
as a model for his Georgics. Cicero has 
strongly commended him ; and the Greeks 
were so partial to him, that children had to 
commit to memory his poems. Hesiod was 
murdered by the sons of Ganyctor of Nanpac- 
tum, from the groundless suspicion of having 
offered violence to their sister, and his body 
was thrown into the sea, but discovered by his 
dog, and the murderers punished. 

Hesione, Jie-sV-o-ne (see Laomedon). 

Hesperia, hes-per'-i-a, 1. A name applied 
by the Greeks to Italy, and by the Ro?natts 
to Spain, from being westof them respectively 
(from Hesperus, the setting sun or evening, — 
the West). The Romans also spoke of Spain 
as ultima Hesperia, and Italy as Hesperia 
Magna. 2. A daughter of the Cebrenus. 

Hesperides, hes-per'-i-des, three (or four or 
seven) celebrated nymphs, daughters of Hes- 
perus, guarded the golden apples that were the 
present of Terra to Juno on her marriage with 
Jupiter, in a garden situated beyond the ocean 
(or at Hesperis, near Mount Atlas, in Africa), 
where fruits of the most delicious kinds 
abounded, and a sleepless dragon, Typhon's 
offspring, with 100 heads and 130 voices, kept 
watch. To obtain some of the apples formed 
the eleventh labour of Hercules, who was 
informed by the nymphs of the Po that the 
god Nereus (q. v.) could assist him. The hero 
seized Nereus when asleep, and made him 
answer his questions ; but, according to some, 
the god sent him to obtain the information 
from Prometheus. Hercules went to Africa, 
and demanded three of the apples from Atlas, 
who went in search of them while Hercules 
bore on his shoulders the heavens ; and Atlas, 
on his return, laid the apples on the ground, 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



139 



Hesperus 

while he assisted Hercules to change the 
position of the burden on his shoulders ; but 
Hercules artfully left the burden and seized 
the apples. According to others, Hercules 
killed the dragon, and obtained the apples 
without Atlas's aid. The Hesperides have 
been confounded with the Atlantides (q.v.) 

Hesperus, hes'-per-us. 1. Son of Iapetus, 
was brother of Atlas, and father of the Hesperi- 
des (q. v.) and of Hesperis, who bore the seven 
Atlantides to Atlas. 2. The planet Venus 
when the evening star (and called PJiospJwrtis 
or Lucifer when the morning star), son of 
Astrasus and Eos (Aurora), or Cephalus and 
Eos. 

Hestia, kes'-ti-a {see Vesta). 

Hesti^eotis, hcs'-ti-ce-d'-tis. x. The N.W. 
part of Thessaly. 2. A district in Euboea. 

Hibernia, hib-er'-nl-a, now Ireland, a 
large isle at the west of Britain, also known as 
Ibernia, Juverna, Ivernia, Hierua, Ierne, 
Iris, Ogygza. 

Hiempsal, hi-emp'-sal. 1. Son of Micipsa, 
was, after his father's death, murdered by 
Jugurtha, 118 B.C. 2. King of Numidia, was 
expelled by Domitius Ahenobarbus, but re- 
stored by Pompe}', 81 B.C. 

Hierocles/«-^-0-c/«(^6>Heliogabalus). 

Hieron, hi'-er-dn. 1. King of Syracuse 
after his brother Gelon, 478-467 B.C. ; patron- 
ized literature. 2. Hieron II., was elected 
king of Syracuse, 270 B.C., to carry on the 
war against the Carthaginians. After being 
defeated by the consul Appius Claudius, 264, 
and after being besieged in Syracuse, he made 
peace, 263, with the Romans, of whom he 
continued a faithful ally for the 59 years of his 
reign. He died 216, and was succeeded by 
Hieronymus. Hieron liberally patronized 
learning. 

Hieronymus, hi-e-rd'-nym-us. 1. Suc- 
ceeded King Hiero II. of Sicily, at the age of 
15, 216 B.C., and abjured the Roman alliance. 
He was assassinated for his cruelties 214, and 
all his family extirpated. 2. An Alhenian, 
set over the fleet while Conon went to the king 
of Persia. 3. A Christian writer, generally 
known as St. Jerome, wrote commentaries, 
polemical treatises, church history, &c. He 
died 420 a.d., aged 90. 

Hierosolyma, hi'-e-ro-sol'-y-tna, Jerusa- 
lem, the capital of Palestine, was taken and 
destroyed by the emperor Titus, 8th of Septem- 
ber, a.d. 70. 

Himera, hi'-mer-a. 1. Two rivers of Sicily, 
the one {Fiume de Termini) falling into the 
Tuscan sea east of Panormus, with a town 
Himera (built from Zancle, 648 B.C., and 
destroyed, 409, by Carthage) at its mouth ; and 
the other {Fiume Salsd) flowing south, and 
almost dividing Sicily into two parts. 2. 
Afterwards the Ezirotas (q. v.). 

Hipparchus, hip-par 1 -chus. 1. Succeeded 
his father Pisistratus, with his younger brother 
Hippias (2), 527 b.c, as tyrant of Athens. He 
was distinguished by fondness for literature 
and patronage of learned men. The seduction 



Hippolytus 

of a sister of Harmodlus led to a conspiracy, 
and Hipparchus was assassinated by Har- 
modhis and Aristoglton, 514 ; but Hippias 
held the tyranny for four years after. 2. A 
mathematician and astronomer of Nicaea, 
160 — 145 B.C. 

Hippias, hip'-pl-as. 1. A philosopher of Elis, 
maintained that Virtue consisted in avTapneia, 
Independence of others. 2. Son of Pisistratus, 
and joint tyrant of Athens with Hipparchus 
(q- v -)> 5 2 7 B.C., whose assassination, 514, he 
avenged by a severe rule, instead of their 
former leniency. The Delphic oracle, 
influenced by the AlcmaeonTdae, urged Sparta 
to expel him, and at length King Cleomenes 
advanced against Athens, and Hippias took 
refuge with Darius, 510. He accompanied the 
Persian monarch against Greece, and fell at 
Marathon, 490. He had five children by 
Callias's daughter Myrrhine. 

Hippo, hip'-po. 1. A city of Numidia. 2. 
A town of Hispania Tarraconensis. 3. A town 
of BruttTum. 4. A Carthaginian city, west of 
Utica. 

Hippocoon, hip-pod -o-on, son of CEbalus, 
expelled from Sparta his brother Tyndarus, for 
which Hercules killed him. He was at the 
Calydonian Hunt. 

Hippocrates, hip-pod -rii-tes, a celebrated 
physician of Cos, born 460 B.C., died 357. 

Hippocrene, hip-pd-cre'-ue {horse's founf), 
a fountain on Mount Helicon, in Bceotia, sacred 
to the Muses, rose from the ground when 
struck by Pegasus' s hoofs. 

Hippodame, hip-pod' -a-me, or Hip- 
podamia, hip'-pod-a-mi'-a. 1. The beautiful 
daughter of King CEnomaus, of Pisa in Elis, 
married Tantalus's son Pelops, who had bribed 
GEnomaus's charioteer Myrtilus to secure the 
victory in the chariot-race, of which her hand 
was the prize. The penalty for the unsuccessful 
was death, and, before Pelops came, thirteen 
suitors had forfeited their lives. Myrtilus gave 
a defective chariot to CEnomaus, who, 
enamoured of her himself, or afraid, from an 
oracle, lest he should perish by one of her 
children, entered the lists with Pelops, but lost 
the race and his life. Hippodame, who 
avenged her father by throwing M3'rtilus into 
the sea, bore Atreus and Thyestes to Pelops. 
2. Wife of Pirithous (q. v.). 

Hippolyte, hip-pol'-y-te. 1. Daughter of 
Mars, and queen of the Amazons, was taken 
prisoner by Hercules (for his ninth labour), 
who gave her girdle to Eurystheus, and herself 
in marriage to Theseus, to whom she bore 
Hippolytus. 2. Or Astyochl'a, the wife of 
Acastus (q. v.). 

Hippolytus, hip-pol'-y-ius, son of Theseus 
and Hippolyte (1), was famous for his virtues 
and misfortunes. He fled from his father, to 
whom his stepmother Phaedra had, to revenge 
his rejection of her passion, falsely accused 
him. On the shore his horses were frightened 
by the sea-calves (purposely sent there by Nep- 
tune), and ran among the rocks, where his 
chariot was broken and his body torn to piece* 



140 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Hippomenes 



Temples were raised to him, especially at 
Trcezene. According to some, Diana or iEscu- 
lapms restored him to life. 

Hippomenes, hip-pom' -e-nes (see Ata- 
lanta). 

Hipponax, hip-po'-nax, a Greek iambic poet 
of Ephesus, 546 — 520 b,c. 

Hippotas, hip'-po-tas. 1. The father of 
King jEolus {Hippdfddes). 2. See Cri- 
nisus. 

Hippothoon, hip-poth'-o-on, son of Nep- 
tune and Cercyon's daughter Alope, was ex- 
posed, but saved and placed on the throne of 
his grandfather by the friendship of Theseus. 

Hirpini, hir-pi'-ni, a Samnite tribe, dwelt 
in the south of Samnium, between Apulia, 
Lucania, and Campania: their capital was 
^Ecnlanuvz. 

Hirtius, A., hir'-tz-us, consul with Pansa, 
successfully besieged Antony in Mutina, but 
was killed in battle, 43 B.C. He was a his- 
torian, Caesar's friend and Cicero's pupil, and 
he wrote Book VIII. of Ccesar's Commen- 
taries and his history of the A lexandrian and 
African wars, 

Hispalis, his'-pd-lis, a town of Hispania 
Baetica. 

Hispania, his-pd'-7ii-a, called by the poets 
Iberia and Hesperia {Ultima), now Spam, a 
large country of Europe, separated from Gaul by 
the Pyrenees, and on every other side bounded 
by the sea. Its most ancient inhabitants were 
the Iberi, who, mixing with the immigrant 
Celts, formed the Celtiberi ; there were also 
other tribes of Iberi, who kept distinct, and 
A stores, Cautabri, Vacccei, &c. Hispania 
was first known to the merchants of Phoenicia, 
from whom it passed to the Carthaginians, and, 
at the end of the second Punic war, to the 
Romans, who divided it into Citer'ior or Tar- 
raconen'sis, the part bounded east by the 
Mediterranean, west by the ocean, north by 
the Pyrenees and Cantabrian sea, and south 
by the Iberus ; and U Iter 'tor, which part was 
subdivided by Augustus into Lusitania and 
Bcetica, the part south of the Iberus. Hispania 
was famous for its silver-mines, which em- 
ployed 40,000 workmen and daily yielded tbe 
Romans 20,000 drachms ; it gave birth to Quin- 
tilian, Lucan, Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, 
&c. Hispd'nus was applied to any native of 
Hispania, Hispd'nien'sis to any inhabitant not 
a native. 

HistIjEOTis, his'-ti-ce-o'-tis, a country of 
Thessaly, south of Mounts Olympus and Ossa, 
anciently Doris, from Deucalion's son Dorus, 
was inhabited by Pelasgi, who were expelled 
by the Cadmaeans, and these again by the 
Perrhaebi from HisticEa (or Talantia) a city in 
Eubcea, which they had just destroyed, and 
whose inhabitants they took with them to 
Thessaly. 

Histiseus, his-li-ce'-us. 1. Tyrant of Mi- 
letus, was rewarded with a district in Thrace 
for guarding the bridge of boats when Darius 
invaded Scythia, 513 B.C. ; Darius afterwards 
invited him to reside at Susa, really to watch 



Horatius 



him, as he suspected him of intending a revolt. 
Histiseus incited his kinsman Aristagoras to 
lead the Ionic revolt, 501, and Hictiseus in- 
duced Darius to send him to quell it ; Histiseus 
then joined the insurgents, but was seized and 
killed by Artaphernes. 2. A historian of 
Miletus. 

Homerus, ho-me'-rus, Homer, the cele- 
brated Greek epic poet, was the earliest of all 
the classical writers ; his exact date is un- 
known, being variously placed from 950 to 850 
B.C., and no less than seven cities contended 
for the honour of being his birthplace — 

Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Sdldinis, RhSdos, 
Argos, A thence, 
Orbis de pdtrid, certat, Homere, tiia. 
Of his life, as of Shakspeare's, little is known, 
and there is an absence of personality in his 
poems. There is a tradition that he was blind 
(which may have arisen from his name o^npoc' 
blind), and that he kept a school at Chios in 
the latter part of his life. He was called 
Mczon'ides vates, .from the tradition that his 
father was called Maeon. No doubt existed 
that Homer was the author of the Iliad and 
Odyssey until 1795, when Professor F. A. 
Wolf startled the literary world by declaring 
in his Prolegomena that these were not ori- 
ginally two complete poems but separate epic 
songs, which were first put together as two 
long poems by Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, 
who is commonly said to have collected and 
published the writings of Homer. The 
Iliad gives an account of the siege of Troy 
and the consequences of Achilles' wrath ; the 
Odyssey, evidently of later date, as if written 
in old age, depicts the wanderings of Ulysses 
after the fall of Troy. An epic burlesque, 
Bdtrdchom' yomdch'ia {Battle of Frogs and 
Mice), a satirical poem, Margl'tes, and Hymns 
were also ascribed by the ancients to Homer. _ 

Homole, hom'-o-le. 1. A lofty mountain 
of Thessaly. 2. A town of Magnesia, in 
Thessaly. 

Honorius, Flavius, ho-nd'-rl-us,fla'-vi- / us, 
Roman emperor of the West, succeeded his 
father Theodosius the Great, with his brother 
Arcadius, a.d. 395. Honorius assigned the 
empire of the East, with Constantinople as its 
capital, to his brother, while he assumed the 
Western division, fixing his residence at Rome. 
This partition of the great empire proved fatal 
to both parts, for they soon looked on one 
another with jealousy. Honorius was timid 
and indolent ; he died 423. 

Hora, ho'-ra {see Hersilia). 

HoRjE, ho'-rce, three daughters of Jupiter 
and Themis — Eundm'ia, Di'ce, Ire'ne — pre- 
sided, as the Seasons, over spring, summer, and 
winter, and were represented as opening the 
gates of Heaven and of Olympus. 

Horatius, ho-ra'-ti-us. 1. Q. Flaccus, 
flad-cus, the celebrated Roman lyric poet Ho- 
race, was born at Venusia, 8th Dec. , 65 b. c. He 
was the son of a freedman (a coactor, collector 
of taxes, or of purchase-money at auctions), 
who, though, of narrow means, liberally edu« 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



141 



Horta 



cated his son by giving him the best masters in 
Rome (one of them " the flogging Orbilius "), 
and afterwards sending him to study at the 
university of the ancient world, Athens, a fact 
which the poet has gratefully recorded. Ho- 
race followed Brutus from Athens, and has 
confessed his abandonment of arms at Philippi, 
42, and flight from the field ; he returned to 
Rome, where he diligently applied himself to 
cultivate his art, and supported himself by 
acting as clerk in the quaestor's office. He pro- 
cured the notice of Virgil and Varius, who in- 
troduced him to the emperor Augustus and 
the great patron of literature, Maecenas, 39 ; 
the latter became his patron and firm friend, 
and the poet was soon, by his patron's liberal- 
ity and his own literary labours, in easy cir- 
cumstances ; he lived as familiarly with his 
illustrious patrons as if in his own house, and 
the emperor, while sitting at his meals with 
Horace at his left and Virgil at his right, 
often joked at the short breath of the latter 
and the watery eyes of the former, Ego sum 
inter sitspl' ria et lac' ry mas. In his Epicurean- 
ism Horace liberally indulged his appetites ; 
but he made no use of his position to advance 
himself in wealth or honours, and even declined 
to become the secretary of Augustus. After a 
gay life in the liveliness and dissipation of the 
court, Horace died 17th Nov., 8 B.C., a little 
before or a little after the death of Maecenas. 
The poems of Horace, which consist of four 
books of Odes, one of Epodes, two of Epistles, 
two of Satires, a Carmen Sceculdre, and an 
Ars Poetica, are distinguished for their ele- 
gance of diction and sweetness of rhythm, but 
are marred by obtrusive indelicacies ; in his 
Odes he has successfully imitated Pindar and 
Anacreon ; his Satires and Epistles, full of 
wit and satirical humour, but with little poetry, 
and of a simple, unadorned style, differ little 
from prose ; his Art of Poetry displays much 
taste and judgment, and neatly expresses, in 
Latin hexameters, the precepts delivered in 
the Greek prose of Aristotle. 2. See Cocles. 
3. Horatii, three brave Romans, born at the 
same birth, were the champions of Rome 
against the three CuriatTi brothers, the cham- 
pions of Alba, in the war between Rome and 
Alba (but Livy confesses his ignorance as to 
which set of brothers represented Rome). Two 
of the Horatii were killed, when the third took 
to flight to separate his three antagonists, and 
was pursued by them, when he turned round, 
and killed them one by one as they came up. 
He returned victorious to Rome, and his sister 
Horatia, the betrothed of one of the dead 
Curiatii, reproached him with her lover's 
death ; on which he struck her dead : he was 
tried for murder, but for his great service ac- 
quitted. A similar combat is recorded of Cri- 
tolaus (1, q.v.) and his two brothers against 
the three sons of Demostratus of Pheneus. 4. 
M., consul 507 B.C., dedicated the temple of 
Jupiter Capitollnus. 

Horta, hor'-ta. 1. The old Italian (or 
Etruscan) goddess of gardens, was gradually 



Hydra 

superseded by Priapus. 2. Or Hortafnum, a 
town of Etruria, on the confluence of the Nar 
and Tiber. 

Hortensius, Q., hor-ten'-si-us. 1. A cele- 
brated Roman orator, born 114 B.C., distin- 
guished in the forum at the age of 19 ; his 
orations, now lost, were highly commended by 
Cicero and Quintilian, but his delivery was 
very affected. He was praetor 72, and consul 
69, and died 50. He was possessed of great 
wealth, which was speedily dissipated by his 
heirs. Cato Uticensis lent him his wife. 

2. Corbio, cor'-bl-o, the licentious grandson 
of (1). 

Hospes, hos'-pes (see Xenos). 

Hostus, Hostilius, hos'-tus, Jios-ti'-U-us. 
1. A Latin poet, temp. Julius Caesar, wrote a 
poem on the wars of Istria. 2. See Tullus 
Hostilius. 

Hunni, hun'-ni, a people of Sarmatia, in- 
vaded the Roman empire in the 4th century 
a.d., and settled in Pannoma (thence named 
Hungary] ; and, under their king Attlla, they 
devastated the Roman empire, 434—453. 

Hyacinthus, hy-a-ciu'-thus, son of Amyclas 
and Diomede, was loved by Apollo and Ze- 
phyrus. He slighted the latter, who, to punish 
his rival, one day, when Apollo and Hyacinthus 
played at quoits, blew the quoit of Apollo upon 
the head of Hyacinthus, who was killed. 
Apollo changed his blood into the flower hya- 
cinth (on the leaves of which appeared AI 
AI (woe, woe), or his initial, Y), and placed 
his body among the constellations ; and the 
Spartans instituted the festival Hyacinthia at 
Amyclae. 

Hyades (-um), hy'-d-des, five daughters of 
King Atlas of Mauretama, pined away at the 
death of their brother Hyas, and were made 
stars, and placed near Taurus ; and their 
rising and setting were supposed to be attended 
with much rain ; whence the name (uetv, to 
rain). Some regard the Hyades as daughters 
of Hyas and the Oceanid ^Ethra. 

Hyantes (-um), hy-an'-tes, old name for 
the Boeotians, from King Hyas. Cadmus is 
called Hy an' this. 

Hyas, hy'-as, son of Atlas and ^Ethra, was 
killed by a lioness whose whelps he had taken, 
or by a serpent, or a wild boar. (See Hyades.) 

Hybla, hyb'-la. 1. Afterwards Megara, a 
mountain of Sicily, with a town, Hybla, at its 
base, famous for its thyme, odoriferous flowers, 
and honey. 2. A town near Mount vEtna. 

3. Hercea, a town in the south of Sicily. 
Hydaspes, hy-das'-pes. 1. A river flowing 

past Susa, in Asia. 2. A tributary of the 
Indus. 

Hydra, hy'-dra, a celebrated monster, off- 
spring of Typhon and Echidna, had one 
hundred, or fifty, heads, one of which was no 
sooner cut off than two grew up, unless the 
wound was stopped by fire. It infested the 
neighbourhood of Lake Lerna, in Peloponnesus, 
and its destruction formed the second labour 
of Hercules, which he effected by the aid of 
Iolas, who applied a burning iron to thus 



142 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Hydruntum 



■wounds as soon as the hero cut off each head. 
Juno sent a sea-crab to bite the foot of Her- 
cules, who easily despatched it, and the goddess 
placed the crab among the constellations as 
Cancer. Hercules poisoned his arrows with 
the Hydra's blood. 

Hydruntum, hy-drun'-tum, or Hydrus, 
hy'-driis, now Otranto, a city of Calabria, 
50 miles south of Brundusiium, where King 
Pyrrhus, and afterwards Pompey's lieutenant 
Varro, meditated bridging over the Adriatic, 
60 miles across. 

Hyginus, C. Jul., hy-gt'-nus, grammarian, 
was a freedman of Augustus, and appointed 
librarian of the library on Mount Palatine. 
He wrote several treatises. 

Hyl^us, hy-laf-us, a centaur on Pholse, 
killed by Hercules, Atalanta, Theseus, or 
Bacchus. 

Hylas, hyV-ds, son of King Thiodamas, of 
Mysia, and Menedlce, was stolen by Hercules 
and snipped on the Argo for Colchis. When 
the Argonauts touched on the Mysian coast 
for water, Hylas, when he went with his pitcher 
for water, was carried off by the nymphs of 
the river Hylas, in Mysia, who were en- 
amoured of him ; and Hercules, disconsolate, 
abandoned the Argonautic expedition to go 
and seek him. 

Hyle, hyl'-e, a town of Bceotia, on the lake 
Hylice, hyl'-i-ce. 

Hylias, hyl'-i-as, a river of Bruttium. 

Hyllus, hyl'-lus. 1. See Heraclid^e. 2. 
Or Phryx, a river of Lydia. 

Hymen, hf-men, or Hymen^us, hy-me- 
nce'-us, the Greek god of marriage, was son of 
Bacchus and Venus, or of Apollo and a Muse. 
According to others, he was an Athenian youth 
of great beauty but ignoble birth, who married 
an Athenian woman of rank, and whose mar- 
riage proved so happy a one that his country- 
men instituted festivals in his honour, and 
invoked him at their nuptials as the Latins did 
Thalasslus, his absence from which was con- 
sidered fatal to the happiness of the union ; 
whence the guests ran about crying Hymen I 
Hymenceus ! Hymen was represented crowned 
with flowers, usually marjoram or roses, and 
holding a burning torch in one hand, and in the 
other a purple robe. 

Hymettus, hy-viet'-t7ts, a mountain of 
Attica, two miles from Athens, famous for its 
honey and marble, and a temple of Jupiter 
{Hymettius). 

Hypanis, hyp'-an-is. 1. The Bog, a tribu- 
tary of the Borysthenes. 2. A river of 
Pontus. 

Hypatia, hy-pa'-ti-a, a native of Alex- 
andria, celebrated for her beauty, virtues, and 
erudition, was assassinated a.d. 415. 

Hyperborei, hy'p-er-bor'-e-i, a nation in the 
northern parts of Europe and Asia. 

TLYPKRiVESyhy-pey-i-des, an Athenian orator 
killed by Antipater, 322 B.C. 

Hyperion, hpp-e-ri'-on. 1. Son of Coelus 
and Terra, begat Aurora, Sol, and Luna, by 
Thea. 2. The Sun. 



Iaziges 



Hypermnestra, hyp-er-mnes'-tra {see 
Danaides). 

Hypsipyle, hyp-sip' -y-le, queen of Lemnos, 
daughter of Thoas and Myrine. In her reign 
Venus, whose worship had been slighted, 
punished the Lemnian women with the infi- 
delity of their husbands, which they resented 
by killing all their male relations. Hypsipyle 
alone spared her father Thoas. The Argonauts 
afterwards visited the isle, to whom the widows 
bore a progeny ; and Hypsipyle bore twins to 
Jason. Hypsipyle was soon after expelled, 
and became nurse of Archemorus. 

Hyrcania, hyr-cd! -ni-a. 1. A mountainous 
country north of Parthia and west of Media. 
2. A town of Lydia. 

Hyria, hyr'-i-a. 1. A district of Boeotia 
near Aulis, with a lake, river, and town, 
Hyria, named from Hyrie, a woman made a 
fountain from her excessive weeping. 2. A 
town of Apulia. 

Hyrieus, hyr'-z-eus {see Orion). 

Hyrtacides, hyr-td'-cl-des, Nisus, or Hip- 
pocoon. from Hyrtacus, Nisus's father. 

Hystaspes, hyst-as'-pes, a noble Persian, 
of the Achsemenides family, son of Arsames 
and father of Darius I. {Hystaspes). Hys- 
taspes first introduced the doctrines of the 
Brachmanes into Persia. 



I 

Iacchus, l-ac'-chus. 1. Bacchus, from the 
shouting- (laxeiv) at his festivals. 2. A son of 
Ceres. 

Ialmenus, i-al' -men-us, a son of Mars and 
Astyoche. {See Ascalaphus.) 

Iambe, i-atn'-be, a maid of Metanira, who 
tried to dispel the grief of Ceres in her search 
for Proserpine by jests ; whence the name 
Iambic, first used for' satirical verses. 

Iapetus, i-dp'-e-tus, son of Ccelus (or Titan) 
and Terra, married Asia, or Clymene, who 
bore him the Iapetionid/z — Atlas, Menoetius, 
Prometheus, and Epimetheus. He was re- 
garded by the Greeks as the father of all 
mankind. 

Iapygia, i-a-pyg'-i-a, otherwise Messapia, 
Peucetia, or Salentinum, the old name for 
the district in the south of Italy between 
Tarentum and Brundusium. It was named 
from Iapyx, the son of Daedalus. 

Iarbas, i-ar'-bas {see Dido). 

Iasides, i-as'-i-des, patronymic of Pali- 
nurus and Jasus, as descendants of Jasius. 

Iasion, i-as'-i-dn, or Iasius, i-as'-i-ies, son 
of Jupiter and the Atlantid Electra, was king 
of part of Arcadia and husband of Ceres, by 
whom he had Philomelus, Plutus, Corybas, 
and a daughter Atalanta {Idsis). 

Iaziges, i-a'-zi-ges, a people on the Palu* 
Maeotis. 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Iberia 



Ieeria, i-be'-rl-a. 1. A country of Asia, 
between Colchis on the west and Albania on 
the east. 2. Ancient name of Spain, from the 
Iberus. 

Iberus, i-be'-rus, now Ebro, a river of Spain, 
flowing from Juliobrlga among the Cantabri, 
south-east, after a course of 450 miles, into the 
Mediterranean. 

Ibycus, t'-by-cus, a lyric poet of Rhegium, 
540 B.C., murdered by robbers. 

Icarium Mare, i-cdr'-l-uvi mdr'-e, the part 
of the iEgean near Myconus and Gyaros, 
named from Icarus (q. v.), who was washed 
ashore and buried on the isle Icdr'ia. 

Icarius, z-cdr'-z-us. 1. An Athenian, father 
of Erigone (q. v.). His dog Mcera found his 
murdered body. 2. A son of King CEbalus of 
Laconia, was father of Penelope {Icdris or 
Jcdrzotis). 

Icarus, z'-cdr-zes [see Djedalus). 

Iccius, id-cl-us, a lieutenant of Agrippa, in 
Sicily, ridiculed by Horace for abandoning 
philosophy and poetry for military employ- 
ments. 

Icelos, z'-cc-los {like), one of the sons of 
Somnus, changed himself into all sorts of 
animals. 

Icilius, z-cil'-z-zcs. 1. L., tribune of plebs, 
357 B.C., passed a law assigning Mount Aven- 
tine to the people to build houses on. 2. A 
tribune of plebs, 493 B.C., passed a law for- 
bidding any man opposing or interrupting a 
tribune while he was speaking in an assembly. 
3. Sp., tribune of plebs, 456 B.C. {See Vir- 
ginia.) 

Ida, i'-da, a lofty and wooded mountain 
range of Troas, named from a nymph of Crete, 
who removed to it. 2. A lofty mountain of 
Crete, where Jupiter was reared by the Cory- 
bantes {Idcei). 

Id^ea, z-dce'-a. 1. Cybele, from Mount Ida. 
2. A daughter of Dardanus, married Phineus 
(q. v.). 

Idalus, I'-ddl-us, a mountain of Cyprus. 
At its base is Iddl'ium, sacred, with its grove, 
to Venus {Iddl&d). 

Idas, z'-dds, son of Aphareus and Arene, 
famous for his bravery ; was among the Argo- 
nauts. He married Marpessa (q. v.), daughter 
of King Evenus of ^Etolia. He killed Castor 
for killing his brother Lynceus, and was him- 
self killed by Pollux. 

Idmon, id'-mon. 1. Son of Apollo and 
Asteria (or Cyrene), was the prophet of the 
Argonauts, and killed in Bithynia. 2. See 
Ahachne. 

Idomeneus, l-dom'-en-eus, succeeded his 
father Deucalion as king of Crete. He dis- 
tinguished himself at Troy. Idomeneus mi- 
grated to Calabria, where he founded a 
kingdom. 

Idothea, l-doth'-e-a. 1. A daughter of 
Proteus. 2. One of the nymphs who reared 
Jupiter. 

Ignatius, ig-nd'-ti-us, bishop of Antioch, 
was torn to pieces by lions in the amphitheatre 
at Rome, 107. 



1-0 



Iguvium, l-gilv'-z-zim, a town of UmbrTa. 
Ilba, il'-ba {see Ilua). 

Ilerda, z-le^-da, the capital of the Merge 1 tes, 
on the right bank of the Sicoris, in Spain. 

Ilia, z'-li-a, or Rhea Silvia, daughter of 
King Nunritor, of Alba, was consecrated by 
her uncle, the usurper Amullus (q. v.), to 
Vesta's service, which involved perpetual 
chastity ; but Mars became enamoured of Ilia, 
who bore him the twins Romulus (q. v.) and 
Remus. Ilia was buried alive by the usurper, 
near the Tiber, to the god of which, therefore, 
she was said to be married. 

Ilion, i-ll-on, or Ilium, i'-H-um (see 
Troja). 

Ilione, l-lz'-o-ne, the eldest daughter of 
Priam, married King Polymnestor of Thrace. 

Ilithyia, z-lz-thy'-z-a, the goddess of child- 
birth, identified with Juno Lucma or Diana. 

Illyricum, il-lyr'-z-cum, or Illyria, il-lyr'- 
l-a, a. country on the Adriatic, opposite Italy, 
whose boundaries varied at various times. It 
was subjugated by Rome, 168 B.C. 

Ilua, i-lii-a, or Ilba, now Elba, the isle of 
the Iliid'tes, between Italy and Corsica, rich 
in iron-mines. There was also a tribe in 
Liguria called Iludtes. 

Ilus, I'-lus. 1. Fourth king of Troy, son 
of Tros and Callirrhoe, married Adrastus's 
daughter Eurydice, who bore Themis (wife of 
Capys) and Laomedon (father of Priam) ; 
founded Ilion, and received from Jupiter the 
famous Palladium (q. v.). 2. See Ascanius. 

Imbros, im'-brds, an isle thirty-two miles 
off Samothrace, with a small river and town, 
Imbros. 

Inachi, z'-nd-chi, the Greeks, and par- 
ticularly the Argives, from King Inachus. 

Inachid^:, i-udc/i'-l-dcp, the descendants of 
King Inachus. 

Inachus, I'-nd-chus, son of Oceanus and 
Tethys, was father of Io {hidchis), Phoroneus, 
/Egialeus. He founded the kingdom of Argos, 
and gave his name to a river of Argos, of 
which he became the god. He died 1807 B.C. 

Inarime, l-zidr 1 -i-me , a volcanic isle off Cam- 
pania, with a mountain under which Jupiter 
confined Typhceus. 

India, in'-di-a, the ancient name for all the 
south-east of Asia. The ancients were but 
little acquainted with it. 

Indigetes, in-di'-ge-tes, national deified 
heroes, e.g., yEneas, Romulus, Hercules. 

Indus, in'-dzis. 1. A large river of Asia, 
flowing into the Indian Ocean by two mouths. 
2. A river of Caria. 

Inferum, iu'-fer-um {see Tyrrhenu m). 

Ino, i'-no {see Athamas and Leucothoe). 

Insubres, i?i' -sii-bres , the Gauls of Insub'- 
rta, a district in northern Cisalnine Gaul. 

Interamna, iu-ter-am'-ne*, a city of Um- 
bria. 

Interrex, in'-ter-rex, an occasional magis- 
trate at Rome, entrusted with the government 
during any vacancy of the throne or consul- 
ship. 

Io, l'-o, daughter of Inachus (or of lasus). 



144 



SEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Iolas 



called Phoronis, from her brother Phoroneus, 
was priestess of Juno at Argos. The goddess 
discovered the intrigues of Io with Jupiter, 
who, to deceive Juno, changed her into a 
beautiful heifer, which Juno succeeded in 
obtaining from him as a present. Juno set the 
hundred-eyed Argus to watch Io, but Mercury, 
by Jupiter's order, slew Argus and released 
her. Juno now sent an insect to persecute Io, 
who wandered over the earth and crossed the 
sea to Egypt, and, by the Nile, tormented by 
the insect, entreated Jupiter to restore her to 
her ancient form. After reassuming a woman's 
form, she bore Epaphus, and subsequently 
married King Telegonus of Egypt, or Osiris, 
and, from her mild reign, was deified as /sis. 

Iolas, i'-o-las, son of King Iphiclus of 
Thessaly, assisted Hercules to kill the Hydra 
(q. v.), and, at the hero's request, he was 
restored to youth by Hebe. Iolas afterwards 
helped the Heraclldae against Eurystheus, 
whom he slew. He settled in Sardinia, with 
Hercules' fifty sons by Thesplus's daughters, 
and at his monument in Bceotia lovers used to 
exchange vows. 

Iolchos, i-ol'-chos, a town of Magnesia. 

Iole, I'-d-le, daughter of King EurjHus of 
OEchalla, was promised by her father in mar- 
riage to whoever could shoot better than he. 
Hercules (q. v.) succeeded, and, being refused 
the reward, killed him. Hercules later took 
away Iole, and, to regain hisaffections,Deian!ra 
sent him the poisoned tunic, which destroyed 
him. By Hercules' command, his son Hyllus 
afterwards married 1 ole. 

Ion, i'-dn, son of Xuthus and Erechtheus's 
daughter Creusa, married Helice, daughter of 
King Selinus of ^Egiale, whom he succeeded, 
and built the city HelTce. He assisted Eu- 
molpus, and settled with his descendants, the 
Iones, t-d'-nes, near Eleusis. After this Ion 
passed to Ionia (q. v.), 1044 B.C., his people 
being expelled by the immigration of the 
Achseans. 

Ionia, t-o'-ni-a, a country of Asia Minor, 
bounded N. by iEolia, W. by the /Egean, S. 
by Caria, E. by Lydia and part of Caria. It was 
colonized by Ion (q. v.). It was a confederacy 
of twelve independent cities, — Priene, Miletus, 
Colophon, Clazomenag, Ephesus, Lebedos, 
Teos, Phocsea, Erythtrae, Smyrna, Samos, 
Chios. The confederacy had a common temple, 
Pamd'mMm. It was made tributary to Lydia 
by Crcesus, and next to Persia. The Ionic 
revolt, in which Sardis was burned, led to 
Xerxes' invasion of Greece. It was reduced 
under Rome by Sulla. 

Ionium Mare, i-o'-ui-um mar'-e, the part 
of the Mediterranean at the south of the 
Adriatic, between Sicily and Greece. 

Iphianassa, I'-phi-a-nas'-sa {see Prceti- 
des). 

Iphiclus, l-phic'-lus, 1. Son of Amphitryon 
and Alcmena (q. v.), and twin-brother of Her- 
cules. 2. A king of Phylace in Phthiotis, son 
of Phylacus and Clymene, was an Argonaut, 
and father of Podarce and Protesilaus {see 



Irenseus 



Melampus). 3. An Argonaut, son of King 
Thestius of Pleuron. 

_ Iphicrates, i-phic'-ra-tes, son of an Athe- 
nian shoemaker, rose to the highest offices, and 
warred with the Thracians, Spartans, and 
Egyptians ; married a daughter of King Cottys 
of Thrace, by whom he had Mnesteus. He 
died 380 B.C. 

Iphigenia, i'-pht-ge-nl'-a, daughter of Aga- 
memnon and Clytemnestra, was offered in 
sacrifice, in obedience to the soothsayer's advice, 
when the Greek fleet against Troy was de- 
tained by contrary winds at Aulis, by her 
father, to appease Diana, whom he had offended 
by killing a favourite stag. Agamemnon only 
consented when forced by the other generals, 
and Iphigenia Was obtained from her mother 
on pretence of being married to Achilles. Her 
entreaties at the altar were unavailing ; and 
Calchas was about to strike, when she dis- 
appeared, and a beautiful goat was found in 
her place, and the wind immediately changed. 
Iphigenia was borne by Diana in pity to 
Tauris, and made priestess of her temple, 
where all strangers were sacrificed. At length 
Pylades and her brother Orestes visited Tauris, 
and disclosed to Iphigenia that one of the 
human victims she was about to offer was her 
brother ; whereon she agreed with them to flee 
away and carry off the goddess's statue. They 
effected this, and killed Thoas, who enforced 
the human sacrifices. This statue of Diana 
was afterwards placed in the grove at Aricia. 

Iphis, I'-phis. t. Son of Alector and king 
of Argos. He advised Polynices to bribe 
Eriphyle with Harmonia's necklace. 2. A 
beautiful but ignoble youth of Salamis, killed 
himself for the coldness with which he was 
treated by Anaxarete, who was made a stone. 
3. A daughter of Ligdus and Telethusa of 
Crete. The mother was ordered by her hus- 
band to destroy the child if it proved a girl ; 
but, from Isis's commands in a dream, she 
spared her daughter, and passed her off as a 
boy under the name Iphis. Ligdus resolved 
to marry Iphis, when grown up, to Telestus's 
beautiful daughter Ianthe. When all means 
to avoid the marriage, without disclosing the 
secret, failed, Telethusa implored the aid of 
Isis, who changed Iphis into a man, and the 
marriage was celebrated. 

Iphitus, I'-phi-tus. 1. Son of King Eur^tus 
of CEchalla. After his sister Iole (q. v.) was 
refused to Hercules, Eurytus's oxen were 
stolen by Autolycus, and Hercules was sus- 
pected of the theft. Iphitus, being sent in 
search of them, gained the favour of Hercules, 
whom he met, by advising his father to give 
him Iole. Hercules assisted in finding the 
oxen ; but afterwards, recollecting Eurytus's 
ingratitude, killed Iphitus by throwing him 
down from the walls of Tirynthus. 2. A king 
of Elis, son of Praxonides, re-established the 
Olympic games, 884 B.C. 

Ipsus, ip'-sus, a place in Phrygia, scene of 
the defeat of Antigonus I., 301 B.C. 

Irenseus, l-re-nce'-us, disciple of Polycarp 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY 



145 



Iris 



and bishop of Lyons, suffered martyrdom 
202. 

Iris, I'-ris, daughter of Thaumas and the 
Oceanid Electra, was the messenger of the 
gods, especially of Juno, and she cut the 
thread which detained the soul in the body of 
the dying. She was the same as the rainbow, 
and therefore was represented, sitting behind 
Juno, with variegated wings. She is likewise 
described as supplying the clouds with water 
to deluge the world. 

Irus, i'-rus, a beggar of Ithaca. 

Is^eus, l-sce'-tis, an Athenian orator, born 
at Chalcis, in Eubcea, was pupil of Lyslas and 
preceptor of Demosthenes. 

Isauria, i-sau'-rl-a, a country of Asia 
Minor near Mount Taurus. Its warlike people 
were conquered by the Romans under P. Ser- 
villus Vatla (Isatt'rzcus), 75 B.C., but they 
continued piratical. Their capital was Isau'ra 
(-orum). 

Isis, I'-sis, a celebrated deity of the Egyp- 
tians, identified by some with Io (q. v.), deified 
for teaching agriculture in Egypt. She married 
her brother Osiris (q. v.). Their symbols were 
the ox and cow. As Isis was identified with 
the moon and Osiris with the sun, Isis was 
represented holding a globe in her hand, with 
a vessel full of ears of corn. The periodical 
inundations of the Nile were believed to pro- 
ceed from her tears for the loss of Osiris. Her 
worship was universal in Egypt : her priests 
were vowed to celibacy, their heads were closely 
shaved, they walked barefooted, clothed them- 
selves in linen garments, and abstained from 
onions, salt, and the flesh of sheep and swine ; 
and during the night they were employed in 
constant devotions by her statue. Her festivals, 
I'sia, having become very licentious, were 
forbidden by the Roman Senate, 58 B.C., but 
restored by the emperor Commodus. 

Ismarus, is'-md-rus, a rugged mountain of 
Thrace, covered with vines and olives, near 
the Hebrus, with a town, Ismarus. Ismar'ius 
is used for Thracian. 

Ismene, is-md-ne, a daughter of (Edipus. 

Ismenus, is-me'-mis, son of Apollo and the 
Nereid Melia, gave his name to the Lddon, a 
river of Bceotia, flowing past Thebes into the 
Asopus, and thence into the Eurlpus, where 
Apollo (Ismemus) had a temple. 

Isocrates, i-sod-rd-tes, a celebrated rheto- 
rician, son of Theodorus, a rich Athenian 
musical instrument maker, was taught by 
Gorgias and Prodicus. He opened a school 
of rhetoric at Athens, and distinguished him- 
self by the number, character, and fame of his 
pupils, and by the wealth he amassed by fees 
and presents. His intimacy with King Philip 
of Macedonia procured for Athens many years 
ot peace ; and the battle of Chaeronea so de- 
pressed him that he died four days after his 
country's downfall, 338 B.C. 

Issa, is'-sa. 1. An isle off Dalmatia. 2. 
A town of Illyrlcum. 3. See Amphissa (i). 

Issus, is'-sus, a town of CilicTa, famous for 
the defeat of Darius III. by Alexander the 



Ixion 



Great, 333 B.C., and the defeat of Niger by the 
emperor Severus, a.d. 194. 

Ister, is'-ter [see Danubius). 

Isthmia, isth'-mi-a, Greek national games, 
named from being celebrated on the Isthmus 
of Corinth, and instituted 1326 B.C. to com- 
memorate the burial of Melicerta (q. v.). After 
being for a time interrupted, they were rein- 
stituted by Theseus in honour of Neptune 
(Poseidon). They were celebrated every third 
or fifth year ; but, after the destruction of 
Corinth by the Romans, the Sicyonians con- 
ducted the celebration. Combats of every kind 
were exhibited, the prizes being crowns of pine 
leaves ; but later it was usual to give a crown 
of dry parsley. The Isthmian were next in 
importance to the Olympic games. 

Isthmus, isth'-mus, any isthmus, but chiefly 
applied to the Isthmus of Corinth, connecting 
Peloponnesus with northern Greece. 

Istria, id-tri-a, a district at the west of 
Illyrlcum, in the north of the Adriatic. Its 
people were piratical, and subjected to Rome 
only about 150 B.C. 

Italia, i-tal'-i-a, a country of central Eu- 
rope, bounded N. by the Alps, E. by the 
Adriatic, W. by the Tyrrhene Sea, S. by the 
Mediterranean. It resembles in conformation a 
man's leg, and was anciently known also as 
Sdtzimia, CEnotrla, Hesperia, A usonza, Tyr- 
rheiiia, and called Italia from an immigrant king 
I talus from Arcadia, oxixom'traXogivitulus), an 
ox. The country is traversed by the Apennines, 
which throw several arms east and west, and 
from which several streams descend. Its best 
ports are on the west side, so that Italy 
"looked west," as Greece, on the contrary, 
"looked east:" hence the first Roman de- 
velopment was westwards. The southern part 
was early colonized from Greece, and was 
therefore also known as Magna Graecia. Its 
districts were, — Etrurla, Umbria, Picenum, 
Sablni, Marsi,Vestini, Peligni, Marruclni, Fren- 
tani, Latlum, Campania, Samnlum, Apulia, 
Calabria, Lucanla, Bruttli ; they fell, one after 
another, before 280 B.C., under the dominion 
of Rome. The northern part of Italy was 
known as Gallia Cisalplna. 

Italica, l-tdl'-l-ca, the same as Corfimum. 

Ithaca, ith'-d-ca, a rocky isle, 25 miles in 
circumference, in the Ionian Sea, off Cephal- 
lenla, famous as Ulysses' home. 

Ithome, i-tho'-me, a town of Messenla. 

Itonus, t-td'-nus, son of Deucalion. 

Itys, i'-tys, son of King Tereus of Thrace 
and Procne (daughter of King Pandlon ot 
Athens), was, at six years, killed by his mother 
and served up in a dish to his father. Itys 
was made a pheasant, Procne a swallow, and 
Tereus an owl. {See Philomela.) 

Iulus, i-ii'-lus. 1. See Ascanius. 2. A 
son of Ascanius, was made high priest, ./Eneas 
Silvlus being preferred to him on the throne of 
Alba. 3. A son of M. Antony and Fulvia. 

Ixion, ix-i'-dn, king of Thessaly, son of 
Phlegas (or of Antion)and Amythaon's daughter 
Perimela, married Deioneus's daughter Dia, 



146 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Jambliehus 



for whom he promised his father-in-law a valu- 
able present ; but Deioneus had to use violence 
to gain it, and stole some of the horses of 
Ixion, who, concealing his resentment, invited 
Deioneus to his capital, Larissa, where he flung 
him into a pit full of combustibles. The 
neighbouring princes refused to purify him of 
the murder, and Jupiter, in pity, carried him 
up to the tables of the gods in heaven, where 
Ixion became enamoured of Juno. She in- 
formed Jupiter : and the god, having made a 
cloud in Juno's shape, Ixion embraced it 
(whence sprang the Centaurs). He was ban- 
ished from Olympus, and afterwards struck 
with the bolts of Jupiter, who ordered Mercury 
to tie him on a wheel in Tartarus, which per- 
petually revolved, so that his punishment 
should be eternal. 



J 

Jamblichus, jam'-bU-chus, a Greek writer 
on the life of Pythagoras, mysteries of the 
Egyptians, &c. He was a great favourite 
with the emperor Julian, and died a.d. 363. 

J aniculum, ja-nic'-u-lum, one of the seven 
hills of Rome, was joined to the city by Ancus 
Martius by the bridge Sublicius (on piles, 
snbUcce), across the Tiber, and fortified as a 
citadel. It was less inhabited than the other 
parts of the city from the grossness of the air, 
though from the top the eye had a com- 
manding view of the whole city. 

Janus, ja'-mis. 1. The double-faced god, 
son of Ccelus and Hecate, or of Apollo, born 
at Athens or in Thessaly, was the most ancient 
king in Italy : he founded a town on the Jani- 
culum, on the Tiber, and hospitably received 
Saturn, who was driven from heaven by his 
son Jupiter, and made him his colleague on 
the throne. Janus is represented as a young 
man with two faces, as acquainted with the 
past and the future, and on some statues with 
four heads, and sometimes with and sometimes 
without a beard. In religious ceremonies he 
was always the first invoked, because, as he 
presided over all gates and avenues, through 
him alone prayers could reach the immortals ; 
whence he often appears with a key in his 
right hand and a rod in his left ; at times he is 
represented holding the number 300 in one 
hand and 65 in the other, as presiding over the 
year, of which the first month bears his name ; 
he was also identified with Coelus, and called 
Eanus because of the revolution of the heavens ; 
he was called Cottsivhts, as presiding over 
generation ; Qui? inus or Martialis, as pre- 
siding over war ; and Patulcius and Clausltis, 
because the gates of his temples were open 
during war and closed in peace. Janus was 
chiefly worshipped among the Romans, who 
reared many temples to him, some to James 
Bifrons (two-faced), others to Janus Qitadri- 



J osephus 

frons (four-faced). The temples of Jama 
Quadrifro?is were built with four equal sides, 
with a door and three windows on each side ; 
the four doors were the emblems of the four 
seasons, and the three windows in each the 
three months in each season. 2. A street at 
Rome, near the temple of Janus, frequented 
by usurers, brokers, and booksellers. 

Jason, ja'-son, a celebrated hero, son of 
King ./Eson of Iolchos and Alcimede, the 
daughter of Cretheus and Tyro. Before her 
marriage with Cretheus, Tyro had born two 
sons, Pehas and Neleus, to Neptune ; and on 
King Cretheus's death Pelias usurped his 
throne, the lawful heir, iEson, being banished. 
Jason, having been removed from Pelias's 
power, and after being educated by the famous 
centaur Chiron in Thessaly, consulted an 
oracle, and was ordered to go to Iolchos 
covered with a leopard's skin and dressed as a 
Magnesian ; on his way he was stopped by the 
overflowing of the Evenus (or Enipeus), over 
which he was carried by Juno (as an old 
woman), but he lost one of his sandals ; the sin- 
gularity of his dress and fair complexion drew a 
crowd around him at Iolchos, and among them 
Pelias, who, having been warned by an oracle 
to beware of a man who should appear at 
Iolchos with one foot bare and the other shod, 
suspected his parentage, and was soon assured 
of the truth by Jason proceeding with some 
friends to the palace to demand the surrender 
of the throne. Pelias, fearing him, but un- 
willing to abdicate, promised to peacefully 
give up possession if Jason would go to 
Colchis and punish King ^Eetes for the murder 
of their common relation Phryxus and bring 
back the golden fleece. Jason readily under- 
took this famous expedition, an account of 
which is given under Argonauts. Jason re- 
turned to Thessaly with yEetes' daughter 
Medea (q.v.) as his wife, amid great festivities ; 
and Medea, by her sorcery, restored his aged 
father ^Eson to the vigour of, youth. Pelias 
(q.v.) wished to be similarly restored, but 
perished in the operation. To avoid the wrath 
of the populace, she and Jason fled to Corinth, 
where, ten years after, Jason deserted Medea 
for King Creon's daughter Creusa (q.v.). Jason 
lived an unsettled life after Creusa's murder by 
Medea, and was killed by a beam falling from 
the Argo ; but, according to others, Jason re- 
visited Colchis, seized the throne, and reigned 
in security. 

Jason id^e, ja-sbti'-i-dce, Thoas and Euneus, 
sons of Jason by Queen Hypsipyle. 

Jobates, job'-a-tes {see Bellerophon). 

Jocasta, jb-cas'-ia, or Epicaste, daughter 
of Menceceus, married King Lalus (q.v.) of 
Thebes, and bore (Edipus (q. v.), whom she 
afterwards, in ignorance, married ; on discover- 
ing her incest, she hanged herself in despair. 

Josephus, Flavius, jd-se'-phus, Jla'-vi-us, 
a celebrated Jew, born in Jerusalem, supported 
a siege of forty-seven days against Vespasian 
and Titus in a small town of Judsa. He sur- 
rendered to Vespasian, and afterwards was 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



147 



Jovianus 



present at the siege of Jerusalem with Titus, 
from whom he received the sacred books cap- 
tured, and by whom he was afterwards made a 
Roman citizen. At Rome Josephus devoted 
his time to study, and wrote the history of the 
wars of the Jews in Syriac and Greek, and 
twenty books on Jewish antiquities, an auto- 
biography, &c. He died a.d. ioo. 

Jovianus, Flavius Claudius, jov-i-a! -nus , 
fla'-vi-us claiS-dl-us, native of Pannonia, was 
elected Roman emperor on Julian's death by 
the soldiers, 363, and reigned seven months. 

Juba, jiib'-a. 1. King of Numidia and 
Mauretania, succeeded his father Hiempsal, 
and supported Pompey. He defeated Caesar's 
general Curio 49 B.C., and, after Pharsalla, he 
joined the Pompeians under Scipio, and, being 
abandoned by his subjects after Thapsus, 46, 
killed himself with Petreius. 2. Son of (1), 
was led captive in Caesar's triumph at Rome. 
In captivity he devoted himself to study, and 
was rewarded by Augustus, 30 B. c. , with the 
hand of Antony's daughter Cleopatra and the 
nominal sovereignty of what had been his 
father's kingdom. He wrote historical trea- 
tises, &c. 

JuD^A, ju-dce'-a, a country of Syria, 
bounded by Arabia, Egypt, Phenicia, and the 
Mediterranean. 

Judex, jii'-dex {see Qu^stor). 

Jugurtha, ju-gur'-tha, illegitimate son of 
Manastabal, was reared by his brother Mi- 
cipsa. He assisted Scipio at the siege of Nu- 
mantia, 134 B.C., where, by his bravery and 
activity, he rose in favour with the Romans. 
Micipsa left him the kingdom conjointly with 
his own sons, 118, but Jugurtha treacherously 
destroyed Hiempsal and expelled Adherbal, 
who fled to Rome ; but the bribes of Jugurtha 
prevented the senators assisting the suppliant 
refugee, who perished by the snares of Ju- 
gurtha, 112. At last, after the war had been 
disgracefully conducted by the Roman gene- 
rals, Csecillus Metellus was sent against Ju- 
gurtha, 106, whom, by his firmness, he soon 
compelled to flee to his savage neighbours, 
107. Marius succeeded Metellus, and carried 
on the Numidian war with equal success ; and 
Jugurtha was betrayed, 106, to Sulla, the lieu- 
tenant of Marius, by his father-in-law King 
Bocchus of Gaetulla, and, after maintaining a 
five years' war, was led in chains in the triumph 
at Rome, and imprisoned, where he died six 
days after, 104. 

Julia, ju'-U-a. 1. The beautiful and vir- 
tuous daughter of Julius Csesar and Cornelia, 
married Corn. Cseplo, whom her father 
obliged her to divorce to marry Pompey, to 
consolidate their friendship. She died in 
child-bed 53 B.C. 2. The mother of M. 
Antony. 3. The aunt of Julius Caesar and 
wife of Marius. 4. The beautiful, talented, but 
licentious daughter of the emperor Augustus, 
married Marcellus, and, after his death, 
Agrippa, to whom she bore five sons, and, in 
her second widowhood, Tiberius, who retired 
from the court from her debaucheries. Au- 



Julianus 



gustus banished her to a small isle off Cam- 
pania, where she was starved, a.d. 14, by 
order of Tiberius, who had become emperor. 
5. The daughter of (4) and Agrippa, married 
Lepldus, and was banished for her licentious- 
ness. 6. A daughter of Germanicus and Agrip- 
pina, born in Lesbos a.d. 17, at 16 married a 
senator, M. Vinuclus, and lived incestuously 
with her brother, the emperor Caligula, who 
banished her. She was recalled by Claudius ; 
but, after indulging her licentious propensities 
with the meanest as well as the courtiers, she 
was again banished by Messallna's intrigues 
and put to death, 41. 7. A daughter of the 
emperor Titus, debauched by her brother Do- 
mitian. 8. Or Domna, a Phenician lady, con- 
spicuous for mental and personal charms. She 
studied geometry, philosophy, &c, and came 
to Rome and made the acquaintance of the 
literati of the age. She married Septimlus 
Severus, who was, twenty years after, made 
emperor. When empress, she gave way to 
profligacy. 

Julianus, ju'-U-a'-mcs. 1. Son of Julianus 
Constantinus, generally spoken of as Julicui 
the Apostate, and brother of Constantinus (1), 
born a.d. 332, escaped the massacre which at- 
tended the elevation of the latter's sons, and 
was privately reared with his brother Gallus in 
Christian principles, but is said to have secretly 
cherished Paganism. At 24 Julian went to 
Athens, and devoted himself to the study of 
magic and astrology ; and he was afterwards 
designated Cczsar by the emperor Constans, 
and set over Gaul, when he distinguished him- 
self by prudence and valour in his numerous 
victories in Gaul and Germany, and by his 
mildness endeared himself to the troops, who, 
when Constans, jealous of his popularity, 
ordered him to send some of his forces to the 
East, mutinied, and by threats and entreaties 
compelled him to accept the imperial dignity ; 
and by the death, soon after, of Constans, he 
was left undisputed emperor, a.d. 361. Ju- 
lian then avowed his hostility to Christianity, 
disestablished the Church, and used all the 
power of the empire to propagate Paganism. 
This apostasy has been attributed to the 
austerity with which the principles of Chris- 
tianity were instilled into him, or to the con- 
versations and eloquence of the Athenian phi- 
losophers. After entering Constantinople, he 
continued the Persian war and set out against 
the barbarians, who retired before him, deso- 
lating the country. After crossing the Tigris, 
he burnt his fleet and advanced without oppo- 
sition ; but scarcity of provisions compelled 
him to retire from Assyria. J laving no fleet, 
he marched up to the sources of the Tigris, to 
imitate the Retreat of tJie Ten Thousatid 
Greeks, and defeated the officers of King 
Sapor, of Persia, but in another engagement 
was wounded leading a charge, and died the 
following night, 363, having spent his last 
hours conversing with a philosopher on the 
immortality of the soul. Julian was studious, 
frugal, virtuous, and merciful to his enemies. 



148 BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Juno 



He wrote Mlsopogon ("beard-hater," a satire 
on the follies and debaucheries of his enemies), 
a history of Gaul, sixty-four extant Epistles, 
and the Cczsars (a satire on the Roman em- 
perors from Julius Caesar to Constantine), in 
which he abuses M. Aurelius (whom he had 
set for a pattern to himself) and Constantine. 
2. See Didius. 

JuNO,ju'-nd, a celebrated goddess, queen of 
heaven, called Hera by the Greeks, daughter 
of Saturn and Ops, and sister of Jupiter, Pluto, 
Neptune, Vesta, Ceres, &c, was born at Argos 
(or Samos). She was devoured by Saturn (q. v. ), 
and restored to the world when Metis gave 
him a potion to make him vomit the stone he 
had swallowed instead of Jupiter. Her brother 
Jupiter was enamoured of her, and took the 
form of a cuckoo, which she sheltered in her 
bosom ; the god then assumed his proper 
form, and their nuptials were celebrated with 
great solemnity, all the deities, mankind, and 
the brute creation being present, Chelone alone 
having refused to come, for which she was 
made a tortoise by Mercury, and condemned 
to perpetual silence. By her marriage she 
became the queen of the gods. She was very 
severe to Jupiter's illegitimate offspring {see 
Alcmena, Ino, Athamas, Semele, &c). She 
bore to him Mars, Hebe, Ilithyia, and Vulcan. 
Indignant at his unfaithfulness, she retired to 
Euboea, but was reconciled through an artifice, 
by which he made her believe he was about to 
marry Asopus's daughter Plataea (in comme- 
moration of which the Boeotian Dcedala were 
instituted). To punish her for subsequent 
remonstrances Jupiter suspended her from 
heaven by a golden chain, and bound a heavy 
anvil to her feet ; and, for assisting her then, 
Vulcan (q.v.) was kicked out of Olympus. To 
avenge this treatment, Juno incited the gods to 
conspire against Jupiter's sovereignty, from 
which Thetis delivered him by bringing Bri- 
areus (q.v.) to his aid, and Apollo and Neptune 
were banished for joining her. Juno was very 
generally worshipped, and especially at Argos, 
Olympia, Samos, Carthage, and, later, Rome. 
Her sacrifices, offered with great solemnity, 
were generally an ewe lamb and a sow, on the 
ist of every month (but never a cow, as she 
had assumed that form when she fled to Egypt 
in the war with the Giants). The hawk, goose, 
and peacock {Junonia avis), were sacred to 
her ; and her favourite flowers were the dittany, 
poppy, and lily. The colour of the latter had 
been changed from purple to white by some of 
her milk having fallen on it when Jupiter put 
Hercules to her breast when she was asleep, 
and some of the milk also formed the Milky 
Way in the sky. Iris was especially her mes- 
senger, and she could hurl Jupiter's bolts. 
Juno was protectress of cleanliness, presided 
over marriage and childbirth, fidelity, and 
continence. She is represented crowned and 
enthroned, with a golden sceptre in her right 
hand, while peacocks stood by her, occasionally 
a cuckoo perched on her sceptre, and Iris dis- 
played the colours of the rainbow behind her ; 



Jupiter 



or she is borne in a chariot drawn through the 
air by peacocks. The Juno of the Romans 
{Matrdna, or Romana) was represented veiled 
as a matron from head to foot, and the consuls 
on entering office always offered her a solemn 
sacrifice. Her festivals at Rome were called 
Junona'lia, or Jmio'nia, and, by the Greeks, 
Herczfa. 

J u nones, ju-nd'-nes, the protecting genii 
{see Daemon) of the Roman women. 

Jupiter, jftf-pi-ter, called Zeus by the 
Greeks, the most powerful of the pagan gods, 
was son of Saturnus (q. v. ) and Ops, and saved 
from his father (who wished to devour him at 
birth) by Ops giving him a stone, wrapped up, 
to swallow instead (which he afterwards vomited 
up, with Juno, Metis having given him a 
potion). Jupiter was reared in a cave on 
Mount Ida, in Crete, on the milk of the goat 
Amalthsea, by nymphs, while the Corybantes 
drowned his infant cries with cymbals and 
drums, that Saturn might not discover him. 
When one year old, he warred with the Titans, 
who had imprisoned his father for bringing up 
male children. Saturn afterwards conspired 
against Jupiter, jealous of his rising power, 
was defeated, and had to flee to Latium, and 
Jupiter, now master of the world, divided his 
sovereignty with his brothers, assigning heaven 
to himself, the sea to Neptune, and the nether 
world to Pluto. The Giants soon troubled his 
reign, and, after their conquest by Hercules' 
aid, he gave himself up to the pursuit of pleasure. 
He married Juno (q. v.) ; he was enamoured 
of many {e.g., Danae, Antiope, Leda, Europa, 
^Eglna, Callisto, Alcmena, Niobe, LaodamTa, 
Pyrrha, Protogenla, Electra, Maia, Semele, 
Dione, Eurynome, Styx, Mnemosyne, &c). 
He was father of the Horae, the Parcae (who 
alone were exempt from his sovereignty), 
Venus, the Graces, Proserpine, the Muses, the 
Dioscuri, Hercules, Bacchus, Mars, Vulcan, 
Minerva (from his brain), Apollo, Diana, &c. 
His worship was universal, and he was iden- 
tified with the Ammon of the Africans, the 
Belus of Babylon, the Osiris of Egypt, &c. ; 
and he bore numerous surnames, — Feretrius, 
Eliclus, Capitollnus, Latialis, Sponsor, Her- 
ceios, Anxurus, Victor, Optmius Maximus, 
OlympTus, &c. His worship was more solemn 
than that of the other gods. His victims were 
goats, sheep, and wild bulls, and the oak was 
sacred to him for his having taught mankind 
to live on acorns. Jupiter is usually repre- 
sented with majestic mien and flowing beard, 
seated on a golden or ivory throne, holding in 
one hand the bolts to hurl, and in the other a 
cypress sceptre, while an eagle stands with 
expanded wings at his feet. At Olympia (q. v.) 
his statue bore a crown like olive branches, the 
mantle was variegated with different flowers, 
especially the lily, and the eagle was perched 
on the top of his sceptre. The Cretans repre- 
sented him without ears, to signify that the 
sovereign of the universe should be impartial ; 
and at Sparta he had four heads, to show the 
readiness with which he heard prayers from 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



149 



Jura 



every part of the earth. His most celebrated 
oracles were at DodSna and Ammon. 

Jura, jii'-ra, or Jurassus, ju-ras'-szcs, a 
lofty mountain-ridge, separated the Helvetii 
from the Sequani. 

JUSTINUS, M. JUNIANUS, JUS-tf '-tltCS , ju- 

m-d'-nus. 1. A Latin historian temp. Anto- 
ninus Pius, epitomized the history of Trogus 
Pompeius, on the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, 
Macedonian, and Roman periods. 2. Martyr, 
■mar^-tyr, a Greek Christian father, formerly a 
Platonic philosopher of Palestine, wrote apolo- 
gies, &c, and died in Egypt. 3. An emperor 
of the East for nine months, a.d. 526. 4. An 
emperor of the East, 526 — 564. 5. An emperor 
of the East, 564 — 577. 

Jvttj-kn a, jil-tur-na, sister of Turnus, was 
made immortal by Jupiter, who was enamoured 
of her, and she was made the fountain Juturna 
(near the Numlcus), whose waters were used 
in sacrifices (especially Vesta's), and had cura- 
tive powers. 

Juvenalis, Decimus Junius, jiiv-e-nd' -lis , 
de'-cim-us jii'-ni-tis, a poet, born at AquTnum, 
in Italy, early came to Rome, where he studied 
rhetoric. He devoted himself to the compo- 
sition of satires, of which sixteen are extant. 
In these he lashed the vices and the follies of 
the age ; but he has given such prominence to 
the description of the practice of the vices 
under the empire that some portions of his 
works must have been rather an incentive to 
than deterrent from their commission. After 
the death of Nero, whom, with his favourite 
the pantomimist Paris, he had bitterly satirized, 
he experienced the resentment of Paris, and, 
in his 80th year, was really exiled by being 
appointed by Domitian governor on the fron- 
tiers of Egypt. He returned to Rome after 
Paris's death, and died in Trajan's reign, 128. 

J uvent as, jii-ven' -tas [see Hebe). 

J uvern a, ju-ver'-na (see Hibernia). 



L 

Labdacus, lab'-dac-ns, son of Polydorus 
and Nycteis, daughter of King Nycteus of 
Thebes, was reared, on his parents' death, by 
Nycteus, who left him his kingdom, under the 
regency of his brother Lycus. Labdacus died 
soon after obtaining the throne, and left Lycus 
regent of his son Lams, the father of CEdipus. 

Labeatis, lab-e-d'-tis, a lake in DalmatTa, 
near which dwelt the Labedtes. 
^Laberius, J. Decimus, Id-ber'-i-tis, de'- 
cim-us, a Roman knight, a distinguished writer 
of mimes, was obliged by Julius Caesar to act 
one of his own characters, when he gratified 
his resentment at losing his knighthood by this 
in/amia, by hinting at Caesar's views on sove- 
reignty. 

Labici, la-ll'-ci, a town of Latium. 



Leelius 



Labyrinthus, ldb-y-rin' -th.7is , any structur 
whose numerous passages and intricate wind- 
ings rendered escape from it difficult and 
almost impracticable. The most famous build- 
ings of this kind were three : that thirty miles 
from Arsinoe (or Crocodllos), built by twelve 
kings as a tomb, and to commemorate the 
actions of their reign, which Herodotus has 
described ; that of Crete, constructed by 
Daedalus, and used as a prison for the Mino- 
taur : and that of Lemnos, described by Pliny 
as surpassing the others in grandeur and mag- 
nificence. 

LaceDjEMON, Id-ce-dcB '-mon. 1. Son of Ju- 
piter and Taygeta, daughter of Adas, married 
Eurotas's daughter Sparta, who bore Amyclas 
and Eurydice. He introduced the worship of 
the Charites into Laconia. From him the 
capital of Laconia was called Lacedaemon, or 
Sparta. 2. See Sparta. 

LACHESis,/«c/z'-<?-sz'.f(from Xaxeiv, allot), one 
of the Parcce, spun the thread of life. She was 
usually represented covered with a garment 
variegated with stars, and holding a spindle. 

Lacinia, la-ci'-ni-a, Juno, from her temple 
at Laci'nlum, a promontory (Capo chile Co- 
lonne) of Bruttium, south of Crotona (named 
from Ldci'nitis, a famous robber killed by 
Hercules). There was a famous statue of 
Helen, by Zeuxis, in the temple ; and on an 
altar near the door were ashes which the wind 
could not blow away. Q. Fulvius Flaccus was 
punished with intense remorse for taking 
away, when censor (174 B.C.), a piece of marble 
from the temple to finish that of Fortuna 
Equestris, at Rome. 

Laconia, Id-cd'-ni-a, a country in the south 
of Peloponnesus, bounded S. by the Mediter- 
ranean, E. Argolicus Sinus, N. Argolis and 
Arcadia, W. Messema. Its capital, Sparta, 
was spoken of as hollow Lacedcemon, as the 
country consisted of a vale running N. and S., 
and entirely enclosed, except on the south, by 
mountains. It was watered by the Eurotas. 
Its aborigines, Cynurians and Leleges, were 
expelled by the Achseans. Under the Hera- 
clldae the Dorians conquered the Peloponnesus, 
and expelled most of the Achaeans, but retained 
some of them as subjects, in the towns, under 
the name of Perioe'ci, and the soil was culti- 
vated by serfs, Heldtes, for the owners of the 
soil, the citizens of Sparta. 

Laconicus Sinus, ld-cd' -ni-cus sm'-ns, a bay 
in the south of Peloponnesus, received the 
waters of the Eurotas. 

Ladon, ld'-dd7i. 1. A river of Arcadia, 
falls into the Alpheus ; its god was husband of 
Stymphalis, and father of Daphne and Metope ; 
near it, Daphne was made a laurel and Syrinx 
a reed. 2. A river of Elis, falls into the 
Peneus. 3. See Ismenus. 4. The dragon 
which guarded the apples of the Hesperldes _ 

LEELIUS, Ice'-U-tts. 1. Accompanied Scipio 
Africanus the elder in his campaigns in Spain 
and Africa ; he attained the consulship 190 B.C. 
2. C, surnamed Sdp'ieus (wise), son of (1), 
born 185 B.C., was tribune of plebs 151, prsstor 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Laertes 



145, and consul 140. His friendship with 
Scipio Africanus the younger was so close that 
Cicero, in his LcbIuis, sive de Amicitia, has 
introduced him as explaining the real nature 
of friendship, with its attendant pleasures. His 
modesty, humanity, and patronage of literature 
and philosophy were as celebrated as his great- 
ness of mind and integrity as a statesman. 

Laertes, la-er'-tes, king of Ithaca, son of 
Acrislus, married Autolycus's daughter An- 
ticlea (q.v.), who bore Ulysses (Laerti'ades), 
who is also called the son of Sisyphus. He 
joined in the Calydonian Hunt and Argo- 
nautic expedition, and abdicated his throne for 
his reputed son Ulysses, at whose return from 
Troy he was found cultivating his garden. 

L/ESTRYgones, Ice-stry' -gon-es , a race of 
gigantic cannibals, governed by Lamus and 
Antiphates, attacked Ulysses, sank some of 
his ships and devoured their crews. They 
were later supposed to have inhabited the 
Lastrygou'ii cam'pi, the plains of Leontlum, 
in the east of Sicily ; and when the pro- 
montory Circeii was identified with the abode 
of Circe, the Lasstrygones were localized by 
the poets at Formiae ; whence Lcestrygon'ia is 
used as equivalent to Formld'na : some suppose 
that Lamus migrated thither with some of the 
Lsestrygones from Sicily. 

Lagus, Id'-gus, a Macedonian of obscure 
birth, married Meleager's daughter Arsinoe, 
who was pregnant by King Philip of a child, 
afterwards known as King Ptolemseus I. (q.v.) 
of Egypt. 

Lais, Id'-is. 1 A celebrated courtezan of 
Corinth, temp. Peloponnesian war. 2. A cele- 
brated courtezan, daughter of Alcibiades' mis- 
tress Timandra, was born at Hyccara, in Sicily, 
and in childhood removed to Corinth. She 
was prominent in the dissipations of that city, 
and at length was murdered in Venus's 
temple, out of jealousy, by the matrons, about 
340 B.C. 

Laius, la'-i-us, son of Labdacus, king of 
Thebes, was expelled by Amphlon and Zethus, 
for the indignities their mother Antiope (q.v.) 
had suffered, but restored. He married Mence- 
ceus' daughter Jocasta, who bore him a son, 
CEdlpus (Ldi'ddes). Warned by an oracle 
that his son should kill him, he caused him to 
be exposed ; but the child was saved, and 
when grown up, unwittingly killed Laius, 
whom he met on the road between Delphi and 
Daulis. [See CEdipus.) 

Lalage, lal'-a-ge {prattler). 1. One of Ho- 
race's mistresses. 2. A woman censured for 
cruelty. 

Lamia, lam'-z-a. 1. A town of Phthiotis, 
on the Achelous. The Lamian -war was that 
waged after Alexander's death, 323 B.C., by 
the confederate Greeks against Antipater, who, 
after his defeat by Leosthenes, was besieged 
in Lamia, and after some months evacuated it 
and gained the decisive victory of Cranon. _ 2. 
And Auxesia, aux-e'-sl-a, two Cretan deities, 
whose worship was the same as that at Eleusis. 
3. L, iEuus, a'-U-us, consul a.d. 3, was 



Laomedon 



intimate with Horace. 4. The son of (3), 
aided Cicero against the Catilinarians. 5. Or 
Empusa, a female phantom (see Lemures). 

Lampetia, lam-pet'-i-a. 1. Daughter of 
Apollo and Neaera ; with her sister Phaetusa 
guarded her father's fourteen flocks (seven 
herds of oxen and seven flocks of sheep, each 
containing fifty head) in Sicily when Ulysses 
arrived. Ulysses' companions, impelled by 
hunger, sacrilegiously carried some of them 
away ; for this sacrilege they were destroyed 
by a storm, and Ulysses alone escaped on a 
mast. 2. One of the Heliades. 

Lampsacus, lam'-psa-cus, a city of Mysia, 
on the Hellespont, at the north of Abydos, was 
originally Pityusa, and named Lampsacus by 
its Phocsean colonists, from Lampsace 
(daughter of King Mandron of Phrygia), who 
informed them of a conspiracy formed by the 
aborigines. It was the seat of Priapus's 
worship (whence Lampsd'chts is used for 
lezvd), and famous for its wines, a tribute of 
which was assigned by Xerxes to maintain the 
table of Themistocles. 

Lamus, lam' -its. 1. Son of Neptune, and 
king of the Laestrygones (q. v.), founded 
FormTae. From him the family Lamise were 
sprung. 2. King of Lydia, son of Hercules 
and Omphale. 

Langobardi, lan-go-bar'-di, a German 
tribe, migrated from the Albis, a.d. 568, to the 
north of Italy, Lombardy. 

Lanuvium, la-nuv'-i-um, a town of Latium, 
on part of the Alban mountain, had a famous 
temple of Juno Sospita. 

Laocoon, la-dd-o-dn, a Trojan, priest of 
Apollo Thymbraeus, opposed the admission of 
the wooden horse into Troy. While offering a . 
bull to Neptune, Laocoon and his sons were 
attacked by two serpents, which issued from 
the sea, and, coiling round them, crushed them 
to death. This is represented in the famous 
group in the Vatican, one of the few perfect 
remains of ancient art. 

Laodamia, Id'-o-dd-mV-a. 1. Daughter of 
Acastus and Astydamla, married King 
Iphiclus's son Protesilaus, who, after being 
killed at Troy, was brought back to her, at her 
prayer, by Mercury, from the lower world for 
three hours, and when he had again to 
descend, she expired. 2. A daughter of 
Bellerophon and King Jobates's daughter 
Achemone, bore Sarpedon to Jupiter. She 
hunted with Diana, who killed her for her 
pride. 

Laodicea, Id'-o-dt-ce'-a. 1. A city of 
PhrygTa, near the Lycus. 2. A city of 
Lycaonla. 3. A coast city of Syria, fifty 
miles south of Antioch. 4. A city of 
Coele- Syria, between Libanus and Anti- 
libanus. 

Laomedon, Id-om'-e-don, king of Troy, son 
of King Ilus, married the Scamander's daughter 
Strymo, who bore him Priam, Hesione, &c. 
In building Troy's walls he was aided, at 
Jupiter's order, by Apollo and Neptune (then 
in banishment from heaven), whom he refused 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



LapithsB 

their promised reward ; whereon Neptune sent 
a sea-monster to ravage Troas, and the Trojans 
had to deliver it annually a maiden, chosen by 
lot : when the lot fell on Hesione, Hercules 
delivered her by slaying the monster, 
Laomedon having promised him the horses 
given to Tros by Jupiter for Ganymedes. 
Laomedon again broke his word, was besieged 
by Hercules, and killed with all his family 
except Priam and Hesione, the former of whom 
was ransomed by the Trojans and made king, 
and the latter was married by the hero to his 
attendant Telamon. The visit of Paris to 
Greece (when he stole Helen) was due to his 
wishing to communicate with Hesione. 

Lapith^e, lap '-i-thce , the mythical descend- 
ants of Ldp'ithtis, the son of Apollo by Stilbe ; 
they were sprung from his sons, Phorbas and 
Periphas, by Eurynomus's daughter Orsinome, 
and dwelt in the mountains of Thessaly, under 
King Pirithous, who, as Ixlon's son, was half- 
brother of the Centaurs. At Pirithous's 
nuptials with Hippodamla, the intoxicated 
Centaurs who were present offered her and her 
maids violence, instigated by Mars, who was 
offended at not being invited. Shortly before 
this, peace had been concluded between them 
and Pirithous, after a war caused by their 
claiming a share of their father's kingdom ; the 
late hostile feelings were now re-awakened and 
aggravated ; a general fight took place, and 
the Centaurs were defeated. The Lapithse 
invented bits and bridles. 

Lar, lar, or Lars, lars (-tis), an Etruscan 
title, king, lord, or hero, applied to chiefs, as 
Porsenna, and Tolumnius : occasionally it was 
used as a Roman praenomen, e. g., by Lar 
Herminius, consul 448 B.C. 

Lara, lar'-a (see Larunda). 

Lares, lar'-es (-um or -lum), inferior gods of 
the Romans. They were either L. domestici, 
family gods, who were the Ma'nes, or shades 
of ancestors, deified, and presided over the 
house, and were worshipped at its centre, the 
hearth, the chief being . Lar fdmilidris, the 
founder of the family and its perpetual 
guardian ; or Lares picblici, the Lares of the 
Romans considered as one family, who were 
composed of Lares prastites, protectors of the 
whole city, and Lares compitdles, who presided 
over districts, determined by the compUa, or 
street crossings. Every great house contained 
a Ldra'rium, or compartment for the Lares. 
Food was offered them at meals, and on festi- 
vals ; and always in May they were adorned 
with wreaths, and incense was burnt to them, 
and a sow offered. They were spoken of as the 
offspring of Ldr'a, as were the Manes of 
Md'nia. (See Penates.) 

Larissa, la-ris'-sa. 1. A town on the 
Peneus, in Pelasgiotis. 2. A city of the Troad. 
3. A city of Assyria, on the Tigris. 4. A city 
of Lydia. 5. Phrico'nis or /Egyptia, a coast 
city of Mysia, near Cumas. 6. Cremas'te, a 
town of Phthiotis, near the Maliac gulf, had a 
famous temple of Jupiter (Larissceus), , There 
Perseus killed Acrisius, and Achilles was its king. 



Latona 



Larius, ld'-ri-m, a lake of Transpadane 
Gaul, through which the Addua flows to the 
Po. 

Larunda, la-rtm'-da, or Lara, lar'-a, a 
Naiad, daughter of the Almon, in Latium, 
revealed Jupiter's intrigue with Juturna to 
Juno, for which the god cut off her tongue and 
ordered Mercury to conduct her to the lower 
world ; but he fell in love with her on the way, 
and she bore him the Lares (q. v.). 

Larvae, lar'-vce (see Lemures). 

Lateranus Plautus, lat-e-rd'-nus plati'- 
tus, consul elect a.d. 65, conspired with Piso 
against Nero, and was beheaded. The present 
Lateran palace at Rome is still called after its 
ancient possessors. 

Latiaris, la-ti-a'-ris, Jupiter, as the pro- 
tecting god of the Latin states, was annually 
worshipped on the Alban mountain at the 
Ferlce Latlnce (q. v.); but see Latinus. 

Latinus, Id-tt'-nus, king of Latium, was 
son of Faunus and the nymph Marlca, and 
father, by Amata, of Lavinia (the betrothed of 
Turnus), whose marriage with ^Eneas caused 
the Rutulian war. According to some, Latinus 
was deified after death as Jupiter Latiaris, 
and became the god of the Latins, as Romulus 
(Qtdrimcs) among the Romans. 

Latium, lat'-i-tun, originally the district in 
Italy between the Tiber and the Numlcus, but 
afterwards denoted the large volcanic plain 
bounded N. by the Tiber from Etruria, W. by 
the Tyrrhene sea, S. by the Liris from Campania, 
E. by the Sabines and Samnites. The region 
was generally fertile, but the part between 
Circeii and Tarracina was flooded by the 
Nymphaeus, Ufens, and Amasenus, and 
formed the miasmatic Pomptine marsh, drained 
by Augustus's canal. The L dti'ni early formed 
a league of thirty cities, at the head of which 
was Alba, which was colonized by the Trojans, 
and destroyed by its own colony Rome, under 
King Tullus Hostilius, and after the Latin 
war, 340 B.C., the whole district became sub- 
ject to Rome. For the citizenship known as the 
Nomen Latinum, see Socn. 

Latmus, lat?-mtis, a mountain of Caria, 
near Miletus, south-east of the Lafmiats 
Sin'us. It was the scene of Diana's (Luna's) 
visits to Endymion (Latmius herds or 
vendtor). 

Latona, Id-td'-na, called Le'to by the 
Greeks, the beautiful daughter of the Titan 
Cceus and Phcebe, or of Saturn, became 
pregnant by Jupiter of Diana and Apollo. 
Juno in jealousy sent a serpent (Python) to 
torment her, and, driven from place to place by 
the goddess, who refused her a place on earth 
for her delivery, she was at last received on the 
floating isle Delos, then made immovable for 
her by Neptune, or bound by Jupiter with 
adamantine chains to the bottom of the sea, 
and she brought forth the twins there. Latona, 
still persecuted by Juno, afterwards visited 
Caria, where the peasants were made frogs by 
Jupiter for refusing her water. Niobe (q. v.) 
suffered severely for boasting herself more beau- 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



153 



Laurentum 



tiful than Latona, and the giant Tityus was 
killed for offering her violence. Latona was 
afterwards deified, and the seat of her worship 
was in the sacred Delos, and she had an oracle 
in Egypt. Apollo was called, from her, 
Letd'ua or Ldtd'his, and Diana Leto'ia, 
Letd'is, i,dtd'is, Ldto'e. 

Laurentum, laii-ren'-tum, the town of 
King Latlnus, in Latmm, between Ostla and 
Ardea. 

Laurium, lau'-ri-um, a mountain north of 
Sunlum, in Attica, famous for its rich silver- 
mines. 

Lausus, lau'-stis. 1. Son of King Numitor, 
was murdered by the usurper Amulius. 2. 
Son of King Mezentlus, of the Etruscan Caere, 
was killed by ./Eneas. 

Laverna, Id-ver'-na, the Roman goddess 
of thieves and knaves. 

Lavinia, la-vl'-ni-a (see ^Eneas). 

Leander, le-an'-der {see Hero}. 

Learchus, le-ar'-chus {see Athamas). 

Lebadea, leb-a-de'-a, a town of Bceotia, 
near Helicon, seat of Trophonius's oracle. 

Lebedus, leb'-e-dus, an Ionian city, on the 
coast of Lydia, between Colophon and Teos. 

Leda, le'-da, or Thestias, daughter of King 
Thestius and Eurythemis, married King Tyn- 
darus. Jupiter became enamoured of her 
while one day bathing in the Eurotas, and 
assumed the form of a swan, which, pursued 
by Venus in the form of an eagle, took refuge 
in the arms of Leda, who subsequently brought 
forth two eggs, from one of which came Pollux 
and Helena, and from the other Castor and 
Clytemnestra : Helena and Clytemnestra were 
reckoned Tyndarus's children, and the Dios- 
curi Jupiter's. 

Legio, le'-gt-o, a corps of soldiers in the 
Roman army, the numbers of which varied at 
various times. Under Romulus it consisted of 
300 horse and 3,000 foot, afterwards augmented 
to 4,000 when the Sabines were incorporated ; 
in the wars with Hannibal it varied from 4,000 
to 6,000. During the Republic two legions 
were usually, in peace, assigned each consul ; 
Augustus maintained from 23 to 25, Tiberius 
27, and the peace establishment of Hadrian 
was 30. Under the Empire there were special 
military centres where the legions were sta- 
tioned : in Hadrian's reign 3 garrisoned Bri- 
tain, 16 were on the Rhine and Danube (viz., 
2 in Lower and 3 in Upper Germany, 1 in No- 
ricum, 1 in Rhaetia, 3 in Mcesia, 4 in Pannonia, 
2 in Dacia), 8 on the Euphrates (2 in Cappa- 
docia and 6 in Syria), 1 in Egypt, 1 in Africa, 
and 1 in Spain ; and 20,000 troops, called city 
cohortes and praetorian guards (see Pr^tor- 
iani) garrisoned Rome, or were in its imme- 
diate vicinity. The legions were distinguished 
by numbers, according to the order in which 
they had been raised, Prima, Secunda, &c. , 
and, under the Empire, bore as a second title 
the name of the emperor by M'hom they were 
embodied (as Augusta, Claudidna, &c), and 
also a designation from their stations (as Bri- 
tannica, Gallica, &c), or the scenes of their 



Leonidas 



achievements (as Parthica, Arabica, Scythica, 
&c), or from their patron god (Minetvia, 
Apollindris, &c), or from some real or as- 
sumed characteristic (as Marti a, Rafiax, Ftd- 
mindtrix, Adjiitrix, &c). Each legion was 
divided into 10 cohortes, each cohors into 
3 manipuli, each manipulus into 2 centurice or 
ordhies [see Centuria, 2) ; and the chief 
officer of each legion was called the Legdtus, 
or lieutenant, of the general. The standards 
originally bore a wolf, in honour of Romulus, 
afterwards sometimes a hog (from its being 
sacrificed at the conclusion of a peace), and 
also a horse, till the time of Marius, when the 
Aqulla (an image, in silver, of an eagle, some- 
times holding a thunderbolt in its claws) be- 
came and continued the universal standard of 
the legions ; but Trajan also used a dragon. 

Leleges, lel'-e-ges, an ancient piratical race 
(sprung from a king Lel'ex of Megaris or 
Sparta), were the earliest immigrants to the 
Greek coasts and isles, and were regarded as 
the ancestors of the piratical Teleboans and 
Taphians. Miletus was called Lelege'ts as 
once peopled by them, and Megara Lelegela 
mcenia. 

Lemannus, Ze-mau'-tms,a\ake, now Geneva, 
formed by the Rhodanus, in the country of the 
Allobroges. 

Lemnos, lem'-nos, an JEgean volcanic isle 
between Athos and the Hellespont, sacred to 
Vulcan (Lem'mus pater), who fell there when 
kicked out of heaven. 

Lemures, lem'-u-res (-urn), the ghosts of 
the dead, were also called Larvce ; but, ac- 
cording to some, there were two classes of the 
Lemures, viz. , the Lares (or souls of the good, 
the deified Mdues) and the Larvce (the souls 
of the wicked). The Empu'sce or Lfan'icB 
were monstrous female spectres, which were 
believed to eat human beings. The Lemures 
wandered about at night to terrify the good 
and haunt and torment the wicked ; and to 
appease them a festival, Lemur'ta or Lemu- 
ra'lia, was celebrated in May (said to have 
been first instituted {Revucria) to appease 
Remus's manes by Romulus), when, during 
three nights, black beans were thrown on the 
graves or burned to emit an offensive smell, 
while magical words were uttered, and kettles 
and drums beaten, to drive away the ghosts. 

Len^eus, le-nce'-us, Bacchus, from his -wine- 
press : at his Lencea, a part of the Dionysla, 
besides the usual ceremonies, there were 
poetical contentions, &c. 

Lentulus, len'-tii-lus. 1. P. Cornelius 
Sura, cor-ne' -li-tcs su'-ra, was consul 71 B.C., 
and expelled for his infamous character frora 
the Senate 63. He joined the Catilinarians, 
and was strangled by the Senate's orders. 2. 
P. Cornelius Spinther, cor-ne' -li-us spiri- 
ther, when consul, 57 B.C., proposed Cicero's 
recall from exile. 3. L. Cornelius, Crus, 
cor-ne'-li-us, crtis, consul 49 B.C., supported 
Pompey, and was put to death in Egypt. 

Leonidas, le-d'-ni-das. 1. Son of King 
Anaxandrides, and of the Eurysthenidae family , 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



153 



Leontium 



suic'eeded his half-brother Cleomenes I. asking 
of Sparta, 491 B.C.. On Xerxes' invasion, 480, 
Leonidas led 300 Spartans and 4,700 other 
Greeks to defend the pass of Thermopylae, 
which he so successfully held that he thought he 
might with safety send back the 4,700, except 
the Thebans and Thespians ; but the Persians 
were led by a traitor, the Malian Ephialtes, 
through the Anopaea pass. When Leonidas 
learned of their approach, he advanced to at- 
tack them on the mountain, and was killed. 
Of the 300 Spartans, all perished save one, 
who was treated with insults and reproaches 
on his return to Sparta. Temples were raised 
to the fallen hero, and an annual festival in- 
stituted. 2. A king of Sparta, succeeded 
256 B.C. 

Leontium, le-on'-ti-um. 1. A celebrated 
courtezan of Athens, frequented the school of 
Epicurus, which gave rise to much scandal, 
and wrote a work on Epicureanism against 
Theophrastus, praised by Cicero for its pure 
and elegant Attic style. She bore a daughter, 
Danae, wife of Sophron. 2. Or Leontini, 
le-on-ti '-ni, a town north-west of Syracuse, five 
miles from the coast, colonized by Chalcidians 
from Naxos, 730 B.C. (See L^estrygones.) 

Leotychides, le-o-ty'-chi-des, son of Mena- 
res, of the Proclidae family, was king of Sparta 
491 — 469 B.C. ; he commanded the Greek fleet 
at the defeat of the Persians off Mycale, 479. 

Lepidus, lep'-i-dus. i.'M. ^Emilius, 
ce-mil'-i-us, was consul, 46 B.C., with 
Caesar, who set him over Narbonense Gaul 
and Hither Spain, 44. After Caesar's death 
he was made Pontifex Maximus in his room, 
and then set out for his provinces, Gaul and 
Spain, and when Antony took refuge with 
him, 43, he re-crossed the Alps with his troops, 
and was met by Octavianus (Augustus), 
when the three formed the famous Second 
Triumvirate. After Philippi, 42, Lepidus 
received Africa, from which he returned, 36, 
to aid Augustus in Sicily, against Sextus 
Pompey. Lepidus then attempted to appro- 
priate Sicily to himself, but was subdued, 
deposed, and placed in exile at Circeii ; he 
retained the office of Pontifex Maximus till his 
death, 13, when Augustus succeeded him. 2. 
M., the father of (1), was consul 78 B.C. ; 
attempted by force to annul Sulla's legisla- 
tion, but was subdued by Pompey and 
Catulus. 

_ Leptis, lepJ-tis. 1. Major, a Phenician 
city of North Africa, between the Syrtes. 2. 
Or Minor, a Phenician city on the coast of 
Byzaclum. 

Lerna, ler'-na, a district of Argolis, with a 
grove, and a lake into which the Danaides 
threw the heads of their husbands. Here 
Hercules killed the famous Hydra (q. v.). 

Lesbos, les'-bos, a large isle off Mysia. It 
was colonized by ^Eolians, who constituted it 
a Hexapolis — Mytilene, Methymna, Eresus, 
Fyrrha, Antissa, and Arisbe (the destruction 
of the latter by Methymna reduced the isle to 
a Pentapolis). The influence of the isle was 



Lex 



chiefly centred in Methymna and Mytilene. 
Lesbos was the original home of ^Eolian lyric 
poetry [Lesbotim carmen), for it produced 
Terpander, Alcaeus, Sappho, and Arlon^and 
was also noted as the birthplace of Pittacus, 
Hellanlcus, and Theophrastus. It produced 
excellent wines, and its people were cele- 
brated for skill in music, and the women for 
their beauty ; but from the debaucheries and 
dissipations of the place, Lesbian came to 
have an unenviable meaning. 

Lethe, le'-the {oblivion). 1. A river of 
hell, whose waters were drunk by the dis- 
embodied spirits after they had been confined 
a certain period in Tartarus, to make them 
forget the past. 2. A river of Africa, near 
the Syrtes. 3. A river of Boeotia, whose 
waters were drunk by those who consulted 
Trophonms's oracle. 

Leto (-us), le'-td {see Latona). 

Leucadia, leu-cad -t-a, an isle off West 
Acarnania, named from its white rocky hills ; 
was in Homer's time a peninsula, and peopled 
by the Teleboae and Leleges, till the Corin- 
thians, under Cypselus, 650 B.C., colonized it, 
and pierced the isthmus with a canal, which, 
having been choked up, was re-opened by the 
Romans, and still exists ; at its south end 
was the famous promontory Leucas, or Leu- 
cdtds whence disconsolate lovers used to 
fling themselves down, and on which was the 
temple of Apollo (Leucdd'tus). 

Leuce, leu'-ce, a triangular isle in the 
Euxine, between the mouths of the Danube 
and the Borysthenes. {See Elysium.) 

Leuci, leu'-ci, a people of Gallia Belgica. 

Leucippides, lezi-cip'-pi-des, the daughters 
of Leucippus (1). 

Leucippus, leu-cip'-pus. 1. Son of Peri- 
eres, and brother of King Tyndarus, was 
father of Phcebe and Hilaira (the Leucip'pi- 
des), who were carried off by the Dioscuri 
when about to be married to their cousins 
Idas and Lynceus. 2. A Greek philosopher 
of Abdera, flourished a little before Demo- 
critus, by whom his Atomic Theory was de- 
veloped. 

Leucopetra, leu-cop' -e-tra. 1. A town in 
the south-west of Bruttmm. 2. A place on 
the isthmus of Corinth, where the consul 
Mummius defeated the confederate Greeks. 

Leucophrys, leu'-co-phrys, a city of Caria, 
where was a hot-water lake and a famous 
temple of Diana (Leucophry' nd). 

Leucothoe, leu-coth! -o-e , or Leucothea, 
leu-cotk'-e-a. 1. A sea goddess, transformed 
from Athamas's wife Ind (q. v.); she was 
called Mater Mdtuta by the Romans, and in- 
voked by the women to protect their brothers' 
children, and all female slaves were excluded 
from her temple. 2. An islet near Capreae, 
in the Tyrrhene sea. 

Leuctra (-orum), leud-tra, a village of 
Boeotia, between Plataea and Thespiae, 
scene of Epaminondas's defeat of the Spartans, 

37 1 B - c - 
Lex (see Rogatio). 



154 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Lib anus 



Lib an us, lib'-an-us, a mountain-range 
separating Phoenicia from Coele-Syria, and 
formerly noted for cedars. The east range is 
called A ntilib'anus. 

Liber, li'-ber, an old Italian god, identified 
with Bacchus, presided over vine-culture and 
the fertility of the fields, with Libera, iden- 
tified with Proserpine. For Liberalia, see 
Dionysia. 

Libertus, U-ber'-tus [see Servi). 

Libethrides, U-be'-thri-des, the Muses, 
from Libe'thrlus, a part of Helicon, or Libe'- 
thrum, a town of Pieria, sacred to them. 

Libitina, llb-i-ti'-na, the old Italian god- 
dess of funerals, and, later, of death ; was by 
the poets identified with Proserpine. 

Liburnia, li-bur'-ni-a, a coast district of 
Illyricum, divided from Dalmatia by the 
Titius, and from Istria by the Arsia. The 
inhabitants were skilful seamen. 

Libya, libf-y-a. i. Daughter of Epaphus 
and Cassiopea, bore Agenor and Belus to 
Neptune. 2. Africa generally, but strictly 
the part bounded east by Egypt and west by 
the region of the modern Tripoli. 

Lichas, li'-chas, a servant of Hercules, 
brought him the poisoned tunic from Deianira, 
and was hurled by him into the sea, when the 
gods changed him into a rock ; and the three 
islets, Lich'ades, off Cseneum in Eubcea, were 
named from him. 

Licinius, ltchi'-l-us. 1. C, Calvus 
Stolo, cal'-vus stbl'-o, tribune of the plebs, 

^76 — 367 B.C., maintained, with his colleague 
1. Sextlus, the plebeian struggle for equality, 
and succeeded in practically concluding it 
by passing, after ten years' agitation, the 
Licinian laws, which (1) abolished consular 
tribunes, and enacted that one of the consuls 
should be a plebeian ; (2) restricted each citizen 
to not more than 500 jugera (about 260 English 
acres) of public land, and to feeding on the 
commons not more than 100 head of large and 
500 of small cattle ; (3) regulated the relations 
of debtor and creditor, and (4) entrusted the 
Sibylline books to Decemviri, of whom half 
were to be plebeians. He was said to have 
been urged to insist on the consulship being 
thrown open to the plebeians by his wife, from 
her envy of the superior dignity of her sister, 
who had married a patrician who attained to 
the consulship. Licinius was consul 364 and 
361, and was later fined for having broken the 
second of his own laws. 2. C, Macer, ma'-cer, 
an orator and annalist, killed himself when con- 
demned for extortion on the impeachment of 
the prsetor Cicero, 66 B.C. 3. C, Macer 
Calvus, mal-cer cal'-vus, son of (2), a cele- 
brated orator and poet, commended by 
Catullus, Propertius, Ovid, and Quintilian ; 
was born about 82 B.C., and died in his 35th 
year. 4. C. Flavius Valerian us, fla'-vi-us 
va-ie->'-i-a'-mts, son of a Dalmatian peasant, 
distinguished himself in the army, and was 
raised by his former comrade Galerius to a 
share on the Roman throne, a.d. 307, and 
assigned the dominion of the East ; he defeated 



Livia 



Maximums II., 314, but was himself defeated 
by his own father-in-law, Constantine, 31c... bv 
whom he was deposed, 323, and strangled Ot 
Thessalonica, 324. 

Ligea, li-ge'-a, one of the Nereides. 

Liger, U'-ger, or Ligeris, Ug'-er-is, rum 
Loire, a river of Gaul, flowing from Mount 
Cevenna into the Atlantic. 

Liguria, U-gur'-i-a, a district of W. Italy, 
bounded S. by the Ligus 1 ticum mare (now 
Gulf of Genoa), S.E. the Macra from Etruria, 
N. the Po, W. the Varus and Ligus'tlcce or 
Marltlmae Alpes from Gallia Ulterior, was 
inhabited by the various tribes of the Li'gicres 
(Greek Lig'yes and Ligysti'ni), Oxybii, 
Deciates. The Ligurians were short, thick-set 
men, and proved valuable mercenaries of the 
Carthaginians, and they maintained a fierce 
struggle with Rome for their independence. 
Their capital was the commercial town of 
Genua. 

LilybjEUM, lil-y-bce'-um, a seaport town and 
promontory on W. of Sicily, near the Agates. 

Limyra, lim'-y-ra, a town in the S.E. of 
Lycia, at the mouth of the Lim'yrus. 

Lindus, lin'-dus, a Dorian city on S.E. of 
Rhodes, had a temple of Minerva. 

Lingones, lin'-go-nes, a people of Gallia 
Belgica, sent a branch to settle with the Boii 
near Ravenna. 

Linternum, lin-ier'-nitM, a town of Cam- 
pania at the mouth of the Clanis, which flows 
through the fen, Lintema Palus, on its N . 

Linus, lin'-tts, son of Apollo and Psam- 
mathe (or Calliope), born at Argos, was exposed 
and torn to pieces by dogs, and his mother 
Psammathe, having betrayed to her father, King 
Crotopus, her misfortune, was put to death by 
him. Apollo thereupon visited Argos with a 
plague, which was stayed by dirges (called 
lint) and sacrifices. This Linus is also con- 
founded with another born at Thebes, and son 
of Ismenus, or of Mercury and Urania, who 
taught Hercules music, ancLwas killed by him 
in a passion, or was killed by Apollo, whom he 
challenged to a musical contest. 

Lipara, lip'-a-ra [see SLo\am). 

Liriope, li-ri'-d-pe, the mother of Narcissus. 

Liris, li'-ris, anciently Clan'is, a sluggish 
river, separating Campania from Latlum, flows 
from the Apennines, W. of Lake Fuclnus, into 
the Caietan Gulf near Minturnae. 

Liternum, li-ter'-mtm {see Linternum). 

Li vi a, ll'-vi-a. 1. Sister of tribune M. 
Livius Drusus, married Porclus Cato, and 
bore him Cato (Uticensis) ; to her second 
husband, Q. Servillus Casplo, she bore 
Servilla, mother of Caesar's murderer, M. 
Brutus. 2. Drusilla, dru-sil'-la, daughter 
of Livius Drusus Claudlanus, married Tiberius 
Claudius Nero. Augustus made him di- 
vorce her, 38 B.C. She was at the time 
pregnant by Nero, and bore him, after her 
marriage to Augustus, Tiberius ^afterwards 
emperor), and Drusus Germanlcus. These were 
adopted by Augustus, over whom she had 
great influence ; she endeavoured to retain her 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



fVN -»"■-— - 

Livius 



influence over his successor, her son Tiberius, 
but his gloomy, jealous temper proved a bar; 
she died a.d. 29, aged 84, and Tiberius 
neglected her funeral, and restrained public 
and private honours. 3. Or Livilla, daughter 
of Drusus and Antonia, married Drusus 
(Tiberius's son), whom she poisoned at 
Sejanus's instigation, a.d. 23. 

Livius, Andronicus, li'-vi-us an-dro-ni'-cus, 
the earliest Roman poet, 240 B.C., was a Greek, 
and the freedman of M. Livius Salinator, 
whose children he educated ; he first turned 
the Fescennine verses into a regular dialogue 
and dramatic play ; he wrote Latin comedies 
and tragedies, but his poetry was obsolete in 
Cicero's time : he took part in the acting of 
his plays. 2. M., Salinator, sd-li-nd'-tor, 
Consul 219 B.C., conducted, with TEmilius 
Paulus, the Illyrian war, and with him was 
condemned for unfair division of the booty. 
He was again Consul 207, with C. Claudius 
Nero, when he defeated Hasdrubal at the 
Metaurus. From imposing, when censor, an 
obnoxious tax on salt, he was nicknamed 
Salinator, which was adopted as a cognomen 
by his descendants. 3. Titus, tit'-us, the 
famous historian, born at Padua, 59 B.C., 
passed the most of his life at Augustus's court 
in Rome or at Naples, and in old age returned 
to Padua, where he died, a.d 17, on the same 
day as Ovid. He was liberally patronized by 
Augustus, and his fame was so spread in his 
lifetime that an inhabitant of Gades traversed 
Spain, Gaul, and Italy to gratify his curiosity 
with beholding him. Livius wrote the History 
of Rome from its foundation to Drusus's death, 
9 B.C., in 142 books, of all of which, excepting 
two, Epitomes are extant ; but of the original 
books only thirty-five, viz. , I. — X. (Foundation 
to 294 b.c.) and XXL— XLV. (219 — 167 B.C.), 
and some small fragments of the remaining 
107 are extant. His style is clear, laboured 
without affectation, diffuse without tediousness, 
and argumentative without pedantry ; but he 
wanted one essential of a great historian, 
impartiality, capability of throwing himself 
into the period he is describing, and divesting 
himself of the ideas peculiar to another. His 
facts are frequently, from carelessness in re- 
search, or design, coloured to gratify his coun- 
trymen's vanity, and he took little pains to 
consult even such original documents, on the 
remoter period, as lay within his reach. 4. 
See Drusus. 

Locri, lod-ri. 1. The inhabitants of Locris, 
the name of two districts in Greece ; viz., 
Eastern Locris, the fertile region on the east 
of Doris and Phocis, and running along the 
coast from Thessaly and Thermopylae to Boeo- 
tia, inhabited in its N. by the Locri Epicne- 
Midii, ep ' -i-cne-mid '-i-i (named from Mount 
Cnemis, and long subject to the Phocians), 
with the bay of MalTa on the E., and QLta on 
the N., who alone of the Locri sent deputies to 
the Amphictyonic Council ; and in its S. by 
the Locri Opuntii, c-pun'-ti-i, named from 
their capital, Op'iis, and separated from the 



Lucanus 



Epicnemidii by Daphnus, a small territory 
once held by the Phocians ; and Western 
Locris, the mountainous region inhabited by 
the predatorv Locri Ozol>e, oz'-oI-ce, bounded 
S. by the Corinthian Gulf, W. iEtolia, N. 
Doris, E. Phocis. Its capital was Amphissa. 
2. Epizephyrii, ep'-i-ze-phyr'-i-i (ie. on the 
west of Greece, or from its being close to and 
S. of the promontory ZephyrTum), a Greek 
colony S.E. of Bruttmm, in Italy, founded 
683 B.C., by the Locri Opuntii. It was also 
called Narfcia, from its inhabitants regarding 
themselves as descendants of Ajax Oileus, who 
was born in Naryx. It was famous for a 
neighbouring temple of Proserpine, and for 
Zaleucus's legislation, 660 B.C. 

Locusta, lo-cus'-ta, an infamous woman at 
Rome, in favour with Nero, poisoned Claudius 
and Britannicus, and was put to death by 
Galba. 

Lollius, M., lol'-li-us, consul 21 B.C., go- 
verned Gaul 16, and, as tutor, accompanied 
Augustus's grandson, C. Csesar, to the East, 2. 
He and his eldest son were intimate with 
Horace. 

Londinium, lon-di'-hi-um, now London, 
the capital of the Cantii, in Britain, on the 
south bank of the Tamesa {Thames). 

Longinus, lon-gi'-mts. 1. Dionysius 
Cassius, di-o-ny' -si-us cas'-si-us, a celebrated 
Greek philosopher and learned grammarian, was 
put to death, a.d. 273, by the emperor Aurelian, 
on the capture of Queen Zenobia of Palmyra, 
whose revolt he had, as her minister, coun- 
selled. Longinus had taught rhetoric at Athens, 
to Porphyry among others, and afterwards 
visited Palmyra, where he exhibited much for- 
titude and philosophical calmness when the 
Romans entered. Much of his treatise On the 
Sublime is still extant, 2. See Cassius. 

Lotis, lo'-tis, a beautiful nymph, daughter 
of Neptune, fled from Priapus's violence, and 
was, on her entreaty, changed into the lotos 
by the gods, 

Lotophagi, lo-toph'-a-gi {lotos-eaters), a 
mythical people (later identified with a people 
between the two Syrtes, in Africa, where there 
was a large inland caravan trade, and a food- 
plant, also called the lotos, was found). They 
were visited by Ulysses, who found they lived 
on a fruit {lotos), the delicious taste of which 
took away from any one who ate of it all desire 
to return home. 

Luca, lii'-ca, now Liicca, a city of Liguria, 
N.E. of Pisa, on the Ausus. 

Lucania, lu-ca'-ni-a, a district in Lower 
Italy, bounded S. by the Laus from Bruttmm, 
W. Tyirhene Sea, N. Samnium and the 
Silarus from Campania, E. Apulia and Ta- 
rentine Gulf, was celebrated for its grapes, 
pastures, and large oxen (whence the elephanc 
was called Lucas bos). Its coast was studded 
with flourishing Greek colonies. 

Lucanus, lu-ca'-nus. 1. M. Ann-^us, an- 
na^-us, a Roman poet, son of Seneca's brother, 
Lucanus Annasus Mella, was born at Corduba, 
in Spain, A.D. 39, and early removed to Rome, 



L 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DLCTIONAR V. 



Luceres 



where his talents and lavished panegyrics 
commended him to Nero's favour ; but Nero 
grew jealous of his fame, and exposed Lucan 
to such insults that he joined Piso's conspiracy ; 
on the discovery of which he was compelled to 
commit suicide, 65. According to some, Lu- 
can, to free himself, accused his own mother 
of the crime of which he was guilty. His only 
extant work is Pharsalia, an epic in ten 
books (of which the tenth is imperfect), detail- 
ing the contest of Csesar and Pompey. 2. 
Ocellus, o-cel'-lus, an ancient Pythagorean 
philosopher, whose exact date is unknown ; 
wrote an extant work, in Attic Greek, on the 
eternity of the universe, from which Plato, 
Aristotle, and Philo Judceus drew, and which 
was first translated into Latin by Nogarola. 

Luceres, lu'-cer-es (see Equites). 

Luceria, lil-cer'-i-a, a town of Apulia, 
noted for wool. 

Lucianus, lii-ci-a'-nus, a Greek writer, 
born about 90 B.C., at Samosata, in Comma- 
gena, was the son of a poor man. He was 
brought up as a sculptor, under his uncle, but 
became a lawyer at Antioch. He travelled as 
a rhetorician in Greece, Italy, and Gaul, and 
was later set over a part of Egypt as pro- 
curator, by the emperor Aurelian ; he died 180. 
His writings— distinguished by strong common 
sense, a good Attic style, but disfigured by 
obscenities — chiefly consist of Dialogues, com- 
prising attacks on pagan philosophy and re- 
ligion, and pictures of social life. 

Lucifer, la'-ci-fer (see Hesperus, 2). 

Lucilius, C., lu-ci'-li-us, a Roman satirist, 
born of noble parents, at Suessa of the Aurunci, 
148 B.C., was the intimate friend of the younger 
Scipio Africanus, whom he accompanied against 
Numantia, and died at Naples, 103. He was 
regarded as the founder of Roman satire as 
developed by Horace and Juvenal. 

Lucina, lu-ci'-na (light-bringer), the Roman 
goddess of childbirth, Greek Ilithyia, was 
identified with Juno and Diana. Lucina had 
a famous temple at Rome, built 358 B.C. 

Lucretia, lii-cre'-ti-a, daughter of Lucre- 
tius and wife of L. Tarquinius Collatinus, was 
violated by Sextus Tarquinius (q. v.) when 
her husband was at the siege of Ardea. She 
killed herself, and was avenged by Brutus, 
who expelled the royal Tarquimi family. 

Lucretilis, lu-cre' -til-is, a mountain in the 
country of the Sabines, overhanging a pleasant 
valley. 

Lucretius Carus, T., lu-cre '-ti-us c -a '-rus, 
a celebrated Roman poet and Epicurean philo- 
sopher, born about 95 B.C., studied at Athens, 
and is said to have killed himself, 51, having 
been rendered delirious by a philtre adminis- 
tered from jealousy by his mistress Luciha ; 
but the story is more than doubtful. Lucretius 
has expounded Epicureanism in the greatest 
of didactic poems, De Rerum Naturd, in six 
books of hexameters, dedicated to C. Memmius 
Gemellus (prset. 58 B.C.). It displays masterly 
genius and unaffected elegance, and the ab- 
struse doctrines of Greek philosophy, so dilfi- 



Lupercus 

cult to express in Latin, especially poetry, are 
conveyed in majestic verses, and relieved by 
pleasing and vigorous digressions. 

Lucrinus, lH-cri '-nus , a small salt lake of 
Campania, between Puteoli and Misenum, 
separated from the bay of Cumse by an arti- 
ficial dyke, said to have been constructed by 
Hercules when he passed through Italy with 
Geryon's bulls. Under Augustus it was united 
by Agrippa with the Avernus lake, farther in- 
land, and with the sea, the mouth of the new 
channel forming the Julius portus. On 30th 
September, 1538, the Lucrine was sunk in an 
earthquake, when a mountain, Monte Ntiovo, 
four miles in circumference, 1,000 feet high, 
and with a crater, rose in its place. 

Lucullus, L. Licinius, li'c-cul' -his , U-chi'- 
i-us, distinguished himself in the Social War. 
He supported Sulla against Marlus, and when 
quaestor in Asia, and praetor, 77 B.C., in Africa, 
he displayed justice, moderation, and hu- 
manity. He was consul 74 B.C., and in that 
and the seven following years conducted the 
war with great success by land and sea against 
Mithridates (q. v.), whom he forced to raise 
the siege of Cyzicus, 73, and flee to his son-in- 
law, King Tigranes, of Armenia ; and he de- 
feated them both in two great battles, 69 and 
68, and seized the capital, Tigranocerta, with 
its great treasures ; but from a mutiny of his 
soldiers, due to his severity and their longing 
for booty, he could not follow up his conquests, 
and Pontus again fell under Mithridates. 
Acilius Glabrio was, therefore, ordered to 
supersede Lucullus, now in bad odour at 
Rome, 67 ; but Lucullus retained the com- 
mand till superseded, 66, by Pompey. Lu- 
cullus returned to Rome, and with difficulty 
obtained his well-won triumph. He now de- 
voted himself to a life of indolence, luxury, 
and extraordinary splendour, but also of lite- 
rary conversation and amusements. He died, 
56, and was privately buried by his brother on 
his estate at Tusculum, the offer of a public 
funeral in the Campus MartTus having been 
declined. 

Lucumo, lud-u-md, the Etruscan name for 
a ruler (also Lars), one of the family of oli- 
garchs in whom the government of each of the 
twelve cities of the Etruscan confederacy was 
vested. 

Lugdunum, lug-du'-num. 1. Now Lyons, 
the capital of Gallia Lugdunensis, at the con- 
fluence of the Arar and Rhodanus. 2. Batavtf~ 
rum, now Leyden, the capital of the Batavi. 

Luna, lii'-na {see Diana). 

Lupercus, lu-per'-cus, an old Italian god, 
worshipped by shepherds as guardian of their 
flocks against wolves, was later identified with 
the Arcadian god Pan (Lycce'us, from \6koq, a 
wolf). An annual festival, of great antiquity, 
in his honour, Lufierca'lia, celebrated by his 
priests, Luper'ci, was held on 15th February 
on the Luper'cal, at the base of Mount Aven- 
tine, where the she-wolf (Lupd) suckled 
Romulus and Remus ; two goats and a dog 
were sacrificed, and the foreheads of two noble 



SEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 157 



Lusitania 



youths, who had to smile during the ceremony, 
were touched with the blood-stained sacrificial 
knife, the blood being then wiped off with soft 
wool dipped in milk ; and the skins of the vic- 
tims were cut up into thongs for whips, with 
which the youths ran naked, except round the 
waist, through the streets, whipping all whom 
they met, especially childless women, who 
considered the lashes a charm for fecundity. 
When the story of Romulus's preservation by 
a wolf was accepted, the commemoration of 
this event seems to have been early incor- 
porated in the worship and priestly establish- 
ment of the god Lupercus, who guarded against 
wolves ; so that the Lufiercalia had a double 
object. 

Lusitania, lu-st-td'-ni-a (see Hispania). 

Lutatius, lu-td'-ti-us (see Catulus). 

Lutetia, lu-te'-ti-a, now Paris, the capital 
of the Parisii, in Gallia Lugdunensis, on an 
island in the Sequana. 

Ly^us, ly-ce'-tis (see Bacchus). 

Lycabettus, lyc-d-bet'-tus, a mountain of 
Attica. 

Lyceus, ly-cce'-us, a mountain of Arcadia, 
sacred to Jupiter (who had there a temple 
built by Pelasgus's son Lycaon), and also to 
Pan (Lycce'us, or from \vkoq), who had fes- 
tivals (Lyccz'a) celebrated there by the shep- 
herds, and similar to the Roman Lupercd' lia 
(q. v.). 

Lycambes, ly-cam'-bes (see Archilochus). 

Lycaon, ly-cd'-dn, king of Arcadia, son of 
Pelasgus and Meliboea, built Lycosii'ra at the 
base of Mount Lycaeus, and was changed into 
a wolf by Jupiter for offering human victims 
on Pan's altars, or for once serving up human 
flesh to Jupiter to test his divinity, when once 
he visited the earth in man's form to witness 
the wickedness and impiety of men. Lycaon 
had fifty sons, who (except the eldest, Nyc- 
timus, who succeeded him), were, with him- 
self, destroyed by Jupiter's bolts or made 
wolves. (See Callisto and Arctos, 2.) 

Lycaonia, ly-cd-dn'-i-a, the south-east part 
of Phrygia, inhabited by the Lycd'ones. 

Lyceum, ly-ce'-te?n, a celebrated gymnasium 
near the temple of Apollo Lyce'tts (either as 
•wolf-slayer, from XuKog, wolf, or light-giver, 
from XuKn, light, or Ly cites, from his oracle at 
Patara, in Lycia), near the Ilissus, south-east 
of Athens, was the seat of the Peripatetic school. 

Lvcia, ly'-ci-a, a district of Asia Minor, 
bounded S. by the Mediterranean, W. by 
Carla, E. by Pamphylla, N. by Phrygia, was 
anciently called Milyas and Termile from its 
Cretan settlers, the Milyai (or Solymi) and 
Termllae, and Lycia from its Athenian immi- 
rant chief, Pandlon's son LyVus, who was 
anished by his brother ./Egeus. The Lycians 
maintained their independence against the 
powerful King Croesus, of Lydla, but they fell 
under Cyrus, and were allowed by the Persians 
to retain their own kings on paying an annual 
tribute. They passed with Persia to the Ma- 
cedonian empire, and afterwards were ceded 
to the Seleucldse, and Lycia was made a 



Lycurgus 

Roman province under Claudius. Apollo had 
a celebrated oracle at Patara ; and Lycia is 
famous in mythology in connection with the 
legends of Bellerophon and the Chimaera, the 
Harpies and the daughters of Pandareos. 

Lycius, 0-ci-us (see Lyceum). 

Lycomedes, lyc-d-me' -des , king of the 
Dolopians, in the isle of Scyros, was son of 
Apollo and Parthenope. He perfidiously 
threw King Theseus down a precipice when 
he solicited his aid against the usurper Mnes- 
theus. (See Achilles.) 

Lycon, lyc'-on, a Peripatetic of Troas ; 
succeeded Straton at the Lyceum, 272 B.C. 

Lycophron, lyc '-o-fihron. 1. Son of 
Periander of Corinth ; was banished to Cor- 
cyra, after the tyrant's murder of his wife 
Melissa ; he was murdered by the Corcyreans 
when Periander had resolved to abdicate in his 
favour, and to reside in Corcyra. 2. A gram- 
marian and poet, born at Chalcis, in Eubcea ; 
lived (285 — 247 B.C.) at Alexandria, under the 
patronage of King Ptolemy Philadelphus. 

Lycoris, ly-cd'-ris, a freedwoman of the 
senator Volumnius ; was the Aspasia of Rome, 
and celebrated for her beauty and intrigues, 
about 40 B.C. 

Lyctus, lyc'-tus, a town in the east of Crete, 
the residence of Idomeneus (Lyc'titisX 

Lycurgus, ly-cur'-gus. 1. A king of Ne- 
m?ea, raised from the dead by ./Esculaplus. 
2. A king of the Edones in Thrace, son of 
Dryas, notorious for his cruelty and impiety ; 
tried to abolish Bacchus's worship, for which, 
he was punished by the gods with madness ; 
killed his own son Dryas, and cut off his own 
legs, which he mistook for vine boughs, and 
he was tortured to death by his subjects, who 
were told by an oracle that they should not 
taste wine till Lycurgus was dead. 3. The 
famous legislator of Sparta, 825 B.C., was son 
of King Eunomus, and brother of Polydectes. 
On the death of Polydectes, his queen, then 
pregnant by him, proposed to Lycurgus, the 
regent, to destroy the babe if he would share 
the throne with her ; he feigned consent till 
the son, Charilaus, was born, when he imme- 
diately proclaimed him king of Sparta, and, as 
his next of kin, assumed the regency; but, 
from the resentment of the queen and his 
enemies, or to avoid all suspicion of designs on 
the crown of his infant nephew, he set out to 
visit Egypt, Crete, and Asia, proceeding even 
to India. On his return to Sparta he found 
everything in disorder, and was requested by 
all parties to reform the government. He 
submitted to the Delphic oracle the draught of 
a remodelled constitution, civil and military, 
and having received its approval, presented 
this to the people, and bound them by an oath 
to observe it till he returned to Sparta. He 
again set out, and remained till death involun- 
tary exile, that they might not change the 
constitution ; and his time of death and tomb 
were unknown. The constitution of Sparta 
(q. v.), as it existed in the historical age, was 
attributed to Lycurgus, but doubtless much 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Lycus 

of it was anterior or subsequent to his time. 

4. Ibis, i'-bis, an Athenian orator and states- 
man, born about 395 B.C. ; studied under 
Plato and Isocrates, and supported Demos- 
thenes. He died 323. One oration is extant. 

Lycus, lyd-us. 1. See Antiope. 2. See 
Lycia. 3. A river of Phrygia, flows past 
Colossae and Laodicea into the Maeander, 
part of its course being under ground. 4. A 
river of Bithynla, near Heraclea in Pontus. 

5. A river of Armenia ; flows into the Iris near 
Eupatorta. 

Lydia, ty-di-a, a district of Asia Minor, 
bounded W. by the ./Egean ; S. by Carta ; 
N. by Mysia ; E. by Phrygia (but sometimes 
the coast part, Ionia, was not included) ; 
anciently M&on'ia (q. v.), and named Lydia 
from a king Lydus (q. v.) ; was at an early 
period civilized, and in communication with 
the Greek colonies. Its two early dynasties, 
the Atyddce and Heraclidce, were succeeded 
by the Mennnddce kings — Gyges, 716 — 678 
B.C. ; Ardys, 678 — 629 ; Sadyattes, 629 — 617 ; 
Alyattes, 617—560 ; and, lastly, Crcesus, 560 
to his subjugation by the Persians, under 
Cyrus, 546, when Lydia and Mysia were con- 
joined in one satrapy. It was afterwards 
under Macedonia, the Seleuridse, and, after 
188, the kings of Pergamus, with which it 
was bequeathed by Attalus III. to the Romans. 
Its capital was Sardis, its chief mountain 
Tmohis, its chief river the Cayster, and great 
plain the Hermus. Ly'dius is applied by 
Virgil to the Tiber, because flowing past 
Etruria (q. v.), which was believed to have 
been colonized by Lydians. 

Lydus, ty-dus, son of Atys and Callithea, 
was king of Maeoma, which he named Lydia. 
His brother Tyrrhenus colonized Etruria. 

Lynceus, iyn'-ce-us. 1. Son of Aphareus ; 
was an Argonaut, and present at the Calydo- 
nian Hunt. (See Idas, i.) 2. 6V^Danaus. 

Lyncus, lyn'-cus, or Lynx, a cruel king of 
Scythia (or Sicily), was made a lynx (the 
emblem of perfidy and ingratitude) when 
treacherously trying to murder his guest 
Triptolemus, whom Ceres had sent forth -to 
teach mankind husbandry. 

Lyrnessus, lyr-nes'-szis, a city of Troas, 
taken by Achilles. {See Briseis.) 

Lysander, ly-san'-der, a famous Spartan 
general and statesman, commanded the Spar- 
tan fleet off Asia Minor, receiving from Cyrus 
the pay of his men ; he won over Ephesus, 
destroyed the Athenian fleet off ./Egospot- 
amos, 405 B.C., and compelled the surrender 
of Athens, 404, thus ending the Peloponnesian 
war. He obtained the Spartan throne for his 
brother Agesilaus (in preference to Leotychi- 
des, supposed illegitimate), but afterwards 
intrigued against him. He was killed before 
Haliartus, 395, in an unexpected sortie. 

Lysias, lyd-i-as, an Athenian orator, born 
458 B.C., son of a Syracusan, Cephalus ; lived 
in the Athenian colony Thurii, in Italy, 
443 — 411, when he returned to Athens. He 
was imprisoned by the Thirty Tyrants, 404, 



Machaon 



but escaped, and aided Thrasybulus's party o( 
exiles. He died 378. Several of his orations, 
distinguished for eloquence, simplicity, cor- 
rectness, and purity, are extant. 

Lysimachia, ly-si-?ndch'-i-a, a city of 
Thrace, built by Lysimachus, 309 B.C. 

Lysimachus, ly-sim'-d-chus, son of Aga- 
thocles, born 360 B.C., was a distinguished 
general of Alexander, after whose death, 323, 
he received Thrace, of which he styled him- 
self king, in 306. He joined the coalition 
against Antigonus, whom he defeated, at 
Ipsus, 301. After aiding Pyrrhus in expelling 
Demetrius from Macedonia, 287, he himself 
took the throne of Macedonia from Pyrrhus, 
286. His murder of his son Agathocles made 
him unpopular. His kingdom was invaded 
by King Seleucus I. of Syria, and Lysimachus 
was defeated and killed in the plain of Corus, 
281. 



M 

Macar, mac'-dr, a Greek, son of CriasTus, 
colonized Lesbos, and his four sons the isles 
Chios, Cos, Rhodes, Samos, the five being 
called the isles of the Mac'ares (juta/capec, 

Blessed). 

Macareus, mdd-d-reus {see Canace). 

Macedonia, ma-ce-don'-i-a, originally 
Emdth'ia, and named from Md'cedo (the son 
or general of Osiris, or grandson of Deucalion), 
a celebrated country, bounded (before King 
Philip's conquests) on N. and W. by lllyricum 
and Paeoma, S. by Thessaly and Epirus, 
E. by the Strymon ; but under Philip it 
included Paeonla, part of Thrace {Macedonia, 
adjectd) as far east as the Nestus, lllyricum 
as far inland as Lake Lychnltis, and Chal- 
cidlce. It was peopled by a great many 
tribes, chiefly Thracians and Illyrians, and 
(in the south) Greeks (led from Argos by 
Caranus, or Temenus's three sons), who mixed 
with the native population. Its monarchy, 
founded by Carahus 814 B.C., grew powerful 
under Amyntas I. (540 — 5oo),and King Philip II. 
(359 — 336) by his conquests prepared the way 
for the great extension of Macedonian power 
under his son Alexander the Great (336 — 323), 
who aimed at making his empire co-extensive 
with the world ; but the division of the pro- 
vinces at his death reduced Macedonia to its 
limits under Philip, and the monarchy was 
finally overthrown by the conquest of King 
Perseus by the Romans, 168, when Macedonia 
was divided into four districts, which were 
again united as one Roman province on the 
destruction of the Achaean league, 146. 

Macer, md'-cer. 1. vSV*?.<Emilius (4). 2. L. 
Claudius, clau'-di-us, a pro-prsetor of Africa, 
temp. Nero, assumed the purple, and was put 
to death by Galba. 

Machaon, md-chd'-on, a celebrated physi- 
cian, son of ^Esculaplus and brother of Poda- 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



159 



Macra 



lirfus ; went to the Trojan war with the inhabit- 
ants of Trica, Ithome, and CEchalia. He was 
surgeon of the Greek army, and entered Troy in 
the wooden horse, but, according to others,he was 
killed before its fall by Telephus's son Eury- 
pylus ; he was deified in Messenia, of which, 
according to some, he was king. 

Macka, mad-ra, a small river from the 
Apennines, separating Liguria and Etruria. 

Macrianus, T. Fulvius, mac-ri-d'-nus, 
fnl'-vi-us, an Egyptian of obscure birth, rose 
to be a Roman general, and proclaimed him- 
self emperor when Valerian was prisoner in 
Persia, 260, and associated with him his sons 
Macrianus and Quietus ; he was defeated in 
Illyricum by Gallienus's forces, and put to death 
with his son, 262. 

Macrinus, M. Opilius Severus, ma-crl'- 
nus, o-pll'-i-us se-ve'-rus, a native of Africa, 
rose from the ranks to be prefect of the praeto- 
rian guards ; caused the murder of Caracalla, 
a.d. 217, and proclaimed himself emperor; he 
affected the virtues of Aurelius, but betrayed 
pusillanimity ; he was defeated and killed by 
the generals of Heliogabalus, 218. 2. A friend 
of the poet Persius. 

Macro, mad-ro, a favourite of the emperor 
Tiberius, notorious for his intrigues, perfidy, 
and cruelty ; he destroyed Sejanus, was acces- 
sory to Tiberius's murder, and by prostituting 
his wife Ennia gained the favour of the emperor 
Caligula, who, however, compelled him to kill 
himself with his wife, a.d. 38. 

Macrobius, mac-rob' -i-us, a Latin gram- 
marian, a.d. 415, supposed by some to have 
been chamberlain to the emperor Theodosius ; 
wrote Saturnalia Convivla in seven books, a 
miscellaneous collection of antiquities and 
criticism, being imaginary conversations with 
learned Romans during the Saturnalia, a com- 
mentary on Cicero's Somnium Scipidnis, &c. 

Madaura, md-dau'-ra, a town on the bor- 
ders of Numidia and Gaetulia, birthplace of 
L. Appuleius. 

Meander, mte-an'-der, a famous winding 
river of Asia Minor, flowing from near Celaenae 
through Caria and Ionia into the Icarian Sea 
between Myus and Priene ; its windings, which 
were more than 600, inspired Daedalus with the 
idea of the labyrinth. Its god, Maeander, was 
son of Oceanus and Tethys, and father of the 
nymph Cyane, who bore Caunus (M&an'drius 
juv'enis). 

Maecenas, C.Cilnius, mce-ce?-nas, cil'-nl-us, 
a famous Roman statesman and patron of 
literature, was an eques, descended maternally 
from the ruling family, Lucumdnes, of ancient 
Etruria, and paternally from the Cilnii, an 
influential family of Arretmm. He was long 
the chief minister and confidential adviser of 
the emperor Augustus, from whom he obtained 
the restitution of Virgil's lands ; but a few years 
before his death (8 B.C.) the emperor became 
estranged, and Maecenas withdrew from court. 
He was noted for his great patronage of literary 
men, and especially Virgil (who dedicated his 
Georgics to him) and Horace. He gave Horace, 



Magnesia 

who has copiously expressed his gratitude, his 
Sabine farm. 

MjEdi, mce'-di, the warlike inhabitants of 
Mcddica, in western Thrace, on the Strymon. 

M melius, Sp., mcd-li-us, a rich plebeian, 
gained popular favour by buying up the corn in 
Etruria, and distributing it for a nominal price 
among the plebeians, during a famine at Rome, 
440 b. c. The patricians accused him of aiming 
at tyranny, and appointed Cincinnatus dictator, 
whose master of the horse, C. Servilms AhSla, 
summoned Maelius to appear before the dicta- 
tor's tribunal, and, on his refusal, struck him 
dead : his house was levelled, and its site 
thence known as the JEquimalium. 

MyENADES, mce'-nd-des (frenzied), the 
Bacchantes. 

M^enalus, ma? -na-lus , a mountain of Arca- 
dia, the haunt of Pan, named from a son of 
Lycaon. The echo and shade of its numerous 
pines are celebrated by the poets, who use 
Mce'ndlis or Mcendl'hes for A rcadian. 

M^enius, C, maS-ni-us, Consul 338 B.C., 
with L. Furius Camillus, subjugated Latium, 
for which a triumph, equestrian statues, and 
the Cohim'na Mce'nia, on the Capitol, were 
awarded. When Censor, 318, he erected bal- 
conies, Mcenia'na cedifi'cia, on the buildings 
round the Forum, for viewing the games. 

M^eonia, mat-o?i' -i-a. 1. The ancient name 
of Lydia (q. v.). Homer is called Mceon'ides 
or Mceon'uts sen'ex, and his poems, Mceon'ia: 
char 1 tee or Mceon'iwn car 1 men, and MaSonisis 
applied to Arachne and Omphale. 2. Etruria 
(q.v.), as colonized from Lydia. 

M^eotis Palus, ma>-5'-tis pdH-us, or Mdr'e 
Cimmer ium (or Bospor'icum), the inland Sea 
of Azov, north of the Euxine [Black Sea), with 
which it communicates by tb" Cimmerian Bos- 
porus [Straits of K off a). The Scythian tribes 
on its shores were called M<zo'tce or Mceotici, 
and the Amazons Ma>d' tides. 

M^era, mcz'-ra (see Icarius). 

M^evius, mce'-vi-us (see Bavius). 

Magi, md'-gi, an influential order of priests 
and teachers among the Persians and Medes, 
who were founded by Zoroaster (q. v. ). One of 
their number, Smerdis, usurped the Persian 
throne after Cambyses' death, 522, and after 
his murder by the seven noble conspirators, a 
special day was appointed in commemoration, 
on which none of the Magi could appear in 
public, or they might be murdered by any of 
the populace. 

Magna Gr.,ecia, mag'-na graf-ci-a. (see 
GR/ECIA, 2). 

Magna Mater, mag'-na ma'-ter, Cybele 
(q.v.). 

Magnentius, mag-nen' -tl-us , a Roman em- 
peror 350 — 353, notorious for cruelty and per- 
fidy ; murdered Constans, and afterwards his 
own mother and relations, and killed himself 
when defeated by Constantlus. 

Magnesia, mag-ne' -si-a. 1. A city of north- 
west Lydia, near the Hermus, at base of Mount 
Sip^lus, where L. Scipio (Aslaticus) overthrew 
Antiochus III. (the Great), 190 B.C. 2. A city 



i6o 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Mago 

of south-west Lydia, on the Lethaeus, a tribu- ] 
tary of the Meander ; was recolonized from < 
Miletus after being destroyed by the Cimme- ( 
rians, 700 B.C. 3. A town and small coast dis- 
trict of eastern Thessaly, south of Ossa, also ( 
called Hcemonia or Magnes Campus, was in- ; 
habited by the Magne'tes, who colonized (1) 
and (2). < 

Mago, md'-go. 1. Son of Hamilcar Barca, i 
and younger brother of Hannibal, whose ; 
success at Cannae he communicated to the 
Carthaginian Senate. He afterwards conducted 
the war in Spain against the Scipios, but was 
compelled to retire, 205 B.C., to the Baleares, 
and afterwards to Liguria, where he was killed 
in battle with Quintillus Varus, 203. 2. A 
Carthaginian writer on husbandry. 

Maia, md'-i-a or mai'-a, daughter of Atlas 
and Pleione, was the most luminous of the 
Pleiades. She bore Mercury to Jupiter, and 
reared Callisto's son Areas. 

Majorianus, J. Valerius, md-jd'-ri-d'-nus, 
va-ler'-i-us, created Roman emperor of the 
West, a.d. 457, was, after an active, virtuous, 
and humane reign of 37 years, assassinated by 
one of his generals. 

Malea, mal'-e-a or ma-le'-a, a dangerous 
promontory of south-east Laconla, which gave 
rise to the proverb Cum ad Maleam dejlex- 
eris, obliviscere quiB sunt domi. 

Maleventum, mdl-e-ven'-tum (see Bene- 
ventum). 

Malia, ma'-li-a, the capital of the district 
Ma' lis, in south Thessaly. The sea between 
it and the north-west of Eubcea was called the 
Mdli'acus (or Lami' dcus) Sln'tis. Malia had 
hot mineral springs. 

Mamers, md'-7iiers. Oscan name for Mars. 

Mamertini, md-mer-tl'-ni (see Messana). 

Mamilius, Octavius, md-mz'-li-us, oc-td'- 
ti-us, of Tusculum, son-in-law of King 
Tarquinius Superbus, for whose restoration he 
incited a coalition of the Latin states, and fell 
at the Lake Regillus battle. The Mamilii 
afterwards migrated to Rome, and became a 
distinguished Plebeian family. 

Mamurra, ■md-muy'-ra, a Roman knight of 
Formlae, enriched himself as Caesar's chief 
engineer (prtefectus fabruni) in Gaul, and built 
a magnificent palace on the Caelian mountain. 
Catullus has attacked him, and Horace cails 
Formlae in ridicule Ma77iurrd'rum tirbs. 

Mandane, man-da' -ne (see Astyages). 

Manes, md'-nes (-lum) (see Lares). 

Mania, md'-ni-a (see Lares). 

Manilia Lex, md-ni'-li-a lex, by the 
tribune C. Manilms, 66 B.C., granted Pompey 
the direction of the war against Mithridates, in 
place of Lucullus, and complete command over 
the East. 

Manlius, M., man'-K-us. 1. Was consul 
392 B.C. In 390, awakened by the cackling of 
the sacred geese, he detected the attempt of the 
Gauls (who were in possession of Rome, 390) to 
scale the Capitol, and aroused in time the 
garrison (whence his surname Capitolinus, 
i£p4-td-li'-nus). He was accused by tlae 



Marcellus 



patricians, 384, of treason, having strenuously 
supported the plebeian cause, and put to 
death. 2. See Torquatus. 

Mantinea, man-ti-ne'-a, a city of Arcadia, 
on the Ophis, scene of Epaminondas's victory, 
362 B.C. 

Manto, man'-to, or Daph'ne, a prophetess, 
daughter of the seer Tiresias, was given, at the 
fall of Thebes, by the victorious Epigoni as a 
present to the Delphic temple. After some 
time she went to Claros, in Ionia, where she 
founded Apollo's oracle, and married King 
Rhadlus, to whom she bore the seer Mopsus. 
She afterwards visited Italy, and married King 
TiberTnus of Alba (or the river-god Tiber), and 
bore Ocnus, who built Mantua (named in her 
honour). She is said by some to have been 
changed into a fountain. The visit to Italy, 
&c, some ascribe to another Manto, daughter 
of Hercules. 

Mantua, man'-tii-a, a small town of 
Transpadane Gaul, on an islet in the Minrius, 
near which (at the hamlet Andes) Virgil 
(Mautua'nus) was born. 

Marathon, mar'-a-thon, a village twenty- 
two miles from Athens, in a plain near a bay 
on the eastern coast of Attica, where the 
Athenians, descending from the surrounding 
rocky hills, utterly defeated the Persian hosts, 
drawn up in the plain, 490 B.C. The mound 
raised over the Athenian dead still exists. At 
Marathon Theseus slew the celebrated bull 
which had ravaged the country. Erigone 
(Mdrdthd'nia vir'go) was born there. 

Marcellinus, Ammianus, mar-cel-li'-mis, 
am-mi-d' -mis , a. historian, born at Antioch in 
Syria, served in the Roman imperial guards, 
and accompanied the emperor Julian against 
Persia, a.d. 363. Eighteen of his thirty-one 
books on the history of the Roman empire are 
extant. 

Marcellus, mar-cel'-lus. 1. M. Claudius, 
clau'-di-us, celebrated as the conqueror of 
Syracuse, and for five consulships ; when con- 
sul 222 B.C., won the third spolia opima by 
his slaying King Britomartus (orViridomarus), 
of the Insubrian Gauls. In the second Punic 
war he was sent, 214, to the siege of Syra- 
cuse, which was defended by the science of 
Archimedes, and captured it, 212, when he 
enriched Rome with its spoils, and intro- 
duced among his countrymen a taste for 
Greek arts and refinement. He afterwards 
repulsed Hannibal from Nola, but fell in an 
ambuscade of Hannibal's troops, 208. 2. M. 
Claudius, consul 51 B.C., supported Pompey. 
3. C. Claudius, cousin of (2), supported 
Pompey. 4. M. Claudius, son of (3) and 
Octavla (daughter of C. Octavius and Au- 
gustus's sister), born 43 B.C., was adopted by 
Augustus, and married his daughter Julia, 25, 
r and was generally regarded as his successor. 
: He died when Curule iEdile, 23. His early 
1 and sudden death caused great lamentation, 
: and Virgil procured great favours from the 
imperial family by celebrating his virtues in 
: Mneid VI,, 860-886. 5. See Nonius, 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 161 



Marcianus 



Marcianus, mar-ci-d'-ntis, a Thracian, of 
obscure birth, rose from a private soldier to be 
successor of Theodosius II., a.d. 450. He 
died 456. 

Marcomanni, mar-co-man'-ni, a powerful 
German people, migrated under their chief 
Maroboduus from between the Rhine and 
Danube to the territory of the Boii, in Bo- 
hemia and Bavaria. 

Mardonius, mar-don -i-us, son-in-law of 
Darius I., was sent by him, 492 B.C., against 
the Eretrians and Athenians for their part in 
the Ionic revolt ; but he lost his fleet in a storm 
off Athos, and the Brygi in the north of Mace- 
donia destroyed most of his land forces. He 
accompanied Xerxes into Greece, and was left 
in command after the defeat at Salamis, 480, 
but was defeated and slain at Platasa, 479. 

Mareotis, mdr-e-o'-tis, a district and lake 
of Lower Egypt, with a town, Mdre'a or 
Mdt'ia, on the Canopic branch of the Nile. 
Its wines were famous. 

Margiana, mar-gl-d!-na, a province of 
Persia. 

Margites, mar-gl'-tes, a lost poem of 
Homer, which ridiculed the man who knew 
many things, but all badly. Demosthenes 
applied it to Alexander. 

Marica, 7nd-ri'-ca {see Fauna). 

Marius, mar 1 -i-us. 1. C, born near Ar- 
plnum, of obscure parents, 157 B.C. ; distin- 
guished himself at the siege of Numantia, 134, 
under Scipio, who predicted his future great- 
ness. He was elected tribune of the plebs 119 ; 
and by his marriage with Julia, aunt of Julius 
Caesar, obtained some political influence. He 
was legate to Q. Metellus against Jugurtha, 
109, and by his intrigues there and at home 
succeeded in being elected consul, 107, and 
was appointed to conduct the war. Jugurtha 
was defeated, and surrendered to Sulla, the 
quaestor of Marius, who now became jealous 
of his quaestor, his future great rival and con- 
queror. Marius was elected consul, 104, to 
meet the German invaders in N. Italy, and again 
in 103 and 102 ; and in the latter year, the 
Germans having devoted nearly two years to 
ravaging Spain, destroyed the Teutones near 
Aquae Sextiae ; and in 101, again consul, with 
the proconsul Catulus overthrew the Cimbri at 
Campi Raudii, near Vercellae. By the aid of 
the demagogues Glaucia and Saturninus, he 
was elected consul for the sixth time, 100, 
when he procured the exile of his old com- 
mander Metellus. He had afterwards to put 
down the insurrection of his two demagogue 
friends. In 88 he procured a vote of the 
people transferring to himself from Sulla the 
conduct of the war against Mithridates. Sulla 
advanced with his troops on Rome, and Marius 
fled to Latium. He was seized and condemned 
to death at Minturnae, but released and put on 
a ship. He landed at Carthage, but was im- 
mediately ordered by the Roman governor to 
leave. In 87 he sailed back to support Cinna, 
landed in Italy, and entered Rome like a con- 
queror. His return was followed by a terrible 



Mars 



butchery of all opposed to him or Cinna, Ma- 
rius and Cinna nominated themselves consuls 
for 86, but Marius died of pleurisy eighteen 
days afterwards. 2. C, the adopted son of 
(1), when consul, 82 B.C., was defeated by 
Sulla, and fled to Praeneste, where, after sup- 
porting a siege for some time, he killed himself. 

Marmarid^:, mar-mar 1 -i-dcF, the people of 
Marmdr'ica, a part of North Africa. 

Maro, mdr'-d (see Virgilius). 

Maroboduus, mdr-o-bo'-dii-us, a Suevian. 
reared at Augustus's court ; became king of the 
Marcomanni, who banished him. 

Maron, mar 1 -011, son of Evanthes, and priest 
of Apollo, temp. Ulysses, at Mardnea, a coast 
town (famous for its wines) of the Cicones, in 
southern Thrace, on Lake Ismaris. 

Marpessa, mar-pes'-sa. 1. See Idas. 2. A 
mountain in Paros, famous for its marble. 

Marrucini, mar-ru-cl'-ni, a Sabellian tribe, 
on the right bank of the Aternus. 

Mars, mars, also Md'mers, Ma' vers or 
Ma'vors, called A'res (Enydl'ius) by the 
Greeks, god of war, was son of Jupiter and 
Juno, or of Juno alone. He was reared by 
Priapus. His trial for the murder of Hali- 
rhothlus led to the establishment of the A reo- 
fidgtts at Athens. He was surprised with 
Venus by Vulcan, who caught them in a net 
and exposed them to the ridicule of all the 
gods ; and, for his neglect, Mars changed 
Alectr^on into a cock. In Jupiter's wars with 
the Titans, Mars was imprisoned by Otus and 
Ephialtes for fifteen months, till released by 
Mercury. During the Trojan war he sided 
with the Trojans, and was wounded by 
Diomedes. The worship of Mars was not 
general in Greece, but at Rome he was 
worshipped next to Jupiter, and esteemed as 
the patron of the city and the father of 
its founder, Romulus. Like Jupiter and Qui- 
rinus, he had a Jlamen appointed by Numa, 
and his priests were the Sdlii (q. v.). When 
the consul set out on an expedition, he usually 
visited the temple of Mars, where, _ after 
praying and solemnly shaking the spear in the 
statue's hands, he exclaimed "Mars vigila .'" 
Mars was also identified with the rustic god 
Silvdnus, and worshipped as the guardian of 
cattle and the civil god of Rome, Quirt' ?ius ; 
and as god of war he was also called Grddivus 
pdt'er and rex Grddi'vus. He also presided 
over gladiators, and was the god of hunting 
and of manly or warlike exercises and amuse- 
ments (practised in the Campus Mariius). 
Mars was usually represented as an old man, 
naked, with a helmet, pike, and shield ; some- 
times in a military dress, and occasionally 
wearing a flowing beard ; and he usually rode in 
a chariot drawn by two furious horses, Flight and 
Terror. His victims were the warlike horse, 
the fierce wolf, the voracious magpies and 
vultures : among the Scythians, asses, and 
among the Carians, dogs ; and the dog-grass, 
believed to flourish only on fields of battle, 
was sacred to him. Mars was father of Cupid, 
Anteros, and Harmonta, by Venus ; AscalS- 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Marsi 



plius and Ialmenus, by Astyoche ; Alcippe, by 
Agraulos ; Molus, Pylus, Evenus, and Thes- 
tius, by Agenor's daughter Demodoce (or 
Demonlce) ; and was the reputed father of 
Romulus, QEnomaus, Bythis, Thrax, Diome- 
des of Thrace, &c. 

Marsi, mar'-si, a Sabellian tribe in the 
same plateau as Lake Fuclnus (capital Marru- 
viutn), distinguished for their struggles for 
independence ; were conquered by Rome 
304 B.C., but headed the revolt of the allies 
(the Social or Marsic war) 91 B.C., and were 
among the last to lay down their arms. The 
Marsi were much given to magic, and hence 
were called the offspring of Circe. 

Marsyas, mar'-sy-as. 1. A satyr of Celaenae, 
in Phrygia ; invented the flute, or, having 
found the one which Minerva had thrown 
away on account of the distortion of her face 
when she played upon it, he discovered that it 
emitted musical strains of its own accord. He 
challenged Apollo to a musical contest, of 
which the Muses were to be the judges, and 
the victor was to do what he pleased with the 
vanquished. Apollo won, bound Marsyas to 
a tree and flayed him alive, and from his blood 
(2) sprang (or from the tears of the Fauns, 
Satyrs, and Dryads at his fate). A statue of 
Marsyas, as a warning against arrogant pre- 
sumption, was generally placed in the fora of 
ancient independent cities. 2. A swift rivulet 
of Phrygia, flows into the Maeander. 3. A 
river of Caria, flows into the Maeander oppo- 
site Tralles. 

Martialis, M. Valerius, mar-ti-d'-lis, 
va-ler'-i-us, a famous epigrammatic Latin 
poet, born at Bilbilis, in Spain, a.d. 43, re- 
moved to Rome, 66. He returned to Bilbilis, 
100, and died about 105 ; his poverty in his 
later days having been alleviated by Pliny the 
younger, whom he had panegyrized. His 
fourteen books of epigrams sparkle _ with 
witticisms, and display great power of imagi- 
nation and elegance of expression, but they 
abound in indelicacies. 

Masinissa, mds-i-nis'-sa, born 238 B.C., 
son and successor of King Gala, of the Mas- 
syli, deserted to the Romans in second Punic 
war, 212, and was of great service to Scipio in 
reducing, 204, Cirta (the capital of Syphax, 
whose wife, Sophonisba (q.v.), he married), 
and at Zama, 202. He was afterwards re- 
warded with the kingdom of Syphax and some 
Carthaginian territories. He for the rest of 
his life lived in peace and affluence. He died 
148. 

Massaget^e, mas-sa'-get-te, nomad tribes 
east of the Caspian, but, strictly, a warlike 
Scythian tribe north of the Jaxartes. 

Massicus, mas'-si-cus, a mountain of north- 
west Campania, near Minturnas, famous for 
its wines. The epithet Massic was applied to 
the wines grown on its south side, and Faler- 
nian to those on its east side. 

Masmlia, mas-sil'-i-a, (now Marseilles), 
a Phocjean city and excellent harbour, in the 
district of the Salves, in Gallia Narbonensis, 



Maximus 



founded 600 B.C. ; became a great commercial 
emporium, and, under the Roman emperors, 
a great seat of learning, to which Roman 
youths resorted. 

Matinus, md-ti'-nus, a branch of Mount 
Garganus, in Apulia, abounding in yew-trees 
and bees. 

Matrona, mat'-ro-na, a river of Gaul, 

south of Paris, now the Mame. 

Matuta, ma-tu'-ta {see Leucothea). 

Mauri, mau'-ri, or Maurusii, mau-ru-si-i, 
one of the three tribes of Mauretd'nia — a 
country of North Africa, bounded E. by Numi- 
dla, N. by the Mediterranean, W. by the Atlan- 
tic, S. by Gaetulia, and inhabited in the west by 
the Mauri, the Massaesyli, between the Malva 
and the Ampsaga, and the Massyli in the east. 
{See Numidia.) The war with Jugurtha (104 
B.C.) brought it under Rome, but it was not 
made a province till the time of Claudius. 

Mausolus, mau-sd'-lus {see Artemisia). 

Mavors, md'-vors {see Mars). 

Maxentius, M. Aurelius Valerius, max- 
en'-ti-us, au-re'-li-us va-ler'-i-us, son of the em- 
peror Maximianus Herculius, was proclaimed 
Roman emperor a.d. 306 ; was defeated, 
after an oppressive reign, by Constantine, near 
Rome, 312, and accidentally drowned. 

Maximianus, vtax'-iin-i-d'-mts. 1. Her- 
culius M. Aurelius Valerius, her-cul'-i-tts, 
au-re'-li-us va-ler'-i-us, native of Pannonia, 
rose from being a common soldier to high 
military offices, and was associated with Dio- 
cletian, a.d. 286, as Roman emperor, but 
compelled by him to abdicate, along with 
himself, 305. Desiring to re-assume the pur- 
ple, he was expelled, 306, from Rome by his 
son, the emperor Maxentius, and fled to his 
son-in-law Constantine, in Gaul, whom he 
treacherously tried to murder, for which he 
was obliged to strangle himself, 310. His 
body was found entire in a leaden coffin about 
the middle of the nth century. 2. Galerius 
Valerius, ga-ler'-i-us va-ler'-i-us, in early 
life a shepherd of Dacia, rose from being a 
private in the army to be son-in-law of the 
emperor Diocletian, by whom he was made 
CcEsar, and, on his abdication, emperor, a.d. 
305 ; but from his cruelty he had to retire 
before Maxentius, 306 ; he died of the morbus 
pediculosus, 311, which the Christian writers 
believed to be a punishment for his persecu- 
tions. 

Max 1 minus, max-i-mi'-nus. 1. C. J. 
Verus, ve'-rus, formerly a barbarian shepherd 
of Thrace, of great stature and strength ; rose 
in the Roman army, and was proclaimed 
emperor a.d. 235. For his cruelties he was 
killed by his troops before Aquileia, 238. 2. 
Galerius Valerius, ga-ler'-i-us vd-ler-i-us, 
nephew of the emperor Galerius Maximianus 
(formerly a Dacian shepherd), was associated 
with him in the empire, 308, and, on his 
death, 311, divided the Eastern empire with 
Licinius, by whom he was defeated and de- 
posed, 313, and soon after died. 

Maximus, max'-im-us. j, Magnus C1.3- 




MARRIAGE OF MaSIITISSA AND SOPHONISBA. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



163 



Mecsenas 



mens, mag'-nus cle'-mens, native of Spain, 
proclaimed himself Roman emperor, a.d. 383; 
defeated and killed the emperor Gratia n (who 
had marched against him), but was defeated 
by Theodosius, and put to death, 388. 2. 
Petronius, pe-trd'-ni-us, of a noble Roman 
family, assassinated Valentinian III., whose 
empress (whom Maximus married) called in 
the barbarians for revenge, and he was killed 
by his own troops, after seventy-seven days' 
reign, a.d. 455. 3. A celebrated Cynic philo- 
sopher and sorcerer of Ephesus, in great 
favour with the emperor Julian. He was 
beheaded for magical practices, at Ephesus, 
under the emperor Valens, a.d. 366. 4. Tyrius, 
tyr'-i-us, a native of Tyre, a Platonist, temp. 
the Antonines, author of forty-one extant 
Greek dissertations on moral and philosophical 
subjects. 

Mecsenas, me-az'-nas (see Maecenas). 

Medea, me-de'-a, the celebrated magician, 
daughter of King ^Eetes, of Colchis, and 
niece of the enchantress Circe ; aided Jason to 
perform the labours to recover the golden 
fleece, and fled with him (see Argonauts 
and Jason). After her destruction of Glauce 
(q. v.), whom Jason was going to marry, she 
killed two of her children, Mermerus and 
Pheres, in his presence, and fled from him 
through the air in a chariot drawn by winged 
dragons to Athens, where she was purified by 
King yEgeus, and lived adulterously with him ; 
she ineffectually tried to poison his son The- 
seus (q. v.) when he came to make himself 
known at his father's court. She died at 
Athens ; but, according to others, she returned 
to Colchis, and there died, after being recon- 
ciled to Jason, who had gone in search of her. 
(See Medus). 

Media, me'-di-a, a fertile country in Asia, 
bounded N. by the Caspian, W. by Armenia, 
S. by Persia, E. by Parthia and Hyrcanla ; 
was originally Ar'ia, and re-named from 
Medea's son Medus (by King ^Egeus). It 
formed a province of the Assyrian monarchy, 
from which it revolted, and was made a king- 
dom under Deioces, 710 B.C., whose successors 
were, Phraortes, 657 ; Cyaxares, 635 ; and 
Astyages, 595, who was deposed by his grand- 
son Cyrus, and Media united with Persia, 560. 

Mediolanum, med'-i-o-la'-num, now Milan, 
capital of the Insubres, in Transpadane Gaul. 

Mediomatrici, med'-i-o-mat'-ri-ci, a people 
in the south-east of Gallia Belgica, south of the 
Treviri. Their capital, DIvodurum, is now Metz. 

Mediterraneum Mare, med'-i-ter-ra'- 
ne-nm mdr'-e, called by classical authors In- 
ternum, or Intesti'num (interior), or Nostrum 
(our), fj e<xw (or Ivtoq ['HpaxXetGOi/ aitjAobv]) 
Uii\a.TTa, or rj<5e rj OdKarra, or h tifierepa (or 
h KaB' rjMa{, - ) OdXarra, the great internal sea 
washing the Pillars of Hercules on W. ; Asia 
Minor on E. ; Spain, Gaul, Italy, Illyricum, 
Greece, Macedonia, and Thrace on N. ; and 
Africa on S. It was divided into the Tyrrhene, 
Adriatic, Ionian, Jcarian, /Egean, African, 
&c, seas. 



Melampus 



Medon, med'-dn, son of the last king, 
Codrus, of Athens ; Aras the first (life) Archon, 
being preferred by the Delphic oracle to his 
brother Neleus. 

Medus, me'-dus. 1. Son of King JEgeus, 
of Athens, and Medea (q. v.), went at ten 
years in search of his mother, who had de- 
parted from Athens on Theseus's return. He 
took the name of Creon's son Hippotes, and 
was seized by his uncle, the usurper Perses, at 
Colchis. Medea, who believed him to be 
really the detested Creon's son, came at that 
time disguised as Diana's priestess, to Colchis, 
and, to procure the death of Medus, told 
Perses (who was informed by an oracle that 
he should perish by a grandson of iEetes) that 
Medus was really the son of Medea ; whereon 
the king sent her to kill him. When going 
to stab him, she discovered he was really 
her own son, and gave him the dagger to 
kill the usurper, and take the throne of his 
grandfather. Medus gave his name to Me- 
dia. 2. A river of Media, tributary of the 
Araxes. 

Medusa, me-dii'-sa (see Gorgones). 

Megger a, me-gce'-ra (see Eumenides). 

Megacles, meg-d-cles (see Cylon). 

Megalesia, meg-d-le'-si-a, Phrygian games 
in honour of Cybele (Me~fu\n /jh'jt^p, or Magna 
Mater), introduced at Rome in the second 
Punic war, when her statue was brought 
from Pessinus. 

Megalopolis, vieg-d-ldp'-o-lis, a city of 
Maenalia, in Arcadia, on the Helisson. 

Megara, meg'-d-ra. 1. The capital of 
Meg'dris, the district between the Corinthian 
and Saronic gulfs, which was anciently one of 
the four divisions of Attica ; was next sub- 
jected to Corinth, and then became independ- 
ent, and early rose to power. Its acropolis 
was called A Icath'de, from the founder, Pelops' 
son Alcathous, and two long walls connected 
it with its port, Niscea, off which was a 
fortified islet, Mlnoa. Its chief colonies were 
Selymbrla, Chalcedon, Byzantium, and (2) ; 
and it was famous as the seat of the philo- 
sophic school of Euclldes (1). 2. Hybl^ea, 
hyb-la'-a, a Dorian coast town of East Sicily, 
founded from (1), on the site of Hybla, 728 
B.C. ; it was subjugated by Gelon of Syracuse. 
3. The daughter of King Creon, married 
Hercules after he had delivered the Thebans 
from King ErgTnus's tribute, and was killed 
by him in a fit of delirium. 

Megareus, meg'-d-reus, son of Onchestus, 
was father of Hippomenes and Evsechme. 

Megaris, meg'-d-ris (see Megara i). 

Melampus (-odis), me-lam'-pus, a cele- 
brated soothsayer and physician of Argos, son 
of Amythaon. He lived at Pylos, and first 
introduced Bacchus's worship into Greece. 
His serpents having killed two serpents that 
had deposited their young at the foot of a large 
oak, he honoured the bodies of the reptiles 
with a funeral pile, and reared the young, 
which, as he slept one day, played round his 
head and licked his ears. He a^oke to fin4 



164 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Melanippides 

himself possessed of the power of interpreting 
the voices of birds, and predicting the future. 
He learned medicine from Apollo. He cured 
of madness the Prcetides, with other Argive 
women, by hellebore {melampod'nun), and 
married the eldest, and received a part of his 
kingdom from Prcetus to settle in, his uncle, 
King Neleus of Pylos, having expelled him. 
CSV* Bias.) 

Melanippides, mel-a-nifi'-pi-des. 1. A 
celebrated dithyrambic poet of Melos, 440 B.C. 
Some fragments exist. 2. Grandson of (1), a 
lyric poet at the court of Perdiccas II. of 
Macedonia. 

Meleager, mcl-e-d'-ger. 1. A famous son of 
King GEneus of Calydon, was an Argonaut, 
and at the hunt of the Calydonian boar, the 
hide of which he gave to Atalanta (q. v.): he 
killed his maternal uncles for taking it from 
her. For his consequent fate see Alth^a. 
His disconsolate sisters, Me lea' grides, were 
made, by Diana, guinea-hens on the isle Leros, 
excepting the two youngest, Gorge and 
Deianlra. 2. A Greek poet, native of Tyre, 
temp. Seleucus VI., compiled the Anthologla, 
or collection of Greek epigrams. 

Melibcea, mel-i-ba! -a, a coast town of 
Magnesia in Thessaly, between Ossa and 
Pelion, was famous for dyeing wool. It was 
the residence of Philoctetes {dicx Meliboeus). 

Melicerta, mel-i-cer'-ta, son of Athamas 
and Ino (q. v. ), was made by Neptune the sea- 
god Palsemon, called by the Latins Por- 
tumnus. According to some, the Isthmian 
games were instituted in his honour, his body 
having been washed ashore and buried at 
Corinth. 

Melissus, vie-lis'-sus, a philosopher of 
Samos, 440 B.C., maintained that the world 
was infinite, immovable, and without a vacuum, 
and that, from the defectiveness of human 
knowledge, no arguments could be advanced 
on the attributes of Providence. 

Melita, mel'-i-ta. 1. Now Malta, a 
fertile island of the Mediterranean between 
Sicily and Africa. 2. An islet in the Adriatic, 
off Illyria. 3. One of the Nereides. 

Mella, mel'-la, a river of Transpadane 
Gaul, flows into the Ollius, and with it into the 
Po. 

Melos, me'-los, the westernmost of the 
Cyclades, colonized by Phoenicians, and after- 
wards by Spartans, was taken in the Pelopon- 
nesian war by the Athenians, who slew all the 
adult males, and sold the women and children, 
416 B.C. 

Melpomene, mel-pom' -e-ne {singing), the 
Muse of Lyric and Tragic poetry, was usually 
represented as a young woman with a serious 
countenance, splendidly robed, wearing the 
tragic buskin (cothurmis), in one hand a 
dagger, and in the other a sceptre and 
crowns. 

Memmius, mem'-mi-tis. 1. C, a Roman 
knight, descended from iEneas's companion 
Mnestheus, was tribune of plebs 11 1 B.C. He 
was killed by Satumlnus's mob, 100. 2. 



Menelaus 



C., Gemellus, ge-mel'-lus, a Roman knight, 
son-in-law of Sulla, illustrious for his rhetorical 
and poetical talents, to whom Lucretius has 
dedicated his poem; tribune of plebs 66 B.C., 
curule sedile 60, and praetor 58, was banished 
for bribery. 

Memnon, mem' -non. 1. King of ^Ethiopia, 
son of Tithonus and Aurora, assisted his uncle, 
King Priam, with 10,000 men, and killed 
Antilochus, whose father Nestor then chal- 
lenged him ; but, from Nestor's great age, he 
preferred the challenge of Achilles, who killed 
him. His mother entreated Jupiter to give his 
corpse special honours, and the god caused a 
number of birds {Memnonides) to issue from 
the funeral pile, and, dividing into two parties, 
fight over it till many fell dead into it to 
appease his manes, and the birds annually 
visited his tomb in Troas to repeat a similar 
combat in his honour Of his monuments (Mem- 
ndnlnm or Memnonid) the most celebrated was 
a temple at Thebes, in Upper Egypt, behind 
which was a gigantic statue, represented as 
that of Memnon, but really that of King 
Amenophis, the ruins of which still exist. From 
this statue at sunrise a sound was emitted as of 
the snapping of the string of a harp from over- 
tension, and at sunset and midnight a wailing 
sound. 2. Of Rhodes, was the Persian 
governor of the western coast of Asia Minor at 
the invasion of King Alexander, and a faithful 
general of Darius III. 

Memphis, mem'-phis, a celebrated city of 
Egypt, on the western bank of the Nile, above 
the Delta, and ten miles from the Pyramids. 
It was the capital after the fall of Thebes, and 
was the seat of the worship of the god A pis 
{bos Memphites). 

Menalippe, 7iien-d-lip' -pe , sister of Queen 
Antiope of the Amazons, was taken prisoner by 
Hercules, and ransomed for the queen's arms 
and girdle. 

Menander, me-nan'-der, a famous comic 
poet of Athens, born 342 B.C., educated under 
Theophrastus, and was intimate with Epicurus. 
He was drowned in the Piraeus, 291. He was 
the great poet of the New Comedy ; yet, of his 
10S comedies, only a few fragments exist. 
Terence's plays are merely translations 01" 
adaptations of those of Menander. 

Menapii, me-nap'-i-i, a people in the north 
of Belgic Gaul. 

Mendes, men'-des, a city of the Delta, near 
Lycopolis, at the Mendesian mouth of the 
Nile. 

Menedemus, men-e-de'-mus. 1. A Greek, 
of Eretria, founded the Eretrian school of 
philosophy ; he starved himself when with 
Antigonus in Asia, 278 B.C. 2. A Cynic philo- 
sopher of Lampsacus. 

Menelaus, men-e-ld'-us. king of Sparta, was 
son of Plisthenes (or Atreus)and brother of Aga- 
memnon (q. v.) ; he married Helen, whose nume- 
rous suitors were bound by her father, King Tyn- 
darus of Sparta, to defend her against all who 
might offer her violence. After the marriage, 
Tyndarus abdicated the throne for Menelaus, 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Menenius 



who enjoyed three years of peaceful life, at the 
end of which, while he was absent in Crete, 
Paris, whom he had hospitably entertained, 
carried off Helen. Menelaus proceeded with 
all Helen's suitors against Troy, under the 
command of Agamemnon. At Troy, Menelaus 
displayed great valour, and Paris escaped from 
him only by the interposition of Venus. At the 
fall of Troy he was introduced by Helen into 
the chamber of Priam's son Deiphobus. whom 
Helen had married after Paris's death, and 
murdered him. Like the other chiefs, he was 
driven about on his voyage home, and was for 
eight years, accompanied by Helen and Nestor, 
tossed about the shores of the Mediterranean. 
He died soon after his return to Sparta, and 
left Hermione and Nicostratus by Helen, and 
Megapenthes by a concubine. 

Menenius Agrippa, me-ne'-nl-usa-grip'-pa, 
was consul 503 B.C., and in 493, by his happily 
relating the apologue of the belly and its mem- 
bers, induced the plebeians, who had seceded 
to the Sacer Mons, to return. 

Menkstheus, me-nes'-theus. 1. Son of 
Peteus, by his popularity usurped the throne 
of Athens during Theseus's long absence, and 
repelled Theseus on his return. He led, as one 
of Helen's suitors, the Athenians against Troy, 
and on his voyage home died in Melos, being 
succeeded by Theseus's son Demophoon. 2. A 
charioteer of Diomedes. 

Menceceus, me-nce'-cetes. 1. Of Thebes, 
grandson of Pentheus, and father of Hipponome, 
Jocasta, and Creon. 2. The grandson of (1) 
and son of Creon, killed himself, when the 
sacrifice of one of those sprung from the dra- 
gon's teeth {see Cadmus) was ordered by 
TiresTas to procure victory for Thebes against 
the Argives. 

Mencetius, me-nce'-ti-us, son of Actor and 
iEglna, and father of Patroclus. 

Mentor, men' -tor. 1. Son of Alrimus, was 
a faithful friend of Ulysses. 2. A famous 
Greek silver-embosser, 356 B.C. 

Mercurius, mer-ciir'-i-us. 1. Called Hermes 
by the Greeks, was the messenger of the gods 
(especially of Jupiter), the conductor of the dead 
to the nether world, and the patron-god of 
travellers, shepherds, orators, merchants, and 
thieves. He was son of Jupiter and Maia, and 
born on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia, and reared 
by the Seasons. On the day of his birth he 
stole the oxen of Admetus, which Apollo tended, 
and afterwards stole Apollo's quiver and arrows, 
Neptune's trident, Venus's girdle, Mars' sword, 
Jupiter's sceptre, and Vulcan's instruments. 
He received from Jupiter a winged cap (petd- 
sus), wings for his feet {tdldrid), and a short 
sword (harpe), which he lent Perseus. He was 
the confidant of Jupiter, and often watched 
over Juno's jealous intrigues ; he invented the 
lyre and its seven strings, which he gave Apollo 
for the shepherd's staff with which the god had 
tended Admetus's flocks, and which became his 
famous magical caduceus. In the wars of the 
giants against the gods, Mercury behaved 
with courage, and delivered Mars from his im- 



Messala 



prisonment. He purified the Danaides of theii 
murders, tied IxTon to his wheel, killed the 
hundred-eyed Argus, sold Hercules to Queen 
Omphale of Lydia, conducted Priam to 
Achilles' tent to ransom Hector's body, and 
bore the infant Bacchus to the nymphs of Nysa. 
Mercury was father of Autolycus, Myrtilus, 
Libys, EchTon, Eurytus, Cephalus, Prylis, 
Priapus, Hermaphrodltus, Eudorus, Pan. His 
worship was pretty general ; offerings of milk 
and honey and tongues were made to him as 
the god of eloquence ; and at his Roman 
festival, 25th May, in the Circus Maxunus 
(where his temple had been built 495 B.C.), a 
pregnant sow or a calf was sacrificed, and the 
Roman merchants, after sprinkling themselves 
with water from laurel-leaves, entreated him to 
be favourable, and forgive whatever false mea- 
sures they might have occasion to use in their 
business. Mercury was usually represented 
with his caduceus, petdsus, and tdldria ; some- 
times he sits on a crayfish with its claws in one 
hand and his caduceus in the other ; at times 
a large cloak is tied round his arm or under his 
chin ; at others he is a beardless youth, with a 
purse in one hand, a cock (symbol of watchiul- 
ness) on his wrist, and at his feet a goat, 
scorpion, and fly, and occasionally his foot 
rests on a tortoise (as the shell of the lyre). At 
Tanagra, in Bceotia, he was called Cridphorus 
{ram-bearing), and represented with a ram on 
his shoulders, from having delivered the inha- 
bitants from a pestilence by telling them to 
carry a ram thus round the walls. The attri- 
butes of Mercury as the Roman god of mer- 
chandise had no reference to the Greek Hermes. 
2. Trismegistus, tris-me-gis'-tus, an early 
priest and philosopher of Egypt. 

Meriones, me-ri'-d-nes, son of a Cretan 
prince, Molus, acted as charioteer to his 
friend King Idomeneus of Crete against Troy, 
and wounded Deiphobus. He was deified by 
the Cretans. 

MermnaDjE, mer'-mna-dce (see Lydia). 

Meroe, mer'-o-e, a district and island of 
^Ethiopia, on the Nile. 

Merope, mer'-o-pe. 1. One of the Atlan- 
tides, married the mortal Sisyphus, son of 
^Eolus, and therefore her star in the Pleiades 
appeared more dim than her sisters . 2. A 
daughter of Cypselus, wife of Cresphontes, 
and mother of ^Epytus. 

Merops, mer'-ops, king of ^Ethiopia, mar- 
ried the Oceanid Clymene, who bore Phaethon 
to Helios. Merops was made an eagle, and 
placed among the stars. 

Mesopotamia, mes' -o-po-tdm' -i-a, a district 
of Asia, named from being between the rivers 
Tigris (separating it from Syria and Arabia) 
and Euphrates (from Assyria). 

Messala, mes-sd'-la. 1. M. Valerius 
Maximus, Corvinus, vd-ler'-i-tts masf-i-mus, 
cor-vl'-nus, was consul 263 B.C., and first gave 
the name Messala to a branch of the Valeria 
gens from his having relieved Messdna from 
the Carthaginian besiegers. 2. M. Valerius, 
Corvinus, supported Brutus at Philippi, 43 



166 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Messalina 



B.C., was pardoned, and devoted himself to 
cultivating history, poetry, grammar, and 
oratory. 

Messalina, Valeria, mes-sa-ll'-na, va- 
ler'-i-a, the cruel and abandoned wife of the 
emperor Claudius and mother of Britannlcus, 
was, after disgracing the throne with extra- 
ordinary debaucheries, put to death by her 
husband. 

Messana, mes-sa'-na, a city of Sicily, on 
the straits separating it from Italy, anciently 
Zancle {sickle, from the shape of its harbour), 
was colonized by the Chalcidians, and after- 
wards (494 B.C.) Samians, who were expelled 
by Anaxilas with some Messenians from Rhe- 
glum, and the town called Messana or Mes- 
sene. After being destroyed by the Cartha- 
ginians, 396, it was rebuilt by Dionyslus, and 
subsequently was conquered by Agathocles, 
who (to rid Syracuse of such turbulent de- 
fenders) placed in Messana some of his Oscan 
mercenaries called MamertTni (devoted to 
Mamers, i.e. Mars); and on his death, 282, 
these seized the town, butchered the males, 
and appropriated all the women, children, and 
valuables. They called the town Mamertl'na. 
Their depredations led to Hieron of Syracuse 
declaring war against them, when, being 
worsted, they invoked the Carthaginians, 264, 
who proceeded to garrison their citadel. A 
similar entreaty had been made to Rome ; and 
the Romans, finding Carthage involved, sent a 
body to aid the Mamertines. The Cartha- 
ginians held the citadel on their own account, 
but were expelled by the Mamertines, who 
admitted the Romans. Messana was never 
again freed from Rome. 

Messapia, mes-sap'-i-a, Calabria (q. v.), 
from Neptune's son Messapus, who immigrated 
from Bceotia. 

Messenia, mes-se'-m-a, the fertile district of 
Peloponnesus, bounded S. and W. by the 
/Egean, E. by Laconia, N. by Elis and Ar- 
cadia. It anciently lormed two independent 
districts, the south under Sparta, the north 
under the kings of Pylos, which were united 
into one kingdom under Cresphontes on the 
return of the Heraclidae. The efforts of Sparta 
to reduce it formed the three Messenian wars 
(743 — 723, 685—668, and 464 — 455 B.C.). After 
the battle of Leuctra the Thebans, under Epa- 
minondas, restored the Messenians' indepen- 
dence, 369 ; and they built a town, Messene, 
mes-se'-ne, at the base of Mount Ithome, and 
maintained their independence till the Roman 
conquest of Greece, 146 B.C. 

Metabus, met'-a-btis, the father of Camilla. 

Metanira, met-a-nt' -ra {see Deiphon). 

Metapontum, met-a-fion'-tum, a Greek 
city of Lucania, on the Tarentine gulf. 

Metaurus, me-tau'-rus. 1. A river of 
Umbria, near which Hasdrubal was defeated 
and killed, 207 B.C. 2. A river of East Brut- 
tium, with a town, Metaurum, at its estuary. 

Metellus, me-tel'-lus. 1. L. Gecilius, 
cce-cil'-i-tts, consul 251 B.C., defeated with 
great loss the Carthaginians in Sicily. 2. 



Midas 



Q. Gecilius, grandson of (1), praetor 148 B.C.; 
overthrew the usurper Andriscus, of Mace- 
donia, for which he received the surname 
Mdceddn'zcus. 3. Q. Gecilius, surnamed Nu- 
midicits from his successes in the war with 
Jugurtha, 109 B.C. ; was superseded by his 
intriguing legate, C. Marius, 107, and tried 
for maladministration, but acquitted. After 
holding the censorship, 102, he was exiled, on 
Saturnlnus's proposal, to gratify Marius, 100, 
but returned in the following year. 4. Q. 
Gecilius, surnamed Phis from his filial affec- 
tion, son of (3), was praetor 89 B.C., supported 
Sulla (with whom he was consul, 80), warred 
with Sertorius, 79 — 72, was Pontifex Maxlmus, 
and died 63. 5. Q. Gecilius, Celer, ceH-er, 
consul 60 B.C., opposed the popular party, and 
supported Cicero against Catiline. His wife 
Clodia, the sister of Clodius, was suspected of 
poisoning him, 59. 6. Q. CLecilius, Nepos, 
nep'-os, consul 57 B.C., supported Pompey. 

7. Q. Gecilius, Pius Scipio, fli'-us scV-pl-o, 
adopted son of (4), was son of P. Scipio Naslca, 
and was father-in-law of Pompey, with whom 
he was consul, 52 B.C. He went to Africa 
after Pharsalia, 48, and headed the Pompeians, 
and killed himself shortly after Thapsus, 46. 

8. Q. Gecilius, consul 69 B.C., surnamed Cre'- 
ticus, from his conquest, in three years, of Crete. 

Methone, me-tho'-ne. 1. A city of south- 
western Messenia. 2. A city of Argolis. 

Methymna, me-thym'-na, a city in the 
north of Lesbos, next to Mytilene in popu- 
lation, wealth, and the fertility of its territory. 

Metis, me'-tis, the goddess of prudence, 
daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, married 
Jupiter, who, afraid that she should bring forth 
a child greater than himself, devoured her in 
the first month of her pregnancy ; a month 
after, Minerva (q. v.) sprang from his head. 
{See Saturnus.) 

Metceci, me-tce'-ci {see Peregrini, 2). 

Meton, 7net!-on, an astronomer and mathe- 
matician of Athens, 432 B.C., along with 
Euctemon, introduced the Metonic cycle of 
nineteen years, by which he tried to adjust 
the course of the sun and moon. 

Metra, me'-tra {see Erysichthon). 

Metrodorus, me-tro-do'-rtis, an Epicurean 
philosopher of Athens, native of Lampsacus 
died 277 B.C. 

Mevania, me-va'-ni-a, an inland city of 
Umbria, on the Tinea, reputed birthplace of 
Propertius. 

Mezentius, -me-zen'-ti-tts, king of the 
Etruscan Caere (Agylla), was expelled by his 
subjects for his cruelties. He fled to Turnus, 
and was employed by him against iEneas, who 
killed him and his son Lausus. 

Micipsa, ml-cifi'-sa, king of NumidTa, 148 
— 118 B.C., left his kingdom to his two sons, 
Adherbal, Hiempsal, and to Jugurtha. 

Midas, mid'-as, king of PhrygTa, son of 
Gordius. He was allowed by Bacchus, for 
his hospitality to the god's teacher Silenus, to 
choose whatever gift he pleased, and asked for 
the power of converting everything he touched 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



IS) 



Milanion 



into gold (see Anchurus) ; when even the 
food he tasted was changed into gold, he 
prayed the god to revoke the gift, and Bac- 
chus ordered him to wash in the Pactolus, 
whose sands were ever after gold-laden. When 
afterwards umpire at a musical contest, he 
decided for Pan against Apollo, whereon 
Apollo punished him by giving him the ears 
of an ass. Midas concealed the metamorphosis 
with his Phrygian cap ; but one of his servants 
discovered it, and, unable to keep the secret, 
and yet afraid to reveal it, dug a hole, 
whispered in it, "King Midas has ass's 
ears," and covered up the hole ; but out of it 
reeds grew, which in their waving and rustling 
betrayed the secret. 

Milanion, mi-lan'-i-on (see Atalanta). 

Miletus, ml-le'-tus. i. Son of Apollo and 
Aria of Crete, fled from Minos to Asia. 2. 
One of the twelve confederate cities of Ionia, 
founded by (1), in Caria, on the Latmicus 
Sinus, opposite the Maeander's estuary ; early 
rose to great naval power, and founded a large 
number of colonies. It was subjected to Lydia 
and Persia, and headed the Ionic revolt 
against the latter, being destroyed at its close, 
494 B.C. It was again destroyed after a siege 
by Alexander, but attained some position 
under the Roman emperors. Its territory 
was very rich for grazing flocks, and it had a 
large trade in woollen goods {Milesta vellera), 
in high repute for their softness and beauty. 

Milo, mil'-o. 1. A celebrated athlete of 
Crotona, in Italy, 511 B.C. 2. T. Annius 
Papinianus, an'-ni-us pa-pln'-i-a'-nus, son- 
in-law of Sulla, was chief magistrate of his 
native town, Lanuvlum, 53 B.C., and tribune 
of plebs at Rome, 57 ; he opposed Clodius's 
faction with an armed band. Milo and Clodius 
met on the Appian Way, and a fight ensued 
between their bands, when Clodius and eleven 
of his gladiators were killed. Milo was tried, 
defended by Cicero (who could not deliver his 
oration from the threats of Clodius's sympa- 
thizers), but banished to Massilia ; he was 
killed near Thurii, 48, when supporting the 
insurgent praetor M. Caelius. 

Miltiades, mil-ti'-a-des. 1. SonofCimon, 
succeeded (by Pisistratus's orders) on death of 
his brother Stesagoras to the tyranny of the 
Thracian Chersonese ; he supported Darius I. 
against Scythia, but advised the Ionians left 
in charge of the bridge over the Danube to 
burn it, and leave Darius shut up in Scythia, 
513 b.c. After the suppression of the Ionic 
revolt, 496, he fled to Athens, where, having 
been tried and acquitted for having offended 
the laws of Athens by holding a tyranny, he 
was elected one of the ten generals, 490, to 
meet the Persian invaders, and he was in com- 
mand at the victory of Marathon. He was 
next intrusted with seventy men-of-war to 
punish the isles that had supported the Per- 
sians ; he, from private enmity, proceeded 
against Paros, in the siege of which he failed. 
On his return to Athens he was tried, and 
fined fifty talents, the sum spent in fitting 



Minos 



out the armament. He was unable to pay the 
fine, and thrown into prison, where he died of 
gangrene. On his death his son Cimon (q.v.) 
was imprisoned. 2. The son of an Athenian, 
Cypselus, led a colony to the Thracian Cher- 
sonese, of which he became tyrant, temp. Pisis- 
tratus. He was succeeded by Stesagoras, son 
of his half-brother Cimon, and he again by (1). 

MilYjE, mil'-y-ce (see Lycia). 

Mimallones, ml-mal '-lo-nes , the Mace- 
donian name for the Bacchantes. 

Mimnermus, mim-nef'-mus, an early Greek 
elegiac poet of Colophon, temp. Solon. 

Mincius, min'-ci-zis, a river of Transpadane 
Gaul, flows through Lake Benacus into the Po, 
near Mantua. 

Minerva, 7nt-ner'-va, called Athena by the 
Greeks, the goddess of wisdom, war, and the 
liberal arts, and the art of weaving {see 
Arachne), sprang, full-grown and fully armed, 
from Jupiter's brain after he had devoured 
Metis (q.v.). The god's skull was opened for 
her birth by Vulcan, and she was at once 
acknowledged by all the gods, and received 
the power of hurling Jupiter's bolts, prolonging 
life, bestowing prophecy, &c. Her contest 
with Neptune to have the right of naming 
Athens is narrated under Athene. From 
Vulcan's unsuccessful attempt on her virtue, 
Erichthonius sprang. She was the first to build 
a ship, and patronized the Argonauts, and was 
considered the inventress of wind instruments 
{see Marsyas). She was known by various 
epithets — Pallas, Parthenos (virgin), Tfi- 
toma, Glaucopis, Coryphagenes (head-born). 
She had a great temple, the Parthenon (q.v.), 
with her sacred olive at Athens, and a great 
festival, Pa7iathe7icea (q.v.), temples at Rome 
on the Capitol, Aventine, and Caelian moun- 
tains, and in Gaul, Egypt, Sicily, &c. At her 
Roman festivals, Mine-tvalia, school-boys had 
a holiday and made presents to their masters. 
Minerva was represented with a masculine, 
composed face, wearing a helmet, holding a 
spear and the AZgis (shield with Medusa's 
head), and with an owl beside her. On some 
of her statues her helmet bore a cock (emblem 
of war), and on others a sphinx, supported on 
either side by griffins. At times she is sitting, 
with a distaff instead of a spear. When she ap- 
peared as goddess of the liberal arts, she was 
arrayed in the peplum or variegated veil. The 
olive (see Athene), owl, cock, and dragon 
were sacred to her. 

Minoa, ml-nd'-a (see Megara, i.) 

Minos, ml'-nos. 1. King of Crete, son of 
Jupiter and Europa, was a wise legislator, and 
rewarded for his equity by being made, with 
his brothers Rhadamanthus and ^£acus, judge 
in Hades. 2. The son of Lycastus and grand- 
son of (1), was king and legislator of Crete. 
He extended his dominions, took Megara by 
the treachery of Scylla (1), and imposed on 
the Athenians the tribute for the Minotaums 
(q.v.). Minos pursued Daedalus (q. v.), for the 
aid he had given Pasiphae, to Sicily, where he 
was killed by Cocalus. 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Minotaurus 



Minotaurus, 7ni-no-tau'-rus, a monster, 
half man and half-buii, offspring of Pasiphae 
and a bull, was kept in the famous labyrinth 
made by Daedalus (q.v.). The Athenians, for 
the murder of Androgeos (2, q.v.), had to send 
King Minos annually a tribute of seven youths 
and seven maidens, to be devoured by the 
monster. This continued till Theseus (q.v.) 
v/ent as one of the number, and, by the aid of 
Minos's daughter Ariadne, who supplied him 
with a clue of thread to find his way out of the 
labyrinth, slew the monster. 

Minturn^e, vtin-tur'-nce, a city of the 
Aurunci in Latium, near the mouth of the Liris. 

MinVjE, mhi'-y-ce, the inhabitants of Orcho- 
menos, in Boeotia, descendants of King Minyas 
(son of Neptune and TritogenTa, and father of 
the Mine' ides, who were made bats for eating 
Hippasus), who migrated from Thessaly into 
North Boeotia. Most of the Argonauts were 
Minyse. They sent a colony to Lemnos, and 
thence to Elis and Thera. 

Misenus, mi-se'-nus, son of ^Eolus, was 
trumpeter to Hector, and afterwards to ^Eneas, 
and was drowned off the promontory named 
after him, Misenum, mi-set-num, in Campania, 
south of Cumas, on which a town, Misenum, 
was afterwards built. 

Mithras, mi'-thrds, the Persian sun-god. 

Mithridates I., mith-ri-dd'-tes, second 
king of Pontus, son and successor of Ariobar- 
zanes I. 2. Mithridates II., king of Pontus, 
337 — 302 B.C., grandson of (1), was slain by 
Antigonus I. 3. Mithridates III., son and 
successor of (2), conquered Cappadocla and 
Paphlagonla, and died 266. 4. Mithridates 
IV., son and successor of Ariobarzanes, the son 
of (3), reigned 240 — 190. 5. Mithridates V., 
Euer'getes, son and successor of Pharnaces, 
reigned 156 — 120. He allied with the Romans, 
whom he supplied with a fleet in the third 
Punic war, and aided against Aristonlcus, 
claimant to the throne of Pergamos. He was 
rewarded with the province of Phrygla Major. 
He was murdered 120 b.c. 6. Mithridates 
VI., or the Great, or Eu'pator, born about 
131 B.C., succeeded, on the murder of his 
father (5), 120 ; was noted for his cruelties and 
intrigues in extending his dominion over the 
neighbouring nations , and a quarrel with King 
Nicomedes of BithynTa regarding the throne 
of Cappadocla, led to his declaring war against 
Rome. The First Mithridatic War with 
Rome, 88 — 84, was ended by Sulla ; the Second, 
83, was caused by the unprovoked invasion by 
Murena, who was defeated, when peace was 
made by Sulla's order; the Third, 74 — 63, 
was carried on by Lucullus, who defeated 
and expelled Mithridates, and afterwards by 
Pompey. Mithridates had to flee to Bosporus, 
and perished, at his own request, by the sword 
of a Gaul, when his troops, headed by his son 
Pharnaces, had risen in mutiny against him. 
He was in the midst of great preparations to 
march round the north and west coasts of the 
Euxine, and penetrate into Italy. 7. This name 
was borne by several kings 01 Parthia. 



Moschus 



Mitylene, mit- y-le'-ne {see Mytilexe). 

Mceris, mai-ris, king of Egypt, 1350 B.C., 
is said to have dug the lake Mceris (or the canal 
connecting it with the river) on the west of the 
Nile, in Middle Egypt, as a reservoir. 

Mcesia, mce'-si-a, a country of Europe (now 
Servia and Bulgaria), bounded E. by the 
Euxine, S. by Thrace and Macedonia, W. by 
Illyricum and Pannonla, N. by the Danube, 
was subdued by Augustus and made a province 
under Tiberius, afterwards divided into two — 
the west, Upper Mcesia {Superior), the east, 
Lozver Mcesia {Inferior). 

Moir^e, moi'-ra> {see Parca). 

Molorchus, mo-lor'-chus, an old shepherd 
near Cleonse, entertained Hercules when he 
came to destroy the Nemaean lion. 

Molossi, mo-los'-si, the people of Molossia, 
md-los'-si-a, a district of Eplrus, on the west 
bank of the Arachthus, having the Bay of 
Ambracla on the south, and the Perrhaebi on 
the east, and named from a king Molossus, son 
of Pyrrhus and Andromache, and successor of 
Helenus. Their kings conquered gradually all 
Epirus. Molossia was noted for its breed of 
hounds ; the capital was A mbracia. 

Momus, mo'-mus, the god of mockery and 
satire, the son of Nox, was banished from 
heaven for his ridicule of the gods. He was 
represented unmasking his face and holdisg a 
small figure in his hand. 

Mona, mon'-a, the Isle of Man, a seat of the 
Druids, between the north-west of England 
and Ireland. 

~bilo¥S\A,mop'-si-a,orTslov*,o-piA,mop-sop'-i-a, 
an ancient name of Attica, from a king Mopsus. 

Mopsus, viop'-sus. 1. A celebrated prophet 
in the Trojan war, son of Manto (daughter of 
Tireslas) and Apollo. When consulted by 
King Amphimachus of Colophon, he predicted 
the greatest calamities to the Greek expedition, 
but the king preferred to follow Calchas's pre- 
dictions of success. On another occasion he 
showed himself superior to Calchas (q.v.), who 
killed himself. Mopsus is said to have fallen 
in combat with the prophet Amphilochus, with 
whom he quarrelled about the possession of 
Mallos, in Cilicla, which they had jointly 
founded. 2. The seer of the Argonauts, son of 
Ampyx and Chloris. 

Morini, mor'-i-ni, a coast people of Belgic 
Gaul, in the northernmost point, whence called 
by Virgil extremi Jwminum 

Morpheus, mor'-pJteics {moulder or former 
of dreams), the son and minister of Somnus, 
and god of dreams, usually represented as a fat 
child, winged, and asleep, with a vase in one 
hand and some poppies in the other. 

Mortuum Mare, vior'-tu-um mar's [see 
Asphaltites). 

Mosa, mos'-a, now Meuse, a river of Gallia 
Belglca, flowing from the Vosges into the 
Waal. 

Moschus, mos'-chus, a pastoral poet of 
Syracuse, 250 B.C. Four of his Idylls are 
extant, and are distinguished by sweetness and 
elegance. 



SEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Mosella 



Mosella, tna-set-la, now Moselle, a river 
of Gallia Belgica flowing into the Rhine at 
Coblentz. 

Moses, tno'-ses, the Jewish legislator, 1500 
B.C. 

Mosynceci, mos-y-nce'-ci, a coast tribe of 
Pontus. 

Mucius, mu'-ct-us (see Sc^evola). 

Mulciber, mul'-cl-ber, a name of Vulcan. 

Mummius, L., muni'-mi-us, surnamed 
Achdicus, from his overthrow of the Achaean 
league, destruction of Corinth, and subjugation 
of Greece, when consul, 146 B.C. 

Munda, mun'-da, a town of Hispama 
Baetica, where Caesar defeated Pompey's sons, 
45 b.c. 

Municipium, mu-ni-cifi '-i-um [see Socn). 
Munychia, mii-nych'-z-a, the eastern port 
of Athens. 

Murena, mu-re'-na. 1. L. Licinius, U-chi'-l- 
us, was left by Sulla in command in Asia, 84 b. c. , 
and attacked Mithridates, but was repulsed. 
2. L. Licinius, son of (1), was consul 63 B.C., 
and defended by Cicero when accused of 
bribery. 

Mus, mus {see Dfcius). 

Musa,Antonius, -^tu'-sa, an-td'-m-us, origi- 
nally a slave, was the physician of Augustus, 
and in great repute at Rome. Two extant 
treatises are attributed to him. 

Mus^E, mil' -see, the nine daughters of Jupiter 
and Mnemosyne — Cll'o (history), Euter'pe 
(lyric poetry), Thdli'a (comedy and idyllic 
verse), Melj>om'ene (tragedy), Terpsich'ore 
(choric verse), Er'dtd (erotic poetry), Polym'- 
nia (hymns), Uran'ia (astronomy), Calli'dpe 
(epic poetry). They were the inspiring god- 
desses of song, under their leader (MUsdgetes) 
Apollo; and presided severally over the different 
kinds of poetry and the arts and sciences. 
They were born at Pieria, at the base of Mount 
Olympus, and thence named Pier'ides, and 
Castal'ides, Agdnip'pldes, Llbe' thrides , Aon'i- 
des, Helicdni'ddes, &c, from the places where 
they were worshipped, or over which they 
presided. They chiefly frequented Mount 
Helicon, where were the sacred founts Aga- 
nippe and Hippocrene, and the palm-tree and 
the laurel were sacred to them. They punished 
all who contended with them (e.g., the Sirens, 
the nine daughters of Pierus, &c). They had 
festivals in every part of Greece, but no sacri- 
fices were offered to them except libations of 
milk or water and honey. The ancient poets 
always invoked them for inspiration. See 
further under each Muse. 

Musjeus, mu-sa?-us, a very ancient Greek 
poet, contemporary with Orpheus. 

Mutina, muf-t-na, a town of Cispadane 
Gaul, where Derimus Brutus was besieged by 
Antony, 44 B.C. 

Mycale, myd-d-le, a mountain and pro- 
montory of southern Ionia, opposite Samos, off 
which the Greeks defeated the Persian fleet on 
the same day as the battle of Plataea, 479 B.C. 
Mycenae, my-ce'-nce, an ancient city of 



Myus 

Argclis, on a hill by the rivulet InSchus, 
six miles north-east of Argos, founded by 
Danae's son Perseus ; was the chief city of 
Greece under Agamemnon, but of little im- 
portance in the historical period. It was re- 
duced and destroyed by the Argives, 468 B.C. 

Myconus, mye'-o-mis, an isle east of Dela>, 
one of the Cyclades, where Hercules defeated 
the Giants. 

Mygdonia, myg-don'-i-a. 1. The district of 
the Mygdones, myg'-do-nes, in eastern Mace- 
donia, between the AxTus and Strymon. 2. A 
small country forming East MysTa and West 
Bithynla, named from settlers from (1). 3. 
A small province in the north-east of Mesopo- 
tamia. 

Myl^e, my^-lce, a coast town of northern 
Sicily. 

Myndus, myri-dus, a Dorian coast town of 
Caria. 

Myrina, my-ri'-na. 1. An ^Eolian coast 
city of West Mysia. 2. A town of Lemnos. 

Myrmidones, myr-mid'-o-nes, ancient 
Achaean inhabitants of iEglna (see Macvs), 
early migrated into Phthiotis, in Thessaly ; 
but some suppose that the migration was from 
Thessaly to ^Eglna. They went under their 
king, Achilles, to Troy. 

Myron, myr'-dn, a Greek statuary and en- 
graver of Athens, 430 B.C. 

Myrsilus, myr'-sl-his (see Candaules). 

Myrtilus, myr'-ttl-tis, son of Mercury, so 
skilled in managing horses that he was ap- 
pointed charioteer of King GEnomaus (q.v.), 
of Pisa, whom he betrayed, bribed by Pelops. 
He was thrown into the sea, and became the 
star Auriga. 

Myrtoum Mare, myr-td'-um vidr'-e, the 
part of theiEgeanoff southern Eubcea, Attica, 
and Argolie. 

Mysia, my'-si-a, a district in extreme N. W. 
of Asia Minor, bounded, in the Roman period, 
on W. by the ^Egean, S. by Lydia, E. by 
Bithynla and Phrygla, N. by Propontis. In 
this extensive sense Mysia contained five 
districts, — Mysia Minor, on the N. coast ; 
Troas, the N. W. corner ; /Eolia, the S. W. 
coast ; Teutkrania, the S. W. corner, between 
Temnus and Lydia ; and Mysia Major, the 
S. E. inland part. At an earlier period its 
boundaries varied much. Mysia fell under 
Cyrus I., and then Pergamus, with which it 
was bequeathed by Attalus III. to Rome. 
The Mysi proper were early Thracian immi- 
grants. 

Mytilene, my-ti-le'-ne, or Mityle'ne, an 
^Eolian city, the capital of Lesbos, on its east 
side ; named from Mytilene, daughter of King 
Macareus ; early rose to maritime power. It 
possessed beautiful buildings and a fertile^ ter- 
ritory ; it was the birthplace of Pittacus, 
Alcseus, Sappho, Terpander, Theophanes, 
Hellanlcus, &c. It became a seat of learning 
under the Romans. 

Myus (-untis), my-us, one of the twelve 
Ionian cities in Caria. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Nabataei 



N 

f Tab at ^Ei, ndi-d-tce'-i, the people of Naba- 
taci, or Arabia Petrsea. The capital was 
iV tra. 

N/EVius, Cn., na^-vi-us, a. Latin poet, 235 
B. c, wrote a poem on the first Punic war, and 
c omedies and tragedies ; he was imprisoned 
for satirizing Scipio and the Metelli, and for 
another similar otrence had to retire to Utlca, 
where he resided till his death, 202. Some 
fragments exist. 

Naiades, nd-i'-d-dcs, the nymphs of fresh 
water — lakes, rivers, springs, fountains, — 
usually represented as young and beautiful 
virgins, leaning on an urn, from which a stream 
of water issues. 

Nap^, nd-pce'-a', the nymphs of the glens. 

Nar, nar, a river flowing from Mount Fis- 
cellus, between Umbria and the Sabini, 
through the lake Vellnus into the Tiber, near 
Ocriculum. 

Narbo Marcius, nar'-bo mar'-cz-us, the 
capital of Gallia Narbonensis, on the Atax, 
founded by Q. Marcius with a Roman colony, 
118 B.C. 

Narcissus, nar-cis'-sus, a beautiful youth, 
son of Cephissus and Liriope, born at Thespis, 
in Boeotia. Echo (q. v.) died for love of him. 
He was punished by Nemesis, who made him 
believe his image reflected in a fountain was a 
nymph, of whom he became enamoured, and, 
from the fruitlessness of his efforts to win the 
phantasm, he pined awaj r . His blood was 
made the flower narcissus. 

Narnia, nar'-ni-a, originally Nequlmtm, a 
town of Umbria, on the Nar. 

Naryx, nd'-ryx, or Narycion, nd-ry'-ci-on, 
a town of the Locri Opuntli, birthplace of 
Oilean Ajax. The colony, Locri Epizephyrii, 
in southern Italy, was called Ndrycia. 

Nasidienus, ?id'-sid-i-e'-nus, an ostenta- 
tious Roman knight, ridiculed by Horace. 

Naso, nd'-so (see Ovidus). 

Naucratis, nau'-crat-is, a Greek city of 
the Delta, on the east of the Canopic branch 
of the Nile. It was the only port for Greek 
merchantmen. It was founded from Miletus, 
55° B.C. 

Naupactus, nau-pac '-tus, a tow of the 
Locri Ozola?, near Antirrhium, named as 
being the place where the Heraclldae built 
their fleet. 

Nauplius, nait-plt-us, son of Neptune and 
Amymone, king of Euboea. To avenge his 
son, Palamedes (Naripliddes), who had been 
killed at Troy by the artifice of Ulysses, he 
shipwrecked the returning Greeks by lighting 
signal-fires on the dangerous promontory 
Caphareus, in Eubcea ; but when Jason and 
Diomedes escaped, he threw himself into the 
sea. 

Nausicaa, nau-sid-d-d, daughter of King 
Alcinuus, of Phseacla, met Ulysses when 
shipwrecked, and brought him to her lather. 



Uemeea 



Navius, naf-vi-us, Attus, af-tus (or 
Attius, at'-ti-us), a celebrated Roman augur, 
opposed the proposal of Tarquinlus Priscus to 
double the centuries of the equites. The king, 
to test his power, asked him if what he was 
thinking of could be accomplished. Navius 
replied that it could ; whereon the king said 
he meditated cutting a whetstone with a razor, 
a feat which Navius at once performed. 

Naxos, nax'-os. 1. The largest of the 
Cyclades, famous for its wines and Bacchus's 
amour with Ariadne ; was colonized by Ionians 
from Athens. 2. A coast city of eastern Sicily, 
founded by the Chalcidians of Eubcea, 735 

B.C. 

Ne.era, ne-a?-ra, a name common to several 
nymphs and mistresses in the poets. 

Neapolis, ne-dp'-ol-is. 1. Now Naples, a 
city of Campania, a colony of the Chalcidians 
of Cumse, on the site of the ancient Parthe- 
nope ; consisted, for a time, of two walled 
parts, Neapolis (new city), and PdlcEopolis 
(old city). It was conquered by the Samnites, 
327 B.C., and by the Romans, 290. It became 
a favourite residence of the Romans, and had 
warm baths in its neighbourhood. 2. A part 
of Syracuse. 

Necessitas, ne-cesi '-sit-as, the Greek'Ava7«crj, 
an irresistible goddess, mother of the Parcae. 
She bore brazen nails to fix the decrees of 
fate. 

Neleus. ne'-leus, son of Neptune and Sal- 
moneus's daughter Tyro, was exposed with 
his twin brother Pellas by his mother, but 
saved by some shepherds. Tyro married 
King Cretheus, of Iolchos, and after his death 
the twins usurped the throne of Iolchos from 
/Eson. Pellas soon after expelled Neleus, 
who fled to King Aphareus, of Messenia, and 
was allowed to build Pylos. His twelve sons, 
except Nestor, were killed by Hercules, and 
his daughter Pero (by Amphlon's daughter 
Chloris) was married to Bias ^q. v.). Each of 
his descendants was called a Nelfdes or 
Nelel'ddes. 

NeM/EA, ne-mcd-a, the games celebrated 
every alternate year in the sacred grove sur- 
rounding the great temple of Jupiter New? us 
in the valley Nemea, nem'-e-a, between Cle- 
onse and Phlius, in Argolis. Nemea was the 
scene of Hercules' destruction of the Nemaan 
lion : this monstrous Hon, offspring of Typhon 
and Echidna, was so pachydermatous that the 
hero found his arrows and club useless, and 
was obliged to take it in his arms and squeeze 
it to death. On this occasion Hercules re- 
instituted the Nemaean games, which had 
originally been established by the Argives in 
honour of Archemorus (q.v.). They formed 
one of the four national Greek festivals 
(Nemcean, Pythian, Isthmian, Olympic). The 
Argives, Corinthians, and people of Cleonae 
presided by turns at the celebration ; foot, 
horse, and chariot races, boxing, wrestling, 
and all kinds of gymnastic exercises were ex- 
hibited ; the prize was a crown of olives in 
earlier, and of green parsley in later, times. 



BEETON s S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



171 



Nemesis 



Nemesis, nem'-e-sis, one of the infernal 
goddesses, daughter of Nox, apportioned 
gifts to mortals and their rewards : later she 
was regarded as a Fury who punished crimes. 

Neobule, ne-o-bii'-li {see Lycambes). 

Neon, ne'-on, a city of Phocis. 

Neoptolemus, ne-op-tol'-em-us, son of 
Achilles and Deidamia, called Pyrrhus, pyr 1 - 
rhus, from his reddish hair, and Neoptolemus 
because he joined the Trojan war late. He 
was brought to Troy after Achilles' death, on 
Calc-has declaring that his presence was neces- 
sary to its fall. Neoptolemus, having visited 
his father's tomb, went with Ulysses to Lem- 
nos, to bring Philoctetes, whose presence was 
also necessary. He behaved with great bravery 
in the siege of Troy, and distinguished himself 
by his eloquence and wisdom. He entered in 
the wooden horse, and slew Priam, Astyanax, 
and Polyxena ; Andromache and Helenus fell 
to his share in the spoils. By giving credit to 
the predictions of the latter, he escaped the 
storm which proved so fatal to the other re- 
turning chiefs, and marched through Thrace 
{see Harpalyce). Neoptolemus had a son, 
Molossus, by Andromache ; he afterwards 
married Menelaus's daughter Hermiune, and 
Cleodseus's daughter Lanassa. He migrated 
from his Myrmidonian kingdom in Phthiotis 
to EpTrus, of which he became king, and pro- 
genitor of the Molossian line. He is said to 
have been murdered by Orestes, to whom his 
wife Hermione had been betrothed before. 
Neoptolemus, like his father, was also called 
Pell'des and JEadtdes. 

Nepete, nep'-e-te, a city of Etruria. 

Nephele, neph'-e-le {see Athamas). 

Nepos, Cornelius, nep'-os, cor-ne'-li-us, a 
historian temp. Cicero, wrote various historical 
works, of which only the Vltce E xcellenthim 
Imperatorum {Lives of Illustrious Generals) 
is extant. 

Neptunus, nep-tu'-nus, called Posei'don by 
the Greeks, was son of Saturn and Ops, and 
brother of Jupiter, Pluto, and Juno. He was 
devoured by his father the day of his birth, 
but vomited up by the potion administered by 
Metis. On Jupiter's deposition of Saturn, 
Neptune received the dominion of the sea. 
He conspired to dethrone Jupiter, for which 
he was banished from Olympus for a year, 
and compelled, with Apollo, to build Troy's 
walls for Laomedon (q.v.), whom he punished 
when defrauded of his promised reward. He 
disputed, ineffectually, with Minerva the pri- 
vilege of naming Athens, when, with a stroke 
of his trident, he produced the horse (whence 
his epithet Equestris, ImroTtic;) from the earth, 
and he contended for the Isthmus of Corinth 
with Apollo, when the umpire, Briareus the 
Cyclops, awarded him the isthmus and Apollo 
the promontory. Neptune had power over the 
ocean, rivers, and fountains, and could raise, 
depress, or shake the land at pleasure. His 
worship was very general, and the Greek 
Isthmian games and the Roman Consualia, 
in his honour, were celebrated with great 



Nero 



solemnity ; his victims were bulls and horses. 
He was usually represented sitting in a chariot 
made of a shell, drawn by sea-horses or dol- 
phins, or holding a trident and erect in his 
chariot, drawn with great speed by winged 
horses, and attended by the Nereides or 
Oceanldes. Homer represents him as issuing 
from the sea and in three steps crossing to th« 
horizon, while the monsters of the deep gam- 
bolled before him. Neptune married Amphi- 
trlte, but he was enamoured of many others — 
Ceres, Astypalasa, Antiope, Themisto, Hal- 
cyone, Arethusa, Harpalyce, &c. 

Nereides, ne-re'-i-des, the fifty daughters 
of Nereus and Doris, were the nymphs of the 
Mediterranean {see Oceanides), of whom the 
chief was Achilles' mother, Thetis. They were 
represented as beautiful maidens who resided 
in shell-adorned vine-shaded grottos and caves 
on the sea-shore, or at the bottom of the sea 
with their father. They had to wait on the 
more powerful sea-gods, especially Neptune. 
They were worshipped, particularly by sailors, 
and offerings made of milk, oil, honey, and 
goat's-flesh. They were usually represented 
sitting on dolphins, and holding Neptune's 
trident or garlands of flowers. 

Nereus, ne'-reus, son of Oceanus and 
Terra, was father of the fifty Nereides by 
Doris. He was usually represented as an old 
man with a long flowing beard and azure hair. 
He had the gift of prophecy, and, like Proteus, 
could take different shapes. He informed 
Paris of the consequences of his elopement 
with Helen, and directed Hercules how to 
obtain the apples of the Hesperides. His 
chief residence was in the JEgean, where he 
was surrounded by his daughters. 

Neritum, ne'-rit-um, a mountain of Ithaca. 

Nero, ner'-o. i. Claudius Domitius 
Caesar, clau'-dz-us dom-it'-i-us cc^-sar, the 
infamous Roman emperor, a.d. 54 — 68, son of 
Cn. D. Ahenobarbus and Germanicus's daughter 
Agripplna, born 34, was adopted by the em- 
peror Claudius and styled C&sar, 50. His 
mother gained the throne for him on Claudius's 
death, and he put to death the rightful heir, 
Britannicus. He next murdered his wife 
Octavia to marry Otho's wife, Poppa^a Sablna. 
He v/as usually charged with kindling the great 
fire of Rome, 64, and was said to have viewed 
it from a tower, while he sang on his lyre the 
fall of Troy ; but he rebuilt the city with great 
splendour. He was notorious for cruelties, 
debaucheries, and the absence of all sense not 
merely of dignity, but of decency. He married 
one of his meanest catamites, and went about 
with a troupe of actors. A great conspiracy, 
headed by C. Calpurnius Piso, was formed 
against him, 65, but discovered ; and among 
those who perished were Piso, Lucan, Seneca, 
&c. ; but in 68 the governor of Hispania 
Tarraconensis, Galba, raised the standard of 
revolt, and Nero fled from Rome. The Senate 
condemned him to be whipped to death, but 
Nero avoided this by a voluntary death, 3, 
See Claudius (3). 

M 



172 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Uerva 



Nerva, M. Cocceius, ner'-va, coc-cei'-us, 
born A.D. 32, in Umbrla, of Cretan descent, 
was proclaimed Roman emperor on Domitian's 
murder, 96. After a mild and virtuous reign 
of two years he was succeeded by his adopted 
son Trajan, 98. 

Nervii, ner'-vl-i, a warlike people of Gallia 
Belglca, between the Sabis and the ocean. 

Nessus, nes'-sus, a celebrated centaur, killed 
by Hercules for his violence to Deianira(q.v.). 

Nestor, lies' -tor, king of Pylos, son of 
Neleus and Chloris. His eleven brothers were 
slain by Hercules, who placed him on the 
throne. He distinguished himself in the con- 
test of the Laplthse and Centaurs, and was at 
the Calydonian Hunt and with the Argonauts. 
At Troy, in his old age, he was eminent for 
eloquence, wisdom, justice, and military skill. 
He returned safely to Pylos, but the manner of 
his death is unknown. He ruled over three 
generations of men. 

Neuri, neu'-ri, a people of European 
Sarmatia. 

_ Nicea, ni-cce'-a. 1. A royal residence and 
city of Bithynia, on Lake Ascania, was built by 
King Antigonus I. of Syria, and called origi- 
nally A ntigonea. 2. A coast city of Liguria, 
colonized from MassilTa. 

Nicias, nl'-ci-as, a celebrated Athenian 
general (though disapproving of the war), sent 
with Alcibiades and Lamachus to Sicily, 415 
B.C. (See Demosthenes 2.) 

Nicomachus, nl-com'-d-chus. 1. The father 
of Aristotle. 2. The son of Aristotle, grand- 
son of (1). 

Nicomedes, nl-co-me'-des. i. King of 
Bithynia, 278 — 250 b.c. 2. Nicomedes II., 
Epiph'dnes, deposed and killed his father. King 
Prusias II. of Bithynia, 142 B.C. ; allied with the 
Romans, and died 91. 3. Nicomedes III., 
Phllop'dtor, succeeded (2), 91 B.C., and be- 
queathed his kingdom to the Romans, 74. He 
had been twice expelled by Mithridates, but 
restored by the Romans. 

JNicomedia, nl' -co-me-dl' -a, the capital of 
Bithynia, on the Bay of Astacus, built by 
Nicomedes I. 

Nicopolis, nl-cop'-o-lis, a city built in the 
south-west of Eplrus by Augustus to comme- 
morate the battle of Actium. 

Niger, C. Pescennius Justus, nl'-ger, 
$es-ce7l '-ni-us j'us'-tus, governor of Syria, pro- 
claimed Roman emperor by his soldiers, a.d. 
193, was defeated and beheaded by Severus, 
194. 

Nilus, nl'-lus, a great river flowing north 
through Ethiopia and Egypt into the Mediter- 
ranean. On its annual inundations the fertility 
of Egypt depended. Below Memphis it divided 
into seven streams (now two), which formed 
the rich Delta (q.v.), and discharged itself by 
the mouths called the Pelusian (the easternmost), 
Sebennytic, Sais, Mendesian, Bolbinitic, Bu- 
colic, and Canopic (westernmost). Homer calls 
the Nile itself Egypt (A'tyvmoc;). 

Ninus, nln'-us or nl'-nus. 1. Son of Belus, 
built (2) and founded the Assyrian monarchy, 



UTox 



which he left, in the regency of his wife 
Semiramis, to his son. 2. Or Nineveh, a 
celebrated city, capital of Assyria, built by (1) 
on the Tigris, destroyed 606 B.C. 

Niobe, nl'-o-be (see Amphion, 2). 

Niphates, nl-phd'-tes, a mountain-range of 
Armenia. 

Nireus, nl'-reus, king of Naxos, son of 
Charops and Aglaia, was celebrated for his 
beauty. 

Nis^a, ni-sce'-a (see Megara). 

Nisus, nl'-sus. 1. King of Megara and 
father of Scylla (1, q.v.). 2. Son of Hyrtacus, 
born on Mount Ida, near Troy ; came to Italy 
with ^Eneas. He was distinguished for his 
friendship with Euryalus, a young Trojan. 
The two entered by night Turnus's camp, and 
when returning victorious were discovered by 
the Rutulians and attacked. Nisus was killed 
with his friend, whom he tried to save, and 
their heads were cut off and carried in triumph 
to Turnus's camp. Their friendship has be- 
come proverbial, like that of Pylades and 
Orestes, or Theseus and Pirithous, or Pythias 
and Damon. 

Nola, no'-la, a city south-east of Capua. 

Nomades, nom'-d-des, the tribes of Scythia, 
India, Arabia, and Africa, who had no fixed 
habitation, but wandered in search of pasture, 
&c. The Romans gave it, as a permanent 
name, to the people of Numidia. 

Nomentum, no -men' -turn, an Alban colony 
in Latinm, fourteen miles from Rome, passed 
to the Sabines. 

Nomius, nom'-i-us (pasturer), an epithet 
applied to Mercury, Pan, Apollo, Aristaeus. 

Nonacria, nd-nti'-crl-a, a town of northern 
Arcadia. Evander is called Nond'crtus, 
Atalanta Nona'crza, and Callisto Ndnacri'na 
viSgo. 

Nonius Marcellus, no'-ni-us mar-cel'-lus, 
a grammarian, author of an extant treatise. 

Norba, nor'-ba, a Volscian town of Latium, 
colonized from Rome 492 B.C. 

Noricum, n5'-ri-cu?n, a Roman province in 
ancient Illyricum, bounded on S. by Italy and 
Pannoma, E. by Pannonla, N. by the Danube, 
W. by Rhsetia and Vindelicia. It was tra- 
versed by the A Ipes NoriccE, and was famous 
for its iron-mines and manufacture of swords ; 
its fierce inhabitants — various tribes of Celtse, 
of which the Taurisci were the chief (capital, 
Norel'd) — once under kings, were subjugated 
by Augustus, and the country made a pro- 
vince by Tiberius. 

Nortia, nor'-tt-a, the Etruscan goddess of 
Fortune. 

Nox, nox, daughter of Chaos, bore ^Ether 
and Dies to her brother Erebus. She was 
also mother of the Parcse, Hesperides, Dreams 
(Somma), Discordia, Mors, Momus, &c. Her 
victims were a black sheep or a cock. She wa3 
represented in a chariot, wearing a star- 
spangled veil, and preceded by the constella- 
tions, or carrying under one arm a black child 
(death or night), and under the other a white 
one (sleep or day). 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



JKTuma 



Numa Pompilius, num'-a pom-pil' -i-us , 
second king of Rome, a Sabine of Cures, was 
elected Romulus's successor by the Senate. 
He was instructed by Pythagoras and the 
nymph Egerfa, and in his long peaceful reign 
founded or extended the Roman religious 
establishment — pontiffs, augurs, flamens, 
Vestal virgins, and Salii. 

Numantia, nic-man'-ti-a, the capital of 
the Arevacae, in Hispama Tarraconensis, de- 
stroyed, after an obstinate siege, by Scipio 
Africanus the younger, 133 B.C. 

Numerianus, M. Aurelius, nit-mer'-i-a'- 
nus, att-re'-li-us, succeeded his father Cams 
as Roman emperor, with his brother Carlnus, 
a.d. 283, and was, eight months after, mur- 
dered by (as was supposed) the prsetorian 
prefect Arrius Aper, who was stabbed by Dio- 
cletian. 

Numicus, nu-mi'-cus, or Numicius, nu-ml'- 
ct-tcs, a river of Latium, flowing into the 
Tyrrhene Sea near Ardea. 

Numidia, nic-mid'-i-a, a country east of 
Mauretanla, named from its Nomad (N6juu5ec) 
inhabitants, the Massyli and Masssesyli, who 
were formed into a kingdom by Masinissa, 
201 B.C. It became dependent on Rome by 
Jugurtha's overthrow, 106, and was made a 
Roman province on Juba's defeat, 46, 

Numitor, num' -i-tor (see Amulius). 

Nursia, nur'-si-a, a town of the Sabines. 

Nyctelius, nyc-tel'-i-us, Bacchus, from 
nocttirnal orgies. 

Nycteus, nyc'-teus (see Antiope). 

Nymphs, nymph'-ce, inferior goddesses, 
presided over the sea, springs, rivers, grottos, 
mountains, and woods. They wese divided 
into Oceanides, Naiades, Oreades, Napcece, 
Dryades, and Hainadryades. Offerings of 
goats, lambs, oil, and milk were made to 
them. 

Nysa, ny'-sa, the name of several cities or 
places, each of which claim the honour of 
having reared Bacchus ; the chief being on 
Mount Messogis, in Caria; near the Halys, 
in Cappadocia ; and in India, at the con- 
fluence of the Cophen and Choaspes. Bacchus 
was styled Nysce'us or Nysl'gena, and the six 
nymphs who reared him Nysi'ades or Nyse'- 
ides. 



O 

Oaxus, S-ax'-us, or Axus, ax'-its, an in- 
land town of Crete, on the Oaxes. 

Oceanides, o-ce-an'-l-des, the nymphs, 
daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, who pre- 
sided over the Ocean. Prayers were made to 
them, and offerings of flour, honey, oil, a goat, 
lamb, young pig, or black bull. (See 
Nereides.) 

Oceanus, o-ce'-an-tis, son of Ccelus and 
Terra, married Tethys, who bore him the 



CEdipus 

principal river-gods, — Alpheus, Peneus, Stry- 
mon, Tiber, &c, — and the Oceanides. 
Oceanus was represented as an old man with a 
flowing beard, and sitting on the waves, or 
holding a pike in his hand, while ships in full 
sail appear in the distance, or a sea-monster 
stands near him. Oceanus presided over the 
ocea7t, i.e. over the vast outer waters which 
the ancients supposed to flow as a river 10: ind 
the plain of the then known world, into which 
the sun, moon, and stars sank, and on whose 
banks were the abodes of the dead ; he also 
presided over rivers. 

Ocellus, o-cel'-lus (see Lucanus, 2). 

Ocnus, od-nus (see Manto). 

Ocriculum, o-cric'-u-hun, a town of 
Umbrfa. 

Octavia, oc-ta'-vi-a, the beautiful and 
chaste sister of the emperor Augustus; mar- 
ried Claudius Marcellus (consul 50 B.C.), and 
on his death she married the triumvir M. 
Antony, 40, who divorced her for Cleopatra ; 
whence the rupture between Augustus and 
Antony. After Antony's death, Augustus took 
her and her children into his house ; she died 
of grief at the early death of her son Mar- 
cellus (q.v.) 11 B.C. Augustus pronounced 
her funeral oration, and the people wished to 
deify her. 

■ Octavianus, oc-ta'-vi-a'-n*.is, and Octa 
vius, oc-ta'-vi-us (see Augustus). 

Ocypete, d-cyp'-e-te (see Harpyle). 

Odenathus, o-de-na'-thus, prince of Pal- 
myra, styled Augustus by Gallienus ; was 
murdered by an offended relation, a.d. 266, and 
succeeded by his widow Zenobia. 

Odoacer, od-o-a'-cer, king of the Heruli, 
destroyed the Western Roman empire, a.d. 476; 
styled himself king of Italy, and was over- 
thrown by Theodoric, king of the Goths, 493. 

Odrys^e, od'-ry-sce, a powerful people of 
Thrace, between Abdera and the Danube. 
Odrys'ius is often used for Thracian. 

Odysseus, o-dys'-seus {see Ulysses). 

OZager, oJ-a-ger, king of Thrace, was 
father of Orpheus and Linus. CEag'rius is 
used for Thracian. 

OZbalus, ce'-ba-lzis, king of Sparta and father 
of Tyndareus. CE'bdlis, CEb&l'his, or CEbal'i- 
des, is equivalent to Spartan, and isappliedalso 
to the Spartan colony Tarentum, and to the 
Sabines, who were said to be of Spartan blood. 
2. A son of Telon and the nymph Sebethis, 
reigned near Neapolis, in Campania. 

CEchalia, ce-chal' -i-a, the residence of 
Eurytus, whom Hercules slew. _ Three towns 
claimed to be the original, — in Eubcea, in 
MessenTa, and on the Peneus in Thessaly. 

OZdipus (-i or -odis), as'-di-pus {swollen- 
footed), the son of King Lfuus of Thebes and 
Creon's sister Jocasta, was exposed at birth on 
Mount Cithseron, his feet being pierced and 
bound together (whence his name, from their 
swelling), Laius having been informed by an 
oracle that his son would kill him. The child 
was found by a shepherd, and carried to his 
master, King Polybus, of Corinth, who reared 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



CEneus 



him as his own. When grown up, CEdipus 
went to consult the Delphic oracle (having 
heen taunted by some of his companions with 
illegitimacy), and was told never to return 
home, or he would kill his father. Supposing 
the reference to be to Polybus, he resolved 
never to visit Corinth ; he set out to Phocis, 
and at a narrow part of the way met Lalus 
journeying in a chariot to Delphi ; as each 
declined to make way for the other, a scuffle 
ensued, and Laius was killed. CEdipus was 
soon after attracted to Thebes by the procla- 
mation of Creon, Laius's successor, offering the 
throne and Jocasta to whoever could solve the 
riddle of the terrible Sphinx (q. v.). CEdipus 
solved the riddle, and became king and hus- 
band of his mother Jocasta, by whom he had 
Polynlces, Eteocles, Ismene, and Antigone. 
Thebes was afterwards visited with a plague, 
and the oracle declared it would cease only 
when Laius's murderer was banished : the dis- 
covery that CEdipus was the murderer was 
made by means of the shepherd, and con- 
firmed by the seer Tiresias ; Jocasta hanged 
herself, and CEdipus put out his eyes and 
exiled himself. Antigone accompanied him to 
the grove of the Furies at Colonos, near 
Athens, where amid thunder-peals he was 
removed from earth. The wars of the Seven 
against Thebes (see Eteocles) and the 
-Epigoni (q. v.) arose from the deadly quarrels 
of his sons. 

CEneus, ce'-nens, king of Calydon, in 
^Etolla, was father, by Thestlus's daughter 
Althaea, of Clymenus, Meleager, Gorge, 
Deianlra, &c, and of Tydeus by Periboea. 
After the hunt of the famous boar (see Caly- 
don), CEneus was expelled by the sons of his 
brother Agrius, but he was restored by his 
grandson Diomedes ; he gave the throne to his 
son-in-law Andrsemon, and went with Dio- 
medes to Argolis, where he was killed by two 
of the sons of Agrius. 

CEnomaus, ce-nom'-a-us(see Hippodamia, i). 

CEnone, ce-7id'-ite, a nymph of Mount Ida, 
in Mysla, was daughter of the Cebren, and 
married by Paris ; he deserted her for Helen, 
but, when he received his fatal wound at Troy, 
he was carried to CEnone to be cured by her ; 
she refused to heal him, but was so disconsolate 
at his death that she killed herself. 

CEnophyta, ce-noph'-yt-a, a town of Boeotla, 
on the Asopus, where the Athenians defeated 
the Boeotians 456 B.C. 

CEnopia, ce-nop '-i-a, an old name of ^Egina. 

CEnopio:;, ce-nof -i-c?i (see Orion). 

CEnotria, ce-no'-trl-a, old name for the 
southern part of Italy, Lucania. 

CEta, cB-ta, a mountain-range in the south 
of Thessaly, running from the Sperchlus to 
its famous passes TJiermopylce (q.v.); on it 
Hercules burnt himself. 

Ogyges, d'-gy-ges, son of Bceotus, or of Nep- 
tune and Terra, married Jupiter's daughter 
Thebe. He reigned in Bcectia (Ogyg'id), and 
also extended his power over Attica. The 
Tliebans are called Ogyg'idce, and Ogyg'ius is 



Olympia 

used for Theban ; Ogyg'ia also denotes Ca- 
lypso's isle (which later was believed to be off 
the promontory Lacinlum, in southern Italy). In 
the reign of Ogyges there was a deluge (Hie 
Ogygian) in Attica, before that of Deucalion, 
and also an uncommon appearance in the 
heavens, when the planet Venus changed her 
colour, figure, and course. 

Oileus, d-i'-leus, king of the Locri, son of 
Hodcedocus and Agrianume, had Ajax Oi'tti 
(or Oili'des, or Oiti'ddes) by Eriopis, and 
Medon by Rhene. He was an Argonaut. 

Olbia, ol'-bi-a (see Borysthenes, 2). 

Olearus, d-le'-ar-iis , one of the Cyclades, 
seven miles west of Paros, now Anii'paro. 

Olenus, d'-/en-its. 1. Son of Vulcan, changed 
into stone with his wife Lethsea, who preferred 
herself to the goddesses. 2. An Etruscan 
soothsayer. 3. A town of Achaia, between 
Patrse and Dymae. The goat Amalthaea (q.v.) 
was called Olen'ia cdpel'la. either from being 
bom here, or from this being the residence of 
its owner, the nymph. 4. A town of ^Etolla, 
near New Pleuron. 

Olympia, d-lym'-pi-a, a small plain in Elis, 
north of the Alpheus and east of the Cladeus, 
containing the sacred grove (Altis) and temple 
(Olym'pU'taii), with the famous colossal statue 
(fifty cubits high), by Phidias, of Jupiter (Olym- 
pius). The statue, one of the most perfect spe- 
cimens of Greek art, was made of ivory and 
gold, and was seated on a throne of cedar- 
wood, which was ornamented with ivory, 
ebony, gold, and precious stones. Other 
temples and public edifices had gradually 
grown up, and formed the cluster of buildings 
also termed Olympia. Olympia was famous 
for the greatest Greek national festival, the 
Olympic games, celebrated here after every 
four years. The games, instituted at a remote 
period, were re-established by King Iphltus of 
Elis, assisted by the Spartan lawgiver Ly- 
curgus and Cleosthenes of Pisa, 884 (or 828) 
B.C., and were celebrated at the end of every 
four years (see Olympias, i), on the first full 
moon after the summer solstice. Their cele- 
bration was long contested between Elis and 
the original celebrant, Pisa, successfully by 
the Pisatans, 748 and 644 ; but their subjuga- 
tion, 572, by the Eleans left the latter the 
honour undisputed. During the month of the 
games (lepojufjw'a) a truce (enexeipia) was pro- 
claimed, and all warfare was suspended 
throughout Greece, and the territory of Elis 
was for the time sacred. The festival, under 
the patronage of Jupiter Olymplus, and at- 
tended by an immense throng from all parts of 
Greece, was celebrated with sacrifices, pro- 
cessions, games, and banquets to the victors ; 
the games consisted of foot-races for men and 
boys, leaping, throwing the discus and spear, 
wrestling, boxing, horse and chariot races, and 
contests of heralds and trumpeters ; the prize 
was a garland of wild olive (kotivoq), cut from 
a tree in the Altis, and was placed on the head 
of the victor while he was standing on a bronze- 
covered tripod, or, later, on a table of ivory and 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



175 



Oiympias 

old, while palm-branches were put in his 
ands, and his name and that of his father and 
his country were proclaimed by a herald, a 
triumphal ode being sung to him on his return 
home. The prize was awarded by judges, Hel- 
Idnod'lccE, who were chosen by lot from among 
the Eleans, and who, with their subordinate 
officers, preserved order. It was very common 
for authors to recite their literary compositions 
at this gathering, and artists exhibited their 
productions. No women or slaves were al- 
lowed to be present, and the competitors were 
all of pure Greek blood till the admission of 
the Romans, on their conquest of Greece. The 
Olympia were discontinued after Alaric's in- 
vasion, a.d. 396. 

Olympias, o-lym'-pl-as. 1. The interval of 
four years between each celebration of the 
Olympic games. The Greeks reckoned time by 
it, from 776 B.C. 2. The daughter of King Neo- 
ptolemus I. of Epirus, wife of King Philip II. 
of Macedonia, and mother of Alexander the 
Great. She was put to death by Cassander, 
316 B.C. 

Olympus, o-lym'-pus. 1. The mountain- 
range separating Macedonia from Thessaly, 
but especially its east end, at Tempe. Its lofty 
(9,700 feet) snow-clad top was believed by the 
ancients to touch the heavens, and to be the 
residence of the gods (see Dn) and the seat of 
Jupiter's court, concealed from mortals' gaze 
by a wall of clouds, the gates of which are 
guarded by the Hours : on its summit there 
was eternal spring and delightful weather. 
When the giants attacked Jupiter and the 
gods, they piled Pelion on Ossa to scale Olym- 
pus. 2. TJie Mysian, a mountain-range in the 
north-west of Asia Minor. 

Olynthus, o-lyn'-thus, a city of Chalcidlce, 
destroyed by Philip 347 B.C. 

Omphale, om J -phd-le, daughter of Jardanus, 
was left queen of Lydia on the death of her 
husband Tmolus. Hercules (q. v.) was for 
three years her slave. 

Onchestus, on-ckes'-ttts. 1. A town of 
Bceotia, south of Copais, founded by On- 
chestus, son of Neptune. 2. A river of 
Thessaly. 

Onesicritus, o-ne-sic 'ri-tus, a Cynic of 
^EgTna, wrote a life of his patron Alexander. 

Ophion, oph'-z-on. 1. A Titan. 2. The 
father of the centaur Amycus (Ophzonzdes). 
3. A companion of Cadmus. 

Ophiusa, oph-z-il'-sa (snake-abozinding), epi- 
thet of Rhodes, Cyprus, one of the Baleares, 
&c. 

Opici, op'-z-ci (see Osci). 

Opimius, L., o-pl'-mi-ns, consul 121 B.C., 
opposed the Gracchi. He was banished for 
receiving a bribe from Jugurtha, and died of 
want at Dyrrhachlum. 

Oppius, op' -pl-us. 1. C, a friend of Julius 
Caesar, wrote unfair biographies of Scipio Afri- 
canus and Pompey the Great. 2. C, tribune 
313 B.C., author of a sumptuary law. 

Ops (gen. Opis), ops. daughter of Coelus and 
Terra, was wife of Saturnus. She was the 



OrestsB 



Roman goddess of plenty, and patroness of 
agriculture, and usually represented as a 
matron with her right hand open (as if to offer 
help), and her left holding a loaf. Her festivals, 
Opdlza, were celebrated XIV. Kal. Jan. 

Optimus Maximus, op'-ti-mus maxf-l-mus, 
[best greatest), epithet of Jupiter as the omni- 
potent and good god. 

Opus (-untis), o-piis 1 ', a town of Locris. 

Oraculum, o-rd'-cu-lum, the declaration of 
the will of the gods, but more particularly 
their answer to a direct enquiry at one of their 
temples. The ancients consulted the gods for 
the most minute affairs of daily life as well as 
the most important ; and all national acts were 
submitted for the divine approval, e.g., the 
foundation of colonies, and no doubt was enter- 
tained of the genuineness of the response. 
Many of the answers were couched in ambi- 
guous language ; but, after all deductions have 
been made, there still remain a large number 
of oracles which, in unmistakable language, 
announced the course of events ; but what the 
agency may have been at the bottom of them 
has puzzled the moderns as well as the ancients. 
The early Christians, who regarded the heathen 
gods as real demons, believed the oracles to be 
genuine responses, but proceeding from the 
evil spirits. Probably the true explanation 
will eventually be found, whatever it may be, 
to be the same as that applicable to the small 
amount of truth in clairvoyance, &c, the 
mental laws relating to which are at present 
scarcely known at all. The most famous oracles 
were those at Delphi, the great arbiter and 
adviser in the ancient world [see Pythia), 
Dodona, Ammon, Claros. It is noticeable that 
oracles were chiefly peculiar to the Greek 
world. Before the Christian era man}' of the 
oracles had decayed or sunk into disrepute, 
from their being open to bribes, but seveia.1 of 
them existed till the 4th century a.d. 

Orbilius Pupillus, or-bU'-z-zis pu-piF-lus, 
the flogging (pldgosus) teacher of Horace, 
a native of Beneventum, was a magistrate's 
apparitor (beadle), then a soldier, and finally 
settled as a grammarian and schoolmaster at 
Rome, 63 B.C. He died about 15 B.C., aged 
nearly 100 years. 

Orcades, or'-cd-des, the Orkney and Shet- 
land Isles, off the north-east of Britain, first 
made known to the Romans by Agricola, who 
sailed round Britain. 

Orchomenus, or-chom'-e-nus. 1. Anciently 
Mhiye'za, as the capital of the Minyae, north- 
west of Copais, on the Cephissus, in Bceotia, 
enjoyed its independence till destroyed by the 
Thebans, 367 B.C. With the Ionians it colo- 
nized Teos. Orchomenus had a famous temple 
of the Graces. 2. A town of Arcadia, north- 
west of Mantinea. 

Orcus, or'-cus, the same as Pluto. 

Oreades, d-re'-d-des, the nymphs of moun- 
tains and grottos. 

Orest^:, o-res'-tce, a people of northern 
Epirus, in Orestis, named from a settlement 
of some of the Orestidaj, 



176 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Orestes 



Orestes, d-res'-tes, son of Agamemnon and 
Clytemnestra, with his intimate friend Pylades, 
son of King Strophlus of Phocis (by whom he 
had been reared), avenged his father's murder 
by killing Clytemnestra (q. v.) and her para- 
mour ^Egisthus. For this matricide he was 
persecuted and rendered mad by the avenging 
Furies, till at last purified by Apollo at Del- 
phi, and acquitted on trial before the Areo- 
pagites (then instituted by Minerva, in whose 
temple he had taken refuge). But, according 
to Euripides, the condition of his purification 
was that he should bring to Greece the statue 
of Diana from theTauric Chersonese, of whose 
temple, with its human victims, his sister, 
Iphigenla (q. v.), was sacrificial priestess, and 
by her aid, their relationship having been dis- 
covered, and Pylades' help, he succeeded, 
and the pursuit by Thoas was stopped by 
Minerva declaring that it was all done by the 
approbation of the gods. Orestes then ascended 
his paternal throne of Mycenae, and, after 
killing Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus), took his wife 
Hermione, who had been betrothed to him 
before her marriage with Achilles' son. The 
friendship of Orestes and Pylades became 
proverbial, like that of Theseus and Pirithous, 
Euryalus and Nisus, or Pythias and Damon. 

Oresteum, o-res-te'-um, a town of Arcadia. 

Orestid^e, o-res'-ti-dce, the descendants or 
subjects of Orestes. {See Orestis.) 

Oricum, d'-rl-cum, a coast city of Illyrla. 

Origenes, d-ri'-ge-nes, a Greek father, 
Origeii, celebrated for his humility, learning, 
and genius ; suffered martyrdom a.d. 254. 
He wrote commentaries, homilies, the Hex- 
apla (six parallel versions of the Bible), &c. 

Orion, o-ri'-on, or d-rl'-dn, a famous giant 
and hunter, reputed son of Hyrieus, a Boeotian 
peasant, but really the son of Jupiter, Neptune, 
and Mercury, who, having been hospitably 
entertained, when travelling in disguise, by 
the widower Hyrieus, granted him a son, by 
ordering him to bury, full of water, the skin of 
the ox sacrificed to them, and in it, at the end 
of nine months, a boy was found, who after- 
wards became famous as Orion (originally 
Uri'oti). Orion demanded in marriage the 
daughter, Hero or Merope, of King Qinoplon, 
of Chios ; the king promised her to him if he 
would clear the isle of wild beasts ; this Orion 
accomplished, but CEnopion blinded him, with 
Bacchus's aid. He recovered his sight by 
being led to gaze on the rising sun in the east, 
by Cedallon, a servant of Vulcan, for which 
god he had fabricated a subterranean palace. 
Orion afterwards became an attendant of 
Diana, but, having been carried off by Aurora 
to Ortygla (Delos), he was killed by Diana, 
from jealousy; or, according to others, Apollo, 
indignant at her love for the mortal, asked her 
to shoot at a mark which turned out to be the 
head of Orion, or the goddess killed him for 
offering her violence, or he was stung by a 
serpent, and iEsculapIus was killed by Jupiter's 
bolt for trying to restore him. Orion was placed 
in heaven as the constellation Orion— seven- 



Orpheus 

teen stars forming the figure of a giant, with a 
girdle, sword, lion's skin, and club, — whose 
rising, about 9th March, and setting, in 
November, were attended with heavy rains ; 
whence it is called aqiwsiis, imbrifer, or ttim- 
bosus. The daughters of Orion, Menippe and 
Metiocke, who had been reared by Diana, and 
received rich presents from Venus and Mi- 
nerva, immolated themselves to save Bceotia 
from a pestilence, and from their ashes arose 
two forms, afterwards placed as stars in 
heaven. 

Orithyia, o-n-thyl'-a, daughter of King 
Erechtheus, of Athens, and Praxithea, was, 
when crossing the Ilissus, carried off to Thrace 
by Boreas, and bore him Cleopatra, Chione, 
Zethes, and Calais. 

Orodes, d-rd'-des. 1. King of Parthla, 
overthrew, by his general Sflrenas, the Roman 
army under Crassus, 53 B.C. ; his son Pacorus 
was four times sent to invade Syria, 51, 50, 
39, 38, but was each time defeated, and in the 
last invasion fell. Orodes afterwards abdi- 
cated for his son Phraates IV. 2. Orodes II., 
was elected by the nobles of Parthia to succeed 
the expelled Phraataces, about a.d. 2, but was 
soon expelled for his cruelties, and his throne 
given by the Romans to Vonones, on the peti- 
tion of the Parthians. 

Orontes, o-ron'-tes, a river of Syria, flowing 
from Antilibanus past Antioch into the sea, 
near Mount Pierla. 

Oropus, d-ro'-pus, an eastern border town of 
Boeotla and Attica, long contested between the 
two states. 

Orpheus, or'-pJteus, a mythical musician and 
poet before Homer's age, son of CEager and 
the muse Calliope, was reared in Thrace, and 
accompanied the Argonauts. He received a 
lyre from Apollo (or Mercury), on which he 
he played with such a masterly hand that he 
affected not only wild beasts, but rivers, trees, 
and rocks. He married the nymph Eurydlce, 
who soon after, when flying from Aristseus, 
who had fallen in love with her, was stung by 
a serpent and died. Lyre in hand, Orpheus 
followed her to Hades, and so charmed the 
nether gods that they consented to restore to 
him Eurydlce if he would refrain from looking 
behind him till he had passed out of the nether 
world. Orpheus agreed, but could not restrain 
his desire to look behind him, when the re- 
stored Eurydice at once vanished, and he was 
refused a second admission to Hades. Orpheus 
retired disconsolate to Thrace, where, from 
the coolness with which he treated the Thra- 
cian women, he was torn to pieces by them 
when infuriated with the orgies of Bacchus ; 
his head was thrown into the Hebrus, and 
borne across, with his lyre, to Lesbos (after- 
wards the home of lyric poetry). The frag- 
ments of his body were gathered by the Muses 
and buried at Libethra, near the base of 
Olympus, and his lyre was placed among the 
constellations. The extant poems, Argonau- 
tlca, &c, ascribed to Orpheus, are the for- 
geries of post-classical writers. 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



177 



Orthia 



Orthia, or'-thl-a (see Diana). 
Orthrus, or'-thrus, Geryon's two-headed 
dog. 

Ortygia, or-tyg'-i-a. 1. A grove near 
Ephesus, near the Cayster (C. Ortyg'nis), 
also reputed as the birthplace of Apollo and 
Diana. 2. An isle in the Bay of Syracuse, 
on which rose the fount Arethusa. 3. Delos, 
named from Latona having been transformed 
into a quail (6'p-ru£) before her giving birth 
there to Apollo and Diana. 

Osci, os'-ci, or Opici, op'-t-ci, an ancient 
people of central Italy, identified by some 
with the Ausones or Aurunci, fell under the 
Etruscans and Sabines : their language, long 
spoken by the Campanians, was preserved in 
the rude Atellane farces. 

Osiris (-is or -Idis), o-si'-ris, the great 
Egyptian god and husband of Isis. He was a 
king of Egypt, and civilized his subjects, im- 
proved their morals, framed good laws, and 
taught agriculture ; he set out at the head of 
his troops to spread civilization, leaving Isis 
and his minister Hermes in charge of the 
kingdom : he marched through ^Ethiopia, 
where he was joined by the Satyrs, Arabia, 
and the greater part of Asia and Europe : on 
his return home he found all in confusion from 
the seditions raised by his brother Typhon, by 
whom he was murdered, and his body was cut 
to pieces : Isis, by the help of her son Horus 
(the sun-god), defeated Typhon and regained 
the sovereignty ; she collected the fragments 
of the body of Osiris, and caused divine 
honours to be paid to them. From his services 
to agriculture, the ox was chosen to represent 
him {see Apis), and the cow for the deified Isis. 
Osiris was usually represented with a cap like 
a mitre, and two horns, a stick in his left hand 
and a whip with three thongs in his right : 
sometimes he is hawk-headed. 

Osroene, os-ro-e'-ne, a district in the north 
of Mesopotamia. 

Ossa, os'-sa, amountain of northern Thessaly, 
at the north-west end of Pellon, and south-east 
of Olympus (from which it is separated by 
Tempe), famous as the residence of the Cen- 
taurs, and in the war of the giants with the 
gods. 

Ostia, os'-ti-a, a town built by King Ancus 
Martius at the mouth of the Tiber, sixteen 
miles by land from Rome, of which it became 
the port ; it also rose to importance from its 
salt-works. 

Ostracismos, os-tra-cis'-mos, a peculiar 
mode of exile introduced at Athens by 
Clisthenes, 510 B.C., and intended to enable 
the government to order out of the country for 
ten (afterwards five) years, without any special 
accusation or trial, any individual who was 
considered from his power or designs to be 
dangerous to it. This exile carried with it no 
other punishment ; the octracised person re- 
tained his property, and at the end of the 
period, or before, if the vote were annulled, 
resumed all hi» political rights and duties. To 
guard against its abuse, the Ostracism was 



Otus 



surrounded with formalities ; the Senate and 
Assembly had to determine whether the step 
was necessary, and if so, a day was fixed for 
the voting, which was made by means of 
oyster-shells (ocrrpa/ca), and at least 6,000 votes 
had to be recorded against a person before he 
could be ordered to withdraw. The Ostra- 
cism was practised in several other demo- 
cratical Greek states, and was called Petalis~ 
mos (from ntraXov). It must be particularly 
noticed that Ostracism was a precautionary 
measurei not a punishment. In all the Greek 
states voluntary exile (<pvY>)) was common for 
homicide, sentence being then passed : and the 
frequent changes of government and the 
violent antagonism of the oligarchs and demo- 
crats led to frequent expulsions of one party, : 
or a portion of it, by the other : so that from 
nearly every state there was always a body of 
exiles (01 enneaovTeg, or ot <pevyovreg, called 
ot KaTe\96vreg on their return). — The ancient 
Roman republican form of banishment was 
the aquce et ignis interdictio within the city, 
or, later, within a certain distance from it, a 
ban pronounced by the people or a magistrate 
on any offender, who was thus cut off from the 
first necessaries of life and liable to be killed 
by any one if he remained at Rome ; but he 
did not cease to be a Roman citizen, unless he 
became a member of another state, and, if the 
ban was removed, he might return and resume 
the exercise of his rights. But under the 
Empire two special forms of banishment were 
introduced, — Relegdtio, when the offender was 
sent to some place more or less distant, and 
obliged there to remain, but he still retained 
his personal liberty and the Roman civitas, 
e.g. , Ovid at Tomi ; and Dcfiortatio, when the 
offender was conveyed to one of the rocky 
islets off Italy or in the iEgean, which were 
in reality state prisons : Exsilium was applied 
to both these forms (as well as to the earlier 
republican banishment), but was especially 
used for the more ignominious defiortatio. 

Otho, M. Salvius, oth'-d, sal'-vi-us, 
Roman emperor, 15th January — 16th April, 
a.d. 69, born 32, was one of Nero's favourites 
and made by him governor of Lusitania, 58, 
when the emperor took from him his wife 
Poppaea Sabina : on Nero's death Otho sup- 
ported Galba, but, when the latter adopted 
L. Piso, Otho proclaimed himself emperor, 
and marched into Italy against Vitellius, who 
had also been proclaimed emperor by his 
troops at Colonia (Cologne). Otho was de- 
feated near Bedriacum, and stabbed himself at 
Brixellum : his last moments were worthy of 
a man who had for ten years so excellently 
governed Lusitania, and strikingly contrasted 
with his early life as one of Nero's boon com- 
panions, and he did his utmost to appease the 
wrath of the conqueror against his partisans.^ 

Othrys, otk'-rys, a mountain-range in 
southern Thessaly. 

Otus, d'-tus, brother of Ephialtes, the two 
being termed the A loldce ; they were of enor- 
mous strength, and in their war wfth the gods 



173 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Ovidius 



attempted to pile Ossa on Olympus, and 
Pelion on Ossa: they were destroyed by 
Apollo. 

Ovidius Naso, P., o-vid-l-us nd'-so, a 
celebrated Roman poet, born at Sulmo, 
aoth March, 43 B.C., of an old wealthy family, 
was educated for the bar under Arellius 
Fuscus and Porcius Latro, and afterwards at 
Athens. After travelling in Asia and Sicily 
with the poet Macer, Ovid returned to Rome 
and began to practise the law, and was made 
one of the Centtanviri, and then one of the 
presiding Decemviri ; but he soon deserted 
the courts for the cultivation of poetry, and 
his lively genius and fertile imagination 
speedily gained him admirers and the friend- 
ship of the literati. He was intimate with 
Virgil, Horace, Propertius, and Tibullus, and 
liberally patronized by Augustus. He was 
divorced from his first and second wives, and 
had a daughter, Perilla, by his third wife, to 
whom he was attached ; but he lived in gaiety 
and licentiousness. He was suddenly banished 
to Tomi, on the Euxine, among the Getas, by 
the emperor Augustus, ostensibly on account 
of the licentiousness of his Ars Amdtoria, 
but as that had been published ten years 
before, the real cause must have been different : 
it is usually supposed to have been some 
intrigue (which he either was a party to or had 
accidentally learned) with the debauched 
Julia, Augustus's daughter. At Tomi, besides 
learning the language of his barbarous neigh- 
bours, he wrote several poems, some of which 
were addressed to Augustus, and full of servile 
adulation ; but the entreaties of himself and his 
friends failed to move the emperor to withdraw 
him from his place of banishment, where he 
died, a.d. 18. His poems consist of Meta- 
morphoses (legends of transformations) in 
fifteen books of hexameters, the Fasti (a 
poetical calendar) in twelve books, of which 
six are lost, Elegi, and five books of Tristia, 
Herdides, three books of A mores, three of A rs 
Amandi, the Remedium Amdris, the Ibis {a. 
satire in imitation of Callimachus's poem), 
Epistolce ex Ponto, and fragments of a tragedy, 
Medea, and of other poems. His poetry is dis- 
tinguished by great sweetness and elegance, 
but marred by frequent indelicacies. 

Oxus, ox'-us, a great river of central Asia, 
flowing from Bactriana into the Caspian, sup- 
posed to be the Araxes of Herodotus. 

OzoLiE, og-o-lce {see Locri). 



P 

Pachynus, pa-chtf-nns, a promontory in the 
$outh-east of Sicily. 

Pacorus, pdd-o-rus (see Orodes). 

Pactolus, pac-to'-lus, a river of Lydfa, 
§qw§ from Mount Traolus past Sardis into the 



Palamedes 



Hermus. It washed down golden sands. (See 

Midas.) 

Pacuvius, M., pa-cutf-i-us, the Roman 
tragic poet, born at Brundusmm, 220 B.C., was 
son of Ennlus's sister, and early distinguished 
by his skill in painting and poetical talents. 
After spending many years at Rome, he re- 
turned to his birthplace, where he died, 130. 
Of his tragedies, translations, or adaptations 
from the Greek, only some fragments exist. 

Padua, pdd-u-a, or Patav'ium, a city of the 
Veneti in northern Italy, on the Medoacus (at 
the mouth of which is its harbour Edron), 
founded by the Trojan Antenor, was once so 
powerful that it could send 20,000 warriors into 
the field. It became noted for its manufac- 
tures, especially woollen stuffs. It was the 
birthplace of Livy, whose occasional provin- 
cialisms are spoken of as Patavinity. 

Padus, pad-its, called Erld'dnus by the 
poets, now the Po, the chief river of Italy, 
flowing east from Mount Vesulus in the Alps, 
and dividing Gallia Cisalpina into Cispadana 
and Transpddd?id. It receives more than 
thirty tributaries, and, after a course of nearly 
450 miles, discharges itself by several mouths 
into the A driatic between Altinum and Ravenna. 
Near it the Heliades (q.v.), sisters of Phaeton, 
were made poplars. 

Pman, pce'-dn (healer), name applied to 
Apollo as god of medicine. It was also used 
to denote the hymn to him, and the military 
chant before or after a battle. 

P^eonia, pce-on'-i-a, the district of the 
Pce'ones in northern Macedonia, named from 
Endymlon's son Pseon. 

P^eonides, pce-dfi'-i-des (see Pierides, 2). 

P,estum, pces'-tum, or Neptu'nia, called 
PosTdo'nia by the Greeks, a city in Lucanla, 
south of the Silarus, founded from Sybaris, 
524 B.C., famous for its roses. It sank to insig- 
nificance under the Romans. The neighbour- 
ing bay was called Pcestdnus Sinus (now Gulf 
of Salerno). 

Pjetus, Thrasea, P., pce'-tus, thras'-e-a, 
a Roman senator and Stoic, temp. Nero. He 
wrote a life of his model Cato, and was con- 
demned to death by the tyrant's orders, a.d. 66. 

Pagas^e, pdg'-a-sce, a coast town of Magnesia 
in Thessaly, the harbour of Iolcos and Pherae. 
The Argo was built there ; whence Jason is 
called Pagasceus. 

P ALiEMOK, pa-liz'-mon (see Melicerta). 

Pal^eopolis, pdl-ce-op'-o-lis {see Neapolis). 

Pal^este, pa-Ices' -te, a coast town of Epirus. 

PaLjESTINA, pd-lces-tl'-na, a country of Asia, 
bounded on the S. by the northern deserts 
of Egypt, W. by the Mediterranean, N. by 
Mount Lebanon, E. by the Jordan. Its chief 
inhabitants, the Jews, were conquered by the 
Romans under Pompey, 63 B.C., and a king- 
dom under Herod established, divided among 
his four sons as a tetrarchy (four provincial 
governments), and eventually made a part of 
the Roman province of Syria under a pro- 
curator. 

Pala^epes, Pal-a-ve'-dt$ t a Greek chie£ 




THE MUSES — CjSiLLTOPE, CLIO, ERATO, EUTERPE, MELPOMENE. 




I'HE MCSES — POLYHYMNIA, TERPSICHORE, THALIA AND URANIA. 



II 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Palatinus 



son of King Nauphus, of E'*bcea, and Clymene, 
accompanied the Greeks against Troy. He 
detected the feigned insanity of Ulysses (q.v.) 
by placing his infant son Telemachus before 
Ms plough. For revenge, Ulysses forged a 
letter from Priam, and caused it, with a sum of 
money, to be placed by a bribed servant under 
the tent of Palamedes, who was then denounced 
by Ulysses for his treasonable correspondence 
with the Trojan king, when, the letter having 
been found and produced, he was stoned to 
death by the Greeks. Palamedes is said to 
have added 0, f, x, <p to the alphabet, and to 
have invented dice, backgammon, quoit, 
balance, measures, lighthouses, &c. 

Palatinus, pal-a-ti'-nus, one of the seven 
hills of Rome, on which the original walled 
city of Romulus, Roma Quadrdta, was built ; 
was afterwards the residence of the emperors, 
the Paldtium. It was said to be named from 
Evander's town on it, Pallantium (q.v.). 

Pales, pdl'-es, the Roman goddess of flocks 
and shepherds, whose festival, Palilia, pa-li'- 
ll-a, was celebrated on the date of Rome's 
foundation, 21st April, when heaps of straw 
were burnt, and the shepherds leaped over 
them ; purifications were made of the flocks, 
and boiled wine, cheese, and cakes of millet 
offered. 

Palici, pd-li'-ci, two Sicilian gods, sons of 
Jupiter and the nymph Thalia (or ./Etna). 

Palilia, pd-ll'-U-a (see Pales). 

Palinurum, pdl-l-nii'-rum, a promontory of 
western Lucanla, offwhichPallnU'rus, ./Eneas' s 
pilot, fell into the sea, and where, having 
floated ashore, he was murdered. 

Palladium, pal-ldd'-l-um, a statue of Pal- 
las (Minerva), but especially the famous image 
of the goddess of Troy, on which the city's 
fate depended. This statue fell from heaven 
while Ilus was building Ilium, the citadel of 
Troy, and was preserved with great care by 
the Trojans : it was stolen by Diomedes and 
Ulysses (through the treachery of Priam's son 
Helenus), and carried to Greece by the former ; 
but, according to others, the Greeks carried off 
only one of the statues of similar size and 
shape, and the genuine one was carried to 
Italy by ./Eneas. 

Pallantid.e, pal-lan'-ti-dce, the fifty sons 
of King Pandlon's son Pallas, were killed by 
their cousin Theseus. 

Pallantium, pal-lan'-tl-um, Evander's 
town on Mount Palatinus (q. v.), at Rome, 
named from Lycaon's son Pallas, who had 
founded a town, also Pallantium, in Arcadia, 
from which Evander (Pallantlus heros) had 
migrated to Italy. 

Pallas (-adis), pal' -las (see Athena). 
_ Pallas (-antis), pal'-las. 1. Evander's son, 
aided ./Eneas, and was killed by Turnus. 2. 
One of the giants, killed by Minerva. 3. Son 
of Crius and Eurybia ; had Victory, Valour, 
&c, by the Styx. 4. See Pallantium. 5. 
See Pallantidje. 6. A favourite freedman 
of the emperor Claudius, put to death by Nero, 



Panatheneea 



Pallene, pal-le'-ne, formerly Phlegra, the 
westernmost of the three peninsulas of Chal- 
cidlce, in Macedonia, contained five cities, of 
which the chief was also called Pallene. 

Palmyra, pal-my-ra {the city of palm- 
trees), now Tadmor, the capital of Palmy re* ne, 
the district formed by an oasis in the great 
Syrian desert ; it became famous under Odena- 
thus and his widow Zenobia, and in the reign 
of the latter it was taken by the Romans and 
destroyed. 

Pamphilus, pam'-pkl-lus, a famous Mace- 
donian painter, teacher of Apelles, temp. 
Philip II. 

Pamphylia, pam-phy'-ll-a, anciently Mop- 
sopla, from the settler Mopsus, the country of 
the Pamphy'li (nd/ji<pvAoi, all races mixed), a 
narrow coast district in the south of Asia 
Minor, bounded on the E. by CilicTa, N. by 
Pisidia, W. by Lycla, S. by the bay of the 
Mediterranean called Sln'us Pamphy 'llus. 

Pan, pan (gen. Panos), the Arcadian god f 
shepherds, son of Mercury and Dryope ; was 
represented of the ordinary Satyr form — with 
horns, flat nose, and goat's legs. He was reared 
by the Arcadian nymph Sinoe, but the nurse 
fled, terrified at his appearance, and his father 
carried him to heaven wrapped in beasts' skins, 
where the gods were greatly pleased with his 
oddity. The chief home of Pan was in Ar- 
cadia, where he had an oracle on Mount 
Lycseus (q.v.) ; but his worship was gradually 
extended, and he was identified by the Romans 
with their Faunus (q. v.). He was believed to 
wander in the mountains and valleys, joining 
in the chase or the dances of the nymphs ; 
from his appearances to terrify travellers, 
sudden and inexplicable fright (panic) was at- 
tributed to him. He invented the shepherd's 
flute, syrinx. The festivals of Pan were the 
Greek Lyccea and the Roman LiipercaUa 
(q.v.). In the reign of Tiberius a supernatural 
voice was said to have been heard proclaiming 
along the shores of the ./Egean, " Great Pan 
is dead." 

Pan^tius, pdn-ce'-ti-us, a. celebrated Stoic 
philosopher of Rhodes, 138 B.C. After study- 
ing at Athens he came to Rome, and had 
among his pupils Laelius and the younger 
Scipio Africanus. He died at Athens about 
112 B.C. 

Panathen^a, pdn'-d-the-nce'-a, the great 
Attic games to Minerva (Athena), were in- 
stituted under the name of Atkeneea by Erich- 
thonms, 1495 B.C., and re-established by The- 
seus on his combining the Attic tribes, and 
made by him their common festival, and there- 
fore called Panathenaea. They were celebrated, 
the greater every fourth year, and the lesser 
annually. At the greater, or more solemn, 
there was a great procession of all the people 
from the Ceramlcus to Eleusis and back, by 
the Pelasgic wall to the Pnyx and the Acro- 
polis, when the sacred saffron-coloured robe 
(7r67rAo£) of Minerva, made by maidens (ep7a- 
<nivat), who inwove the goddess's conquest o» 
Enceladus, &c. } was borne, suspended from a 



i8o 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Panchaia 



Paris 



ship's mast, by men, and lastly placed on the 
goddess's statue in the Parthenon ; in the pro- 
cession olive branches were borne by old men 
(0aK\o<p6pot), and baskets with offerings by 
maidens (navricp6(>oi) of nobie birth. Both 
the greater and lesser Panathenaea were cele- 
brated with sacrifices, races — foot, horse, and 
chariot — boxing, leaping, wrestling, cock- 
fights, popular amusements, the lampadephorla, 
disputations of philosophers, recitations by 
rhapsodists of poems, and of their own works 
by authors, &c. : the prize was a vessel full of 
olive oil from Minerva's sacred tree on the 
Acropolis. The games were under the charge 
of ten A thlotJietce. 

Panchaia, pan-chd'-z-a, a part of Arabia 
Felix, celebrated for its myrrh and perfumes, 
and its splendid temple of Jupiter Triphyllus. 

Pandareos, pan-ddr'-e-os, son of Merops 
of Miletus. His daughters were carried off by 
the Harpies. 

Pandataria, pan-da-tar'-i-a, an islet off 
Campania. 

Pandion, pan-di'-07i. i. King of Athens, 
son of ErichthonTus, was father of Procne, 
Philomela, Erechtheus, and Butes. He warred 
successfully with King Labdacus, and gave his 
daughter Procne in marriage to his ally, King 
Tereus of Thrace. Pandion died broken- 
hearted at the tragic result of this marriage 
{see Philomela). 2. Pandion II., king of 
Athens, son of Cecrops and father of iEgeus, 
Pallas, Nisus, Lycus, was expelled by the 
Metionldse, 1307 B.C., and retired to Megara. 

Pandora, pan-do'-ra (see Prometheus). 

Pandrosos, pa7i' -dro-sos , alone of Cecrops's 
daughters refrained from opening the basket 
containing Erichthonlus. 

Pangjeus, fian-gce'-us, a mountain-range of 
Macedonia, famous for its gold and silver 
mines and roses. 

Panionium, pa?i-t-o'-ni-um, the assembly 
and place of meeting of the twelve Ionian cities 
(see Ionia) at Poseidon's (Neptune's) temple 
on the north of Mj'cale. 

Pannonia, pan-non'-i-a, the country of a 
brave Illyrian race, the Panno7iii, bounded on 
the E. by Upper Mcesla, S. by Dalmatla, W. 
by Noricum, N. by the Danube. It was con- 
quered under Augustus, and again, a.d. 9, by 
Tiberius, after the Illyrian revolt (7 — 9), and 
constituted a province, afterwards divided into 
two, Pannonia Siiper'ior and Pannonia In- 
ferior. 

Panomph^eus, pan'-oni-phcsT-us, Jupiter, as 
the source of all oracles (bfx<pai) and predic- 
tions. 

Panope, pa7i'-o-pe. 1. A Nereid. 2. A 
border town of Phocis, on the Cephissus. 

Panopeus, pd7i'-o-peus. 1. Son of Phocus 
and Asterodia, and father of Epeus, who made 
the wooden horse against Troy, accompanied 
Amphitryon against the Teleboans, and joined 
in the Calydonian Hunt. 2. The same as 
Panope (2). 

Panormus, pdn-or'-mus, a Phoenician city 
and seaport on the north of Sicily. 



Pans A, C. Vibius, pan'-sa, vi'-bi-us, consul 
43 B.C., fell with his colleague Hirtlus (q.v.). 

Pantheum^ a famous temple 

of all the gods in the Campus Martlus at Rome, 
built by M. Agrippa 27 B.C., and dedicated to 
Mars and Venus. 

Panthous, pan'-tho-us, or Panthus, pan'- 
thus, Apollo's priest at Troy, accompanied 
^Eneas, and was killed. He was father of 
Euphorbus (Pantho'ides), whose soul Pytha- 
goras asserted to have entered into his body 
after several migrations. 

Panticap^eum, pan' -ti-ca-pa> -tan , a Mile- 
sian colony on the Tauric Chersonese, became 
the capital of the Greek kings of the Bosporus. 

Paphlagonia, paph-ld-gon'-i-a, a country 
of Asia Minor, bounded on the E. by Pontus, 
S. by Phrygla and Galatia, W. by Bithynla, 
N. by the Euxine. 

Paphos, pdph'-os, a celebrated city of Cyprus, 
a mile and a half from the west coast, near 
ZephyrTum, founded by an Arcadian colony 
under Agapenor, or by Paphus, son of Pygma- 
lion, was famous for its temple and worship of 
Venus (Paph'ia), who landed there after being 
born from the sea-foam. 

Papirius, pd-pi'-ri-7is. 1. C, Carbo, 
car'-bd, a famous Roman orator, supported the 
Gracchi, but deserted, 121 B.C., to the aristo- 
cracy. In 119 he killed himself. 2. Cn., 
Carbo, consul 85, 84, 82 B.C., supported 
Marius. He fled, 82, to Sicily, where Pompey 
put him to death. 3. L., Cursor, cur'-sor, 
a famous general of the Romans in the second 
Samnite war. 

Patuetokium, pdr-tz-ton'-z-7(?n, an Egyptian 
coast city of northern Africa, also called Am- 
md'7iia. 

Parce, par'-cce, or Fata, called Moirce by 
the Greeks, the three Fates, Clo'tho, Ldch'esis, 
A propos, presided over all events, and were 
superior to even Jupiter. They were repre- 
sented as lame, aged women or grave maidens. 
The youngest, Clotho, who presided over the 
moment of birth, holding a spindle (or a roll); 
Lachesis spinning (or pointing with a staff to 
the globe) ; and the eldest, Atropos, cutting 
the thread of life (or with a pair of scales, or a 
sundial). Clotho usually wore a variegated 
robe and a crown of seven stars, Lachesis a 
star-embroidered robe, and Atropos a black 
robe. 

P aris, par '-is, or Alexander, dl-ex-a7i' -der, 
second son of King Priam of Troy and Hecuba, 
was exposed at his birth on Mount Ida, his 
mother having dreamed that she had born a 
torch that consumed all Troy ; but he was 
saved and reared by shepherds, and early gave 
proof of such courage that he was named 
Alexa7ider {me7z-defender). He married 
Qinone (q.v.). At the nuptials of Peleus and 
Thetis, Discordia (q.v.) flung in among the 
guests the golden Apple of Discord, with the 
inscription, For the fairest. It was claimed 
by Juno, Minerva, and Venus. Paris, from his 
rising fame for prudence, was chosen umpire 
between the three goddesses, who were to 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Parisii 



appear before him nude and without ornament. 
They each tried to influence him— Juno by 
offering him Asia for a kingdom, Minerva 
military glory, and Venus the greatest beauty 
for a wife. The golden apple was awarded to 
Venus by The Judgment of Paris, and Juno 
and Minerva became the deadly foes of Paris 
and his family. Soon after, Priam proposed, as 
a reward for a contest among his sons and other 
princes, one of the finest bulls of Mount Ida. 
It was found in the possession of Paris, who 
was at first reluctant to give it up, and after- 
wards went to Troy to contend for it. He 
vanquished Nestor, Cycnus, Polltes, Helenus, 
and Deiphobus, but had to flee before his 
brother Hector to the temple of Jupiter, where 
the family likeness in his features was recog- 
nized by his sister Cassandra, and he was 
acknowledged by Priam as his second son. 
Paris soon after sailed ostensibly to bring back 
his aunt Hesione, whom Hercules had given in 
marriage to ./Eacus's son Telamon, but he pro- 
ceeded to Menelaus's home at Sparta, where 
he was well received ; but while the king was 
absent in Crete he basely persuaded his wife 
Helena (q.v.) to elope with him. All Greece, 
under Agamemnon, proceeded for this injury 
against Troy. {See Troja.) In the war Paris 
displayed little courage, and was saved in a 
combat with Menelaus by Venus ; but accord- 
ing to some, he was the slayer of Achilles. For 
his death see CEnone. 

Parish, pd-ri'-si-i (see Lutetia). 

Parma, par 1 -ma, a town of Cispadane Gaul. 

Parmenides, par-77ien'-l-des, a famous 
Greek philosopher of Elea (or Vella), in Italy, 
born about 513 B.C. ; founded the Eleatic 
school of philosophy. He enlarged the sys- 
tem of Xenophanes : he taught that Truth 
was cognizable by the Reason only, and that 
the senses gave a deceptive appearance. His 
poem on nature treated, therefore, of the two 
systems, true and appare7it knowledge. To 
account for this unreal appearance he supposed 
two principles, the positive or intellectual 
element (Srjuiovpyog), which was heat or light 
ethereal fire), and the negative or lijnitative 
to fxtj 6V), which was cold or darkness (the 
earth); but he failed to bridge over the gulf 
between the two. He was succeeded by Zeno 
(1), the Eleatic. 

Parnassus, par-nas'-sus, a mountain-range 
of Phocis and Doris, but chiefly applied to its 
highest part, near Delphi, which had two 
summits, Lycore'a and Tithor'ea, and was 
thence called Biceps. It was sacred to the 
Muses and Apollo : on its summit Deucalion's 
boat rested after the deluge. 

Paros, par'-os, one of the Cyclades, six 
miles west of Naxos, and 27 south of Delos, 
is about 36 miles in circumference : it was 
peopled by Phoenicians and afterwards by 
Ionians, and early rose to power, founding 
Thasos, Parium, &c. Its marble quarries, 
especially at Mount Marpessa, were very 
celebrated, and it was also noted for fine 
cattle, partridges, and wild pigeons, 



i3i 



Parthia 



Parrhasia, par-rhas'-l-a, the south part of 
Arcadia. 

Parrhasius, par-rhds'-i-us, a famous Greek 
painter of Athens, 400 B.C., native of Ephe- 
sus, called Abrddice 'tus from his sumptuous 
mode of life and gorgeous apparel after he had 
attained a great reputation. He excelled, like 
his rival Zeuxis, in depicting inanimate objects. 
There is a well-known story of their rivalry ; 
Zeuxis painted a man carrying a cluster of 
grapes so like nature that the birds came to 
peck the fruit, and Parrhasius painted so 
perfectly a curtain that Zeuxis on seeing it 
asked him to remove the curtain (which he 
thought to be a real one) that he might see the 
painting which he supposed to be behind it. 
Zeuxis acknowledged the superiority of Par- 
rhasius by saying Zetixis has deceived birds, 
but Parrhasius has deceived Zetixis himself ; 
and he condemned his own picture on the 
ground that the figure of the man carrying the 
fruit was not drawn sufficiently like nature to 
frighten away the birds. 

Parthaon, par-tha'-dn, or Portheus, 
por'-theus, son of Agenor and brother of 
Demonlce, Molus, Pylus, Thestius, was father 
of CEneus, Sterope, &c., by Hippodamus's 
daughter Euryte. 

Parthenii, par-then' -l-i, or Partheni^e, 
par-then' -i-ce (sons of virgins), the illegitimate 
offspring of the Spartans in the Messenian 
war, who had sworn to return to Sparta only 
dead or victorious : they, when grown up, 
sailed under Phalantus to Italy, where they 
seized Tarentum, 708 B.C. 

Parthenius, par-then'-i-tis. 1. A river of 
Paphlagonla. 2. A border mountain of 
Argolis and Arcadia. 

Parthenon, par'-then-on, the famous 
temple of the virgifi Athena (Minerva) on the 
Acropolis at Athens, built under Pericles, 438 
B.C., in place of a previous temple burnt by 
the Persians. Its constructors were Phidias, 
Ictinus, and Callicrates, and it was in the 
purest Doric style, of Pentelic marble, richly 
adorned with painting and gilding ; it con- 
tained some splendid paintings and pieces of 
sculpture, and one of the masterpieces of 
Phidias, Minerva's statue, of gold and ivory, 
26 cubits high : it was 227 feet long, 100 broad, 
and 65 high. 

Parthenop^US, par'-then-o-pce'-us, son of 
Meleager and Atalanta, went with Adrastus 
against Thebes. 

Parthenope, par-thhi'-o-pe (see Nea>- 
polis). 

Parthia, par'-lhi-a, a country of Asia 
south-east of the Caspian, bounded on the 
W. by Media, S. by Carmania, N. by 
Hyrcania, E. by Ariana, inhabited by the 
Parthi, a warlike race, of Scythian origin, 
celebrated as mounted archers : they were 
tributary successively to the Assyrians, Medes, 
Persians, Macedonians, and Seleucldse, and 
revolted from the latter 250 B.C., under a chief, 
Arsaces, who founded an empire, which was 
continued and extended by his twenty-seven 



\'i2 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Pasiphae 



successors (the Arsdcidce) till it extended over 
Asia from the Euphrates to the Indus, and 
from the Indian Ocean to the Oxus. In a.d. 
226 the Persian empire was re-established on 
the ruins of the Parthian, and lasted under the 
Sassanldse till a.d. 651. 

Pasiphae, pd-siph'-a-e, daughter of Sol and 
Perseis, married King Minos II. of Crete, 
and bore Androgeos, Ariadne, and Phsedra. 
(See Minotaurus.) 

Pasithea, pd-sith'-e-a. 1. Or Aglaia, 
one of the Graces. 2. One of the Nereides. 

Patara, pdif-d-ra, a Dorian coast city of 
Lycla, on the Xanthus, with a famous temple 
and winter oracle of Apollo {Pdidreus). 

Patavium, pa-lav' -i-um {see Padua). 

Paterculus, pd-ter J -cu-lus {see Velleius). 

Patmos, pat'-mos, one of the Sporades. 

Patr^e, pat-roe, anciently Arde, a city of 
Achaia, west of Rhium, with a temple of 
Diana. 

Patres, pat-res, or Patrick, pa-trV-ci-i, 
the old privileged class at Rome, who enjoyed 
exclusively all political power and all the 
honours of the state. (For their political divi- 
sion, see Centuria.) Socially they were sub- 
divided into clans or houses, and each clan 
{gens) into a number of branches or families 
(fdmilice). From them originally the Senatus 
(q. v.) was chosen, whence Patres is often 
synonymous with senators ; their privileges 
were, one by one, wrested from them by the 
Plebs (q. v.), and the old aristocracy was 
swamped by a plutocracy. 

Patroclus, pa-trod-lus, or Actor'ides 
(as grandson of Actor and ^EgTna), was son 
of MenoetTus(of Opus) and Sthenele, and, when 
a youth, had to fly for the accidental homicide 
of Amphidamus's son Clysonymus to King 
Peleus, of Phthia, where he was received and 
became Achilles' friend. He went against 
Troy, and withdrew with Achilles (q. v.) ; but, 
at Nestor's entreaty, he was permitted to return 
to the war in the arms of Achilles, and inflicted 
great loss on the Trojans. He was at length 
killed by Hector, but Ajax and Menelaus 
recovered his body, which was buried with 
great honours by Achilles, who returned to 
the war to avenge his fallen friend by the 
death of Hector. 

Paulus, pau'-hts. 1. L. ^Emilius, ce-mil'- 
t-tis, consul 219 B.C., conquered Demetrius of 
Pharos, and, when consul with C. Terentlus 
Varro, 216, fell at Cannae, a battle engaged in 
contrary to his advice. 2. L. jEmilius, con- 
sul 181 B.C. and 168, in the latter year gained 
the surname Ma'cedon'icus by his conquest of 
Macedonia. He was censor 164, and died 
160 ; one of his sons became, by his adoption 
into the family of Scipio, the younger Paulus 
Scipio Africanus. 

Pausanias, pau-sdn'-i-ds. 1. Son of Cle- 
ombrotus, and nephew of Leonidas ; was 
Spartan general and generalissimo of the 
united Greek forces against the Persians at 
Plataea, 479 B.C., and afterwards in Asia, 
where he took Byzantium ; but, bribed by the 



Pelethronii 



promise of the Persian king's daughter in mar- 
riage, he waxed arrogant, and the allies 
(except the Peloponnesians and ^Eginetans) 
seceded to Athens; whence began the Athenian 
confederacy, which terminated with the Pelo- 
ponnesian war. He was ordered home by the 
Ephors, who then obtained from his slave his 
letters to the Persians. He fled to Minerva's 
temple, but the people took off the roof, and 
built up the door, the first stone being laid by 
his indignant mother ; he was starved there, 
and was taken outside just before expiring, 470. 
2. A young courtier of King Philip II., was 
unnaturally abused by Attalus, a friend of 
Philip. To avenge himself he murdered 
Philip. 3. The celebrated traveller, geogra- 
pher, mythologist, and historian, probably a 
native of Lydia ; settled at Rome temp, the 
Antonines. He wrote, in the Ionic dialect, an 
itinerary {Periegesis) of Greece in ten books. 

Pausias, pau'-si-as, a famous Greek painter, 
of Sicyon, flourished 360 — 330 B.C. 

Pausilypus, pau-sil' -y-pus , a mountain near 
Neapolis, on which was Lucullus's villa. 

Pax, pax, the goddess of Peace, called by 
the Greeks Irene, was daughter of Jupiter and 
Themis, and one of the Horae : she was repre- 
sented as a maiden, with the horn of plenty in 
her left arm and an olive branch or Mercury's 
magic cadiiceus in her right. 

Pedasus, pe'-dd-sics, Bucolion's son, twin 
brother of Eusepus. 

Pedum, ped'-um, a town of LatTum. 

PeGjE, pe'-gie, a fountain at the base of 
Mount Arganthus, in Bithynia, into which 
Hylas fell. 

Pegasis (-Tdis), pe'-gd-sis. 1. The fountain 
Hippocrene" (q. v.), whence its patronesses, the 
Muses, were called Pegds'ides. 2. CEnone, a 
fomitain nymph (from itn^n), daughter of the 
river Cehren. 

Pegasus, pf-gasus, a winged horse, sprung 
from the blood of Medusa (q.v.), and named 
from having arisen near the sources (7rn7«i) of 
the ocean. He, as soon as born from the 
earth, rose from Mount Helicon to the sky, and 
from the spot he struck with his hoof the 
fountain Hippocrene gushed forth. Pegasus 
became the favourite of the Muses, and, after 
being tamed by Neptune or Minerva, he was 
given to Bellerophon (q. v.) to conquer the 
Chimsera, and, after throwing his rider, con- 
tinued his flight to heaven, where he was made 
a constellation. According to Ovid, Perseus 
was mounted on Pegasus when he saved 
Andromeda (q. v.). 

Pelasgi, pe-las'-gi, a pre-historic people, 
believed by the ancients to have occupied not 
only all Greece proper, but the parts afterwards 
Greek in Asia Minor and Italy. The term 
Pelasgia was applied at one time to Greece : 
the oldest Greek buildings were ascribed to 
them. 

Pelasgiotis, pa-las'-gi-o'-tis, the district in 
Thessaly between Magnesia and Hestiaeotis. 

Pelethronii, pe-le-thron'-l-i, the LapTthae 
(q. v.), from their town and district Pifa 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, 



Peleus 



thromum, in Thessaly, at the base of Mount 
Pellon. 

Peleus (-eos or -ei), pe'-leus, king of the 
Myrmidones at Phthia, in Thessaly, was son of 
yEacus and Chiron's daughter Endeis, and 
father of Achilles by the Nereid Thetis. 
Being accessory with his brother Telamon to 
the murder of his half-brother Phocus, he was 
exiled by his father from his native JEgina, 
and retired to King Eurytlon, of Phthia, 
whose daughter Antigone he married, when 
he received a third of the kingdom, after being 
purified of the murder. At the hunt of the 
Calydonian boar he accidentally killed Eury- 
tion, and retired to Iolchos, where he was 
purified by King Acastus (q. v.). After the 
death of Antigone, Peleus married Thetis, 
whom by Chiron's advice he surprised in a 
grotto, after she had fled from him and as- 
sumed the shapes of a bird, a tree, and a 
tigress. All the gods were present at the nup- 
tials, at which the famous golden apple of 
Discord {see Discordia) was thrown in among 
the guests. Peleus survived the death of 
Achilles. 

Pelias, pel'-i-as, son of Neptune and Sal- 
moneus's daughter Tyro, with his twin-brother 
Neleus was exposed by his mother, but saved 
by countrymen. On the death of their step- 
father, King Cretheus, the twins usurped the 
throne of Iolchos from ^Eson. Pelias after- 
wards expelled Neleus, but after many years 
the crown was demanded from himself by 
jEson's son Jason, whom Pelias then sent in 
search of the golden fleece. On the return of 
Jason, the restoration, by Medea, of ^Eson to 
youth made the daughters of Pelias (the 
Peliades) wish for the rejuvenescence of their 
father. Medea directed them, as a preparatory 
step, to cut Pelias to pieces, which they did, 
and she then refused to revivify him. The 
Peliades (Alcestis, Pisidice, Pelopea, Hip- 
pothoe) took refuge, after this parricide, with 
Admetus (q. v.), who was attacked by Acastus, 
son-in-law of Pelias. 

Peligni, pe-lig'-ni, a Sabine race, between 
the Frentani, Samnites, Murrucini, and Marsi. 

Pelion, fie'-li-on, a mountain-range in 
Magnesia, in Thessaly, the residence of 
Chiron. 

Pella, pel' -la, a town of Bottisea, in Mace- 
donia, the birthplace of Alexander the Great 
(Pelltzus juveuis). Alexandria, in Egypt, 
founded by him, was called Pellcea. 

Pellene, pel-le'-ne, one of the twelve cities 
of Achaia, on a hill near SicyonTa, built by the 
giant Pallas, or by Phorbas's son Pellen, of 
Argos. 

Pki.opivas, pe-lofi'-i-das, a celebrated general 
of Thebes, son of Hippoclus and friend of 
Epaminondas. He expelled the Spartans from 
Thebes, 379 B.C. ; he shared in the successes 
of Epaminondas, and fell in his victory at 
CynoscephSlae over Alexander, the tyrant of 
Pherae, 364. 

Peloponnesiacum Bellum, pel'-8-pon-ne- 
tl'-ac-um bel'-lwn, the famous twenty-eight 



^3 

Peloponnesiacum Bellum 

years' contest between the two great Greek 
rivals Athens and Sparta, and their respective 
allies, arose really from the jealousy felt by 
Sparta of the great power Athens had acquired 
after the Persian wars, when the latter city 
became head of "the confederacy of Delos," 
which was formed, 478 B.C., by the maritime 
allies, on the recommendation of Aristldes, 
after the recall of PausanTas (1) from the 
Asiatic coast. The periodical meeting of this 
confederacy was at Delos, and the members 
were assessed in ships or money ; but by the 
removal of the treasury and the synod to 
Athens, the conversion of its stewards (Helle- 
no tarn' zee) into an Athenian board, the mis- 
application of the common funds (now raised 
from 460 to 600 talents 1 , the transference of all 
public lawsuits to Athens, the depriving of the 
constituent states, except Chios, Samos, and 
Lesbos, of their armaments by requiring the 
contribution to be in money, and the exactions 
of Athenian officers, much discontent was 
caused among the Athenian allies, marked by 
the revolt of Naxos 466, Thasos 465, Eubcea 
and Megara 445, and Samos 440. After the 
reduction of the latter isle, after a nine months' 
siege by Pericles, Athens was in the height of 
her glory ; but the members of the league, 
converted from allies to tributaries, were dis- 
contented, and the Dorian element in Greece, 
bursting with envy at the success of the 
Ionian, was ready to take advantage of the 
first opportunity for a general war ; and this 
was found in the quarrel between Corcyra and 
Corinth, 435, when Epidamnus, a colony of 
Corcyra, on the coast of Illyria, being at- 
tacked by the Illyrians and its own expelled 
oligarchs, appealed for aid to oligarchical Cor- 
cyra, which refused help ; whereupon Epi- 
damnus applied to Corinth, which was also 
its metropolis, as Corcyra was a colony of 
Corinth. The Epidamnians were assisted by 
a Corinthian fleet, which was attacked and de- 
feated by the Corcyreans, indignant at the in- 
terference, off ActTum. In 434 the Corinthians 
made great preparations for the war, and both 
they and the Corcyreans sent embassies for an 
alliance, 433, to Athens, which formed a de- 
fensive alliance with Corcyra, and assisted the 
latter, in the spring of 432, in defeating the 
Corinthians. Soon after, Potidaea revolted from 
Athens ; and in the autumn a congress of Pelo- 
ponnesians was held to decide on war with 
Athens, which broke out in 431. The Allies 
on each side were : for A thens — Chios, Lesbos, 
and Corcyra, with their navies, and, with in- 
fantry and money, Plataea, Messenia, Acar- 
nama, Zacynthus, Caria, Doris, Ionia, the 
Hellespontines, Thrace, and all the Cyclades 
except Melos and Thera; for Sparta — all the 
Peloponnesians except the Argives and Achaia 
(i.e., Arcadia, Laconia, and Messenia, with 
infantry, Corinth, Sicyonla, and Elis, with 
navies), and Megaris, Ambracla, Leucadia, 
with navies, and Locris, Bceotia, Phocis, with 
cavalry, and Anactorium, with infantry, In 
spring, 431, the Thebans attacked Plataea, 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



184 

Peloponnesus 

and in midsummer the Peloponnesians invaded 
Attica, and shortly after the Athenians allied 
with King Sitalces of Thrace. The chief 
events in the war were the surrender of Po- 
tidsea to the Athenians, 429, of Platsea to the 
Spartans, 427, and of Sphacteria to Cleon, 425; 
the successes of the Spartan Brasldas in 
Thrace, 424 — 422 ; the defeat of the Athenians 
at Mantinea, 418 ; the Athenian expedition to 
Sicily, 415, destroyed, 413; establishment of 
the Spartans at Decelea, 414 ; defeat of the 
Spartan fleet off Cynossema, 411, and at Cy- 
zicus, 410, by Alcibiades ; defeat of Alcibiades' 
lieutenant off Notium by Lysander, 407, and 
of Lysander's successor Callicratidas off the 
Arginusae isles, 406 ; and the great victory of 
Lysander off iEgospotamos, 405, by which the 
war was virtually ended, Athens surrendering, 
after a blockade of three months, to Lysander, 
in 404. 

Peloponnesus, pel ' -o-po7i-ne-sus , the penin- 
sula forming the south of Greece proper, and 
connected with northern Greece by the Isthmus 
of Corinth, anciently Apia, from King Phoro- 
neus's son Apis, of Argos, or Argos from its 
early chief city, afterwards Peloponnesus, 
" isle of Pelops," from its settler Pelops (q.v.), 
and now Morea, from its resemblance to a 
mulberry-leaf (^opea), was divided into six 
states: Achaia in N., Coritithia in E. and 
N., Laconia in E. and S., Messenia in S. and 
W., Elis in W., and in the centre Arcadia, 
which alone had no seaboard. Its aborigines, 
the Pelasgi, were conquered and confined to 
Arcadia by the Ionians, who took Achaia, and 
the Achseans, who took Argolis, Laconia, and 
Messenia. It was conquered by the Dorians 
under the Heraclidce (q. v.), eighty years after 
the Trojan war. It was regarded as the centre 
of the Doric race. 

Pelops (-opis), pel' -ops, son of King Tantalus 
of Phr^gia, was murdered by his father and 
served up at a repast to the gods, whom Tan- 
talus had invited ; but none of the gods touched 
the meat, except Ceres, who, absorbed in grief 
at the loss of Proserpine, ate of the shoulder. 
Mercury was ordered by the gods to restore 
Pelops to life by boiling the pieces of his body, 
and Clotho replaced the lost shoulder with one 
of ivory, which could by its touch remove 
diseases ; and his descendants (Pelopidce) were 
afterwards believed to have an ivory-white 
shoulder. King Tros, of Troy, afterwards in- 
vaded Phrygia to avenge the loss of Gany- 
mede's (q. v.), whom he supposed Tantalus to 
have carried off ; and Tantalus and his son 
had to flee. Pelops came to Pisa in Elis, 
where he won the throne of Elis and the hand 
of HippodamTa (q. v.) by his victory in the 
chariot-race over her father, King CEnomaus, 
whose charioteer, Myrtllus, he had bribed. 
His sons were Atreus, Thyestes, Chrysippus 
(thrown into a well by the two former, for 
which they were banished), Pittheus, Trcezen, 
&c. Pelops was revered after death as the 
chief hero of Greece, and the epithet Peldpeius 
(or Pelopeids,-adis) is frequently attached as 



Pentheus 



an honourable epithet to his descendants or 
their cities. Peloponnesus (isle of Pelops) was 
named after him. 

Pelorus (-i), pe-ld'-rtis, 1. A promontory 
of north-east Sicily. 2. The pilot of the ship 
that bore Hannibal from Italy. 

_ Pelusium, pe-lu'-si-ttm, a strongly-fortified 
city on the easternmost, or Pelusiac, mouth 
of the Nile, about three miles from the sea. 

Penates (-um), pe-na'-tes, the household 
gods (deified ancestors generally) of the 
Romans, whose images were placed and wor- 
shipped in the centre of the house, peiietrd'lia, 
where, in their honour, a perpetual fire burnt, 
and the first-fruits and salt-cellar were always 
on the table ; the Lares (q. v.) were included 
in the Penates. The Roman state, considered 
as one family, had Penates whose images were 
believed to have been brought by .<Eneas from 
Troy to Lavinium, thence to Alba, and, on its 
fall, to Rome. 

Penelope, pe-nel' -o-pe , the celebrated wife 
of King Ulysses, of Ithaca, was daughter of 
King IcarTus, of Sparta, and Peribcea. Just 
before the Trojan expedition she bore Ulysses 
a son, Telemachus. When Ulysses was driven 
about for years on his return voyage from 
Troy, Penelope was surrounded with numerous 
suitors, whose importunity she for a time stayed 
by promising to declare her choice as soon as 
she had finished a piece of tapestry on which 
she was employed for her father-in-law Laertes ; 
and she baffled their expectations by undoing 
in the night what she had done by day ; whence 
the proverbial phrase of Penelope's web for an 
endless labour. But, after her stratagem was 
betrayed by a servant, the suitors redoubled 
their importunity and insolence till they were 
destroyed by Ulysses, who returned in dis- 
guise. Penelope is described by Homer as a 
model of chastity and all virtue, but later 
authors give a very different character. 

Peneus, pe-ne'-us, a river of Thessaly. Its 
god, son of Oceanus and Tethys, was father of 
Daphne and Cyrene, the former of whom was 
made a laurel on its banks. 

Pennine Alpks, pen-ni'-n&al'-pes, thepartof 
the Alps from Mount Penninus (the Great St. 
Bernard) to the Simplon, including Monte 
Rosa, Mont Blanc, and Mont Cervin. The 
Romans called the god of its inhabitants, 
Jupiter Pennimts. 

Pentelicus, pen-tel'-i-cus, the south-east 
branch of Mount Parnes, in Attica, celebrated 
for its marble. 

Penthesilea, peu'-the-si-le'-a, a famous 
queen of the Amazons, daughter of Mars and 
Otrera ; assisted Priam after Hector's death, 
and was slain by Achilles, who was so struck 
with her beauty that he shed tears for having 
slain her, and put Thersites to death for 
ridiculing his grief. 

Pentheus (-eos or -ei), pen'-theus, son of 
Echlon and Cadmus's daughter Agave, was 
king of Thebes, and driven mad by Bacchus 
as a punishment for having resisted the intro- 
duction of the god's orgies. His palace was 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Pentri 



Jaid in ruins, and he was torn to pieces by his 
mother and his sisters Ino and Autonoe. 

Pentri, pen'-tri, a tribe of Samnium. 

Peparethus, pep-d-re'-thus, an islet off 
Thessaly, east of Halonesus, noted for its 
olives and wines. 

Perdiccas, per-did-cas. i. Fourth king of 
Macedonia, by conquest, having migrated, 
729 B.C., with his brothers ^Eropus and Gau- 
anes, from Argos to the district of Mount 
Bermius, from which he extended his rule. 2. 
Perdiccas II., of Macedonia, reigned 455 — 
413 b.c. 3. Perdiccas III., of Macedonia, 
reigned 364 — 359 B.C. 4. A famous and 
favourite general of Alexander the Great, who 
was believed to have nominated him his suc- 
cessor by giving him his signet-ring on his 
death-bed, 323 B.C. He was made chief com- 
mander under Philip Aridaeus. To oppose 
the coalition of the other generals, he marched 
into Egypt, where he was defeated by Ptolemy, 
and afterwards assassinated, 321. 

Peregrini, per-e-gri' -ni. 1. At Rome the 
term applied, in early times, to every one 
possessed of personal freedom who was not a 
Civis Romanus, but later — when, after the 
Social war, all the inhabitants of Italy became 
Clves Romani—Xo (1) all the free subjects of 
Rome in the provinces, including persons 
belonging by birth to foreign states, but who 
had settled within the Roman territory ; (2) 
all the free subjects of states in alliance with 
Rome ; and (3) all Romans who had either 
temporarily or permanently forfeited the Civi- 
tas. The Peregrini resident in Rome had no 
political status, and could appear in a law 
court only by a patrdnus, under whom they 
placed themselves, like the client under his 
Patrician patron; but for at least 200 years 
before the fall of the Republic there was a 
regular judge (Prcetor Peregrinus) and court 
of commissioners (Reciiperatdres) for their 
suits, and they were prohibited from wearing 
the national Roman civil dress, the Toga, and 
might at any time be ordered by the Senate to 
withdraw from the city. There could be no 
regular marriage {Nzcptice justce) between a 
Roman citizen and a Peregrimis. 2. At 
Athens, the Metceci, fie-zotKot, resident aliens, 
paid a certain tax (neToUiov), but enjoyed 
no civic rights, but were permitted to exercise 
their rights as freely as the native citizens, 
with whom, of course, they could not legally 
intermarry ; they had to assist in raising any 
extraordinary funds for the state, and at cer- 
tain festivals they had to carry the sacrifical 
bowls, &c. Each was under a irpoo-Tarng, or 
patron, who alone could appear for them in 
court. 

Perenna, pe-ren! -na {see Anna). 

Pergamus, per'-ga-mus, or Pergama 
(-orum), peS-gcl-nia. 1. The citadel of Troy, 
on a hill overlooking the Scamander. On the 
place later identified with it Xerxes reviewed 
his hosts. 2. A famous inland city of Teu- 
thranla, in southern Mysia, on the Cai'cus, 
became the capital of the kingdom of Pergamus, 




Pericles 



which was founded, 280 B.C., by a eunuch, 
Philetserus, who had been intrusted with the 
command of the city by Lysimachus after the 
battle of Ipsus. It was bequeathed by Attalus 
(Philometor) III., 133, to the Romans. Its 
famous royal library, founded by Eumenes II., 
rivalled, in the wealth and extent of its con- 
tents, that of Alexandria, to which it was 
transferred by Cleopatra, with Antony's per- 
mission, and was destroyed by the Saracens, 
A.d. 642. Parchme7it (Pergamena charta) 
was first used at Pergamus (whence its name) 
for the transcription of books, King Ptolemy of 
Egypt having forbidden the export of papyrus, 
to prevent Eumenes excelling him in his collec- 
tion of books. 

Periander, per-i-an'-der, succeeded his 
father Cypselus as tyrant of Corinth 625 B.C. 
The early part of his reign was mild and 
popular, but he soon became oppressive, and 
noted for cruelty and debauchery. He banished 
his son Lycophron (q.v.). Yet he patronized 
the fine arts, was fond of peace, and showed 
himself the protector of genius and learning. 
Arion and Anacharsis were highly honoured in 
his court. He died 585, and was reckoned one 
of the seven sages of Greece. 

PERiBCEA,/5e r r-z-&2?'-<z, daughter of Hipponous, 
was the second wife of King CEneus of Cal^don, 
and mother of Tydeus. 2. Or Eribcea, 
daughter of Alcathous, was sold by her father 
into Cyprus, on suspicion that she was wooed 
by Telamon. The latter found her there, and 
married her. 3. A daughter of Eurymedon, 
bore Nausithous to Neptune. 

Pericles (-is or -i), per'-i-cles, a famous 
Athenian statesman, of a noble family, son of 
Xanthippus and Agariste. He was educated 
under Damon, Zeno of Elea, and Anaxagoras. 
He entered on public life 469 B.C., and soon 
became head of the popular party. He pro- 
cured, on the proposal of Ephialtes, the limita- 
tion of the power of the Areopagus, 461, and 
afterwards caused the ostracism of Cimon, the 
leader of the aristocracy. In the Sacred war 
he restored the care of the temple of Delphi to 
the Phocians, 448 ; recovered the revolted 
Eubcea for Athens, 445 ; became the undis- 
puted leader of the Assembly after his ostracism, 
in 444, of Thucydides, who had succeeded to 
the leadership of the aristocratical party on the 
death of Cimon (449) ; defeated the Sicyonians 
near Nemsea; and with Sophocles and other 
generals reduced the revolted Samos after an 
arduous siege, 440. _ His enemies now made 
several attempts to injure him by attacks on 
his friends Anaxagoras and Phidias, and his 
mistress, the famous Aspasia : but his popu- 
larity continued unabated, and the Peloponne- 
sian war, falsely ascribed to his ambitious 
schemes, was undertaken, on his advice, 431. 
But after the Peloponnesians invaded Attica 
the fickle Athenians fined him fifty talents and 
stripped him of his honours ; but these latter 
they speedily restored to him again. In a few 
months after, in the autumn of 429, he died of 
I the great plague which had already carried ofi 



SEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Perillus 



his sons Xanthippus and Paralus, and many 
friends. To legitimize his only surviving son 
(by Aspasia), Pericles, he had been obliged to 
repeal a law which he had made and rigorously 
enforced against illegitimate children, and this 
son was one of the ten generals put to death by 
the Athenians after the battle of Arginusae, 406. 
During his leadership Pericles adorned Athens 
with splendid public buildings, and literature 
was liberally patronized by him. 

Perillus, pe-ril'-lus {see Phalaris). 

Perinthus, pe-rin'-thus, anciently Myg- 
donica, and latterly Heraclea, a city of Thrace, 
on the Propontis, founded from Samos 560 B.C. 

Peripatetici, per'-i-pd-te'-tl-ci, the follow- 
ers of Aristotle, so named from his school being 
founded in the walks of the Lyceum. 

Periphas (-antis), per'-i-phas. r. A pre- 
Cecropian king of Attica. 2. One of the 
Lapithae. 

Permessus, per-mes'-siis, a river of BoeotTa. 

Perperna, per-per J -na. 1. M., consul 130 
B.C., defeated Aristonlcus in Asia, and took 
him prisoner. 2. M. Vento, ven'-td, son of 
(1), was made praetor by Marius, fought some 
years in Spain under the Marian Sertorius, 
whom at length he assassinated from envy, 
72. He was taken prisoner and put to death 
by Pompey. 

Perrh>ebia, per-rhce'-bi-a, the country of 
the Perrhce'bi, a warlike Pelasgic people in 
northern Thessaly. 

Persje, per* -see, the people of Persia (q. v.). 

Perse, per'-se, an Oceanid, bore iEetes, 
Circe, Pasiphae, and Perseus, to Sol (Apollo). 

Persephone, per-seph'-d-jie {see Proser- 
pina). 

Persepolis, per-sep'-o-lis, a capital of the 
Persian empire, in the middle of Persia 
proper, and near the Araxes, Medus, and 
Cyrus ; was laid in ruins by Alexander the 
Great. 

Perses (-se), per'-ses. 1. Son of Perseus and 
Andromeda ; gave his name to the Persians 
(formerly Cephefies). 2. The son of the Sol 
and Perse, was father of Hecate, and brother 
of ^Eetes and Circe. 3. See Perseus (2*). 

Perseus, per'-seus. 1. The famous son of 
Jupiter and Acrisius' s daughter Danae (q. v.). 
Having been exposed with his mother on the 
sea, he was drifted to SerTphos, where he was 
found by a fisherman, Dictys, and reared by 
King Polydectes, and in early youth dis- 
tinguished himself by genius and courage. 
Polydectes having, in course of time, fallen in 
Jove with Danae, and wishing to get rid of 
Perseus, sent him to bring Medusa's head {see 
Gorgones) ; Perseus, however, was favoured 
by Mercury, who took him to the Grace 
(Pephredro, Enyo, DlnO), the three daughters 
of Phorcys and Ceto, who were aged from 
their birth, and had only one eye and one 
tooth to use between them. Perseus took 
away the tooth and eye till they agreed to 
take him to the nymphs from whom he re- 
ceived the winged sandals, magic bag, and 
Pluto's helmet, which made the wearer in- 



Persia 



visible ; the Graeae also told him where to fii.d 
their sisters, the Gorgons, and Perseus re- 
ceived from Mercury a sickle (d'pjrtj), and 
from Minerva a mirror ; he then flew to the 
home of the Gorgons, whom he found asleep, 
and cut off Medusa's head, looking at her 
figure reflected in the mirror to avoid gazing 
on her head, for a sight of it changed the 
beholder into stone. He placed the head in 
his bag and flew away, pursued by the two 
other Gorgons, Stheno and Euryale, but, 
being invisible, he escaped. On his return 
through Mauretanla, having been refused en- 
tertainment by King Atlas, who had remem- 
bered that his gardens were to be robbed by 
a son of Jupiter {see Hesperides), he changed 
him by Medusa's head into the Mount Atlas ; 
and in Ethiopia he won the hand of Cepheus's 
daughter Andromeda (q. v.) by delivering her 
from the sea-monster ; but his nuptials were 
interrupted by the entrance of her uncle 
Phineus, and armed companions, to carry off 
the bride, and Perseus was saved only by 
changing his assailants into stone. Having 
returned to Serlphos, and changed into stone 
Polydectes and his courtiers, and placed 
Dictys on the throne, he took with him Danae 
(who had fled to a temple from Polydectes' 
violence) to Argos. Acrisius, his maternal 
grandfather, fled to Larissa, fearing punish- 
ment for his exposure of Danae and her son, 
and Perseus followed, to persuade him to 
return, but accidentally killed him with his 
quoit, at the games, when Acrisius was in 
disguise among the spectators. Perseus then 
exchanged the kingdom of Argos for Tiryns, 
with Megapenthes' son Prcetus, and founded 
Mycenae. Perseus was the father of Alcaeus, 
Sthenelus, Nestor, Electryon, and Gorgo- 
phone. After his metamorphosis of Poly- 
dectes, he presented Medusa's head to 
Minerva, who placed it on her -<Egis. 2. 
Or Perses, per'-ses, succeeded his father, 
King Philip V. of Macedonia, 178 B.C., and, 
like him, was noted for his enmity to the- 
Romans, with whom he warred four years 
(171 — 168). His avarice and timidity pre- 
vented his success, and he was totally de- 
feated at Pydna by L. iEmilius Paulus, 168. 
He fled to Samothrace, but was made pri- 
soner, and carried, with his family, in Paulus's 
triumph at Rome. He had a daughter and 
two sons, Philip and Alexander, of whom the 
latter was, after having passed many years as 
a common carpenter, made secretary to the 
Senate. Perseus spent the remainder of his 
life as a prisoner on parole at Alba. 

Persia, per'-si-a, or Persis (-Idis), per'-sis, 
the name of a territory whose dimensions were 
different at different times. At first it wasi 
applied to the highland district bounded on 
E. by the Desert, N. by Susiana, Media, and 
Parthla, W. and S. by Persicus Sinus, and 
inhabited by a hardy race of warrior-shepherds, 
divided into Pasargadae, or noble families (of 
whom the Achsemenldaewere the chief), settled 
agricultural tribes, and nomadic shepherd 




EOMTILUS AND EEMUS, PAN AND APOLLO. 



13 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



187 



Persicum Mare 



tribes, and having the same origin, customs, 
and Magian religion as the Medes, whose 
empire, under Cyrus's (q. v.) leadership, they 
overthrew, 559 B.C. Cambyses succeeded, 
529, and, after Smerdis's usurpation of seven 
months, Darius I., Hystaspes, 521, who 
organized in twenty satrapies the vast empire 
of Persia; extending from ./Ethiopia, Arabia, 
and the Erythraeum Mare on the south to 
the Jaxartes, Oxus, Caspian, Caucasus, and 
Euxine, and the Indus on the east, to Thrace 
and Cyrenalca, and made its capitals Babylon, 
Susa, Ecbatana, Pasargada, and Persepolis. 
He undertook the wars against Greece, which 
were continued by Xerxes I. The Persian 
empire was overthrown by Alexander the Great, 
331. At the division of the provinces after 
Alexander's death, Seleucus Nicanor obtained 
the mastery of Persia, but it passed to the 
dominion of the Parthians on their revolt 
from the SeleucTdae, 250. The empire of 
Persia was revived by the revolt of Artaxerxes, 
the founder of the Sassantdee dynasty, A.D. 
226, and lasted till the defeat of Yesdigerd III. 
by the forces of the Caliph Abu-Bekr, 651, 
when Persia passed into the possession of the 
Mohammedans. 

Persicum Mare, per'-si-cum mar'-e, or 
Per'sicus Sln'us, now the Persian Gtdf, the 
part of the Erythraeum Mare {Indian Ocean) 
between the shores of Susiana, Persis, Car- 
mania, and the coast of Arabia. 

Persius Flaccus, A., per'-si-us Jlad-ctis, a 
Roman knight and satirical poet, born at 
Volaterrse, in Etruria, a.d. 34. He early 
removed to Rome, where he soon formed the 
acquaintance of many literary men. He died 
62, aged 27, his short life having been marked 
by modesty, benevolence, and virtue. Six 
satires, generally printed with those of Juvenal, 
are extant, in which he lashed the debauchees 
and the vices of his age ; but, though popular 
among his contemporaries, they are blamed by 
the moderns for obscurity of style and of lan- 
guage. 

Pertinax, P. Helvius, per'-ti-nax, hel'- 
vi-us, Roman emperor, 1st January to 28th 
March, 193 a.d., was of obscure birth, but 
liberally educated, and acted for a while as a 
tutor in Etruria. He entered the army, and 
ruse under M. Aurelius to be consul, governor 
of Mcesia, and prefect of Rome. He was 
obliged to accept the purple on Commodus's 
death, but was killed by the praetorian guards. 

Perusia, pe-ru'-si-a, an ancient city of 
eastern Etruria, between the Tiber and Trasi- 
menus. 

Pessinus, pes'-si-uus (-untis), a city of 
south-western Galatia, celebrated as burial- 
place of Atys, and for its temple and statue of 
Cybele {Pes' sinun' fid). 

Pet alus, pef-a-lus, a man killed by Perseus 
at the court of Cepheus, in ./Ethiopia. 

Petilia, pe-tl'-li-a, a Greek city on the coast 
of eastern Bruttium, built by Philoctetes. 

Petra, pet!-ra {rock). 1. The capital of the 
Idumseans, an d next of the Nabathaeans, in 



Phaethon 



Arabia Petraea, independent and important till 
the time of Trajan. 2. A town of Pieria, in 
Macedonia. 3. A hill near Dyrrhachlum, 
where Pompey intrenched himself. 

Petr^a, pe-trce'-a (see Arabia). 

Petreius, M. , pe-tre'-z-us, as legate of C. 
Antonius, defeated the troops of Catiline, 62 
B.C. He fought against Caesar at Thapsus, 
6th April, 46, and afterwards killed himself. 

~PKiiROiiivs A^mTE.R,pe-tro'-ni-tts ar'-ii-ier, 
the favourite and associate of Nero in his 
debaucheries, was proconsul of Bithynia, and 
afterwards consul. When accused of treason 
by another favourite of Nero, Tigellinus, from 
envy, he killed himself, a.d. 66, by causing his 
veins to be opened. An extant licentious 
romance, Satyrzcon, is attributed to him. 

Peucetia, peu-cet'-z-a, the part of Apulia 
from the Aufldus to BrundusTum and Taren- 
tum, named from Lycaon's son Peucetus. 

Ph^ea, phes'-a, a sow that infested the neigh- 
bourhood of Crommyon, on the Saronic gulf, 
and was destroyed by Theseus when going 
from Troezene to Athens to make himself known 
to his father. From it the Calydonian boar 
sprang. 

Ph/EACes, phce-a'-ces, the mythical inhabit- 
ants of the Homeric isle Scherla, at the western 
extremity of the earth, later identified with 
Corcyra (q. v.). They were devoted to luxury 
and gluttony ; whence PJueax is used for a 
glutton. The king was Alcinous (q. v.). 

PhjEDON, phce'-ddn, of Elis, was seized by 
pirates, and sold as a slave at Athens. On 
obtaining his freedom he became a disciple of 
Socrates. After his teacher's death, Phasdon 
returned to Elis, where he founded the Elean 
school. 

Phaedra, phce'-dra, daughter of Minos and 
Pasiphae, married Theseus, and bore Acamas 
and Demophoon. After the death of Theseus's 
son Hippolytus (q. v.) from her revengeful false 
accusation, she hanged herself. 

Ph^edros, phce'-drus, a Thracian slave at 
Rome, was manumitted by Augustus. He 
wrote ninety-seven fables, divided into five 
books, in iambic verses, most of which were 
translations from ./Esop. 

Ph^estus, p/ices'-h/s. 1. A town of southern 
Crete, Epimenldes' birthplace. 2. A town, of 
Macedonia. 

Phaethon (-ontis), pha'-e-thon, son of Sol 
(or Phoebus) and the Oceanid Clymene (or of 
Cephalus and Aurora), was beloved by Venus, 
and received the charge of one of her temples. 
Taunted about his paternity by Io's son 
Epaphus, he visited the palace of the Sun, and 
to test whether Phoebus was his father, asked 
him to prove his paternal affection by granting 
his request. Phoebus swore by the Styx he 
would, and Phaethon at once asked permission 
to drive the chariot of the sun one day in the 
sky. Phoebus, bound by his inviolable oath, 
allowed him ; but Phaethon soon betrayed his 
incapacity, and the horses rushed out of the 
usual track. Heaven and earth were threat- 
ened with a universal conflagration, when 

N 



188 BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Phalanthus 



Jupiter struck Phaethon with a bolt, and hurled 
him into the Eridanus (Po), on the banks of 
which his disconsolate sisters [Phd'etJwnti'ddes, 
or Heli'ddes, q.v.) were changed into poplars 
and their tears into amber. The parched state 
of Africa and the blackened skins of the 
./Ethiopians were ascribed to this bad driving 
of Phaethon. 

Phalanthus, phd-lan'-tJncs. i. Led the 
Parthenli (q.v.) to Tarentum. 2. A town and 
mountain of Arcadia. 

Phalaris (-idis), phdl'-a-ris, tyrant of Agri- 
gentum, 570 — 564 B.C., was noted for cruelty. 
Perillus presented him with a brazen bull for 
burning alive his victims, and on his body the 
experiment was made by the orders of Pha- 
laris. His subjects revolted and put him to 
death. 

Phalerum, phd-le'-rinn, or Phalera 
(-orum), phd-le'-ra, the oldest and easternmost 
of the harbours of Athens. 

Yyik-lwqa, phal'-ti-ca, festivals to the Egyp- 
tian Osiris, and forming a part of the Greek 
Dionysia, when the <pa\\og, the emblem of 
fecundity, was borne in procession by the 
<pa\\o<p6poi. 

Phan,e, phdn'-ce, a promontory of southern 
Chios, famous for its wines and Apollo's 
temple. 

Phaon (-onis), phd'-on, an old boatman of 
Mytilene, ferried over Venus, disguised as an 
old woman, for nothing to Asia. The goddess 
rewarded him with a box of ointment, with 
which, having rubbed himself, he became 
young and beautiful. Sappho the poetess be- 
came enamoured of him, and, being disdained, 
threw herself into the sea. 

Pharnabazus, phar-na-bd'-zus, satrap of 
the Hellespontine provinces of Persia, assisted 
the Spartans in the Peloponnesian war. 

Pharnaces, phar'-nd-ces. 1. KingofPon- 
tus 190 — 155 B.C., was grandfather of Mith- 
ridates the Great. 2. The son of Mithridates 
the Great, from whom he revolted, and whose 
death he caused, 63 B.C., was rewarded by 
Pompey with the kingdom of the Bosporus. 
During the war between Caesar and Pompey, 
Pharnaces seized Pontus, but was defeated by 
Caesar at Zela, 47. 

Pharos, phdr'-os, an islet in the Bay of 
Alexandria, joined by a mole of a mile long to 
the mainland by Alexander. On the isle a 
famous lighthouse, called the Pharos, visible 
100 miles off, was built of white marble, in the 
reigns of Ptolemy Soter and Ptolemy Phi- 
ladelphus. The name Pharos was afterwards 
applied generally to any lighthouse. 

Pharsalus, phar-sd'-lus, a town of Thes- 
saly, west of the Enipeus ; in its plain, PJiar- 
sdlla, Caesar overthrew Pompey, 48 B.C. 

Phaselis (-idis), phd-se'-lis, a Dorian coast 
town of Lycia, at the base of Mount Taurus. 

Phasis, phd'-sis. 1. A Milesian colony at 
the mouth of (2), on its southern bank. 2. A 
river of Colchis, flowing from Armenia into 
the east of the Euxine : the Argonauts sailed 
into it. Medea is called P/ui'sias (-adis), and 



Philippopolis 

Phasi'dcus is = Colchian. Pheasants (pJidsl- 
ant) were named from being introduced from its 
banks to Greece. 

Phegeus, phe'-ge-us, king of Psophis, in 
Arcadia, and priest of Bacchus (see Al- 
cm^eon). 

Phemius, pte'-uii-us, the minstrel to the 
suitors of Penelope in Ulysses' palace, called 
by some Homer's teacher. Ovid uses the 
name for any excellent musician. 

Pheneus, p/ien'-e-ns, a town of north- 
eastern Arcadia, at the base of Mount Cyllene, 
with a lake, whose waters were wholesome by 
day but not by night. 

Pher^e, pher'-ce, a town of Thessaly, twelve 
miles from its port, Pagasae, the residence of 
the mythical Admetus, and afterwards of power- 
ful tyrants, who ruled over nearly all Thessaly. 
It was founded by Pheres, pJier'-es, son of 
Cretheus and Tyro, and father of Admetus 
(PheretV ddes). 

Pherecydes, plier-e-tf-des, a. philosopher 
of Scyros, 544 b. c. , was a disciple of Pittacus 
and the teacher of Pythagoras ; he taught the 
metempsychosis. 

Phidias, phl'-dl-as, the famous statuary 
and sculptor of Athens, born 490 B.C., was 
accused, by the enemies of his patron Pericles, 
first of having embezzled the gold for Minerva's 
statue (of which he was acquitted), and after- 
wards of impiety in carving his own and Peri- 
cles' likenesses in the battle of the Amazons on 
Minerva's shield, and he was thrown into 
prison, where he died, 432. 

Phiditia, phl-dit'-i-a (frugal meals, 
(peihi-ia), more properly PhilUla (<pi\i-ia, 
friendly meals, and called 'AidpeTa in Crete), 
the common meals or public tables at Sparta, 
the avaairia, at which the citizens took their 
meals together. 

Phidon, phl'-don, a warlike and aggressive 
king of Argos, 748 B.C. ; he deprived the 
Eleans of the privilege of celebrating the 
Olympic games, which he celebrated with the 
Pisatans ; but he was defeated by the Spartans, 
who restored the Olympian presidency to the 
Eleans : he invented the ALginetan scale of 
weights and measures, and introduced copper 
and silver coinage. 

T?iiiLAVELPHiA,phIl'-d-del-phl'-a. 1. A city of 
Lydia, at the base of Tmolus. 2. A city of 
Cilicia, on the Calycadnus. 3. A city of Syria. 

Philemon, phl-le-mon. x. A Greek poet of 
the New Comedy, born at Soli, in Cilicia, was 
educated at, and made a citizen of, Athens, 
where he was a rival of Menander ; he died at 
a great age, 274 b.c. 2. The son of (1), wrote 
fifty-four comedies, of which fragments re- 
main. 3. The husband of Baucis (q.v.). 

Philippi, phi-lip'-pi, a city of Macedonia, 
on Mount Pangaeus, built by Philip II. ; scene 
of the defeat of Brutus and Cassius by Octa- 
vianus (Augustus) and Antony, 42 b.c. 

Philippopolis, phll-ip-pop'-o-lis, a city of 
Thrace, south-east of the Hebrus, founded by 
Philip II., called Trlmon' ttuvi t from being OJJ 
a three-peaked hill, 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTLONARY. 



Philippus 

Philippus I., pMl-ip'-pus, son of Argasus, 
whom he succeeded as king of Macedonia, 
640 b.c. 2. Philippus II., fourth son of King 
Amyntas II., of Macedonia, and Eurydice, 
born 382 B.C., was carried by Pelopidas as a 
hostage to Thebes, where he learned the art of 
war under Epaminondas. On the death of his 
brother Perdiccas III., 359, Philip became 
king of Macedonia, usurping the throne from 
his infant nephew Amyntas. After having 
organized his army and kingdom, he assailed 
the Greek cities on the Macedonian coast ; 
Philip then, at the request of the Amphic- 
tyons, punished the Phocians, and received 
their place in the council. He obtained suc- 
cesses in Illyricum and Thessaly, and acted 
the part of protector of the Peloponnesian 
states against the encroachments of Sparta, 
but he was repulsed by Phocion from Eubcea, 
and when, to support the Amphictyons, he 
marched against Amphissa, the Athenians, 
now aroused, allied with the Thebans, and met 
him at Chseronea, where Philip, by defeat- 
ing their united forces, virtually subjugated 
Greece, 2nd Aug., 338 ; he was then nominated 
general of Greece to conduct the war resolved 
on against Persia at a general assembly at 
Corinth, but in the midst of his preparations 
was, when entering the theatre at the nuptials 
of his daughter Cleopatra with Alexander of 
Eplrus, stabbed by a noble youth, Pausanias, 
in revenge for his having refused to punish a 
courtier who had grossly abused him, and, 
according to some, at the instigation of the 
deserted queen, OlympTas, the daughter of 
King Neoptolemus, of the Molossi, 336. He 
was succeeded by his son Alexander the Great, 
whose education he had intrusted to the 
philosopher Aristotle. Philip was perse- 
vering, brave, and eloquent, but crafty, and 
disgraced himself by debauchery and un- 
natural crimes. 3. Philippus III. (see Ari- 
dmus). 4. Philippus IV., eldest son and 
successor of Cassander, reigned for a few 
months only, 296 b.c. 5. Philippus V., son of 
King Demetrius II., born 237 B.C., succeeded 
his uncle Antigonus III.,Doson, 220 ; supported 
the Achaean general Aratus against the 
iEtolians, but afterwards poisoned him, 213. 
He allied with Hannibal, and warred with the 
Romans, 215, but he was obliged to sue for 
peace, 205 ; he resumed the war, 200, but was 
defeated at Cynoscephalae, 197, and compelled 
to accept a humiliating peace. On the false 
accusations of his son Perseus, he caused the 
death of his elder son, Demetrius, who had, 
when a hostage at Rome, acquired the favour 
of the Senate. On discovering the perfidy of 
Perseus, he died of remorse at his own rash- 
ness and credulity. Philip was charac- 
terized by the same virtues, ambition, and 
vices as (2). He was succeeded by Perseus, 
but had intended to leave the throne to his son 
Antigonus. 6. Or Pseu'dophllip'pus, a man 
who pretended to be the son of Perseus (2), 
and claimed the throne of Macedonia. 7. M. 
J., Roman emperor A.d. 244—249, slain, at 



Philomela 



Verona, with his son of the same name, whom 
he had associated with him on the throne. 8. 
L. Marcius, mar'-ct-us, an orator, when 
consul, 91 B.C., vigorously opposed the tribune 
Drusus. 9. L. Marcius, son of (7), was 
consul 56 B.C., and became stepfather of 
Augustus by his marriage with Atia. 

Philitia, phi-lif-t-a (see Phiditia). 

Philistus, phl-lis'-Ucs, a Syracusan, during 
his banishment wrote a history of Sicily in 
twelve books. He afterwards led the fleet of 
Dionyslus II. against Dion, and killed himself 
when defeated, 356 B.C, 

Philo, phll'-o, 1. Of Larissa, was a pupil 
of Clitomachus, and taught in the Academy at 
Athens, and afterwards at Rome, where Cicero 
was his pupil. 2. Jitdceus, a Jewish writer of 
Alexandria, from which he was sent as ambas- 
sador to the emperor Caligula at Rome, a.d. 
40. He wrote works on the creation of the 
world, sacred history, and Jewish laws and 
customs, endeavouring to reconcile the Old 
Testament doctrines with Greek philosophy. 3. 
Of Byzantfrwi, a famous mechanician and 
architect, 150 B.C. 

Philoctetes, phil-oc-te'-tes, called Pceau- 
tl'ddes, as son of Pceas and Demonassa, was 
one of the Argonauts, and afterwards armour- 
bearer to Hercules, to whose funeral pile he set 
fire on Mount CEta, and from whom he received 
the arrows that had been dipped in the gall of 
the Lemaean hydra. As one of the suitors of 
Helen, he proceeded to the rendezvous of the 
Greeks against Troy at Aulis ; but the smell 
proceeding from a wound in his foot, inflicted 
by a snake, or from one of the poisoned arrows 
having fallen on it, was so offensive that the 
Greeks left him, by Ulysses' advice, on Lemnos, 
where he remained till taken to Troy by 
Ulysses and Diomedes in the tenth year of the 
war, after an oracle had declared that Troy 
could not be taken without Hercules' arrows, 
which he possessed. Having been cured at 
Troy by iEsculapms (or Machaon or Podaltrlus), 
he distinguished himself by his archery, killing 
Paris, among others. After the fall of Troy, 
Philoctetes went to Italy, and founded Petilia, 
Melibcea having revolted from him. 

Philodemus, phU-o-de'-mns, a native of 
Gadara, in Palestine, an Epicurean and epi- 
grammatic poet, temp. Cicero, noted for his 
indelicate verses. 

Philolaus, pMl-o-ld'-tis. 1. A Corinthian, of 
the Bacchiadae family, legislated for Thebes. 
2. A Pythagorean philosopher, of Crotona or 
Tarentum, 374 B.C. 

Philomela, phil-o-vie'-la, daughter of King 
Pandlon of Athens. Her sister Procne married 
King Tereus of Thrace, and, being sad at her 
separation from Philomela, prevailed on Tereus 
to go to Athens and bring her to Thrace. 
Tereus, to whom Procne had born Itys, went ; 
but on the way back violated Philomela, and 
then shut her up in a tower, after cutting out 
her tongue, and told Procne she had died. But 
within a year Procne discovered she was alive, 
and Philomela conveyed to her a piece of 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Philomelium 



tapestry on which her misfortune was woven. 
Procne then killed Itys, and served up his 
flesh in a dish to Tereus, and fled with Philo- 
mela. They were pursued by Tereus, and, 
when almost overtaken, were on their prayer 
changed into birds — Philomela a nightingale, 
Procne a swallow, and Tereus a hawk, or, 
according to others, Procne a nightingale, 
Philomela a swallow, and Tereus a hoopoe. 

Philomelium, phil-o-me'-li-um, a city of 
Phrygla. 

Philopcemen, phil-o-poe'-men, born at Me- 
galopolis, in Arcadia, early distinguished him- 
self, and was elected general of the Achaean 
league, 208 B.C. He took Sparta, and abo- 
lished Lycurgus's constitution, 188. In 183 he 
was surprised and carried to Messene, where 
Dinocrates obliged him to drink poison. 

Philostratus, phi-los' -tra-tus , a famous 
sophist of Lemnos, taught rhetoric at Athens 
and Rome, temp. Severus, and wrote an extant 
life of Apollonius Tyaneus in eight books, 
from papers intrusted to him by the empress 
Julia, and other works. 

Philoxenus, phi-lox'-e-nus, a dithyrambic 
poet of Cythera, lived 435 — 380 b.c. 

Philyra, phiV-yr-a, an Oceanid, bore to 
Neptune (transformed into a horse) the famous 
centaur Chiron (Philyr'ides), and was changed 
into the philyra, or linden-tree. 

Phineus, phl'-neus. 1. A famous sooth- 
sayer, son of King Agenor, of Phoenicia, or of 
Neptune, became king of Salmydessus, in 
Thrace, or, according to others, of Bithynia, 
and married Boreas's daughter Cleopatra 
(Cleobule), who bore him Plexippus and Pan- 
dlon, and, after her death, Dardanus's daughter 
Idaea(also called Dia, Eurytla, Danae,Idothea), 
who, jealous of his affection for Cleopatra's 
children, falsely accused them of treason, for 
which Phineus caused them to be blinded. For 
this cruelty Jupiter blinded him, and sent the 
Harpies to haunt his tables and taint his food, 
till he was delivered from them, on the Argo- 
nauts' visit, by Zethes and Calais, who pur- 
sued the monsters to the Strophades ; and 
Phineus, as reward, informed the Argonauts of 
the best course for Colchis. He was killed by 
Hercules. 2. See Andromeda. 

Phintias, phin '-ti-as [see Damon). 

Phlegethon (-ontis), phleg'-e-thon, a river 
of hell, whose stream consisted of flames. 

Phlegra, phleg'-ra, the peninsula in Mace- 
donia, afterwards called Pallene (q. v.), where 
the giants in their war with the gods were 
defeated by Hercules. The combat was re- 
newed on the Phlegrce'i Cam'pi, the volcanic 
coast plain in Campania, between Cumae and 
Capua. 

Phlegy^, phleg'-y-ce, a mythical race of 
Thessaly, who plundered and burnt Apollo's 
temple at Delphi, and some of whom settled at 
Phocis. They were descendants of King 
Phleg'yas (-a?), of Orchomenos, in Boeotla, 
who was son of Mars and Chryse (daughter of 
King Halmus, of the Laplthae), and father of 
IxIqb and CorOnis. When Coronis bore 



Phcenice 



^Esculapius to Apollo, her father, in anger, 
burnt the god's temple, for which Apollo slew 
him with his darts, and condemned him to 
severe punishment in Tartarus. 

Phlius (-untis), phll'-iis, the capita of 
Phliasia, phli-as'-i-a, the small district be- 
tween Sicyonla, Arcadia, and Argolis, in 
north-eastern Peloponnesus. 

Phoc<ea, pho-co'-a, the northernmost coast 
city of Ionia, early rose to naval power, and 
founded many colonies, and among these 
Massilia (now Marseilles), when the Phccaeans 
emigrated on Cyrus trying to conquer them. 

Phocilides, pho-cil'-i-des, a. Greek poet 
and philosopher of Miletus, flourished 530 B.C. 

Phocion (-onis), pho'-cl-on, an Athenian 
statesman and general, celebrated for his 
private and public virtues, born about 402 
B.C. Studied under Plato and Xenocrates, 
and early distinguished himself by his pru- 
dence and moderation, his zeal for the public 
good, and his military abilities. He obliged 
Philip II. to desist from his attempt on Eubcea. 
When the Piraeus was seized by Polysperchon's 
son Alexander, 318, he was falsely accused in 
the assembly of having instigated this step ; 
whereon he took refuge with Alexander, but 
was delivered by Potysperchon to the Athe- 
nians, and compelled to drink poison, 317. 

Phocis (-Idis), pho'-cis, a mountainous 
country of Greece, bounded on the E. by 
BoeotTa, S. by the Corinthian gulf, W. by 
Doris and Locri Ozolae, N. by Locri Opuntli 
and Epicnemidli : its town was Delphi. The 
Phocians became involved in the Sacred War 
(see Sacrum Bellum), 357 — 346 B.C., and all 
their towns were destroyed except Abae, by 
Philip II. of Macedonia, by order of the Am- 
phictyonic council, and their two votes in the 
council for a time taken away. 

Phcebas (-adis), phce'-bas [see Pythia). 

Phcebe, phce'-be. 1. Diana, as Luna, or 
goddess of the moon, her brother Apollo being 
identified with Phoebus, or the sun. 2. The 
daughter of Tyndareus and Leda, and sister 
of Clytemnestra. 

Phcebigena, phce-big'-e-na, ^Esculapius, 
Phcebus's son. 

Phcebus (bright), phce'-bus (see Apollo). 

Phcenice, phce-?ii' -ce , or Phoenicia, phce- 
nl'-ci-a, a mountainous coast country of Asia, 
extending from the Eleutherus on the N., a 
little below the islet Aradus, to Peluslum on 
the S., and having Syria on the E., and the 
Mediterranean on the W. ; its chief cities 
were Tyre and Sidon. The Phoenicians were 
highly civilized at an early period, and to 
them the inventions of arithmetic, navigation, 
astronomy, glass-making, and coining are as- 
cribed. From their alphabet the Greek was 
borrowed, whence sprang the alphabets of 
modern Europe. They were great traders, 
and planted many cities on the shores of the 
Mediterranean, as Carthage, Hippo, Utica, 
&c, and came as far west as Britain (Cassi- 
terides) in search of tin. Phcenice was suc- 
cessively brought under Assyria, Babylonia, 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. to? 



Phoenix 



Persia, Macedonia, and Rome, and was by 
the latter made a part of the province Syria ; 
it was originally governed by kings, but its 
cities afterwards became republican. It was 
named from Phoenix (2). 

Phoenix, phaf-nix. 1. Son of King Amyn- 
tor, of Argos, and Cleobule (or Hippodamla). 
His mother persuaded him to gain the affec- 
tions of his father's concubine Clytia, and 
when he succeeded in this his father cursed 
him and blinded him. Phoenix fled to King 
Peleus, of Phthia, who procured the restora- 
tion of his sight by the centaur Chiron, and 
made him preceptor of his son Achilles, and 
gave him the sovereignty of the Dolopes. 
Phcenix went with Achilles to Troy, and, on 
the hero's death, went to bring his son Pyr- 
rhus (Neoptolemus) to the war, and with the 
latter returned to Thrace, where he died, and 
was buried at yEon, or near Trachlnla, where 
a small river was called the Phcenix. 2. Son 
of Agenor, was brother of Europa (q. v.), in 
search of whom he was sent by his father, 
with orders not to return unless he found her. 
His search being fruitless, he settled in the 
country, named from him Phoenicia. 3. A 
fabulous bird. According to the legend in 
Herodotus, it came from Arabia to Heliopolis 
every 500 years, but, according to later 
legends, it was an Indian bird which re- 
appeared at the end of periods of 1,461 years. 
The Phoenix was of the size of an eagle, and 
had its head finely crested with a beautiful 
plumage, the feathers on its neck gold- 
coloured, and on the rest of its body purple, 
while its eyes sparkled like stars. According 
to Herodotus, it brought its father's body to 
the temple of the sun ; according te others, it 
built itself, when old, a pile of aromatic wood 
and burnt itself, and from its ashes arose 
a worm, which in time grew up to be a 
Phoenix. 

Pholoh, -phol'-o-e. 1. A mountain between 
Arcadia and Elis, was the burial-place of the 
centaur Pholus, phol'-us, who was acci- 
dentally killed by a poisoned arrow of Her- 
cules (see Centauri). 2. A mountain of 
Thessaly, near Mount Othrys. 

Phorbas, phor'-bas. 1. Son of Priam and 
EpithesTa, was killed at Troy by Menelaus. 
Somnus assumed his form to deceive ./Eneas's 
pilot Palinurus, off Cape Palinurus. 2. Son 
of LapTthes, was father of Actor by Epeus's 
daughter Hyrmlne ; he settled in Rhodes with 
a colony of Eleans and Thessalians. 

Phorcus, phor'-cus, or Phorcys, phor'-cys, 
a sea-god, son of Pontus and Terra, was 
father of the Graeae and Gorgones (Phor'cides, 
or Phorcy 'tildes'). 

Phormion, fhor'-ml-pn, was distinguished 
as an Athenian general in the Peloponnesian 
war. 

Phoroneus, plio-ro'-neus, king of Argos, 
son of Inachus and Mella, and brother of Io 
(Phdrd'nis), was father of Apis and Niobe, by 
the nymph Cerdo (or Laodlce). He civilized 
the Argives, who were called Phorduce'i from 



Phrygia 

him. He was afterwards identified with the 
god of the small river Phoroneus, near Argos, 
and received divine honours. 

Phraates I., phra-a'-tes, succeeded his 
father Priapatlus as king of Parthia, and 
was succeeded by his brother Mithridates I. 
2. Phraates II. succeeded his father, Mithri- 
dates I., as king of Parthia, defeated and 
killed Antiochus VII. (Sidetes), 128 B.C., and, 
shortly after, when warring with the Scythians, 
was killed by some of his own Greek mer- 
cenaries. 3. Phraates III. succeeded his 
father Sanatroces as king of Parthia, 70 B.C. ; 
his daughter married the son of King Tigra- 
nes of Armenia, and he supported his son-in- 
law's succession to his father's throne, but un- 
successfully. He was murdered by his two 
sons, Mithridates and Orodes. 4. Phraates 
IV. succeeded as king of Parthia, on the ab- 
dication, 37 B.C., of his father, Orodes I., 
whom he shortly after murdered. He obliged 
Antony to retreat on his invasion, 36, but was 
soon after expelled for his cruelties by his 
subjects, who elected Tiridates king. Phra- 
ates was restored by the Scythians, and, on 
giving up the Roman standards and prisoners 
taken from Crassus and Antony, he received 
from Augustus his son, whom Tiridates had 
taken with him when he fled from Parthia. 
He afterwards sent his four sons and their 
wives to Augustus to be hostages, or to keep 
them out of the way of fomenting insurrec- 
tions. Phraates was poisoned by his wife 
Thermusa, a.d. 2. and her son Phraataces 
was placed on the throne. 

Phraataces, phrd-a'-ta-ces, succeeded his 
father, Phraates IV, as king of Parthia, a.d. 2, 
but was soon expelled for his cruelties and 
succeeded by Orodes II. 

Phraortes, phra-or'-tes, succeeded his 
father Deioces as second king of Media, 656 
B.C. ; he greatly extended the dominions of 
Media, and was killed by the Assyrians while 
besieging Ninus (Nineveh), 634 : his son 
Cyaxares succeeded him. 

Phrixus, phrix'-us. 1. Ariver of Argolis. 2. 
A town built by the Minyse in Elis. 3. See 
Phryxus. 

Phroni ma, phr5n f -i-tna, daughter of King 
Etearchus, of Crete, was thrown into the sea 
at the instigation of his second wife. The slave 
who was charged with the execution of this 
order took her out again, and she became a 
concubine of Polymnestus, and bore him 
Battus, the founder of Cyrene. 

Phrygia, phryg'-t-a, a country of Asia 
Minor, bounded, at the Roman epoch, on the W. 
by Mysia, Lydla, and Caria, N. by Bithynla, 
E. by Galatia and Lycaonla, S. by Pisidla 
and Lycla, was named from its settlers, 
the Brygi, a Thracian people ; it was divided 
into Phrygia Major and Phrygia Minor (or 
Phrygia Hellespontus), the latter being the 
district between Mounts Ida and Olympus and 
the shores of the Propontis and Hellespont. It 
was successively under Lydia, Persia, Mace- 
donia, the Seleucida?, and the Romans. The 



SEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY 



Phryne 

Phryges were, in the Roman times, servile 
and voluptuous ; their music, grave and solemn, 
as opposed to the gayer Lydian mode, was 
early borrowed, with the flute, by the Greeks. 
Phrygia was the chief seat of the worship of 
Cybele {Phrygia Mater*), the mother of the 
gods, and also noted for the orgies of Bacchus. 

Phryne, phry'-7ie, a famous courtesan of 
Athens, 328 B.C., the mistress of Praxiteles, 
she is said to have been the model for Apelles' 
Venus A nadyomeue ; she acquired great 
wealth, and offered to rebuild Thebes, after 
its destruction by Alexander, if the inscription 
"Alexander diritit sed meretrix Phry?ie 
refecit" were placed on the walls ; but the offer 
was declined. — Phryne [toad) was a common 
nickname of Athenian courtesans, from their 
complexion. 

Phrynichus, fihryu'-i-chus, an early Athe- 
nian tragic poet, 511 B.C., was disciple of 
Thespis. 

Phrynis, pkry'-7iis, a musician of Mytilene, 
438 B.C. ; he increased the strings of the lyre 
from seven to nine : he was originally a cook 
of King Hiero, of Sicily. 

Phryxus, phryx'-ics, son of King Athamas 
(q.v.), of Thebes, and Nephele (q.v.), was, 
after the repudiation of his mother, saved from 
the wrath of his stepmother Ino (q.v.), when 
about to be sacrificed at the altar, by escaping 
with his sister Helle (who, however, fell into 
the Hellespont) on the back of a golden- 
fleeced ram (presented by Mercury), which 
fled through the air to Colchis, where Phryxus 
married King Petes' daughter Chalciope. 
Phryxus sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, and was 
afterwards murdered by his father-in-law to 
obtain the golden fleece ; and its recovery was 
the object of the famous expedition of Jason 
(q. v.) and his Argonauts. 

Phthia, phthi'-a, an ancient town, the 
residence of Achilles (Phthius) and ancient 
capital of Phthiotis (-Idis), phthz-d'-tis, an 
Achaean district in south-eastern Thessaly, 
between the Pagasaean and Maliac gulfs. 

Phylace, phyl'-a-ce. 1. A town of Phthiotis, 
built by Phylacus, fihyl'-a-cus, son of King 
Deion, of Phocis ; it was the birthplace of 
Protesilaus (P/iylddides), whose wife, Laoda- 
mla, was called Phylace'is. 2. A town of 
Eplrus. 

Phyle, phy'-le, a fortress of Attica, near the 
frontiers of Boeotia. 

Phyllis (-idis), phyl'-lis. 1. Daughter of 
Sithon, or Lycurgus, king of Thrace, became 
enamoured of Theseus' s son Demophoon (q.v.), 
whom she entertained on his return from Troy. 
When he failed to fulfil his promise to return 
to her from Athens, she hanged herself, and 
was made an almond-tree (p/zylld). 2. The 
territory of Phylhis (q. v.). 

Phyllius, phyl'-lz-zis, a Boeotian youth, 
enamoured of Hyria's son Cygnus, by whom, 
to prove his love, he was ordered to kill an 
enormous lion, take alive two large vultures, 
and sacrifice to Jupiter a wild bull that infested 
the country, all which tasks he effected by 



Pimplea 

Hercules's artifice, and, by the hero's advice, 
forgot his passion for Cygnus. 

Phyllus, pkyl'-lus, a city of Thessaliotis : 
Phylleis or P/zylleius is used for Thessa- 
lian. 

Piceni, pi-ce'-7ii, or Picentes, pi-cen'-tes, 
the people (of Sabine origin) of Picenum, 
pi-ce'-nuni, a narrow coast district of central 
Italy, bounded on the E. by the Adriatic, 
S. by Vestlni and Marsi, W. by the Sabines 
and Umbria, N. by Umbria, and named from 
the woodpecker {picus) that first led the 
people into it : when conquered by Rome, 268 
B.C., some of them were transferred to found 
Picentia. 

Picentia, pi-cen'-ti-a, a town on the Gulf of 
Paestum, in southern Campania, founded by 
the Romans, 268 b.c,, who peopled it with 
some Piceni (q. v.). Its inhabitants and the 
coast people between the Silarus and the pro- 
montory of Minerva were indiscriminately 
called Picentini, pi'-cen-ti'-ni. 

Picti, pid-ti, a people of Caledonia, in 
northern Britain, named from painti7ig their 
bodies : they amalgamated with their con- 
querors, the Scoti. 

Pier avi, pzc-td'-vz', or Pictones, pzd-to-nes, 
a warlike coast people of Gallia Aquitanlca 
(now Poictozi). 

Picumnus, pl-cum'-nus, and Pilumnus, 
pl-lum'-nus, two ancient Roman gods of .matri- 
mony. Picumnus was also called Sterquilinus, 
as the inventor of manuring, and Pilumnus, of 
whom King Turnus was a descendant, was 
regarded as the god of bakers and millers, 
from having invented the grinding of corn. 

Picus, pl'-c?is, a mythical king of Latnim, 
son of Saturn and father of Faunus, by his 
wife Venilla (or Canens). He loved Pomona, 
and was beloved by Circe, and the latter, when 
her affection was unrequited, having met him 
one day in the woods, changed him into the 
sacred bird of Mars, the woodpecker ( picus), 
and he was afterwards worshipped as a pro- 
phetic deity in Latlum. 

Pieria, pi-er'-z-a. 1. A coast tract of south- 
eastern Macedonia, between the Peneus and the 
Haliacmon, and bounded west by the Olympus 
range, of which a branch, Mount Pierus, 
pi'-e-rus, was sacred to the Muses [Pier'zdes). 
It was conquered by the Macedonian kings in 
the 7th century B.C., and its people migrated 
to another district near Mount Pangaeus, east 
of the Strymon, in Macedonia, which they 
called Pieria. 2. A mountain and coast district 
of Syria, near Mount Amanus. 

Pierides (-um), pz-er'-i-des. i.The Muses(^ 
Pieria, i). 2. Or P^eonides, pcz-dn'-i-des 
(from their mother, a native of Paeonia), the 
nine daughters of King Pierus, of Emathla, 
challenged the Muses to a trial in music, and, 
being conquered, were changed into magpies. 

Pierus, pi'-e-rus. 1. King of Emathia and 
father of the Pierides (2). 2. See Pieria (i). 

Pilumnus, pz-lzzm'-nus {see Picumnus). 

Pimplea, pim'-ple-a, a mountain, town, and 
fountain of Pieria (1), in Macedonia, near 



SEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



193 



Pinarii 



Olympus, sacred to the Muses (Pitnple'ides 
or Pimple 1 a). 

Pinarii, pi-ncir'-i-i, and Potitii, po-ti'-ti-i, 
two ancient Roman families, to whom the 
worship of Hercules at Rome was intrusted. 
They were respectively descended from two 
old Arcadians, PlnarTus and Potltius, who 
came to Italy with Evander, and were in- 
structed as to his rites by Hercules himself, 
when he visited Evander. 

Pindarus, pin'-da-rzts, a celebrated lyric 
poet of Thebes, was born at Cynoscephalse, 
523 B.C., and studied music and poetry under 
Myrtis and Corinna. It was fabled that when 
he was young a swarm of bees settled on his 
lips and left some honey on them. He first 
gained fame by winning a prize over Myrtis ; 
but the beauty of Corinna is said to have 
proved so attractive to the judges that she 
gained the prize five times successively over 
him. Pindar speedily became famous, and 
acted as poet laureate to the states and tyrants 
throughout Greece. He died full of honours 
and years 442. His extant poems are four 
Looks of Ephil'cia — triumphal odes — called 
respectively Olympian, Pythian, Nemean, 
Isthmian ; but he also wrote encomia, dirges, 
hymns, and pseans, of which only fragments 
exist. 

Pindenissus, pin-de-nis'-sus, a fortress of 
Cilicfa. 

Pindus, pin'-dus. 1. A mountain-chain 
between Thessaly, Macedonia, and Eplrus, 
sacred to the Muses and Apollo. 2. Or 
Acyphas, one of the four towns of Doris, on 
the Pindus, a small tributary of the Cephissus. 

Piraeus, pi-rce'-ns. the chief port of Athens, 
on the west side of a peninsula, at the mouth 
of the Cephisus, five miles S.W. of Athens, 
fortified by Themistocles, and connected with 
Athens by the Long Walls under Pericles. On 
the east side of the same peninsula were two 
other harbours, Zea and Munychia. The old 
harbour, Phalerum (q. v.), was much less used 
after the establishment of the Piraeus. 

Pirene, pl-re?-ne, daughter of GEbalus, or of 
the Achelous, bore to Neptune Leches and 
Cenchrius ; and, disconsolate at the latter 
being killed by Diana, pined away with weeping, 
and was changed into the fountain Pirene on a 
rock near the Acrocorinthus, or citadel of 
Corinth, which was sacred to the Muses, and 
of which the horse Pegasus was drinking when 
seized by Bellerophon. P'ire'nis (-idis) is used 
for Corinthian. 

Pirithous, pi-rith'-o-tcs, son of IxTon and 
the Cioud, oc Deioneus's daughter Dia and 
Jupiter (transformed into a horse), was king of 
the Lapithse. He invaded Attica, but, before 
a battle was fought, allied with the king, 
Theseus, and became his fast friend ; and their 
friendship, like that of Orestes and Pylades, 
became proverbial. At the nuptials of Piritho- 
us with Hippodamla, the attempt of Eurytion 
to carry her off led to the famous contest of 
the Lapithae (q. v.) and the Centauri (q. v.), 
in which Theseus, Mopsus, Phalerus, &c, 



Pisistratus 



aided Pirithous. After the death of Hippo- 
damia, Pirithous resolved never to marry 
again, except a goddess, or a daughter of the 
gods, and Theseus desired a wife of similar 
rank. Pirithous helped Theseus to carry off 
Helena (q. v. ), and afterwards descended to 
Hades to carry off Proserpine, Theseus accom- 
panying him ; but her husband, Pluto, seized 
them, and tied Pirithous to Ixlon's wheel. Both 
remained in Hades till delivered by Hercules 
on his visit below ; but, according to some, 
Pirithous for ever remained in torment, or was 
torn to pieces by Cerberus. 

Pisa, pl'-sa, the chief town of Pisatis, 
pl-sa'-tis (-idis), a district in the middle of Elis, 
on the Alpheus, founded by Pisus, son of 
Perieres or of Aphareus. The Pisates main- 
tained a struggle with the Eleans for the cele- 
bration of the Olympic games, which, by the 
aid of Phidon, of Argos, they succeeded in, 
748 B.C., and again under their king, Pantaleon, 
644 ; but they were conquered, and Pisa razed, 
by the Eleans, 572. The Pisates accompanied 
Nestor to Troy, and Pisa was the scene of the 
story of King OEnomaus (q. v.). 

Pis^e, pi'-sce, a city of Etruria, at the junc- 
tion of the Arnus and Ausar, six miles from its 
commodious harbour (Port7is Pisanus). It 
was founded by the people of Pisa when driven 
about on their voyage home from Troy. It 
early became a powerful city, and ruled over 
the Baleares, Sardinia, and Corsica. 

Pisaurum, pi-sau'-rum, a town of Umbria, 
near the mouth of the Plsanms. 

Pisidia, pi-sid'-i-a, an inland mountainous 
country of Asia Minor, between Phrygia, 
Pamphylfa, Galatia, Isauria. The Pis'idce 
maintained their independence with great 
bravery. 

Pisistratid/e, pi-sis' -traf-i-dce, the two 
sons of Pisistratus (q. v.) (see Hippias and 
Hipparchus). 

Pisistpatus, pi-sis' -tra-tus, the celebrated 
tyrant of Athens, was son of an Athenian noble- 
man, Hippocrates. Solon was his mother's 
cousin-german. During the absence of Solon 
from Athens, the three parties of Attica, ol 
AiuKpto;, or the dwellers in the Highlands ; ol 
Udpa\oi, on the Coast, and cu e/< tov nedlov(or 01 
UeSiaKot, or ot UedteTg), on the Plain, again 
became hostile, and Pisistratus, who had 
already distinguished himself by his liberality 
and bravery, became champion of the High- 
landers, Lycurgus and Megacles, the Alcmaeo- 
nid, being respectively the leaders of the Plain 
and the Coast. Pisistratus appeared one day 
in the agora with his own body and his mule 
wounded, and pretended that he had been ill- 
used on the way from his country house by the 
■enemies of the popular party, and the Assembly 
at once granted their favourite a body-guard of 
fifty club-armed citizens, whose number Pisis- 
tratus soon increased, and with them seized the 
Acropolis, 560 B.C., soon after the return of 
Solon, who had detected his relation's designs, 
and tried to dissuade him. The coalition of 
Megacles and Lycurgus soon after compelled 



194 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Piso 



him to flee from Athens ; but they speedily 
quarrelled, and Megacles offered to restore him 
if he would marry his daughter. Pisistratus 
consented, and an extraordinary imposition on 
the credulity and superstition of the cultivated 
Athenians was displayed. A tall and beautiful 
woman, Phya, was dressed up as Minerva, 
placed in a chariot, and conducted into the 
city, and represented to be the goddess herself 
restoring Pisistratus to her favourite city. The 
farce succeeded ; but his ill-treatment of his 
wife led to his expulsion a second time by 
another coalition of his father-in-law and 
Lycurgus. Pisistratus spent the next ten years 
at Eretria, in Eubcea, after which, having made 
suitable preparations, he invaded Attica, and 
Athens surrendered to him, and he continued 
to hold the tyranny till his death, 527, when his 
two sons, the Pisistrdt'idce, succeeded. The 
rule of Pisistratus, after his third restoration, 
was mild, and he retained Solon's institutions. 
He collected the poems of Homer, founded a 
public library (the books of which were carried 
away by Xerxes}, and was a liberal patron of 
literature and the arts. 

Piso, pi'-so. 1. L. Calpurnius, cal-pur'-nl- 
us, surnamed Frvgi, fnt'-gi, from his frugality 
and integrity, was consul 133 B.C., and strongly 
opposed C. Gracchus. He was the author of 
Annates and Orations. 2. L. Calpurnius, 
Cesoninus, cce-so-ni' -nus , grandfather of the 
father-in-law of Cassar, was consul 112 B.C. 3. 
C. Calpurnius, was consul 67 B.C., and de- 
fended, 63, by Cicero, when accused of extor- 
tion as proconsul in Gallia Narbonensis. 4. 
Cn. Calpurnius, a young spendthrift, was 
implicated in Catiline's treasonable movements 
in 66 B.C., and was afterwards killed for his 
exactions by some people in Hispania Citerior. 
5. L. Calpurnius, who substituted Pupius, 
pu!-pi-us, for Calpurnius on his adoption by M. 
Pupius, was consul 61 B.C., and supported 
Pompey. 6. C. Calpurnius, Frugi, mar- 
ried Cicero's daughter Tullla, 63 B.C. He 
died six years after. 7. L. Calpurnius, a 
turbulent debauchee, consul 58 B.C., with 
Gabinius, supported Clodius against Cicero. 
He was accused by the latter, 55, for his cruel 
exactions in Macedonia. His daughter married 
Caesar. 8. L., prefect of Rome under Augustus 
and Tiberius, was distinguished as a faithful 
citizen and a man of learning. Horace's A rs 
Poetica was written for one of his sons. 9. 
Cn. Calpurnius, was a consul under Augustus, 
and made by the emperor Tiberius, a.d. 18, 
governor of Syria, to Be a thorn in the side of 
Germanicus, who, with his wife, the famous 
Agripplna, was exposed to constant insults 
from Piso and his wife PlancTna, instigated by 
the empress Livla. On his return to Rome, 
20, Piso was accused, with Planclna, of having 
poisoned Germanicus the previous year, and, 
being shunned by all his friends and treated 
with coldness by Tiberius, he killed himself, 

Sending the investigation by the Senate, 
'lancina was acquitted by Livia's influence. 
10. C. Calpurnius, formed the plot, in which 



Plancus 



Lucan, Seneca, &c, joined, against Nero, 
a.d. 65. On its discovery he killed himself. 
11. L., a senator, accompanied the emperor 
Valerian into Persia, and after his death pro- 
claimed himself emperor, but was killed a few 
weeks after, a.d. 261. 

Pistoria, ph-to'-ri-a, a city of Etruria, 
between Luca and Florentla, the scene of the 
defeat of Catiline, 62 B.C. 

Pitane, ptt'-d-ne. 1. A port-town of MysTa, 
on the Elaitic gulf, where the philosopher 
Arcesilaus was born. 2. A town of Laconia. 

Pithecusa, pi-t/ie-cu'-sa (see ^Enaria). 

Pitho, pi'-tho, the Greek goddess of Per- 
suasion, the Sudda or Sudds' la of the Romans, 
the daughter of Mercury and Venus, was 
represented crowned, with one hand raised as 
if haranguing, and the other holding a thunder- 
bolt and floral chains, and a cadikeus (q. v.) at 
her feet. 

Pittacus, pit'-td-cus, of Mytilene, one of 
the seven Wise Men, led his countrymen 
against the Athenians in their contest for 
Sigeum, and challenged to combat their 
general Phrynon, whom he killed, 606 B.C. 
He was made sEsytnnetes, or dictator, by his 
countrymen, 589, on the expulsion of the 
oligarchy, after their deliverance, by his aid, 
from the tyrant Melanchrus ; and after organ- 
izing the state and enacting salutary laws, he 
resigned, and returned to the position of a 
private citizen, 579. He died 569, aged about 
80, having acquired great fame as a soldier, 
philosopher, moralist, politician, and poet. 

Pittheus, pit'-theus, king of Trcezene, was 
son of Pelops and Hippodamla, and father of 
./Ethra (Pitthe'is), whom he married to King 
iEgeus of Athens. He was famed for his 
learning, wisdom, and diligence, and he edu- 
cated his grandson Theseus. 

Pityusa, pit-y-u'-sa. 1. An islet off Ar- 
golis. 2. Two islets, Ebusus and Ophiusa, off 
Spain. 

Placentia, pld-cen'-tl-a, an important 
city of Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po, near its 
junction with the TrebTa. 

Plaxcin a, ptan-cz'-na (see Piso, 9). 

Plancius, Cn., plan'-ci-us, was defended 
by Cicero, 54 B.C., when accused of bribery 
for the Curule iEdileship. 

Plancus, plan'-cus. 1. L. Munatius, 
mii-nd'-ti-us, ridiculous for his follies and ex- 
travagance, was made by Caesar governor of 
Transalpine Gaul, 44 B.C. He supported the 
second triumvirate, was consul 42, and re- 
ceived the government of Asia, and next 
Syria. He made himself as ridiculous as 
Antony at Cleopatra's court ; he deserted An- 
tony in 31. He wrote some elegant extant 
epistles ; Horace dedicated Od. I. 7, to him. 
2. L. Plahtius, p?an'-ti-us (from his adoption 
by L. Plantius], was brother of (1), and in- 
cluded by him among the proscribed, 43 B.C., 
and killed. 3. T. Munatius Bursa, dur'sa, 
exiled for misconduct when tribune of plebs, 
52 B. c. ; supported Antony at Mutina. Ho 
was brother of the two preceding. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Plateea 



PlatjEA (-ae), pld-tof-a, or Platve^ 
(-arum), pla--t&-cB. i. A town of Boeotia (but 
under the protection of Athens) on Mount 
Cithaeron, near Megaris and Attica, named 
from 2, was famous for the overthrow of the 
Persians, 479 B.C. It was destroyed, 480, by 
the Persians, at the instigation of its great 
enemies the Thebans, and for the aid (1,000 
men) the Plataeans had given the Athenians 
against the Persians, 490, at Marathon. After 
the victory of 479 it was rebuilt, its territory 
was declared inviolable, and it was intrusted 
with the Eleutheria (q. v.) ; but it was sur- 
prised by the Thebans in the night, 429, and 
its assailants having been overpowered, it was, 
at their instance, attacked by the Spartans, 
and, after sustaining a memorable siege of two 
years, it was destroyed, and its males (except 
some who had escaped to Athens) were put to 
the sword, 427. It was rebuilt about 386, but 
again razed by the Thebans, 374. Alexander 
the Great rebuilt it, and aided the restored 
people. 2. The daughter of King Asopus, of 
Bceotia, named (1). 3. An isle belonging to 
Cyrene, off Africa. 

Plato (-onis), pldf-o. 1. The representa- 
tive, with Aristotle, of pure Greek philosophy, 
was son of Ariston and Perictione (or Potone), 
and born at Athens (or in ./EgTna), about 429 
B.C., being paternally descended from Codrus, 
and maternally connected with Solon. Little 
is known of his life from his own Dialogues, 
but his Epistles (the authenticity of which, 
however, is questioned) are valuable illustra- 
tions of his character. After being educated 
under the best masters, he became a disciple 
of Socrates, about 408, and continued his 
devoted admirer till Socrates' death, 399, 
when Plato retired to Megara, and then set 
out on his travels, visiting Egypt, and then 
Sicily, where he acquired the friendship of the 
elder Dionysius ; but, having quarrelled with 
him, was, it is said, sold as a slave in iEglna, 
and redeemed by Anniceris of Cyrene. After 
visiting Lower Italy (Magna Graecia) he re- 
turned to Athens, where he permanently 
established a school at the Academy (whence 
his followers were called the Academics). 
Here he had many wealthy pupils, from differ- 
ent cities, from whom he received presents, 
not fees ; among them were Eudoxus, Aristotle, 
and Demosthenes. His lectures to his mis- 
cellaneous audience on the Good, geometry, 
&c, were not published. He again visited 
Sicily to persuade Dion to win over the 
younger Dionysius to philosophic studies, and 
again to reconcile Dion and Dionysius, but 
unsuccessfully, and his own personal safety 
was obtained only on the petition of Archytas. 
He is accused, in regard to his contemporaries, 
of ill-nature, jealousy, and love of supremacy. 
His relations with Isocrates were at some 
times friendly, at others hostile ; he is said to 
have been at enmity with Xenophon, and to 
have raised the opposition of his pupil Aris- 
totle, and he displayed rivalry with Lyslas. 
He died 347, his latter years being disturbed 



Plato 



with quarrels in his school. His writings, dis- 
tinguished by purity of language, elegance of 
style, and exuberance of imagination, were 
all composed after Socrates' death, and consist 
of the above-mentioned thirteen Epistles, 
written in his old ago, and displaying inten- 
tional obscurity as tc philosophical doctrine, 
and thirty-five Diakgues, whose dates can 
be only approximately ascertained. They fall 
into two classes, — those of search and exposi- 
tion ; these Dialoyjuos (the twenty-five whose 
authenticity has, however, been questioned, 
being marked with an asterisk) are— Apology 
of Socrates* (Socrates' real defence before the 
Dicasts, as reported by Plato), Kriton (on 
Duty in Action), Euthyphron (on Holiness), 
Alcibiades I* (on the IN ature of Man), A Ici- 
biades II* (on Prayer), Hippias Major* (on 
the Beautiful), Hippias Minor* (on False- 
hood), Hipparchics* (on the Love of Gain), 
Minos* (on Law), Thcdges* (on Philosophy), 
ErastcB* (Rivals) (on Philosophy), Ion* (on 
the Iliad, or the Rhapsodes), Laches* (011 
Courage), Charmides* (on Temperance), Ly- 
sis* (on Friendship), Euthydetnns* (the Dis- 
putatious Man — exposure of Fallacies), Meno?i 
(on Virtue), Protagoras (on the Sophists), Gor- 
gias (on Rhetoric), Phcedon* (on the Soul), 
Ph&drus (on Love), Symposion (on Good), 
Par7nenides* (on Ideas), Thecetetiis (on Know- 
ledge), Sophistes* (on the Existent), Politikos* 
(on the Art of Government), Kratylus* (on 
Rectitude in Naming), Philebus* (on Plea- 
sure), Menexemcs* (a Funeral Oration), Klei- 
tophon* a posthumous fragment (the defects 
of Socrates' method), Republic {on Justice, but 
branches out into theories of psychology, the 
intellect, the fundamental conditions of good 
society, intellectual, emotional, and physical 
education, the pre-existenceand post-existence 
of the soul, &c), Timceiis (on Nature), Kri- 
tias* a fragmentary prose ethical epic (fate of 
the isle Atlantis), Lazvs* (on Legislation), and 
its appendix, Epi?id»tis* (education of the 
Nocturnal Counsellors of his ideal state). 
The Dialogues are written without any mutual 
interdependence, system, or consistency ; in the 
earlier ones Plato is a champion of the negative 
dialectic of Socrates, and he assumes the im- 
possibility of teaching or attaining truth by 
written exposition. Many of his dialogues 
give no positive result, but were intended 
merely as specimens of debate for the attaia* 
ment of truth, or for intellectual quickening, or 
as attempts to find a new logical method ; and 
the hypothesis of some, that he communicated 
his solutions to a few, is quite untenable. He 
displays both the sceptical and dogmatical, 
affirmative and negative veins, but the latter 
predominated in his old age, when, in the 
Laws and Epinomis, his tone altered _ in 
regard to philosophy, and an unbending 
orthodoxy was enforced in his second ideal 
state. Throughout all his works, and pre- 
dominating in some, we find a poetical vein, 
and, occasionally, a comic ; while metaphors 
are too often taken as the bases of arguments. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Plautus 



His rhetorical powers and irony were consider- 
able. For his immediate successors, see Aca- 
demi a. The Neo-Platcnists of Alexandria, in 
the i st century a.d., revived the Ethics and 
Religious Theory of Plato, which they com- 
bined with the ancient reJigious mysteries in a 
system of allegorical interpretation, while they 
" laid claim to a high degree of internal illu- 
mination, identified, by riany modern writers, 
with the clairvoyance of natural somnambulism 
and_ Animal Magnetism : *' and Platonism was 
again revived in the 15th century. 2. A comic 
poet of Athens, contemporary with Aristo- 
phanes : of his writings, which were much 
esteemed, only fragments are extant. 

Plautus, plau'-ius. 1. T. M. Accius, 
ad-ci-us (or T. Maccius, mad-ci-us), the chief 
Roman comic poet, was born at Sarsina, in 
Umbria, about 254 B.C., and having spent his 
youth as a servant to actors, he is said to have 
set himself up in business : but having failed, 
he entered the service of a baker, and, de- 
voting his spare hours in the bakehouse to the 
comic muse, realized sufficient by the sale of 
three plays to enable him to retire from his 
manual labour when about 30, and de- 
vote all his time to literature. His plays, of 
which twenty are extant, were adaptations 
from the Greek, and became very popular, and 
were represented with applause on the Roman 
stage for about 500 years ; Plautus died 184 ; 
he had written as his own epitaph the following 
lines : — 

" Postguam est mortem aptus Plautus, comce- 
dia luget, 

Scena deserta, dein rzsus, ludiis jocusque 
Et Humeri innumeri slmtil omues colla- 
crfimarunt." 

2. ^Elianus, ce-li-a'-7ius, Pontifex MaxTmus, 
consecrated the Capitol temp. Vespasian. 

Plebs, plebs (gen. plebis), or Plebes, 
ple'-bes, a part of the population of Rome, 
shut out in early ages from all political power, 
and composed of the inhabitants of various 
Latin towns (notably Alba) which were con- 
quered and destroyed, their population being 
at the same time transported to Rome and the 
surrounding territory. The Plebs was quite 
distinct from the clien'tes, the retainers or 
vassals (probably a conquered race) of the 
great Patrician houses, and so long as the 
Plebs and Patricians remained politically dis- 
tinct, only the privileged Patricians and their 
clients were designated the Populus (Romd- 
nus) ; but, in later times, probably when the 
Plebs succeeded in extorting from the Patri- 
cians the full concession of equal rights, the 
clients became politically merged in the Plebs, 
although the habits and national feelings con- 
nected with the clientela still remained ; for 
even towards the close of the Republic and 
under the early emperors, the Roman patrician 
used to be visited every morning and attended 
out of doors by a crowd of dependents, whom 
he occasionally entertained at his table or 
recompensed with a dole (sportula) of food or ) 



Plebs 



money, and whom, in earlier times, as their 
patromis, he had to aid in all their relations, 
public and private ; in return for which the 
clients had to aid their patromis, and raise 
sums of money required by him (if he were 
poor) for giving a dowry to his daughter or 
ransoming himself or children when prisoners 
of war, or for meeting legal expenses, or those 
incurred in discharging any public office. The 
Plebs first received a recognition from Tar- 
quinius Priscus, who added three new tribes, 
of their most distinguished families, to the old 
three tribes, Ramnes, Luceres, Tities ; and 
Servius Tullius endeavoured to put them on a 
footing of political equality with the Patricians 
by his census and re-distribution of the citizens 
into five classes (q.v.), according to the distri- 
bution of their property. The expulsion of the 
kings threw back the liberation of the Plebs : 
in 494 B.C., from the oppressions and cruelties 
of the Patricians, the severity of the law of 
debtor and creditor, and the misapplication of 
the AgerPublicus(see Agraria Lex), the poorer 
Plebeians, who were joined by the wealthier 
part of their order to gain political enfranchise- 
ment, seceded, on their return from a Volscian 
campaign, to the Sacer Mons, and at length, 
on the recital of the fable of the " Belly and 
its Members," by Menenius Agrippa, returned 
to the city on the institution of the office of 
the Tribunes (q. v.) and .ZEdiles, and the prohi- 
bition of usurious interest. Their struggles for 
legislative reform led to the appointment of the 
Decemviri (q.v.), 451, whose fall was caused, 
449, by the second secession of the Plebs to 
the Sacred Mount, after which the Valerian- 
Horatian laws were passed, by which a right 
of appeal to the Comitia was granted to every 
citizen against the sentence of the supreme 
magistrate ; the persons of all Plebeian magis- 
trates were made sacred {sacrosancti), and the 
plebiscita, or resolutions of the Co77iitia- Tri- 
buta (q.v.), were made binding on all citizens 
(re-enacted and enlarged by the Publilia lex, 
339), and in 445 the Canuleia lex, carried after 
a third secession to the Sacred Mount, con- 
ferred the conniibium (right of intermarriage 
between Plebeians and Patricians), and by the 
establishment of military tribunes rvith con- 
stdar power instead of consuls, opened for a 
time the supreme office ; but the appointment 
of Censor (q.v., thrown open 351), by the 
Patricians kept the census out of the hands of 
the Plebs, yet the Quaestorship, and conse- 
quently the Senate, became open 421, and by 
the Licinian rogations, 367, the consulship 
was restored and thrown open to the Plebs, the 
office of Praetor (thrown open 337) and Curule 
^Edile (opened soon after) being then instituted, 
and the offices of Pontifex and Augur were 
opened by the Ogtdnia lex, 300. The attempts 
of the Patricians to evade the various liberating 
laws led to a fourth secession to the Sacred 
Mount, 286, when the dictator, Q. Hortenslus, 
finally reconciled the orders by his Hortensia 
lex, confirming the Publilia lex. After this 
equalization of the two orders, the term Plebs 



SEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



197 



Pleiades 



lost its original meaning as denoting a distinct 
political order, and was used merely for the 
lower orders, and often disparagingly for the 
mob or rabble ; but the distinction of Patrician 
and Plebeian houses (gentes) was still pre- 
served, and, though all the great offices were 
open to the Plebeian gentes, all members of the 
Patrician gentes were rigorously debarred from 
some peculiarly Plebeian offices, e. g., the tri- 
buneship of the Plebs. 

Pleiades (-um), plei'-d-des, or ple-V- 
ades. 1. Or Atlan' tides, or Vergil' ice, the 
seven daughters of Atkis and the Oceanid 
Pleione, ple-z'-o-ne (oxALthra)— viz., Electra, 
Maia, Taygete, Alcyone, Celasno, Sterope, and 
Merope, — were, on their own prayer, rescued 
by the gods when pursued by Orion in Bceotia, 
and were changed into doves (7re\eidSeg) and 
placed in the sky as the constellation Pleiades, 
near the back of Taurus. One of the stars 
(Merope or Sterope) burnt dimmer, as she 
alone had married a mortal,_ all the others 
having had immortals as their suitors. The 
Pleiades rises early in May and sets early in 
November (see Hyades). 2. Seven poets at 
the court of King Ptolemy Philadelphus of 
Egypt, — Lycophron, Theocritus, Aratus, 
Nicander, Apollomus, PhilTcus, Homerus. 

Plemmyrium, plem-myr'-i-um, a promon- 
tory south of Syracuse. 

Pleuron (-onis), pleu'-rd7i, a city of ^tolia, 
on the Evenus, near the coast, founded by 
Pleuron, son of iEtolus and father of Agenor 
by Dorus's daughter Xantippe. 

Plinius, pli'-ni-us. 1. C, Secundus. se- 
ctin'-dus, generally called the Elder Pliny, 
born a.d. 23, of a noble family at Verona, 
served, when young, in the army in Germany, 
and afterwards went to Rome to practise as a 
barrister, but devoted most of his time to 
severe study. He was in favour with the 
emperor Vespasian and his son Titus, and 
placed in command over the Roman fleet at 
Misenum. He was attracted by the first ap- 
pearances of the great eruption of Vesuvius 
which destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum, 
and, to gratify his curiosity, landed at Stabiae, 
where, unable to retire, he was overwhelmed 
in the ashes and smoke, and suffocated, 79. 
Of his numerous works, only his Nattiral 
History, dedicated to Titus, is extant. 2. C, 
Cecilius Secundus, cce-cil '-i-us se-cun'-dus, 
generally spoken of as the Younger Pliny, 
born at Comum, a.d. 61, son of C. Csecilius, 
was nephew and (being early left an orphan) 
adopted son of (1), whose library and MSS. 
he inherited. He was educated under Quin- 
tilian, and at 19 began to practise at the bar, 
but, unlike the other orators, he took no fees. 
He was made consul a.d. 100 by the emperor 
Trajan, on whom he pronounced a fulsome 
Panegyric, still extant. He was propraetor 
in Pontus and BithynTa, 103, where he ac- 
quired great popularity, and, by his represen- 
tations to Trajan, stayed the persecution of 
the Christians. On his return to Rome, he 
still further distinguished himself by his phi- 



Pluto 



lanthropy and ben jvolence. He aided his pre- 
ceptor Quintilian and the poet Martial, and 
presented a valua ble library to his birthplace. 
He died 113. Of his works, including nu- 
merous orations, the history of his times, 
poems, &c, there are extant only his Pane- 
gyric, distinguished by the affectation and 
pomposity of the time, and ten books of 
Epistles, written with elegance and purity. 

Plisthenes, plis'-the-nes, son of King 
Atreus of Argos, was father of the Atridce 
(q.v.), Agamemnon and Menelaus, according 
to Hesiod and others. 

Plot^e, plo'-tce (see Strophades). 

Plotinus, plo-ti'-mis, the first Neo-PIatonic 
philosopher, of Lycopolis in Egypt, born about 
a.d. 203, was educated under Ammonlus, and 
accompanied Gordian to the East ; he after- 
wards taught at Rome, where he acquired 
great popularity. In his old age he retired to 
Puteoli, in Campania, where he died, 262. 

Plotius Tucca, fild'-ti-us tzcd-ca, a friend 
of Horace and of Virgil, to whom, with Varius, 
the latter bequeathed his literary works. 

_ Plutarchus, plii-tar'-chus, the moralist and 
biographer, born at Chaeronea, his father and 
grandfather, Lamprias, being distinguished for 
their virtues and learning. He studied philo- 
sophy and mathematics under Ammonlus at 
Delphi, and afterwards travelled in Egypt and 
Italy, and taught at Rome temp. Domitian ; 
and on the accession of Trajan, who admired 
his abilities, he was made Consul, and after- 
wards governed Illyricum. On the death of 
his benefactor, Plutarch returned to Chaeronea, 
where, after holding the various civic offices of 
his birthplace and the priesthood, he died at 
an advanced age. He had, by his wife Timo- 
xena, a daughter and four sons ; and two of 
the latter, Plutarchus and Lamprias, survived 
him, and published his writings, which consist 
of the well-known Parallel Lives of famous 
Greeks and Romans, which are the perfection 
of biographical writing, and about sixty trea- 
tises of MoraUa, or ethical essays. 

Pluto (-onis), plii'-td, the infernal god, was 
son of Saturn (and Ops), whose kingdom was 
divided between him and his brothers Jupiter 
and Neptune, Pluto receiving all underground, 
and thus becoming the god of the infernal 
world, death, and funerals. He received 
various names — Hades, Dis (as the giver of 
wealth, being confounded with Plutus), Orcus, 
Agelastus, &c. As all the goddesses refused 
marriage with him, from the gloominess of his 
abode, he carried off Ceres' daughter Proser- 
pine, the Persephone of the Greeks, when 
gathering flowers in the plains of Enna. 
During the war of the gods and Titans he was 
protected by a helmet he received from the 
Cyclopes, which made him invisible, and which 
was used by Perseus at the conquest of the 
Gorgons. According to the ancients, Pluto, 
holding a two-pronged sceptre, sat on a throne 
of sulphur, from which issued the rivers Lethe", 
Cocytus, Phlegethon, and Acheron, while Cer- 
berus watched at his feet, the Harpies hovered 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Plutus 



round him, Proserpine sat in his left with the 
snake-crowned Furies, and on his right stood 
the Parcae {Fates), each with the symbol of 
her office, — the distaff, spindle, or scissors. 

Plutus, pltf-tits, the god of wealth, and 
often confounded with Pluto, was son of Iasion 
and Ceres, and was reared t y Pax. He was 
represented as winged and blind. 

Pnyx (n™?, gen. nMw«), the place at 
Athens where the assemblies "A'ere held, was 
cut out of the side of a little hill west of the 
Acropolis, and was of semicircular form, like a 
theatre, with seats hewn from the rock. 

Podalirius, pod-a-li'-ri-us, son of ^Escula- 
plus and Epione, and brother of Machaon, was 
a pupil of the centaur Chiron, and became 
famous in medicine. When with the Thessa- 
lians of Tricca before Troy, he acted as physi- 
cian in the Greek camp, and stayed a pestilence 
which had baffled the skill of all their physicians. 
On the voyage home he was shipwrecked on 
the coast of Caria, where he married the 
daughter of King Damcetas, and took up his 
residence in Syros, where a temple was raised 
to him. 

Podarge, pod-ar'-ge, one of the Harpies. 

Pceas, pa? -as. i. An Argonaut, was father of 
Philoctetes {Posanti'ddes, Pozan'tia proles, 
&c). 2. An Argonaut, son of Thaumacus. 

Poecile, pce'-ci-le, a famous portico or hall 
at Athens, named from its fresco paintings of 
the battle of Marathon by Polygnotus. It was 
the seat of the school of Zeno the Stoic. 

Pceni, pa?-ni, a. corruption of P/icenz, applied 
to the Carthaginians, as of Phoenician origin. 

Polemarchus, pol-e-mar'-chus {see Ar- 
chon). 

Polemon (-5nis), pol'-e-mon. i. A philo- 
sopher of Athens, son of Philostratus, spent his 
youth in debauchery ; but having once, when 
intoxicated, interrupted a lecture of Xenocrates, 
he was so struck with the eloquence of the 
academician, that he renounced his dissipated 
life, and applied himself thenceforward, from 
his 30th year, with success to the study of 
Platonic philosophy. On the death of Xeno- 
crates, he succeeded in the school, and died 273 
B.C. in extreme old age. 2. Periegetes, 
per'-I-e-ge'-tes, a Stoic and geographer, temp. 
Ptolemy Epiphanes. 3. Polemon 
Pimtus, was son of Zeno, a rhetorician of 
Laodicea, and m^de by Antony governor of 
Cilicla, and transferred, after the expedition 
against Parthia, to Pontus, and he was later 
confirmed by Augustus in the kingdom of 
Bosporus. 4. Polemon II., king of Pontus, 
son of (3), was raised to the throne of Pontus 
by Caligula, but deposed by Nero. 5. Anto- 
nius, an-to'-ni-7ts, a rhetorician of Laodicea, 
of noble birth, taught at Smyrna, temp. Trajan, 
Hadrian, and M. Antoninus. 

Poi.ites, po-ll'-tes. 1. Son of Priam and 
Hecuba, killed by Pyrrhus in presence of his 
father. 2. bon of (1), accompanied iEneas, and 
was a friend of Ascanlus. 

Pollentia, pol-len' -tl-a. 1. A town of 
Liguria, famous for its wool. Near it the 



Polybus 

Goths, under Alaric, were defeated by Stilicho, 
403 B.C. 2. A town of Plcenum. 

Pollio, Asinius, poV-U-o, a-sin'-t-us. 1. A 
Roman orator, historian, and soldier, born 76 
B.C., supported Julius Caesar, by whom he was 
set over Hispania Ulterior. He afterwards 
supported the second Triumvirate, and was 
charged with the distribution of the land in 
Transpadane Gaul, when he procured the re- 
storation of Virgil's property. After taking 
part in reconciling Augustus and Antony at 
Brundusium, he was made consul 40, and, 
in 39, as Antony's lieutenant, defeated the 
Dalmatians at Salonae. He retired from public 
life before the final rupture of Antony and 
Augustus, and died a.d. 4. He was esteemed 
highly by his contemporaries for his literary 
powers, but none of his oratorical, poetical, 
or historical works are extant. 2. Vedius, 
ved'-i-us, a friend of Augustus, was accustomed 
to feed his fishes with the flesh of the slaves who 
displeased him, till forbidden by the emperor, 
who accidentally discovered it. He bequeathed 
most of his wealth to Augustus. 

Pollux (-ucis), pol'-lux. 1. Called Poly- 
den'ces by the Greeks, was the brother of 
Castor (q. v.). 2. J., a Greek writer under 
Commodus, born at Naucratis, in Egypt, 
taught rhetoric at Athens, and wrote an extant 
Greek lexilogus. 

Poly^enus, pol-y-ce'-nus. 1. Of Macedonia, 
wrote an extant work in eight books on Strata- 
gems, dedicated to the emperors Antoninus and 
Verus, and some lost historical works. 2. A 
mathematician of Lampsacus, became a friend 
and follower of Epicurus, and discarded mathe- 
matics as a useless study. 

Polybius, po-lyb'-i-us, the historian, of 
Megalopolis, in Arcadia, born about 205 B.C., 
was early initiated in the duties of a statesman 
by his father Lycoitas, who was a strong sup- 
porter of the Achaean league. On the conquest 
cf Perseus, 168, he was, as one of the 1,000 
leading Achaean prisoners, taken to Rome ; but 
his captivity was nominal, and he became 
intimate with the younger Scipio Africanus, 
whom, after having gone home, 151, with the 
surviving Achaeans, he accompanied^ 146, 
against Carthage. He returned home in the 
same year to relieve the distress occasioned by 
the fall of Corinth. He afterwards travelled 
extensively, and died, when aged above 80, in 
his birthplace. His valuable history of Rome, 
in forty books, of which only I. — V. and frag- 
ments of the others exist, comprised (in Greek) 
an epitome of the period from the capture of 
Rome by the Gauls to the commencement of 
the second Punic war, and a history from the 
second Punic war, 220 B.C., to the capture of 
Corinth, 146. 

Polybus, pol'-y-hiis. 1. King of Corinth, 
was son of Mercury by King Sicyon's daughter 
Chthonophyle, and married Periboea (or 
Merope). Being childless, he adopted the 
foundling, afterwards the famous king, CEdipus 
(q. v.). His daughter Lysianassa married 
TaUus, son of King Bias of Argos ; and he 



BEETOIPS CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



199 



Polycarpus 

bequeathed his kingdom to Adrastus, who, 
when exiled, had taken refuge with him. 2. A 
king of Thebes in Egypt, temp. Trojan war. 
3. One of Penelope's suitors. 

Polycarpus, pol-y-car'-pns, a famous early 
Christian father and Greek writer, disciple of 
St. John, was bishop of Smyrna, where he was 
burnt, a.d. 167. 

Polycletu\ pol-y-clS'-tus, a celebrated sta- 
tuary and sculptor of Sicyon, and afterwards 
Argos, flourished 435 B.C. 

PoL\'CRATES,pd'l-yc'-rd-tes, apowerful tyrant 
of Samos, extended his power over the neigh- 
bouring isles and several cities on the Asiatic 
coast, and possessed so strong a navy, of 100 
ships, that King Amasis of Egypt made a 
treaty with him, but afterwards repudiated it, 
believing' that his luck would soon vanish. He 
afterwards, on the invitation of the satrap 
Orcetes, visited — though advised against it by 
his daughter from a dream she had — Magnesia, 
on the Maeander, where he was crucified, 522 
B.C. Poh-crates had been a liberal patron of 
literature and the fine arts, and Anacreon was 
especially honoured at his court. 

Polydamas (-antis), pol-ycC -H-mcis. 1. Son 
of Antenor and Hecuba's sister Theano, mar- I 
ried Priam's illegitimate daughter Lycaste. 2. 
Son of Panthous and Phrontis, born the same 
night as Hector, whose friend he became. He | 
was distinguished by prudence and valour. 
He was at last killed by Ajax. 

Polydectes, pol-y-dec '-tes ; son of Magnes, 
was king of Seriphos, and received Danae 
(q. v.) and her babe Perseus when brought to j 
him by the fisherman Dictys. From his treat- 
ment of Danae, Polydectes was, with his com- 
panions, afterwards changed into stone by 
Perseus (q.v.) with Medusa's head. 

Polydeuces, pol-y-deK '-ces (see Pollux, i). 

Folydorvs, pol-y-dd'-rjts. 1. King of Sparta, 
son of Alcamenes, ended the Messenian war, 
and caused the colorizing of Crotona and 
Locri. He was murdered 724 B.C. 2. Son of 
Cadmus and Hermione, married Nyctels, who 
bore him Labdacus, the father of Lalus. 3. 
Son of Priam and Hecuba, or Laotoe .daughter 
of King Altes, of Pedasus), was killed by Achil- 
les ; but, according to others, he was sent, 
before the fall of Troy, by Priam with a sum 
of money to the Thracian Chersonese, to the 
court of King Polyrnnestor, who murdered him 
for the sake of the money, and threw his body 
i;;to the sea. It was found on the coast by 
Hecuba, who killed Polymnestor's children 
and put out his eyes. According to Virgil, 
the body of Polydorus was burled near the 
shore by bis assassin ; and there grew on the 
grave a myrde, whose boughs dropped blood 
when iEneas, voyaging to Italy, attempted to 
tear them from the tree. According to others, 
Polydorus was, when a child, intrusted to his 
sister Ilione, Polymnestor's wife ; and she sub- 
stituted him for her own son Delphllus. Po- 
lyrnnestor killed his own son Deiphilus, whom 
he believed to be Polydorus ; and Polydorus 
then himself blinded, or caused Iliona to blind, 



Polyxo 

Polyrnnestor. 4. Son of Hippcmedon, accom- 
panied the Epigoni against Thebes. 

Polygnotus, pol-y-grid'-tus, a celebrated 
painter of Thasos, and afterwards of Athens, 

450 B.C. 

Polyhymnia, pol-y-liym'-m-a, one of the 
Muses, presided over hymns, singing, and rhe- 
toric She was represented veiled, in a pensive 
attitude, and sometimes crowned, and with a 
sceptre in her left, and her right raised as if 
ready to harangue. 

Polyidus, pol-y-t'-diis (see Glaucus, 4). 

Polymnestor, pdl-ym-nes 1 '-tor (see Poly- 
dorus, 3). 

Polymnia, pol-ym'-nl-a (see Polyhymnia). 
Polyxices, pol-y-ni'-ces (see Eteocles). 
Polypemon, pal-f-pe'-mon (see Procrus- 
tes). 

Polyperchon, pol-y-per'-chon (see Poly- 

SPERCKOX). 

Polyphemus, pol-y-pliS'-mtis, son of Nep- 
tune and the nymph Thoosa, was the chief of 
the Cyclopes in Sicily, and represented as a 
gigantic monster and a cannibal, with only one 
eye, and that in the centre of his forehead. He 
kept his flocks on the coast near Mount /Etna. 
He seized Ulysses when he visited the coast, 
and imprisoned him in a cave with twelve of 
his companions, two of whom he devoured 
daily. Ulysses would have shared their fate 
had he not intoxicated Polyphemus, and put 
out his eye with a firebrand when the monster 
was asleep ; and Ulysses escaped from the 
cave attached to the belly of one of the Cy- 
clop's rams, but was nearly killed with his 
crew by a rock hurled by the monster when 
the ship was moving from the shore. (See 
Acis.) 

Polypcetes, pol-y-pce'-tes. 1. A son of 
Pirithous and HippodamTa, was in the Trojan 
war. 2. A Trojan, whose ghost appeared to 
iEneas in Hades. 

Polysperchon (-ontis) , pol-y-sper '-clwn (see 
Cassander). 

Polyxena, po-lyx?-e-na, the beautiful and 
accomplished daughter of King Priam and 
Hecuba, was loved by Achilles, who, having 
been promised her hand if he would join the 
Trojans, went unarmed to the temple of 
Apollo, at Thymbra, where he was assas- 
sinated by Paris. Polyxena killed herself on 
his tomb, or, according to others, was immo- 
lated on it by the Greeks as they were going 
to embark, the hero's ghost having appeared 
to them and ordered the sacrifice to his 
manes. 

Polyxo, po-lyx'-o. 1. The nurse of Queen 
Hypsipjie, and priestess of Apollo's temple in 
Lemnos. 2 An Argive woman, married Her- 
cules' son Tlepolemus, with whom she went to 
Rhodes, after the death of her uncle Licym- 
nius, and reigned there alone, when Tlepole- 
mus went against Troy. When Helen fled to 
Rhodes, Polyxo detained her and put her to 
death, as being the cause of the Trojan war, in 
which Tlepolemus had fallen. 3. One of the 
Atlantldes. 



200 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Pometia 



Pometia, fid-met' -i-a, or Suessa Pome- 
tia, su-es'-sa, an ancient Volscian city of 
Latluin. 

Pom cerium, pd-mce'-ri-icm, the boundaries 
of a city, as marked out by the augurs and 
consecrated. 

Pomona, fid-mo'-ua, the Roman goddess of 
fruit-trees {Pomorum Patrona), was generally 
represented sitting on a basket full of flowers 
and fruit, holding a bough in one hand and 
apples in the other. Many of the rural gods 
tried to gain her affection, but she received 
them all with coldness, except Vertumnus, 
whom she married. 

Pompeia, J>om-pe'-i-a, i. Daughter of 
Sextus Pompey and Scribonia, was betrothed, 
39 B.C., to Marcellus, the nephew of Octavla- 
nus (Augustus), to reconcile the latter to her 
father ; but she eventually married Scribonius 
Libo. 2. The daughter of Pompeius Rufus, 
married Julius Caesar, 67 B.C., but was di- 
vorced by him after Clodius had been intro- 
duced in woman's clothes into the room where 
she was celebrating Cybele's mysteries. 3. 
The _ daughter of Pompey the Great and 
Mucia, married Faustus Sulla. 4. Basil'ica, 
a much-frequented portico at Rome. 

Pompeii, fioin-fie'-i-i, a coast city of Cam- 
pania, at the base of Mount Vesuvius, by the 
great eruption of which it was overwhelmed 
with ashes, &c, a.d. 79, along with Hercula- 
neum and StabTae. It had been rebuilt only 
sixteen years before, after being laid in ruins 
by an earthquake. Many of its buildings 
have been excavated, and a large number of 
works of art recovered. 

Pompeius, fioju-fie'-i-us or fiojn-fiei'-ns. 1. 
Cn. Magnus, mag'-nus, the famous Triumvir 
and rival of Julius Caesar, was son of (4), and 
born 30th September, 106 B.C., and early distin- 
guished himself under his father against the 
revolted Italians, 89. He joined Sulla, for 
whom he conquered, from the Marians, Sicily 
and the territories of Africa, and obtained a 
triumph at Rome, 81 ; after Sulla's death, 78, 
Pompey supported the aristocracy against the 
remains of the Marian faction, which were 
headed by Lepidus, and, after five years' ser- 
vice in Spain, he ended the war, 71, with 
Sertorius (q. v.), for which he received a 
triumph, and was in 70 elected consul, when 
he went over to the popular party, and restored 
the Tribunitian power and privileges. On the 
proposal of the tribune A. Gabimus, by the 
Gabinian Law, he was invested 67, with 
extraordinary powers over the Mediterranean 
and its coast countries to extirpate the pirates 
who had long infested it, and had nearly de- 
stroyed the naval power of Rome, and in three 
months he swept the sea and destroyed them 
in their stronghold in Cilicla ; and in 66, on 
the proposal of C. Manillus, by the Manilian 
Law, he was appointed to supersede Lucullus 
against Mithridates VI. (q. v.), whom he 
overthrew ; he compelled the submission of Ar- 
menia, Albania, Iberia, entered Syria, sub- 
dued part of Arabia, and made Judasa a 



Pompeius 

Roman province. On landing at BrundusTum, 
62, Pompey disbanded his army to allay the 
fears excited by his great success, and obtained 
his third triumph. The opposition of the 
Senate, which, jealous of him, refused _ to 
ratify his acts in Asia, drove him to a union 
with Caesar and Crassus, and the three founded 
the First Triumvirate. Cassar, who had given 
his daughter Julia in marriage to Pompey, 
set out for Gaul, where his great successes in 
the next five years stirred the jealousy of 
Pompey, who, the bond between them being 
weakened by the death, in childbed, of Julia, 
in 54, now looked to his own interests alone, 
and fomented the disturbances caused by the 
faction of Clodius, till the Senate, in alarm, 
appointed him sole consul, 52, to allay the 
tumults ; and Pompey then again returned 
to the aristocratic party, thus finally breaking 
with Caesar (q. v.), who, after proposing that 
both should lay aside their power, at 
length, when ordered by the Senate to dis- 
band his forces, crossed the Rubicon and in- 
vaded Italy, nominally to avenge the insult 
offered to the sacred person of the tribunes M.' 
Antony and C. Curio, 49. The troops of 
Pompey, who had quite miscalculated his 
popularity, deserted in crowds to his rival, 
and Pompey fled to Brundusium, and thence 
retreated to Greece, where he collected a 
formidable army, and, on 9th August, 48, met 
Caesar, who had been repulsed from Dyrrha- 
chlum, and obliged to retreat to Thessaly, on 
the plain of Pharsa.Ha, where Pompey was 
totally defeated. He fled to Egypt, to King 
Ptolemy XII., whose ministers resolved to 
kill him. Pompey was stabbed when stepping 
out, in sight of his fifth wife, from the boat 
which brought him ashore, 29th September, 
48, and his head was cut'off and preserved, to 
be shown to his magnanimous conqueror, who 
pursued him into Egypt. Caesar turned away 
from the sight with tears, and raised a monu- 
ment over his remains. His rapid conquests 
in Asia, only paralleled by those of Alexander, 
well entitled Pompey to the epithet of Mag- 
nus (Great) conferred on him in his youth 
by Sulla ; but every movement, in politics or 
in war, in his later years, was a blunder, and 
the series of mistakes in his last campaigns 
almost effaces the memory of his genius, 
which seems to have been enervated by his 
early successes and long prosperity. " The 
redeeming feature of his latter years was 
serenity and mildness ; his passions cooled 
with satiety, and the impetuous ambition of 
his youth stagnated at last in apathy and 
pride " (Merivale). 2. and 3. Cn. Magnus 
and Sextus Magnus, sex'-tus, sons of (1), 
and his third wife Mucia, fought against 
Caesar in Spain, and were defeated at Munda, 
45 B.C., Cn. falling shortly after. Sextus fled to 
Sicily, where he became possessed of a large 
fleet, and threatened the communications of 
Rome. Negotiations were opened between 
him and the Triumvir Octavianus (Augustus), 
but without effect; at length he was totally 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 201 



Pompilia 

defeated by the fleet of Octavianus, 36, and 
fled with seventeen ships to Asia, where he 
tried to raise a party; but he was seized, by 
Antony's orders, and put to death, 35. 4. Cn., 
Strabo, strab'-o, consul 89 B.C., was father of 
(1), and very active in suppressing the revolt 
of the Socii. In 88, when proconsul in the 
war, he was, by Sulla's orders, superseded by 
(5), whom he put to death. He was himself 
soon after killed by lightning-, and his soldiers, 
to whom he was odious for his avarice and 
cruelty, dragged his body through the streets 
of Rome with an iron hook, and threw it into 
the Tiber. 5. Q. Rufus, ril'-fus, consul 88 
B.C., was a supporter of Sulla, by whom, on 
his going to *.hc East, he was left in charge of 
all I taly ; at the instance of (4) he was assas- 
sinated. 6. A son of Theophanes of Mytilene, 
was intimate with (1), and noted for his 
learning. 7. A Roman knight put to death 
by Claudius for adultery with Messalina. 8. 
Trogus, tro'-gus, a Latin historian, temp. 
Augustus, was a native of Gaul, and son of a 
noble friend and adherent of Julius Caesar. 
He wrote a lost work, Historic? Pkilippiccs, a 
valuable universal history (down to the Roman 
conquest of the East), grouped round its chief 
theme, the Macedonian kings. Justin wrote 
an extant work in forty-four books, consisting 
of extracts from, and abridgments of, it. 9. 
Sextus Festus, fes'-tus, a Roman gram- 
marian, 4th century a.d., wrote a Latin 
lexicon, in part extant. 

Pompilia, pom-pil'-i-a, daughter of Numa 
Pompilius, married Marclus, and bore Ancus 
MarcTus, the fourth king of Rome. 

Pompilius, pom-pil'-i-us (see Numa). 

Pomponius, pom-po'-ni-ics. 1. The father 
of King Numa. 2. Secundus, se-czcn'-dus, 
an officer in Germany, under Nero, was 
honoured with a triumph over the barbarians : 
he wrote some lost poems, much admired by 
his contemporaries. 3. Sextus, sex'-tus, a 
famous lawyer under the Antonines. 4. Mela, 
me'-la, a Spanish geographer, temp. Claudius. 

Pomptin^e, pomp-tl'-nce, or Pontine, pon- 
ti'-7ice, Paludes, pa-lu'-des, the Pontine 
marshes, the low miasmatic coast district of 
Latlum between Tarraclna and Circeii, into 
which the Amasenus and Ufens, and several 
streamlets, discharge themselves. It was said 
to be named from Pontia (3), which had once, 
with twenty-two other towns, occupied its 
site. 

Fontia, pon'-tZ-a. 1. The daughter of Petro- 
nius and wife of Bolanus, killed herself by 
opening her veins when condemned by Nero 
for conspiracy. 2. A rocky isle off Formise, 
in Latmm, made a state prison under the 
Empire. 3. An ancient town, early destroyed, 
on the site of the Pomptine marshes. 4. A 
surname of Venus at Hermione. 

Ponticum Mare, pon'-ti-aem vidr'-e (see 
Euxinus). 

Pontifex Maximus, pon'-ti-fex max'-i- 
mus, the chief of the pontifices, exercised 
with them a general superintendence and regu- 



Porcia 



lating power over all matters connected with 
the state religion and public observances, and 
thus also regulated the calendar, determining 
the Dies Fasti; he publicly announced the 
decisions of the College, and compiled the 
Annales Maximi, the annual record of re- 
markable civil and sacred events. Under the 
Empire, the office was always conferred by the 
Senate on the Emperor, and in and after the 
joint reign of Balblnus and Pupienus, a.d. 
237, was shared by him with any colleague he 
might associate with himself on the throne. 

Pontine, pon-tl'nce [see Pomptine). 

Pontius, C, Herennius, pon'-tl-tcs, lie- 
ren'-ni-us, the famous Samnite general, sur- 
rounded the Roman irmy, under Veturius and 
Postumlus, in the Cnidine Forks, and obliged 
them to pass under the yoke, 321 B.C., contrary 
to the advice of his father, who urged him 
either to let them go untouched or to put them 
all to the sword. Pontius was defeated and 
taken prisoner, 292, by Q. Fabius Gurges, and 
shamefully put to death by the Romans, after 
adorning the conqueror's triumph. 

Pontus, pon'-tus. 1. See Euxinus. 2. 
A mountainous country of north-eastern Asia 
Minor, bounded on E. by Colchis, W. by the 
Halys, N. by the Euxine, S. by Armenia, and 
named from being on the coast of (1), was divided 
into Pontics Galdficus in the west, of which 
Amasla was the capital ; Pontics Pdl'emdni'a- 
cus (from its capital, PolemonTum, formerly 
Side, at the mouth of the Sidenus), in the 
middle ; and Pontics Cappado'cins in the east, 
of which Trapezus was the capital. Its 
monarchy was refounded by Ariobarzanes I., a 
little before 400 B.C., and rose to considerable 
power under Mithridates VI., the Great, who 
was conquered by the Romans, 66 ; but the 
country enjoyed nominal independence till 
made a Roman province by Nero, a.d. 62. 
Pontus was noted for its beavers, and the iron- 
mines of the Chalybes. 3. The same as the 
marine god Oceanus (q.v.). 

Poplicola, pop-lie '-o-la (see Publicola). 

Popp^ea Sabina, pop-pce'-a sa-bi'-na, the 
beautiful and licentious daughter of T. Ollms, 
took the name of her maternal grandfather, 
Poppseus Sablnus (who was consul a.d. 9, and 
afterwards governed Mcesia till his death, 35), 
and married Rufus Crisplnus, to whom she 
bore a son. She left him and married Otho, 
then the boon companion of Nero, and after- 
wards emperor. Nero, being enamoured of 
Poppsea Sabina, sent Otho to be governor of 
Lusitania, and she, to clear her way to the 
throne, instigated Nero to murder his mother, 
Agripplna, and his wife, Octavia ; but, soon 
after her subsequent marriage with Nero, she 
died, when in pregnancy, of the effects of a 
kick by the tyrant. 

Populonia, pdp-u-id'-n:-a or Populonium, 
pop-u-lo'-ni-um, a city of Etruria, near Pisae, 
destroyed by Sulla. 

Populus Romanus, pop'-ii-lus ro-ma'-nus 
(see Plebs). 

Porcia, por'-cl-a. 1. Sister of Cato Utl- 



202 



BEETOlsrS CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Porphyrion 

censis. married L. Donutius Ahenobarbus 
(consul 54 B.C.). 2. The daughter of Cato 
Uticensis, married Bibulus (consul 59 B.C.), 
and, after his death, M. Brutus, Caesar's 
assassin. On the death of Brutus, 42, she 
killed herself by swallowing burning coals, all 
weapons having been removed from her by her 
friends after she had made an attempt on her 
life. 

Porphyrion (-Onis), por-phyr'-l-dn, son of 
Ccelus and Terra, warred with his brother 
giants against Jupiter. 

Porphyrius, por-phyr'-i-us, a Neo-Platonic 
philosopher of Tyre, born a.d. 233, studied at 
Athens under Longinus, and afterwards at 
Rome under Plotlnus. Porphyry was a man 
of universal information, and excelled his con- 
temporaries in knowledge of history, mathe- 
matics, music, and philosophy. He applied 
himself to the study of magic, which he called 
a theurgic or divine operation. He wrote a 
celebrated work against Christianity, which 
was considered so dangerous that, at the insti- 
gation of the Christian fathers, it was burnt by 
order of the emperor Theodoslus, a.d. 388, 
eighty-four years after the death, in Sicily, of 
Porphyry. Of his numerous work only some 
small treatises are extant. 

Porsenna, por-sen'-na, the Lars (king) of 
Clusium, in Etrurla, marched against Rome 
to restore King Tarquinius Superbus, and 
intrenched himself on the Janiculum, the 
bridge connecting it with the city being cut by 
Horatius Codes (q.v.). According to the 
ordinary Roman history, his life was unsuc- 
cessfully attempted by Mucius Scaevola (q.v.), 
whom he sent back to Rome, and, being told 
by him that 300 Roman youths had sworn to 
kill him, he made peace with Rome, restoring, 
before his departure, such of the hostages as 
the noble virgin Cloelia (q.v.) chose to take 
whh her: but it is now certain that Lars 
Porsenna really inflicted such loss on the 
Romans that they had to purchase his depar- 
ture by an annual tribute. 

Portheus, por'-theits (see Parthaon). 

PORTUMNUS,/^-few'-«w(wMELICERTA). 

Porus, pd'-rus, was king of India east of 
the Hydaspes, on the invasion of Alexander 
the Great. 

Poseidon, po-sei'-don (see Neptunus). 

Poseidonia, pd-sei-dd'-ni-a (see P^estum). 

Poseidonius, po-sei-do'-ni-us, a Stoic philo- 
sopher of Apamea, in Syria, born about 135 
B.C., studied under Panaetms at Athens; he 
taught at Rhodes and Rome ; he died at Rome 
in 61. 

Postumius, ios-tum'-i-us. x. Albinus, 
al-bl'-ntis, or Albus, al'-bus, dictator 498 B.C., 
defeated the Latins at Lake Regillus. 2. 
Tubero, tu'-be-ro, was master of the horse to 
the dictator ^Emilius Mamercus, and when 
himself dictator, 442 b. c. , in the Volscian war, 
punished his own son with death for fighting 
contrary to his orders. 3. See under Pon- 
tius. 

Postumus, M. Crassus, pos'-tu-mus cras'- 



Prsetor 



sus, an officer proclaimed Roman emperor in 
Gaul, a.d. 258; he associated his son on the 
throne. They were both assassinated by the 
soldiers, 267. 

Potamides (-um), pot-am' -i-des, river 
nymphs. 

Potamon, pdf-a-mon, an Eclectic philoso- 
pher of Alexandria, temp. Augustus. 

Potidjea, pot-l-dce'-a, a Corinthian colony 
on the Isthmus of Pallene, in Macedonia. It 
became tributary to the Athenians, revolted 
432 B.C. ; was taken after two years' siege and 
repeopled by Athenians, its inhabitants being 
expelled : it was taken from the Athenians, 
and razed, by King Philip II. of Macedonia, 
and its territory was given to the Olynthians. 
On its site Cassander founded Cassandre'a, 
which afterwards rose to considerable im- 
portance. 

Potitii, po-tf-tl-i (see Pinarii). 

Vothije, pof-nl-tB, a small town of Bceotia, 
on the Asopus, was the seat of a temple of 
Bacchus, whose priest having been accidentally 
killed, the people instituted a human sacrifice, 
afterwards annually observed, till the god him- 
self substituted a goat, when he was termed 
sEgobolus or SEgophagus. The Potniades 
(-um), pot-nl'-a-des, mares of Sis^phus's son 
Glaucus (q.v.), here devoured their master, an 
event commemorated by annual sacrifices in a 
grove sacred to Ceres and Proserpine. There 
was also here a fountain whose waters made 
horses run mad as soon as they were touched. 

Pr^efectus, prce-fed-tus. 1. Pr*torio, 
pree-td' -ri-o (see Pr^etoriani). 2. Urbi, ur'-bl, 
originally Custos Urbis, was, in the Roman 
regal period, warden of the city during the 
king's absence. After the expulsion of the 
kings, he was appointed, when both consuls 
were abroad on military service, by the Senate 
to act for the absent consuls, with all their 
powers and privileges, within the walls. The 
duties were amalgamated with the newly- 
instituted praetorship, 367, but an officer was 
still annually nominated prefect of the city, 
specially to attend, with the other higher 
magistrates and the Senate, at the celebration 
of the Fence Latince. Under the Empire the 
prefect of the city again became a permanent 
magistrate, and gradually resumed the duties 
taken from him by the praetor, acting as the chief 
commissioner of the police (mllites statidndrii), 
and superintending all places of trade and 
amusementj; and eventually he became the 
chief civic judge, from whom there was no 
appeal save to the sovereign himself ; but the 
emperor still nominated another honorary 
prefect of the city, usually some youth of dis- 
tinction, specially for the period of the FericB 
Latituz. 

Pr^neste, prce-nes'-te, a town of Latium, 
twenty-one miles south-east of Rome, built bv 
Telegonus, son of Ulysses and Circe (or by 
Vulcan's son Caeculus), was the seat of a 
famous temple and oracle of Fortuna, whose 
responses were called Prcenestt'fue sortes. 

Praetor, prce'-tor, a curiae magistracy, in* 



Patkoclos ox the Funebal Pile. 

\ 



SEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Prastoriani 



stituted when the consulship was thrown open 
to the Plebeians, 367 B.C., to separate the 
judicial from the consul's other functions, and 
retain the former for the Patricians ; but the 
Praetorship was thrown open to the Plebeians, 
337. At first there was only one Praetor ; but 
from the increase of the Peregrini, another 
Praetor, termed Prcetor Peregrines, was ap- 
pointed about 244, the other being now styled 
Prcetor Urba'nus or Urbis, and two others in 
227 were added, one to govern Sicily, the 
other Sardinia, and two more in 197 to pro- 
vide governors for the two Spains. The Lex 
Pcebia, 1S0, ordained that the number should 
be tour and six in alternate years ; but it was 
observed only once. 179. Sulla made the 
number eight, and Julius Csesar eventually six- 
teen, and Augustus twelve ; and it afterwards 
varied from twelve to eighteen. On election by 
the ComitTa Centuriata, the Praetors determined 
their duties by lot. If the Prcetor Peregrlnns 
was absent, his duties devolved on the Prcetor 
Urbdnus, who had himself, on great emer- 
gencies, to go out in command of the troops. 
The Prcetor Urbanus was supreme judge in 
the civil court, and presided over the Lildi 
Apollinares and Piscatorli (games celebrated 
by fishermen), and performed the consuls' 
duties when they were out of the city ; and he 
was regarded as superior in dignity to the rest. 
Under the Empire the Praetors exercised few 
judicial functions, the civil and criminal juris- 
diction being mostly transferred to the Senate 
and Prcef edits Urbi ; but new duties were 
assigned them— jurisdiction in suits between 
private persons and the imperial exchequer 
(hiscus), trust-estates {Prcetor de Fideicom- 
viissis), affairs of minors (Prcetor Tiiteld'ris), 
much of the duties of the iEdiles, and (with the 
.rEailes and Tribunes of the Plebs) the superin- 
tendence of the fourteen regions into which 
Augustus divided Rome. A Praetor wore the 
Toga Prcetexta (purple-edged cloak), and used 
the Sella Citrulis (an ivory chair of peculiar 
form), and was attended by two lictors within 
the city and six when on foreign service. After 
performing his duties in the city, the govern- 
ment of a province was often conferred on him, 
with the title of Proprcetor (q. v.) 

Pr.«TORI.\ni, prce-td'-rl-a'-ni, or CoHORTES 
Pr^etori^;, co-hor'-tes prce-te'-rise, the impe- 
rial development of the republican Cd'hors Prce- 
to'ria or body-guard attached temporarily to 
the Roman commander-in-chief in the held to 
protect his person and execute his orders, were 
first constituted a distinct corps by Augustus, 
who levied ten cohorts of 1,000 men each in 
Etrui'a, Umbria, Latlum, and the old colonies, 
and gave them special privileges and double 
pay ; but, to avoid irritating the populace, 
three cohorts only were stationed in Rome, 
and the rest were distributed in the neighbour- 
ing cities. Tiberius, on pretence of intro- 
ducing a stricter discipline and relieving the 
country districts of the burden of military 
quarters, congregated them all in a permanent 
fortified camp (cas't?-a Prceto'rla) at the north 



Priapus 

end of the Viminal in Rome. They necessarily 
wielded great power, and their good-will was 
bought with compliments and donations by 
every prince on his accession. They gradually 
became more insolent, till, on the murder o* 
Pertlnax, they sold the throne to the highest 
bidder, Didius Julianus, a.d. 193. They were 
disbanded by Septimius Severus, who, how- 
ever, formed them again on a new model, and 
made their number (which had before been 
raised to 16,000 by VitellTus) 40,000, and re- 
cruited them from the picked men of the 
frontier legions. Their numbers were re- 
duced and privileges abolished by Diocletian, 
who supplied, in a great measure, their place 
by the Illyrian legions, fdvlcl'ni and Her- 
a'dlaui ; and, after being raised to their 
former strength by Maxentius, they were at 
last disbanded by Constantine the Great. The 
office of General— Prcefedtus Prceto'rio — was 
vested in two, three, or four persons, and was 
of great importance. 

Praxiteles, prax-it'-e-les, a famous sculp- 
tor of Athens, flourished 364 B.C. He worked 
chiefly on Parian marble, and executed some 
famous female statues, e.g., his Phryme (q.v.) 
and the Cnidian Venus (so called from its 
being purchased by the Cnidians), and a 
Cupid, which was bought by the Thespians, 
and sold by them to C. Caesar, who brought it 
to Rome, and which was restored to them by 
Claudius, but repurchased by Nero. 

Priamus, pri'-a-mus. 1. The last king of 
Troy, was son of Laomedon (q.v.) and Strymo 
(or Placia), and originally named Podarces, 
po-dar'-ces (swift footed), which was changed 
into Priamus (ransomed) after being redeemed 
by his sister Hesione from Hercules, who had 
seized Troy. When placed on the throne by 
Hercules, he divorced his wife Arisba and 
married Hecuba. He assisted the Phrygians 
against the Amazons. In his old age Troy 
(see Troja) was attacked by the united Greeks 
for the rape of Helen by his second son Paris, 
Priam having refused to restore Helen to the 
Greek ambassadors. In the ten years' siege 
he took little share in the contest ; but on the 
death of his eldest son Hector (q. v.) he went, 
under Mercury's guidance, to ransom his body 
to the tent of Achilles, who paid Priam the atten- 
tion and reverence due to his dignity, years, and 
misfortunes, restored the corpse, and granted a 
twelve days' truce for its burial. When Troy 
fell, Priam put on his armour, but yielded to 
Hecuba's entreaties, and fled to the altar with 
his son Polltes from Achilles' son Neoptolemus 
(Pyrrhus), against whose buckler he inef- 
fectually hurled his dart. Neoptolemus seized 
Priam by his grey hairs and stabbed him ; his 
head was cut off, and his mutilated body was 
left among the heaps of the slain. Priam had 
fifty sons, of whom nineteen were by Hecuba, 
and of them Helenus (q.v.) alone survived the 
fall of Troy. For his children, see Hecuba. 
2. A son of Polltes and companion of ^Eneas. 

Priapus, firi-a'-pus. 1. The god of gardens, 
and of generation in general, was son of £ac* 



204 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Priene 



chus and Venus, and was born at Lampsacus, 
on the Hellespont; whence he is termed Lamp- 
sace'7ius and Hellespont focus. From his de- 
formities he was exposed by his mother, but 
saved and reared by shepherds ; whence he was 
also afterwards regarded as the protector of 
flocks of sheep and goats. Kis bust was 
usually placed in gardens, of a form like the 
Hermce, and was often painted red; whence 
his epithet richer or rubtcun' dus. He was 
generally represented with a man's face and 
goat's ears, and a stick in his hands to terrify 
birds, or a club to drive away thieves, or a 
scythe to prune the trees and cut down corn. 
His worship to a great extent superseded 
that of the native garden goddess Horta, in 
Italy. An ass was sacrificed to him, because 
that animal, by its braying, awoke the nymph 
Lotis (or Vesta) when Priapus was going to 
offer her violence. 2. A city of MysTa, on the 
Proponiis, founded from Miletus, was the seat 
of the worship of (1); its territory was Prid'pis 
or Priapene. 

Priene, pri-e'-ne, a city of north-western 
Caria, was one of the twelve Ionian cities and 
the birthplace of Bias, one of the Seven Wise 
Men. 

Primus, M. Antonius, prf-mus, an-to'- 
nl-us, a Roman senator of Tolosa, in Gaul, 
became a general of Vespasian and defeated 
Vitellius, a.d. 69, at Bedriacum, near Cre- 
mona. 

Priscianus, pris-ci-a! -nus , a Roman gram- 
marian at Constantinople, a.d. 450. 

Priscus, pris'-C7is. 1. Helvidius, hel- 
vid'-i-ics, the learned and virtuous son-in-law 
of Thrasea Pectus, was put to death by Ves- 
pasian. 2. The brother of the emperor Philip, 
at whose death he, being governor of Syria, 
proclaimed himself emperor, but was defeated 
and put to death by Decius. 3. See Tar- 
quinius. 

Privernum, prl-ver'-num, a city of Latium. 
Probouleuma, pro-bou-leu' -ma (see Ro- 
gatio). 

Probus, prob'-its. 1. M. Aurelius Seve- 
RUS, au-re' -li-us se-ve'-rus, son of a gardener 
(afterwards a military tribune) of Sirmmm, in 
Pannonia, distinguished himself in military 
service, and succeeded Tacitus as Roman 
emperor, a.d. 276. He gained many victories 
over the barbarians. Throughout the empire 
he encouraged the liberal arts, and secured 
the enjoyment of tranquillity for his subjects. 
He was killed, 2S2, by his mutinous soldiers. 
2. /Emilius, (B-mU-l-us, a grammarian, about 
a.d. 380. 

Procas, proc'-as, king ot Alba, was son of 
Aventlnus, and father of Numitor and Amu- 
ilus. 

Prochyt a, p7-och'-y-ta, an isle in the Bay of 
Puteoli, named from the nurse of ./Eneas. 

Procles, proc'-les [see Eurysthenes). 

Proclid/E, pro-cli'-dcz (see Eurysthenes). 

Procne, prod-iie {see Philomela). 

PROCONNESUS,/r<7-cf;z-«f'-^?«, an isle north- 
west of Cyzlcus, had rich marble-quarries. 



Proetus 



Proconsul, pro-con'-sul, an officer acting 
in the place of a consul outside the boundaries 
of the city of Rome. Usually a Proconsul had 
been consul in the year preceding, and, tor 
special purposes, his imperitnn (military com- 
mand) was prolonged by a decree of the 
Senate (senat7is-co7isiilt7u>i), and one of the 
Comitia Tributa (plebisclt7ii7t). The pro- 
longation was first conferred 327 B.C., to 
avoid the disadvantages that would arise from 
the return of Q. Publillus Philo from the seat 
of war. On the increase of the provinces (see 
Provincia) a governor, with consular power, 
was set over each, and he was termed Pro- 
consul ; but sometimes the goverment was 
held by one who had not been consul, as by 
P. Cornelius Sciplo, in Spain, 211 B.C., anil 
with a similar title Pompeius was sent against 
SertorTus. (See Propr.etor.) 

Procopius, pro-cop' -i-7is . r. Of a noble 
Cilician family, was a relation and friend of 
the emperor Julian, under whom he served. 
He afterwards retired among the barbarians 
of the Thracian Chersonese, but reappeared 
and proclaimed himself emperor, when the 
emperor Valens had marched into the East. 
He was at first victorious, but was, after eight 
months, defeated in Phrygia, and put to death, 
a.d. 366. 2. The author of an extant Greek 
history of the reign of Justinian, in eight 
books ; was a native of Csesarea, in Palestine, 
and secretary to the famous BelisarTus. 

Procris, prod-ris (see Cephalus). 

Procrustes, pro-crus'-tes (the stretcher), a 
famous robber of Attica, killed by Theseus 
near the CephTsus. He tied travellers on a 
bed, and, if their length exceeded that of 
the bed, he used to cut off a portion of 
their limbs, but if they were shorter than it, 
he had them stretched to make their length 
equal to it. He is also called Dfa/ias'tes or 
Polype' 7770)1. 

Proculeius, C, proc-ic-lei'-us, a Roman 
knight, intimate with Augustus, divided his 
property with his brothers Murena and Csepio 
when they had forfeited their estates by siding 
with Sextus Pompey. 

Proculus, p7-od-ic-Ziis. 1. A Roman senator , 
declared to the Roman people, after the death 
of Romulus, that the deceased king had ap- 
peared to him and announced his apotheosis, 
and ordered his own worship under the name 
Q7ilri7i7(S. 2. An eminent jurist, te?77p. Tibe- 
rius. 3. A dissolute officer, who proclaimed 
himself emperor in Gaul, te777p. Probus. He 
was soon after defeated and exposed on a 
gibbet. 

Procyon, pro'-cy-07i, in Latin A77te'ca7iis, 
the Little Dog, a constellation near the Great 
Dog, Ca.77is, named from rising, in Greece, 
heliacally before Canis. 

Prodicus, prod'-t-cus, a celebrated sophist 
and rhetorician of Cos, 410 B.C. ; frequently 
visited Athens, where he taught, as also in 
many other towns of Greece. 

Prcetus, i>ro^-t7is, king of Argos, was son 
of Abas and Ocalea, and twin-brother ol 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Progne 



Acrisius (q. v.), by whom he was expelled 
from his kingdom. Prcetus fled to King 
Jobates, of Lycla, whose daughter he married, 
and by whose aid he was restored to a part of 
the Argive sovereignty, Acrisius giving him 
the coast of Argolis, Tiryns, and Midea. His 
wife was enamoured of Bellerophon, who was 
a refugee at his court, and from her false ac- 
cusation, Bellerophon was sent by Prcetus to 
Jobates, and by him against the Chimaera. 
The three daughters of Proetus, the Prceti- 
Des, prce'-ti-des (Lysippe, Iphinoe, Iphian- 
assa), were punished with madness for neglect- 
ing the worship of Bacchus, or for considering 
themselves more beautiful than Juno, and ran 
about the fields, believing themselves to be 
cows. The insanity became contagious, and 
Proetus offered Melampus (q. v.) two parts of 
the kingdom and one of his daughters if he 
would restore them. Melampus consented, and 
was successful, and he divided the sovereignty 
he received with his brother Bias (q.v.), who 
also married one of the Prcetldes. According 
to Ovid, Prcetus was changed into stone, by 
Medusa's head, by Perseus, the grandson of 
Acrisius. He was succeeded by his son 
Megapenthes. 

Progne, prog'-ne (see Philomela). 

Prometheus, pro-77ie'-theus (ForetfioicgJit), 
son of the Titan Iapetus and the Oceanic! 
Clymene, and brother of Atlas, Menoetius, 
and Epimetheus(yJ//£?r2 , /^?/ovi/), was renowned 
for his cunning, and the benefits conferred by 
him on men. To punish men, Jupiter had taken 
away fire from earth ; but Prometheus, by 
Minerva's aid, climbed the heavens and stole 
fire from the chariot of the Sun, conveying it 
to earth in a tube. This provoked Jupiter, 
who ordered Vt%an to make a woman of clay, 
Pandora, and t saving endued her with life, 
sent her to Praaietheus. Pandora, who had 
received from each of the gods some attraction, 
bore with her a box containing, according to 
the earlier legend, all human ills ; but Pro- 
metheus, suspecting some artifice of Jupiter, 
sent her to Epimetheus, who, forgetful of the 
advice of Prometheus to receive no gifts from 
the gods, married her, and opened the box ; 
when at once all the evils flew forth and spread 
over the earth, Hope alone remaining; but, 
according to the later legend, the box was full 
of blessings, which escaped when it was opened 
by Pandora. Prometheus was then, by 
Jupiter's order, seized by Mercury (or Vulcan) 
and chained to a rock on Mount Caucasus, 
where an enormous eagle, offspring of Typhon 
and Echidna, daily preyed on his liver, which 
was miraculously restored every night. He 
was at last delivered from his torture by Her- 
•fules, who killed the eagle. Prometheus had 
tiade the first man and woman on earth out of 
clay and water, which he animated by the fire 
he stole from heaven , and he gave man a part 
of the qualities peculiar to each animal. He 
had the gift of prophecy, and he invented 
many useful arts, and taught men the medi- 
cinal, &c, use p f plants, taming different 



Protagoras 

animals, &c. The Athenians raised an altar to 
him in the grove of Academus, where they 
annually celebrated games, lampadephoria 
(see Heph^estia, i), &c, in his honour. 

Promethides, p7V-me'-thl-des (masc), and 
Promethis, pro-me'-this (fern.), any of the 
offspring of Prometheus, e.g. Deucalion. 

Pronuba, pro'-7iu-ba, a Roman surname of 
Juno, because she presided over marriage. 

Propertius, Sextus Aurelius, pro-per'- 
tl-us, se^-tus a7c-re r -li-7is, one of the chief 
Latin elegiac poets, bora at Mevania, in 
Umbria, about 51 B.C., was son of a Roman 
knight proscribed by Augustus for his support 
of Antony. He came early to Rome, where 
his genius and poetical talents soon gained him 
the friendship of Maecenas, Gallus, and Virgil, 
and the patronage of Augustus. He died 
about 19 B.C. His works consist of four books 
of elegies, written with great spirit and ele- 
gance, but disfigured by indelicacies. 

Propontis (-Idis), pro-pon'-tis (now the 
Sea of Marmora), named from being before 
the Ponhis (or Euxine), the small sea com- 
municating with the Euxine by the Thracian 
Bosporus, and with the yEgean by the Helles- 
pont, and washing the shores of Thrace in 
Europe, and Mysla and Bithynla in Asia. 

Proprietor, pro-pr<z'-tor, the governor of 
a province, who (in most cases) had, in the 
previous year, held the office of Prsetor (q. v.) 
at Rome, and to whom the powers and rank of 
the Praetorship were prolonged (see Pro- 
vincia). The title Propraetor is occasionally 
interchanged with Proconsul (q. v.), from the 
Senate investing the Propraetor with the Pro- 
co?i'sicZa're I7iiper , iu7/z, conferring all the in- 
signia and powers of a Proconsul (although 
he had not held the Consulship), when the 
condition of a Praetorian province was such as 
to demand the influence and might of the 
highest office. 

Propyljea, pro-py-te'-a, the famous gateway 
of the Acropolis at Athens, built by Pericles. 

Proserpina, prd-ser 1 '-pi-7ia, called Persepji'- 
o7ie by the Greeks, was daughter of Jupiter 
and Ceres (q.v.). She made Sicily her resi- 
dence, and when one day gathering flowers 
with her female attendants on the plains of 
Enna, she was carried off by Pluto (q.v.) to the 
nether world, of which she became queen 
(see further under Ceres). Proserpine was 
very generally worshipped, and known by the 
different names of Core, Llbiti7ia, Hecaie 
(qv.), Juno t7ifer7ia, A7ithesphoria, Dedis, 
&c. 

Protagoras, p7-o-fdg J -o-ras, one of the 
most celebrated sophists, born at Abdera, in 
Thrace, about 480 B.C., was at first a porter, 
and then became a disciple of Democrltus. He 
taught in various cities, and was the first sophist 
to receive pay for teaching. He had numerous 
pupils, and. is said to have amassed a large 
fortune in his forty years of tuition. He was 
impeached by Pythodorus, one of the Four 
Hundred at Athens, 411, for impiety, when his 
book on the gods, in which he declared his 



206 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Protesilaus 



inability to know whether they existed or not, 
was condemned tn He burnt, and according to 
some, the philosopher himself was banished. 
He died very soon after. He was one of the 
best sophists, and Plato had a very favourable 
opinion of him. His famous tenet was, Uuvtujv 
fjLerpov avdpooTToc;, Man is the Measure of all 
things; i.e., that there is a perpetual implica- 
tion of subject with object, or that every 
object is relative to a correlative subject. 

Protesilaus, pro'-tes-i-ld'-us, originally 
Iold'us, son of Iphiclus and Astyoche, and 
brother of Jason's mother, Alcimede, and hus- 
band of Acastus's daughter Laodamla (q.v.), 
was a native of Phylace, in Thessaly, from 
which, or from being grandson of Phylacus, he 
was called Phyldc'ius or Phylddides. He led 
several Thessalian states against Troy, and 
was the first Greek to set foot on its shores, 
when he was at once killed by ^Eneas or 
Hector ; and near his tomb, Protesild'i Tur'ris, 
on the Trojan shore, certain trees grew to a 
great height, but withered as soon as they were 
of sufficient height to be visible from Troy, and 
again grew up, suffering the same vicissitude. 

Proteus, pro'-teus, an old marine god, 
tended Neptune's flocks of seals, for which he 
was rewarded with the gift of prophecy. Any 
one who wished to consult him had to seize him 
at midday, when he came ashore to sleep in the 
shade of the rocks ; but as soon as he was 
caught he assumed every imaginable shape, as 
a tiger, lion, fire, whirlwind, or torrent, to 
terrify his assailant and compel his release ; 
but if firmly held he resumed his proper form, 
and gave the desired information. Among 
those who consulted him were Aristaeus, 
Menelaus, Hercules, &c. According to some, 
he was originally a king (Cetes) of Egypt, 
whose two sons, Telegonus and Polygonus (or 
Tmolus), wers killed by Hercules, and who had 
several daughters, Cabira, Idothea, RhetTa, 
&c. Homer places his home in the isle Pharos, 
a day's journey from the Nile ; but Virgil in 
the isle Carpathos {Prote' i colum'nce~), between 
Rhodes and Crete. 

Protogenes, pro-to'-ge-nes, a famous Greek 
painter, of the Rhodian dependency Caunus, 
in Caria, flourished at Rhodes from about 330 
to 300 B.C. 

Protogenia, pro'-to-ge-ni'-a. 1. Daughter 
of Deucalion and Pyrrha, bore, to Jupiter, 
■fEthllus, the father of Endymion. 2. The 
daughter of Calydon and Amythaon's daughter 
vEoJTa, bore Oxylus to Mars. 

Provincia, pro-vin'-ci-a, the sphere of ac- 
tion, or the territory of the jurisdiction of a 
Roman magistrate ; thus, the jurisdiction of 
the Praetor Urbanus was Provincia Urbti7ia. 
The conquests of Rome were, as they_ were 
obtained, mapped out as so many Provincias, 
each with a governor {see Pr/etor) ; but 
towards the close of the Republic the Provinces, 
which had greatly increased, were divided 
annually by the Senate into two classes, — the 
Co?isuld'res zxi&Prcetd'ri(Z ; and as it had then 
become customary for both Consuls and Praetors 



Provincia 



to remain for their year of office in the city, 
they were, at the end of the year, reinvested 
with the Imperium (military command), and 
proceeded to govern, as Proconsul or Pro- 
prietor respectively, the provinces allotted. 
Within each Province the governor was supreme 
in military and civil affairs : he was assisted 
in deciding appeals from the local tribunals by 
a board of assessors, Consil'iinn ; and every 
year he made a judicial circuit of the districts 
into which, for legal purposes, his Province 
was divided. The same taxes were levied by 
the Romans in a Province as its own govern- 
ment, when independent, had imposed on 
exports, imports, mines, salt-works, &c. ; and 
the Provincials had also not only to pay a land- 
tax (all the land being, theoretically, confis- 
cated, and becoming, on the Roman conquest, 
Ager Publicus, but being left in the hands of 
its owners for a moderate land-tax) and a pro- 
perty-tax {tributum), levied from each person 
in proportion to his means, and fixed by a 
provincial census, but they were liable to 
various arbitrary demands, e.g., providing 
winter quarters for troops, equipping or main- 
taining fleets, affording supplies for the governor 
and his retinue, &c, all which might be abused 
by the governor, and made engines of intimi- 
dation or extortion. Some provincial cities 
enjoyed special immunities {see Socn). The 
fifteen Provinces under the Republic, with the 
dates of their acquisition, were— Sicilta, the 
Carthaginian part 241 B.C., and the remainder 
210 ; Sardinia, with Corsica- 238 ; Hispania 
Citerior and Hispania Ulterior, .both probably 
in 206 ; Macedonia, 146 ; Illyricum (or Dal- 
matia), 146 ; Africa, 146; Asia, 129 ; Gallia 
Transalpina (or Narbonensis), 121 ; Gallia. 
Cisalpina, some time after 190 ; Achdia, some 
time after 146 ; Cilicia, before 80 ; Bithynia, 
74 ; Syria, 64 ; Creta, with Cyrenaica, 63. 
Under the Empire the Provinces were re-divided 
into Imperdtd'ricz, under the sole control of 
the emperor, and Sendtd'rice, under the Senate's 
administration. The Imperial comprised those 
on the frontiers, where large armies were re- 
quired, and these troops and Provinces were 
under generals, Legd'ti Co 1 saris (or A ugus'ti), 
named by the emperor as the generalissimo, 
and the revenues were collected by an imperial < 
agent {Procurd'tor Cce'sdris), and paid into 
the emperor's private exchequer {Fiscus) ; and 
in some of the minor Provinces (as Judaea) the 
Legate acted also as Procurator. The Sena- 
torial Provinces were those at a distance from 
any enemies, and where troops were required 
only for display or police purposes, and in 
every case the governor was styled a Proconsul, 
who held office fcr one year, and was attended 
by Quaestors to receive and pay the revenues 
into the public treasury [<era'riuni), which was 
managed by the Senate. Occasionally several 
provinces were grouped together, and their 
command was granted by the emperor and 
Senate conjointly to one individual ; e.g., all 
the East, under Tiberius, to Germanicus, and 
under Nero, to Corbulo. The Senatorial went 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Proxenus 



twelve — Africa, Asia, Hispania Bcetica, 
Gallia Narbonensis, Sicilia, Sardinia, 
Illyricum withDalmaiia, Macedonia, Achaia, 
Creta with Cyrenaica, Cyprus, Bithynia with 
Pontus. The Imperial were also twelve — 
Hispania Lusitanica, Hispania Tarraconen- 
sis, Gallia Lugdunensis, Gallia Belgica, 
Noricwn, Pannonia, Vindelicia with Rhcetia, 
Mcesia, Alpes Maritiince, Cilicia, Galatia, 
Syria. Under Tiberius, Achaia and Mace- 
donia were held by the emperor, and Illyricum 
with Dalmatia, was early transferred to the 
emperor. Italia-was a Province from Hadrian's 
reign. Aigyptus was considered a private 
estate of the emperor, and was under a steward, 
Prcefedtus A ugustd'lis, one of the equestrian 
order ; and senators and equites of the higher 
class were forbidden entering Egypt without 
first obtaining the express permission of the 
emperor, the reason assigned by Tacitus 
(Hisioria, i. n) being because it was a " Pro- 
vinciam aditu difficilem, annonee feczmdam, 
superstitidne et lascivia discordem et mobilem, 
insciam legum, igndram magistratuum ;" 
and {Annates, ii. 59), " Ne fame urgeret 
Jtaliam, quisquis earn Provinciam claus- 
traque terrce ac maris, quamvis levi prcesidio 
adversum ifigeutes exercitus, insedisset." 

Proxenus, prox'-e-nus. 1. A Boeotian, was 
a disciple of Gorgias, and intimate with Xeno- 
phon. 2. A public guesl (ftvoc;) or friend of 
the state, made so by a state enactment, as was 
Alexander the Great, or King Strato of Sidon, 
to the Athenians. In time this relation passed 
into a diplomatic character, and the Proxenus 
was like the modern consul or state agent, 
enjoying his privileges under the condition of 
entertaining or aiding the ambassadors and 
citizens of the state which he represented, but 
was always necessarily a member of the state 
within which he resided. At first this diplo- 
matic agency was voluntarily assumed (efleAo- 
Trpofei/ot,-), but later was a direct appointment 
by the government, and for Sparta by the 
kings ; and sometimes the office became here- 
ditary. There was a body of official Proxeni 
at Delphi, not attached to any state in parti- 
cular. Cimon and Alcibiades were Spartan 
Proxeni at Athens ; Pindar was the Athenian 
Proxe?ites at Thebes ; Niclas, the Syracusan, at 
Athens, &c. Tyrants and barbarian states also 
had their Proxeni in Greece. For a similar 
public relation among the Romans, see under 
Xenos. 

Prudentius, Aurelius Clemens, pru- 
den'-ti-us, au-re'-li-us cle'-mens, a Latin 
Christian poet, born a.d. 348, was successively 
a pleader, judge, and soldier. 

Prusa, pru'-sa [see Prusias, 3 and 4). 

Prusias, pru'-si-as. 1. King of Bithynia, 
succeeded his father, Zielas, about 230 
B.C. ; he allied with the Romans against 
Antiochus III., of Syria, and under his 
vigorous rule Bithynia rose to considerable 
importance. Hannibal (q.v.) took refuge at 
his court. Prusias died about 180. 2. Pru- 
sias II., the son of (t), succeeded him, 180 



Ptolemseus 



B.C., and remained in alliance with the 
Romans ; he died about 149. 3. A city of 
Bithynia, north of Mount Olympus. 4. Ori- 
ginally Cierus, a town of Bithynia, north-west 
of (3). 

Prytanes (-urn), pr$t'-a-nes. 1. At Athens, 
the members of a committee of fifty deputies, 
chosen by lot from each of the ten tribes 
(<pv\at), so that each Prytanis, or set of 
members, formed a tenth part of the Bov\tj, or 
council of 500. One of the fifty was chosen 
chief president {eiria-raTrig), and he chose 
nine irpoedpoi (presidents) and a secretary 
(Tpajuuarewg) out of the other forty-nine, and 
this smaller committee transacted the real bu- 
siness of the Prytanes. Each committee of 
senators, or set of Prytanes, held office five 
weeks, and all public acts and documents were 
in its name ; its members had the first hearing 
in the Assembly, conducted all the business of 
the BovXrj, and dined at the public cost in the 
irpvravelov. 2. The annual magistrates at 
Corinth, before the tyranny of Cypselus. 

Psammenitus, psam-7ne-ni'-tus, succeeded 
his father Amasis as king of Egypt, 526 B.C. ; 
was conquered by King Cambyses, of Persia. 

Psammetichus, psam-met '-i-chtes , king of 
Egypt, was one of the twelve chiefs who 
divided the kingdom among themselves on the 
death of Setho ; but he was banished by the 
other eleven, and retired to the coast, till he 
was reinforced by Ionian and Carian pirates, 
when he defeated them, and became sole ruler 
of Egypt and founder of the Saitic dynasty, 
671 B.C. 

Psyche, psy'-che {the sotil), was celebrated 
in an allegory intended to show how the human 
soul was gradually purified by passions and 
misfortunes, till at last fit for the enjoyment 
of true happiness. She v/as said to be the 
youngest of three sister-princesses. Cupid 
was sent by Venus, whose envy her beauty 
had excited, to punish her by inflaming her 
with love, but Cupid became himself enamoured 
of her, and visited her, without disclosing his 
rank, every night, leaving her before dawn. 
Her sisters, in jealousy, told her that her mid- 
night lover was a monster, and Psyche, to 
ascertain the truth, one night lit the lamp ; but 
a drop of hot oil fell on the shoulder of the 
god, who at once disappeared ; Psyche, dis- 
consolate, wandered about, and was at last 
detained at Venus's temple, where many hard- 
ships were imposed on her ; but she bore up 
under them all by the secret aid of her lover 
Cupid, with whom she was at last united for 
ever, receiving the gift of immortality. Psyche 
is often represented with a butterfly's wings, 
that insect being an emblem of (and called in 
Greek by the same name as) the immortal soul, 
perhaps from its passing through a kind of 
death in the chrysalis form. 

Ptolemseus, ptol-e-mce'-us. 1. Soter, 
so'-ter {preserver) or La'gus, the first of the 
Ptolemies, was son of the Macedonian Lagus 
(q. v.), and educated at the court of King 
Philip of Macedonia, whose reputed son he 



20S 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Ptolemseus 



was. He went to the East with Alexander, on 
whose death, 323 B.C., he obtained Egypt, to 
which he soon added PhenicTa and Ccele- 
Syria ; he joined Cassander and Lysimachus 
against Antigonus, and crossed over to liberate 
Greece, but he was defeated, 306, by Anti- 
gonus's son Demetrius off Cyprus, which he 
lost, but afterwards forced Demetrius to raise 
the siege of Rhodes, 304, on which occasion 
the Rhodians conferred on him the title of 
Soter. In the remainder of his reign he de- 
voted himself to the patronage of literature 
and science ; he founded the famous Museum, 
or Royal Library, of Alexandria, and enter- 
tained at his court Demetrius of Phalerus, who 
was his counsellor in political and scientific 
matters ; Euclid, the geometrician ; Theodo- 
rus of Cyrene ; Stilpo of Megara ; Diodorus 
Cronus ; Zenodotus ; Philetas of Cos ; &c. 
Ptolemy himself wrote a history of Alexander's 
wars ; he beautified Alexandria, and dis- 
tinguished himself by his good government. 
He abdicated in favour of (2) in 285, and died 
in 283. 2. Ptolemseus II., Philadelphus, 
phll-a-del'-phus, succeeded on the abdication of 
his father, Ptolemy I., of Egypt, 285 B.C. He de- 
voted himself to the commercial development of 
his kingdom and the patronage of literature and 
science ; he founded many commercial cities in 
his dominions, constructed the famous Pharos 
off Alexandria, and made the harbours Bere- 
nice and Myoshormos, on the Red Sea. 
Among the literary men at his court were 
Manetho, Aratus, Theocritus, Callimachus, 
Lycophron, Zenodotus, Aristophanes the 
grammarian, &c. ; and the famous Sepfoiagint 
translation, into Greek, of the Hebrew Scrip- 
tures was made under his orders. Ptolemy 
also made valuable additions to the royal 
library He died 247 ; he had married his 
sister Arsinoe, to whom he was deeply at- 
tached, and to w hose memory he commissioned 
Dinocrates to raise a monumental temple. 3. 
Ptolemseus III., Euergetes, eu-er '-ge-tes 
{benefactor), succeeded' his father, Ptolemy II. 
of Egypt, 247 B.C. To avenge the death of his 
sister Berenice, he marched through Syria and 
Babylonia to the borders of India, and 
brought back the Egyptian gods carried off by 
Cambyses ; whence his epithet of Euergetes. 
Seleucus, however, succeeded in wresting a 
considerable portion of territory from him. 
Like his two predecessors, Ptolemy patronized 
literature, science, and the arts : he died 222. 
4. Ptolemveus IV., Philopator, phll-op'-cL 
tor (father-lover), was ironically so named 
from being suspected of having poisoned his 
father, Ptolemy III. of Egypt, whom he suc- 
ceeded 222 B.C. He rendered himself odious 
by his maladministration, and his murder of 
his mother, brother, and uncle; he allowed 
Ccele-Syria and Palestine to be wrested from 
him by Antiochus the Great, but he recovered 
them, 217. Ptolemy patronized philosophers 
and literary men, and especially Aristarchus ; 
but he disgraced himself by his licentiousness 
and luxury, — whence his epithets of Gallns and 



Ptolemseus 



T?yph'ou, — and became the tool of his uncle 
and chief minister Sosiblus : he died 205. 5. 
Ptolem/eus V., Epiphanes, e-piph '-d-nes 
(ilhistrioics), succeeded his father, Ptolemy 
IV. of Egypt, 205 B.C., when only five years 
old. Philip V. of Macedonia and Antio- 
chus III. of Syria at once attempted to 
divide his dominions, but were restrained by 
the Romans. He eventually married Antio- 
chus's daughter Cleopatra. Ptolemy's reign 
was at first benign, but gradually became 
oppressive, and the power of Egypt declined : 
he died 181. 6. Ptolemseus VI., Philo- 
metor, phll-o-me'-tor, succeeded his father, 
Ptolemy V. of Egypt, 181 B.C., when a 
child. His ministers, who assumed the 
regency on the death of his mother, attacked 
Antiochus Epiphanes, to regain Ccele-Syria, 
but were defeated near Pelusium, and Ptolemy 
himself was made a prisoner (see 7). He was 
afterwards expelled by his brother (7), but was 
reinstated as sole ruler by the Romans, who 
assigned Cyrenaica to Euergetes II. Ptolemy 
supported the usurper Alexander Balas, of 
Syria, but afterwards broke with and defeated 
him, but died of injuries received in the battle, 
146. 7. Ptolemseus VII., Euergetes II., 
or Physcon, phys'-con (pot-bellied), the bro- 
ther (see 6) of Ptolemy VI. of Egypt, on the 
death of the latter seized the throne, put to 
death the young son of his brother, and mar- 
ried his widow Cleopatra, who was his own 
sister, whom he afterwards divorced for her 
daughter, his own niece, Cleopatra. For his 
cruelties and debaucheries he was expelled, 
130, from Alexandria in an insurrection, and 
fled to Cyprus, where he killed his son Mem- 
phltis, on learning that Cleopatra, his first wife, 
was proclaimed queen regnant ; but on her 
expulsion he was recalled, 127 : he died 117. 
Ptolemy patronized literature and the arts, and 
wrote some historical memoirs in twenty-four 
books ; he also increased the library, and, to 
prevent the extension of the library of King 
Attalus, of Pergamos, he prohibited the ex- 
portation of papyrus. 8. Ptolemseus VIII , 
Lathurus, la-tlm'-rus, Soter II., or Philo- 
metor II., succeeded his father, Ptolemy VII, 
of Egypt, 117 B.C., his mother Cleopatra 
being associated with him on the throne. He 
was expelled by her, 107, and his brother, 
Alexander I., placed in his stead; but, after 
her murder, 90, Alexander was expelled, and 
Ptolemy recalled, 89, and he reigned till his 
death, Si. He was a mild but weak prince : 
in his reign Thebes revolted, and after three 
years' siege was reduced and destroyed. 9. 
Ptolemseus IX., Alexander I., dl-ex-an'- 
der, was raised to be joint sovereign with her 
by his mother, Cleopatra, on her expulsion of 
his brother, Ptolemy VIII. of Egypt, 107 
B.C. On his murder of his mother, 90, he was 
expelled, 89, and Ptolemy VIII. was recalled. 
Ptolemy IX. was defeated and slain in an 
attempt on Cyprus. 10. Ptolemseus X., 
Alexander II., son of Ptolemy IX. of 
Egypt, was placed on the throne conjointly 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



209 



Ptolemeeus 



with his suter and wife, Cleopatra, 81 B.C. ; 
but having assassinated her, 80, he was slain 
in an insurrection. 11. Ptoi.em^eus XL, 
Dionysus, di-o-ny'-sus (from his debauchery), 
or Auletes, au-le'-tes {flute-player), illegiti- 
mate son of Ptolemy VIII., was proclaimed 
king on the murder of Ptolemy X. of Egypt, 
80 B.C., and was not able, even with great 
bribery, to procure the ratification of his title 
from the Romans till 59. He was expelled in 
an insurrection, consequent on the taxes levied 
for these bribes, 58, but restored by the Senate, 
when he put to death a hundred of the leading 
Alexandrians, and his sister Berenice, who had 
been placed on the throne : he died 51. 

12. Ptolem^eus XII., succeeded, 51 B.C., 
his father, Ptolemy XI. of Egypt, conjoint^ 
with his sister, the famous Cleopatra, who was 
expelled by his minister Pothlnus, 49. She 
invaded Egypt from Syria with a large army, 
and, in 47, was placed on the throne by her 
lover Caesar. Ptolemy XII. had, in her 
absence, caused the death of Pompey the 
Great ; Pothinus fomented an insurrection 
against Caesar and her, and the Alexandrine 
•war broke out ; it was terminated by the 
death of Ptolemy XII., who was drowned in 
the Nile in an attempt to escape after defeat. 

13. Ptolem^eus XIII., youngest son of 
Ptolemy XI. of Egypt, was placed on the 
throne, 47 B.C., on the death of his brother, 
Ptolemy XII., by Julius Caesar, conjointly 
with Cleopatra, by whom, in 43, he was put to 
death. 14. Alorites, a-ld-rl'-tes {i.e. of 
Alflrus, a city of Macedonia, on the Thermaic 
gulf), regent or king of Macedonia, was 
assassinated by Perdiccas III., 364 B.C. 15. 
Apion, a'-pi-du, an illegitimate son of Ptolemy 
VII. of Egypt, became king of Cyrene, 117 
B.C. On his death, 96, he bequeathed his 
kingdom to the Romans, but his legacy was 
declined. 16. Ceraunus, cc-rau' -mts {the 
thzuiderbolt , from his recklessness), was son of 
Ptolemy I. of Egypt, on whose death he fled 
to the court of Seleucus, 280 B.C., whom he 
perfidiously murdered, and thus became king 
of Macedonia. His dominions were, a few 
months after, invaded by the Gauls, who de- 
feated his troops, took him prisoner, and put 
him to death. 17. The illegitimate son of 
Ptolemy VIII. of" Egypt, became king of 
Cyprus, 80 B.C. P. Clodius proposed, when 
tribune of the plebs at Rome, a law to deprive 
Ptolemy of his throne, 58, on the pretext that 
he had abetted the Cilician pirates ; Cato was 
appointed to carry out the decree, and Ptolemy 
committed suicide in the following year. 18. 
The second son of Alexander II. of Eplrus, 
and grandson of Pyrrhus, reigned over Eplrus 
from about 239 to 229 B.C. 19. King of Maure- 
tania, succeeded his father, Juba II., a.d. 17. 
He was summoned to Rome by Caligula, and 
put to death for the sake of gaining his wealth, 
40. He was connected with the Egyptian 
Ptolemies, his mother, Selene Cleopatra, being 
the daughter of Marc Antony and the famous 
Queen Cleopatra. 20. The tetrarch of Chalcis, 



Publican! 



in Syria, 70 — 40 B.C. 21. Claudius, clatd- 
di-us, a celebrated geographer, mathematician, 
and astronomer, of Alexandria, flourished a.d. 
139 — 161. He corrected Hipparchus's cata- 
logue of fixed stars, and his work on astro- 
nomy, commentaries un which by Theon and 
Pappus are still extant, and which was trans- 
lated into Arabic iu the ninth century, con- 
tained the full ancAent (Ptolemiac) system of 
astronomy, in which the earth was regarded as 
the centre of tha universe, a doctrine uni- 
versally believed till the propagation of the 
Copernican system in the sixteenth century ; 
his extant Geography, in eight books, was 
highly valued till rendered obsolete by the 
progress of maritime discovery in the fifteenth 
century. 22. A grammarian of Alexandria, 
temp. Hadrian and Trajan. 23. A priest of 
Mendes, in Egypt, wrote thehistory of Egypt. 
24. A son of King Pyrrhus of Eplrus, was 
killed in Pyrrhus's expedition against Sparta 
and Argos. 

Ptolemais (-idis), ptol-e-ma'-is. 1. A coast 
city of north-western Cyrenalca. 2. Hermi'i, a 
city of Upper Egypt, north-west of Abydos. 
3. A town of middle Egypt. 4. The'ron, a 
coast town of the Troglodytae, on the Red 
Sea. 5. Or A'ce, an ancient coast city of 
Phoenicia, south of Tyre. 

Ptous, pto'-iis, son of Athamas and The- 
misto, gave his name to a mountain, Ptoon, 
pto'-o?i, of Boeotia, near Copais, on which he 
built a temple to Apollo Ptons: the temple 
had a celebrated oracle of the god. 

Publicani, pub-U-ca'-ni, the contractors 
who undertook to levy, in Italy and the pro- 
vinces, the dues let out to them on lease, and 
to pay a fixed sum annually into the treasury 
at Rome. They were designated Decilmd'ni, 
Scriptural rli, or Portitd'res, according as they 
levied the Dec'iimce (tithes or tax on the pro- 
duce of the earth), from the Aratd'res, the 
Scriptii'ra (the tax for grazing on the public 
pasture-lands), from the Pecua'rli or Pas- 
tures, or the Portd'ria (custom dues for 
exports and imports), from the Merca- 
td'res. Generally, as the service neces- 
sarily required a large establishment of sub- 
ordinates, warehouses, ships, &c, several 
Publicani banded together as a joint-stock 
company, or Soci'etas, each, like the modern 
companies, under a manccps (or chairman), 
who took the contract, generally for five 
years, from the Censors, and gave the requi- 
site security, and a Mdgis'ter So'cietcl'tis (or 
manager), who conducted the business at the 
company's central office at Rome. The eques- 
trian order had such a monopoly of the 
revenue, that Equltes and Publicani became 
almost convertible terms. Even as early as 
the second Punic war the Publicani werea body 
of great importance at Rome, and their in- 
fluence necessarily increased with the exten- 
sion of the Roman dominion and revenue : as 
a rule, they were detested in the provinces. 
The Tribu'tum, the property-tax on Roman 
citizens, which was chiefly applied to the 



2IO 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Publicola 



ees miltta're, or military charges, was raised, 
not by the Publicani, but by special officers, the 
Tribu'ni cera'rii. 

Publicola, fitib-lid -o-la (see Valerius, i). 

Publilius, pub-lil'-i-iis. i. Q. Philo, 
phil'-o, dictator 339 B.C., abolished the power 
of the Comitia Cunata, and practically placed 
the Plebs on a political equality with the 
Patricians. 2. Volero, vo'-le-rd, was tribune 
of the plebs 472 and 471 B.C., and, by his 
Ptiblilian laws, ordained the election of the 
Tribunes of the plebs and the ./Ediles by the 
Comitia Tributa instead of Centuriata, and the 
decrees of the same Comitia [plebisclta) were 
declared binding on all citizens. 

Publius S\RUS,/>7<b'-li-7ts sy)'-ics, originally 
a Syrian slave, sold to a Roman patrician, 
brought to Rome, and, after being carefully 
educated, manumitted about 50 B.C., became a 
writer of mimes. A compilation, from his 
mimes (low comedies), of moral sentences is 
extant. He was much esteemed at Rome, and 
had Julius Caesar among his patrons. 

Punicum ~BELLUM,/'ii'-ni-cum bel'-lum, the 
great contest, consisting of three separate wars, 
between the Romans and the Pccni, as the 
Carthaginians were called by the Romans. 
The development of Rome in the first instance 
was necessarily westwards, from her physical 
situation, and therefore, when she stepped 
beyond Italy seawards, a collision was in- 
evitable with the great republic of Carthage, 
which then ruled without a rival the western 
waters of the Mediterranean. The First 
Punic War (264 — 241 B.C.) originated in the 
aid given to the Campanian mercenaries of 
King Agathocles, the Mamertlni (q. v.). The 
latter having expelled the Carthaginian gar- 
rison, Messana was besieged by the united 
forces of the Carthaginians and King Hiero 
of Syracuse. Rome, which had also been ap- 
pealed to by the Mamertines, resolved to 
interfere, and declared war against Hiero and 
the Carthaginians. Hiero made peace with 
the Romans in 263. The chief events in the 
First Punic War were — victory of Appius 
Claudius in Sicily, 264 ; the capture of Agri- 
gentum by the Romans, 262 ; their naval vic- 
tory under Duilius, 260 ; the successes of 
Regulus in Africa, 256 ; the defeat and im- 
prisonment of Regulus, and loss of a Roman 
fleet, 255 ; the loss of another fleet, 253 ; the 
siege of Lilybffium (lasted till the end of the 
war), and the victory of Meteilus at Panormus, 
250, followed by the Carthaginian embassy, 
when Regulus displayed his heroism ; the 
defeat of Claudius Pulcher, and loss of another 
Poman fleet, 249 ; the successes of the Car- 
thaginians under Hamilcar Barca, 247 — 241 ; 
the great victory of Lutatius Catulus off the 
Agates, followed by the conclusion of peace, 
.241, Carthage evacuating all Sicily, and pay- 
ing a heavy indemnity, 3,200 talents (about 
^780,000 sterling). The Second Punic War 
(210 — 201 B.C.) was the result of the Cartha- 
ginian conquests in Spain, to which country 
Hanulcar had gone in 235. He was succeeded 



Puteoli 



by his son-in-law Hasdrubal in 229, on whose 
deafh Hamilcar's son, the famous Hannibal, 
took the command, in 221. The peace had 
been a mere truce, and on the storming of 
Saguntum, a city in alliance with Rome, by 
Hannibal, in 219, the Romans declared war. 
The chief events of the war occurred in Italy 
{see Hannibal). After the defeat, at the 
Metaurus, and death, in 207, of Hannibal's 
brother Hasdrubal, who had been engaged in 
Spain with the two Scipios, and now wished 
to join his brother in [taly, Hannibal acted 
only on the defensive. The invasion of Africa 
in 204, by Scipio (afterwards Africanus), led to 
the recall, in 203, of Hannibal, and the war 
was decided by the total defeat of the Car- 
thaginians, in 202, at Zama. Peace was made 
in 201, Carthage being deprived of all its 
dominions out of Africa, restricted in its mili- 
tary and naval establishments, and fined in an 
indemnity of 10,000 talents (about ^2,437,500 
sterling], to be paid in the course of fifty 
years. The Third Punic War (149— 146 b.c.) 
was really due to the hostility of Cato the 
Censor, who, when in Africa, had been alarmed 
by observing the restoration of the great com- 
mercial prosperity of Carthage. He constantly 
afterwards, whenever he was asked his vote on 
any subject whatsoever in the Senate, exclaimed, 
" Carthage must be destroyed !" {Delenda est 
Carthago I) He succeeded in raising such a 
feeling of animosity against Carthage, that 
when the Carthaginians repelled an invasion 
of Masinissa, king of Numidia, the Romans 
took advantage of this nominal breach of the 
treaty, Carthage not having first consulted 
Rome, and the Consuls were sent to destroy 
the city. Their resolution was concealed till 
they had obtained from the Carthaginians the 
surrender of their war material ; but even then, 
on learning their fate, the Carthaginians resolved 
to resist. They made superhuman exertions 
to defend the city, and when the Consuls 
advanced they found the city so strongly 
protected that they could not storm it. The 
war languished till the appointment of Scipio 
(the younger Africanus), who stormed and 
razed Carthage in 146. 

Pupienus, M. Clodius Maximus, 
nus, clo'-di-us viax'-i- vizis, Roman emperor, was 
of obscure birth, but rose through the various 
grades of the army to the highest military and 
civil offices, and, on the death of the two Gor- 
dians in Africa, was elected by the Senate 
joint emperor with Balblnus, a.d. 238. In the 
same year both were murdered by the prae- 
torian guards. 

Puteoli, fiu-te'-o-ll, a noted port of Cam- 
pania, east of Cumae, was founded under the 
name Dicaar'chia, by a Greek colony from 
Cumse, 521 b.c, and subsequently named 
Puteoli, either from the great number of mine- 
ral wells in its neighbourhood, or from the 
stench of the waters. It was colonized by the 
Romans, 194, and became the great centre of 
the trade with Egypt and Spain ; and its fine 
harbour was still further protected, under Cali- 



I 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Puticulsa 



gula, by a mole, connected by a floating bridge 
with Baiae, the favourite Roman watering-place, 
on the opposite side of the bay. The whole 
coast between Puteoli and Baiae was studded 
with the villas of Roman nobles, and in its 
vicinity Cicero's country-house, Putedla'num, 
was situated. Its bay, extending from the 
promontory Minervae to the promontory Mi- 
senum, was called the Sinus Puteolanus, 
sin' -lis puf-e-d-la'-nus (originally Cuma'nus). 

Puticul^e, pu-tid -ii-lce , a place near the 
Esquiline gate at Rome, where the poorest 
were buried. 

Pydna, pyd'-na (or, in Roman times, Cit- 
rum), a town of Pieria, in Macedonia, west of 
the Thermaic gulf. Under its walls the last 
king, Perseus, of Macedonia, was conquered 
by /Emilius Paulus, 168 B.C. 

Pygm^ei, pyg-mcg '-i, the Pygmies, a fabu- 
lous race of dwarfs, whose height was only a 
irvyn>i (13^ inches). They lived on the shores 
of the Ocean, or, according to later writers, in 
^Ethiopia, or India, or the extreme north. 
These Lilliputians, mounted on goats and 
lambs of proportionable stature to themselves, 
warred with cranes, which every spring came 
to plunder them. They were originally go- 
verned by a princess, Gerana, who was changed 
into a crane for boasting of her beauty as supe- 
rior to that of Juno. 

Pygmalion (-onis), pyg-mal'-i-o?i. 1. See 
Dido. 2. A king and statuary of Cyprus, 
was a misogynist, but became enamoured of 
an ivory statue of a maiden, which he himself 
had made, and at his earnest prayer Venus 
animated the statue. Pygmalion married the 
woman thus created, and she bore him Paphus, 
who founded the city of that name in 
Cyprus. 

Pylades, pyl'-d-des. 1. Son of King Stro- 
phlus, of Phocis, and Agamemnon's sister 
Anaxibla, was educated with his cousin Orestes 
(q.v.), with whom he contracted so great a 
friendship that it has become proverbial, like 
that of Damon and Pythias, or Nisus and 
Euryalus, or Thoseus and Pirithous. His 
services to Orestes were rewarded with the 
hand of his sister Electra, who bore him 
Medon and StrophTus. 2. A celebrated Greek 
musician, tei7ip. Philopoemen. 

Pyl.e, pyl'-ce (gates), a common name for any 
narrow pass, as Thcmtopylce, Pylcp Casplce. 

Pylagor^e, pyl-ag'-d-rce, members of the 
Amphictyonic council, from their meeting at 
Pylae (T/iermopylee). 

Pylos, pyi'-os. 1. A port in south-western 
Messenia, near the promontory Coryphasium, 
at the northern entrance of the modern Bay of 
Navarvio. The Athenians made it a military 
port of great importance during the Pelopon- 
tiesian war, and forced the surrender of the 
Spartans who were in the isle Sphacteria, at 
the entrance of the harbour. 2. A coast town 
of Elis, near the base of Mount Scollis. 3. 
The capital of Elis Triphylia, on the coast. 

Pyramus, py'-rd-miis. 1. A Babylonian 
youth, became enamoured of his neighbour, a 



Pyrrho 

beautiful virgin, Thisbe. The union was dis- 
approved of by their parents, and they could 
only communicate with each other through a 
chink in the partition-wall which separated their 
houses. On one occasion they agreed to meet 
one another at the tomb of Ninus under a 
white mulberry-tree outside the walls of Ba- 
bylon. Thisbe first reached the appointed 
place, but the sudden arrival of a lioness 
frightened her, and, as she fled, she dropped 
her veil, which the lioness, having just torn an 
ox to pieces, soiled with blood. When Pyramus 
came and found Thisbe's veil blood-stained, he 
supposed she had been killed, and he at once 
stabbed himself ; and Thisbe, returning soon 
and finding her lover's corpse, fell upon his 
sword. The mulberry-tree, whose leaves were 
stained with the blood of the lovers, ever after 
bore blood-coloured fruit. 2. A river of Cilicia. 
flowing from Anti-Taurus (partly underground) 
into the Mediterranean, near Mallus. 

Pyren^eus, py-re-wz'-us, a king of Thrace, 
who sheltered the Muses in a storm and at- 
tempted to offer them violence. The goddesses 
rlew away ; and Pyrenseus, trying to imitate 
their aerial flight, flung himself from the top of 
a tower, and was killed. 

Pyrene (-es), py-re'-7ie. 1. Or Pyren^ei, 
py-re-nce'-i (orum), a lofty mountain-range 
separating Gaul from Spain, and running, 
above 270 miles, from the Atlantic to the 
Mediterranean : the south-eastern extremity 
was termed Pyre'ues Promonto'rlum, or Pro- 
monto'rium Ven'eris (from its temple of 
Venus). 2. A daughter of King Bebrycius, 
of the southern parts of Spain. Hercules, on 
his route to Gades, offered her violence, and 
she fled to v 'i), which was called after her. 

Pyrgi, pyr'-gi. 1. A coast town of Etruria. 
2. A town in the south of Elis Triphylia, built 
by the Minyae. 

Pyrrha, pyr'-rha. 1. See Deucalion. 2. 
A coast town of western Lesbos. 3. A town 
and promontory of Phthiotis, on the Pagasean 
gulf, off which were two isles, Pyrrha and 
Deucalion. 

Pyrrhid^e, pyr'-rkl-dx, Neoptolemus's suc- 
. cessors. 

J Pyrrho (-onis), pyr'-rho, the founder of the 
I Pyrrhonists* or the Sceptics' school of philo- 
, sophy among the Greeks, was a native of Elis, 
I and in his youth maintained himself by his 
paintings. He afterwards studied under Bry- 
son and Anaxarchus, and is said to have gone 
with the latter in the expedition of Alexander 
the Great. He flourished 304 B.C., and died 
at the age of 90. He left no writings behind 
him, and his system, PyrrJiotiism, was first 
presented in a written form by Timon, his 
disciple. His main tenets were that the end of 
philosophy was practical, — it ought to lead to 
happiness ; but, to live happily, things, and their 
relation to us, must be known ; but, according 
to Pyrrho, all things are indifferent as to truth or 
falsehood, no certainty can be attained by our 
senses or mental faculties, and to every posi- 
tion a contrary may be advanced ; and the true 



212 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Pyrrhus 



relation of the philosopher, the happy man, to 
things, consists in the entire suspension of 
judgment and the withholding of every posi- 
tive assertion. The scepticism, however, of 
the New Academy, under Arcesilaus and 
Carneades, and of the Pyrrhonists, or of the 
later Sceptics, ^Enesidemus, Agrippa, and 
Sextus Emplrlcus, were of slight influence on 
the course of philosophic development, when 
compared with that of Zeno the Eleatic. 

Pyrrhus, fiyr'-rhus. i. See Neoptole- 
MUS. 2. A celebrated king of Eplrus, was son 
of iEarides and Phthia, born 318 B.C., and 
claimed descent maternally from Achilles, and 
paternally from Hercules. He was edu- 
cated at the court of King GlautTas, of Illy- 
rlcum, his family being in banishment from 
Eplrus, and when twelve years old he was 
placed on his ancestral throne by Glautias, 
but was expelled five years after, through the 
intrigues of Cassander, who again procured 
the throne for the usurper Neoptolemus, who 
had held it from the exile of ^Eacides to the 
restoration of Pyrrhus. The youthful exile 
then went with his brother-in-law Demetrius 
to the East, and took a prominent part in the 
battle of Ipsus, 301, and, on afterwards going 
as a hostage for Demetrius into Egypt, he 
received the hand of Berenice's daughter 
Antigone, and soon obtained from Ptolemy I., 
Soter, a sufficient force to attempt the re- 
covery of his throne, in which he was suc- 
cessful, 295. He then attacked King Lysima- 
chus of Macedonia, and was for a time in 
possession of a part of his dominions, 286. 
He now devoted himself to developing his 
resources, and, in 280, crossed over with an 
army to Italy, to aid the Tarentines, at their 
request, against the Romans ; but in a storm 
on the voyage he lost a large portion of his 
troops. On his entrance into Tarentum he 
began to reform the manners of the inhabi- 
tants, and, by introducing the strictest disci- 
pline among their troops, to accustom them to 
bear fatigue and despise danger. In his first 
battle with the Romans he obtained the vic- 
tory, but with great loss, over the consul 
Valerius Lssvlnus, near Heraclea, but for this 
he was especially indebted to his elephants, 
whose bulk and novel appearance terriried the 
P.oman cavalry, and forced the foot at last to 
give way. Pyrrhus advanced within twenty-four 
miles of Rome, and sent his minister, Cineas, 
to propose peace ; but the persuasive eloquence 
of Cineas was unavailing, and, while reporting 
the failure of his mission, he said that the 
Roman Senate was a venerable assembly of 
kings, and that to attack the Romans was to 
attack another Hydra. In 279 Pyrrhus again 
defeated the Romans under the consuls P. 
Deems Mus and P. Sulpicms Saverrio, near 
Asculum ; but his losses were so considerable 
that he gladly accepted the invitation of the 
Greek cities in Sicily to cross over to aid them 
against the Carthaginians. His operations in 
Sicily, 278 — 276, were marked by no successes, 
and, after his failure in an attempt on Lily- 



Pythagoras 

baeum, which made him very unpopular among 
the_ Greeks, and occasioned several plots 
against him, he returned to Italy, in the 
autumn of 276, to resume the war with Rome, 
and united with his forces the garrison which 
he had left in Tarentum. In 275 he was de- 
feated, near Beneventum, by the consul Curius 
Dentatus : his forces were by this defeat 
reduced to 8,000 foot and 500 horse, and he 
was therefore compelled to return to Eplrus. 
To recruit his exhausted exchequer he attacked 
King Antigonus II., of Macedonia, and suc- 
ceeded in wresting the throne from him. He 
afterwards marched against Sparta, but, being 
unsuccessful in his assault, he retired, and 
encamped before Argos, which was then torn 
with political dissensions. He marched his 
forces into the town by night, but the delay 
caused by bringing in the elephants gave 
opportunity to the citizens to rally, and a fierce 
engagement ensued, in which Pyrrhus, in dis- 
guise, was killed with a tile thrown from a 
housetop by a woman whose son he was about 
to run through, 272. Thus perished, in his 
46th year, an excellent and sagacious prince, 
extolled by the great Hannibal as the first of 
commanders. 3. Pyrrhus II., of Eplrus, 367 
B.C., grandson of (1) and son of Alexander II., 
of Eplrus, and Olymplas, was murdered by the 
people of Ambraaa. 

Pythagoras, py-thag'-o-ras. 1. A famous 
early Greek philosopher, about 540 — 510 B.C., 
was a native of Samos, and son of Mnesarchus. 
After being well educated in poetry, music, 
eloquence, and astronomy, he proceeded 
abroad, and is said to have travelled not 
merely in Egypt, but far in the East ; return- 
ing to Greece, he received great honours at 
the Olympic games, where he was saluted 
publicly as Socpca-i'jg (in the sense of wise man), 
but he declined the appellation, and assumed, 
in preference, that of q,i\6ao<poq {friend of 
wisdom). After visiting the various states of 
Greece, he withdrew to southern Italy, and 
settled at Crotona, where he founded a fra- 
ternity of 300 members, — the Pythagorean 
Brc4i.erhood, bound by vows to conform to 
the religious theories and ascetic life of Pytha- 
goras, and devote themselves to the study of 
his religious and philosophical theories. Simi- 
lar fraternities, whose members had secret 
signs or words for mutual recognition, were 
established in the other cities of southern 
Italy ; but, at Crotona, the people rose against 
them and burnt their house, when oniy the 
younger monks escaped ; and in other places 
they were equally unpopular. Pythagoras is 
said by some to have perished in the fire at 
Crotona with his disciples, but by others 
to have fled to Tarentum, and thence to Meta- 
pontum, where he starved himself ; however, 
little is really known personally of himself or 
his doctrines. The latter are chiefly inferred 
from the system of his followers, the Pytha- 
goreans, among whom there was an absence 
of individuality, though in Aristotle's time 
divergences of doctrine occurred among them. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



213 



Pytheas 



The chief Pythagorean is Philolaus, the con- 
temporary of Socrates, but Plato was con- 
siderably tinged with Pythagoreanism, which 
he is said to have eventually adopted. The 
development of the Ionic philosophy — Thales, 
Anaximander, Anaximenes— was towards the 
abstraction of Matter from all else, but this 
process was directed solely to the determined 
quality of matter. Pythagoras, a metaphy- 
sical and geometrical rather than a physical 
philosopher, carried this abstraction higher, 
looking away from the sensible concretions of 
matter and its qualitative determinateness, as 
water, air, &c, and regarding only its quanti- 
tative determinateness, its space-filling pro- 
perty, i.e., Number, which is the principle 
(upx>7), or first cause, of Pythagoras ; but the 
ancients differ as to whether he held that 
things had their origin in Number, or that it 
was merely their archetype ; probably it was 
first regarded in the former light, and after- 
wards in the latter. Of course the carrying 
out of this abstract principle into the province 
of the real could only lead to a fruitless sym- 
bolism. The only value in this mysticism of 
numbers is the thought— at the bottom of it, 
but hidden under extravagant and vapid 
fancies — that there really are a rational order, 
harmony, and conformity to law in the pheno- 
mena of nature, and that these laws of nature 
can be represented in measure and number. 
The Physics of the Pythagoreans possessed 
little value except Philolaus' doctrine respect- 
ing the circular motion of the earth. All that 
is known of their Ethics refers to their canon 
of life, which, like the Orphic (both of them 
supposed by Herodotus to be chiefly derived 
from Egypt), was distinguished by a multi- 
plicity of abstinences, disgusts, antipathies, in 
respect to food and other physical circum- 
stances of life — elevated into rules of the most 
imperative force and necessity. Connected 
Avith this asceticism were their doctrines re- 
specting the metempsychosis or transmigration 
of the soul, their view of the body as the soul's 
prison, their opposition to suicide, &c. 2. A 
celebrated Greek statuary, of Rhegium, 460 

B.C. 

Pytheas, py'-the-as, a native of Massilia 
{Marseilles., temp. Alexander the Great, dis- 
tinguished as a geographer" and astronomer. 
He travelled extensively. 

Pythia, py'-thi-a. 1. Apollo's priestess at 
Delphi, consecrated to celibacy and the service 
of the god for life, was always a native of 
Delphi, and in early times always a young 
girl ; but after violence had once been offered 
the Pythia by a Thessalian, Echecrates, no 
one was elected under 50. When she was to 
give the oracle of the god, the Pythia was led 
by her spokesman (7rpo<p»/T>jj;), and seated on 
a high tripod over an opening in the ground, 
from which there issued an intoxicating smoke 
that was believed to be connected with the 
well of Cassotis, the waters of which disap- 
peared in the ground close to the temple. The 
Pythia became delirious from the fumes, and 



Queestor 

her ravings were carefully noted down, and 
regarded as the god's response. The oracles 
extant are chiefly in Ionic hexameters. In 
later times there were two Pythias, who took 
their seats alternately, and a third was kept for 
any exigency, for it sometimes happened that 
the Pythia was ill for some time after being 
seized with the divine enthusiasm on the tripod, 
and occasionally death occurred from the ex- 
citement. 2. One of the four great Greek festivals 
(Pythian, Olympian, Isthmian, Nemean), cele- 
brated near Delphi (Pytho) on the Crissa^an 
plain, in honour of Latona, Diana, and Apollo, 
by the last of whom they were instituted to 
commemorate his slaying the Python. They 
became gradually extended from a local fes- 
tival in connection with the Delphic oracle, 
when hymns were sung, into a great national 
gathering, at which all the contests of the 
Olympic games were exhibited. Originally 
they were celebrated every eighth year, but 
after 527 B.C. at the end of every fourth year 
and in the third year of each Olympiad, the 
celebration of the games being at the same time 
transferred from the Delphians to the Amphic- 
tyonic Council. 

Pythias, py'-thi-as {see Damon). 

Pythius, py'-thl-us, Apollo, from the Python 
(q. v.), or from Pytho (q.v.). 

Pytho, py'-tho, the ancient name of Delphi, 
from the Python having rotted there. 

Python (-onis), py'-thon, a celebrated ser- 
pent, sprung from the mud on the earth's sur- 
face after Deucalion's deluge, lived in the caves 
of Mount Parnassus, near Delphi. The Python 
was sent by Juno to torment Latona (q.v.), and 
it was killed by Apollo {Pythius) immediately 
after his birth, who, in commemoration, founded 
the Pythia (2, q. v. ). 

Pythonissa, py-tho-nis'-sa, any prophetess, 
but especially Apollo's priestess, the Pythia. 



O 

Quadi, qua.'-di, a warlike people of south- 
eastern Germany, east of the Marcomanni. 

Quadriceps (-clpis), qiiad'-ri-ceps, or Quad- 
rifrons (-ontis), quad'-rl-frons, Janus, from 
his being represented with four heads. 

QUAESTOR, quces'-tor, or Qu^esitor, quce-si'- 
tor, a name applied in common to the members 
of two sets of Roman magistrates, who per- 
formed very different functions. They were — ■ 
1. Qu^estores ^Erarii, quces-io'-res ce-ra'-rl-i, 
the Commissioners of the Treasury (and the 
Record-office), annually appointed by the 
Senate to receive, take charge of, and disburse, 
the public money under the orders of the 
House. They were originally two, but four 
after 421 B.C., two remaining as Quceslores 
Urbdni in the city, and two going with the 
Consuls to take charge of the military chest 
and the plunder. Other four were added on 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DLCTLONARY. 



Q,uerquetulanus 



the subjugation of Italy, about the beginning of 
the first Punic war ; Sulla increased the eight 
to twenty, and Julius Caesar made the number 
forty. The Quaestors were chosen exclusively 
from the Patricians till 421 B.C., and when the 
numbers were increased they were distributed 
among the provincial governors, except, of 
course, the Quaestores Urbani. The Qucestfira 
was regarded as the lowest of the great offices 
of state, and the Quaestors had no outward 
mark of distinction. Under the Empire the 
JErarium was chiefly transferred to the Prae- 
tors. Two Quaestors were attached to each 
consul, and the emperor had a special officer, 
Quccstor Priu'cipis, who for one year acted as 
a principal secretary of state, and drew up and 
communicated to the Senate the imperial re- 
scripts, and when the emperor was also Consul 
he had two Quaestors, called Qzicestores Cce 'saris. 
2. Quaestores Tarricidu, par-ri-ci'-di-i, ex- 
traordinary magistrates, appointed in primitive 
times at Rome to preside at criminal trials, 
originally at those for homicide. The Decem'- 
viri Perdiiel'lid'nis, nominated by Tullus 
Hostilius for the trial of Horatms, and the 
Duum'viri who investigated the charge of 
treason against Manlius and the charge against 
C. Rabirius, belonged to this class of magis- 
trates (see Triumviri Capitales). From 
these were derived the Qzt&sitores or magis- 
trates to whom the Comitla, which possessed 
the right of judging in all causes affecting the 
rights of Roman citizens, delegated its powers 
when the number of trials increased. The 
earliest appointment of these latter was 413 B.C., 
when the Consuls were appointed Quaestors, or 
special commissioners for investigating the 
murder ofPostumlus by his soldiers. Gradually 
all criminal trials passed to these judicial 
Quaestors, whose special commission, or Quces'- 
tio, was assisted by a Consil'ium, or body of 
assessors, or a jury. After 149 B.C., by the 
Calpumia lex de Repetundis, standing com- 
missions, Qu^ESTIONES PeRPETU-iE, quces-ti-d'- 
nes per-pet' -ic-a , were appointed. Each Qzicestio 
Perpetua took cognizance of one class of 
offences only, and though a permanent court, 
it was regarded as only a delegacy of the 
people. Any one might lodge an accusation 
in it. Each of these courts consisted of the 
Quaestor or Judge, who was either a praetor or 
one specially nominated Jii'dex Qticestid'uis, 
and the Consilium of Ju dices or Jurors, who 
were necessarily Senators till 122 B.C., when 
Gracchus transferred the Judicia, by his Lex 
Semprdnia, to the Equestrian order, with whom 
the judicia generally remained, despite the 
efforts of the Senate, till the abrogation of 
Gracchus's law by Sulla, 81 ; but by the 
Aurelia lex of Aurelfus Cotta, 70, the judicia 
were divided among the Senate, Equestrian 
order, and Tribuni /Erarii, but the latter were 
deprived by Pompey, 55. 

Querquetu'-anus, quer'-qtie-tii-ld'-mis, 
Mount Ccelius, from its oaks. 



Quirites 



Quindecimviri, quin'-de-cim'-vir-i(see Du- 
umviri). 

Quinqu atria, quin-qua! -tri-a, a Roman 
festival of five days, from 19th March, in 
honour of Minerva. 

Quintilianus, M. Fabius, qtiiu '-til-i-d '- 
nus, fab'-i-us, a famous Roman rhetorician 
and critic, born at Calagurris, in Spain, A.r>. 
40, studied at Rome, where he began to prac- 
tise, and with great success, as a barrister, 
about 68, and also opened a school of rhetoric ; 
in both pursuits he was eminent. The em- 
peror Domitian created him Consul, and made 
him tutor of the two young princes whom he 
destined for his successors on the throne ; and 
Vespasian put him on the civil list ; thus making 
him first public Professor. He is said, how- 
ever, to have amassed but little, and to have 
been relieved, in his retirement, by the liberal- 
ity of the younger Pliny, one of his pupils. He 
died about 118. His great extant work is the 
Institutiones Oratories (or De Institutidne 
Oratorio), a complete system of rhetoric in 
twelve books, a worthy production of a man 
distinguished for his ripe experience, solid 
learning, excellent critical taste, and good 
sense; there also exist 164 various declama- 
tions attributed to him. 

Quintillus, M. Aurelius Claudius, quin- 
til'-his, au-re'-li-us clau'-di-us, brother of the 
emperor Claudius II., on whose death he pro- 
claimed himself emperor, and seventeen days 
after killed himself, on learning that Aurelian 
was marching against him, a.d. 270. 

Quintus, quin'-ttis. 1. Curtius Rufus, 
cu?'-ti-us ru'-fus^ a Roman, probably temp. 
Vespasian or Trajan, wrote a history of Alex- 
ander the Great in ten books, of which eight, 
but not in a complete state, are extant. 2. 
Smyrnjeus (see Calaber). 

Quirinalis, quir-i-na'-lis, formerly Ago'- 
nius, and latterly Colli'mts and Caballl'nus 
(from its two marble figures of a horse, the 
one by Phidias, the other by Praxiteles), was 
one of the seven hills of Rome. It was early 
inhabited by a Sabine colony, Quirites (q.v.). 
The gate in that part of Rome also bore the 
name Quirinalis. 

Quirinus, qui-rl'-nus, a Latin word, said to 
be connected with the Sabine quirts, spear, 
was applied to Romulus after his deification, 
but also to Mars and Janus, and, out of flat- 
tery, to Augustus. Romulus's festivals, Qui- 
rind'lia, were celebrated on the XI 1 1. Kal. Mar. 

Quirites (-um), qui-rl'-tes, was the title of 
the Roman citizens in their civil capacity, 
and therefore never applied to the citizens 
when in military service, except contemptuously 
in seditions. The name is said to have origi- 
nated in the extension, to all the citizens, of 
the name of the Sabine colony, Quirites, from 
Cures, which settled in a town, probably Qui- 
rium, on the Quirinalis, and amalgamated 
with early Rome : it was probably connected 
with Quirinus (Romulus). 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DLCTIONARY. 



Kabirius 



R 

Rabirius, rd-hi'-ri-us. i. G, a Roman 
senator, was accused, 63 B.C., by tribune T. 
Labienus, of having been instrumental in 
causing the death, in 100, of the turbulent 
tribune L. Appuleius Saturnlnus. The obso- 
lete Duumviri Perduellionisvizxz resuscitated 
for the trial, C. J. and L. Csesar being ap- 
pointed to this office, though the accusation 
was really at the instigation of C. J. Caesar, 
who wished, by an assault on so venerable and 
influential a man, to frighten the Senate from 
taking strong measures against the popular 
party. The prosecution evoked was not carried 
out. The comitia was about to ratify the con- 
demnation by the Duumviri, when the praetor, 
Q. Metellus Celer, broke up the meeting. 2. 
C, Postumus, pos'-tu-mtis, a Roman knight, 
son of (1), was appointed by King Ptolemy 
XI., Auletes, his treasurer, and afterwards im- 
prisoned by the king for his extortions ; but he 
escaped, and was prosecuted in Rome, along 
with Gabinius, for embezzlement. 

Ramnes, ram'-nes, or Ramnenses, ravi- 
nen'-ses, one of the three ancient tribes of 
Rome, constituted by Romulus. 

Rasenna, ra-sen'-na (see Etruria). 

Raudii, Campi, rau'-di-i, cam'-pi, a plain 
near Verona, in northern Italy, where the 
Cimbri were defeated by Marius and Catulus, 

IOI B.C. 

Rauraci, rati'-rd-ci, a people of Gallia 
Belglca, south of the Helvetii, with whom 
they emigrated, 58 B.C. 

Ravenna, ra-ven'-tia, a city of Cisalpine 
Gaul, in a marshy district, near the sea, 
founded by Thessalians and repeopled by 
Umbrians, was of little importance till made 
by Augustus a naval station. It was after- 
wards strongly fortified, and therefore became 
an imperial residence when the Western empire 
was threatened by the barbarian hordes. It 
became the capital of Theodoric the Ostrogoth 
a.d. 490, and, after the fall of his kingdom, 
was the seat of the Exarch, the Byzantine 
viceroys in Italy, till its capture by the Lom- 
bards, 752. 

Reate, re-d'-te, a Sabine town, near the 
Lake Vellnus, in a beautiful valley. 

R edones, red'-d-nes, a people of Lugdunense 
Gaul. 

Regillianus, Q. Nonius, re-gil-li-d' -mis , 
nd'-ni-us, a Dacian, rose to the highest military 
offices under Valerian. From the unpopularity 
of Gallienus, Regillianus was elected emperor 
by the populace, but was soon after murdered 
by his soldiers, a.d. 262. 

Regillus Lacus, re-giV-lus Idc'-us, a lake 
near Tusculum, between Lavlcum and Gabli, 
scene of the victory of the Romans under 
PostumTus over the Latin supporters of the 
expelled Tarquins, 498 B.C. 

Regium, re'-gi-um, or Regium Lep'idi (or 



Rhadamantlius 



Lep'idmn), or Fdr'um Lep'idi, now Reggio, a 
town of the Boii, in Cisalpine Gaul. 

Regulus, re'-gii-lus. 1. M. Atilius, a-ti'-U- 
us, celebrated for his simplicity of life, fru- 
gality, and heroic conduct in the first Punic 
war ; was consul 267 B.C., when he conquered 
the Sallentines ; when consul a second time, 256, 
with his colleague L. Manlius Vulso Longus, 
he crossed over to Africa, defeating the Cartha- 
ginian fleet on the way, off Ecnomos, in southern 
Sicily, and landed near Clupea, which the 
consuls made their head-quarters, whence they 
ravaged the Carthaginian territory. Regulus 
remained with half the army in Africa during 
the winter, and, 255, followed into the hilly 
districts the Carthaginian army under Has- 
drubal, Bostar, and Hamilcar, which he 
attacked and utterly routed, and took Tunis ; 
but in 255, Xanthippus, a Spartan mercenary 
officer, having been appointed Carthaginian 
general, attacked Regulus in the plain, utterly 
routed his forces, of whom scarcely 2,000 
escaped safely to Clupea, and took Regulus 
himself prisoner ; Regulus remained in con- 
finement till, after the great Roman victory 
gained by L. Csecilius Metellus under the 
walls of Panormus, 250, the Carthaginians, 
dispirited, sent an embassy to Rome to solicit 
peace, and sent Regulus along with the ambas- 
sadors, after having exacted a promise from 
him that he would return if their offers were 
declined. When Regulus was asked his 
opinion by the senators, he dissuaded them 
from peace, and diverted their thoughts from 
his probable fate by saying that the Car- 
thaginians had administered to him a slow 
poison, and that therefore in any case his 
hours were numbered. When he returned to 
Carthage he was, according to the common 
story, confined in a barrel studded over with 
iron nails till he perished ; and others add that, 
when placed in the barrel, his eyelids were cut 
off", and he was first placed in a dark dungeon 
and then exposed to the burning rays of the 
sun. His family inflicted cruel reprisals on 
the Carthaginian prisoners in their custody. 2. 
C. Atilius, Serranus, ser-rd'-mis, consul 
257 B.C., in the first Punic war, defeated the 
Carthaginian fleet off Lipara, and when consul 
a second time, 250, with L. Manlius Vulso, he 
began the siege of Lilybaeum, which continued 
for the remaining years of the war. 

Remi, re'-mi, or Rhe'-mi, a powerful people 
of Gallia Belglca, north and east of the Nervii ; 
their capital was Durocor 1 torum, and after- 
wards Remi, now Rkeims : they allied with 
Caesar, 57 B.C. 

Remuria, re-mut'-i-a (see Lemuria). 

Remus, rem' -us (see Romulus). 

Rha, rha, now Volga, a river of Asia, 
flowing south-west from northern Sarmatia till 
near the Tanais, when it flows south-east into 
the Caspian. 

Rhadamanthus, rhdd-d-man'-iJnts, was 
elder brother of Minos I., from whom he fled to 
Ocalea, in Bceotia, where he married Alcmene, 
and was made king. From the justice and 



2l6 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Rhsetia 



impartiality of his rule he was said to have 
been made a judge in the nether world, along 
with his brother Minos, and iEacus. 

RhjETIA, rhce'-tt-a, a mountainous country 
at the north of Italy, between the Alps and the 
Danube, inhabited by a warlike people, the 
Rhceti \oi the same race as the inhabitants of 
Etruria), who, expelled from northern Italy by 
the invasion of the Celts, immigrated into 
Rhsetia, under a leader Rhtetus. They were 
reduced under Augustus by Drusus and 
Tiberius, and Rhsetia made a province, to 
which VindelicTa was added about the end of 
the ist century A. D. Rhsetia is traversed by 
the Alpes Rlicz'tlca:, the chain extending 
from the St. Gothard to the Orteler, from 
which most of the rivers of northern Italy 
riowed. 

Rhamnus (-untis), rham'-nus, a coast deme 
of eastern Attica, had a famous temple of 
Nemesis. 

Rhapsodi, rhap-so'-di, the itinerant pro- 
fessional reciters of epic poems, especially of 
those of Homer. In the early times they 
wandered from city to city among the Greeks, 
and recited the great poetic works, which, from 
the infrequent use of writing, were accessible 
in that way alone to all but the most culti- 
vated. 

Rhea, rhe'-a or rhe'-a. i. An ancient 
goddess, daughter of Ccelus and Terra, and 
wife of Saturnus (q.v.), to whom she bore 
Vesta, Ceres, Juno, Pluto, Neptune, and Jupi- 
ter. Rhea has been confounded with several 
of the other goddesses ; she was strictly a 
goddess of the Greeks, who later identified 
her with with the great Asiatic goddess Cybele, 
the "Mother of the Gods" (neyuKr) /u>';t»p, 
Magna Mater), whose wild rites passed from 
Phrygfa into Greece, where they were con- 
nected with those of Bacchus. By the 
Romans, Rhea was identified with their an- 
cient goddess Ops, whom they regarded as 
wife of Saturn and mother of Jupiter. 2. 
Silvia, sil'-vi-a (see Ilia). 

Rhegium, rhe'-gl-uin, now Reggio, a city 
on the coast of Brutthim, opposite Messana. 

Rhenea, rhe-ne'-a, anciently Oj-tygla and 
Celadussa, one of the Cyclades, west of 
Delos. 

Rhenus, rhe'-mis, the Rhine, a famous 
river, bounding Gaul and Germany, flows from 
Mount AdQla west, and when past Basilla 
(Basle) north into the Ocean, after a course of 
nearly 950 miles, by several mouths : its chief 
mouth on the west was called the Vahalis, the 
Helium of Pliny, that in the centre the 
Rhenus, and on the east the Fleviim. Its 
chief tributaries were the Mosella, Mosa, 
Luppia, Mcenus, Nicer. It was not crossed 
by the Romans till Caesar's time. 

Rhesus, rhe'-sus. 1. The son of King 
Eioneus of Thrace, after many warlike ex- 
ploits in Europe, marched to assist King Priam 
of Troy against his Greek besiegers. An 
oracle had declared that Troy would never be 
taken if the white horses of Rhesus once 



Eogatio 

drank of the Xanthus and fed on the grass of 
the Trojan plains. On his encamping in the 
Trojan territory, Diomedes and Ulysses pene- 
trated into his camp at night, killed Rhesus, 
and carried off his horses : his wife, the hun- 
tress Arganthone, killed herself in despair. 2. 
A river-god of Bithynla, son of Oceanus and 
Tethys. 

Rhium, rhi'-wn, a promontory in AchaTa, 
at the south side of the narrow entrance to the 
Corinthian gulf, opposite Antirrliium, in 
iEtolfa. 

Rhip.ei Montes, rhi-fice'-i mon'-tes, the 
name applied by the ancients to a range of 
mountains which they supposed to run along 
the northern parts of Europe. 

Rhodanus, rhod'-a-nus, the Rhone, a great 
river of Gaul, flows from Mount Adula west 
through the Lemannus lake, and then south 
into the Galhcus Sinus. 

Rhode, rhod'-e (see Rhodos). 

Rhodius, rhod'-i-ns, a river of the Troad. 

Rhodope, rhod'-o-pe, a wooded mountain- 
range of Thrace, named from the wife of King 
Haemus, of Thrace, changed into it for con- 
sidering herself more beautiful than Juno. 
Rhodope'ius is used for Thracian. 

Rhodopis (-fdis), rho-do'-pis, or Dd'richa, a 
famous Greek courtesan, was a fellow-slave 
with ^Esop, of Iadmon of Samos ; she was 
afterwards purchased by a Samian, Xanthes, 
who placed her for immoral purposes in Nau- 
cratis in Egypt, temp. King Amasis ; there 
Sappho's brother Charaxus fell in love with 
her and purchased her freedom, and she was 
in consequence satirized by Sappho. 

Rhodos, rhod'-os, a nymph, bore seven sons 
to Sol in Rhodus (which was named from her). 

Rhodunia, rJid-du'-ni-a, the top of Mount 
OEta. 

Rhodus, rhod'-tis, an island about twelve 
miles from the promontory Cynossema, in 
southern Caria, named from Rhodos, or from 
its abundant roses (p66a). It was colonized by 
the Greeks under Hercules' son Tlepolemus, 
and afterwards by Althaemenes. Its three 
cities, Lindus, Camlrus, and Ialysus, which, 
with Halicarnassus, Cos, and Cnidus, formed 
the Dorian Hexapolis in south-western Asia 
Minor, early rose to great naval power, and a 
new cit3% Rhodus (Rhodes) was built in 408 
B.C. Rhodes was famous for its Colossus 
(q.v.). 

Rhcecus, i-ha?-cus. 1. A centaur, killed by 
Atalanta for pursuing her with Hylaeus (see 
Rhcetus, i). 2. An architect of Samos, 640 
B.C. 3. A giant killed by Bacchus. 

Rhceteum, rhoz-te'-um, a town and rocky 
promontory of Mysla, on the Hellespont, near 
^Eantium. 

Rhcetus, rho/-tns. 1. A centaur (but 
probably the same as Rhcecus, 1), said to have 
been killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. after 
attempting to offer violence to Atalanta. 2. 
A king of the Marrubli, father of Archemorus 
(by a former wife), and husband of Casperia. 

Rogatio, ro-gd'-U-o, a proposed law or 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



2TJ 



Roma 



decree at Rome, a Bill, which became an Act, 
lex, when passed by the people in the ComitTa 
(q. v.) under all legal forms ; but later Rogatio 
and Lex were used as convertible terms. A 
Sendtiis-consultnm was a decree of the Roman 
Senate, which, if not vetoed by one of the 
tribunes of the plebs, possessed the binding 
force of a Lex in matters not provided for by 
any existing law, but could not overturn any 
existing law ; and if it was vetoed by a tribune, 
it had no legal efficacy whatsoever, but was 
merely a protest on the part of the members 
whose names it bore. At Athens the term 
■npoftovXevna was applied to the preliminary 
decree by the Senate, which became a /3ov\ev/j.a 
or law when passed by the people in the 
Assembly. 

Roma, rd'-ma, a famous city of Italy, for 
centuries the mistress of the civilized world, 
situated about sixteen miles from the sea, in 
N.W. Latham, on the left bank of the Tiber, 
on the far-famed seven hills — Capitolinus in 
the N., S. of it the Palatums, S. of the latter, 
and nearly touching the river, the Aventlnus, 
S.E. of the Palatine the Cazlius (originally 
Querquetulanus), and W. of the Ccelian, going 
from W. to N., the Esquillnus, Viminalis, 
and Qnirinalis. The Vaticanus lay E. of the 
Tiber, the Janiciilum S. of it in the bend of 
the river. The Collis Hortilldwim, afterwards 
Mons Pinchis, was N. of the Quirinal. The 
Campus Martins was between the river and 
the two mounts, Capitolhie and Quirinal. The 
original city, as founded by Romulus (q.v.), 
753 B.C., comprised only the Palatine, and 
being of a square form, walled, was called 
Roma Qnadrata, Avhile the Sabine colony 
(Quirites), under Titus Tatius, occupied the 
Quirinal and Capitoline, and the Etruscans the 
Coelian mount. In the reign of Romulus these 
were amalgamated into one people, divided by 
him into three tribes, Ramnes (Romans), Titles 
(Sabines), and Liiceres (Etruscans) ; and after 
the death of his colleague, Titus Tatius, 
Romulus reigned as sole king. Tullus Hos- 
tilius, 673 — 641, increased the population of 
Rome by the removal to it of the people of 
Alba Longa ; and King Ancus Marcius, 
640 — 616, again increased the Plebs by his 
Latin wars, and inclosed the Aventine within 
the city for the new population, and fortified 
the Janiculum, in connection with which he 
built the Pons Stiblichis. Under Tarquinius 
Priscus, 616 — 578, the buildings and population 
increased ; and Servius Tullius, 578 — 534, made 
Rome Septicollis (seven-hilled) by the addition 
of the Viminal and Esquiline ; and under the 
last king, Tarquinius Superbus, 534 — 510, be- 
yond the Capitoline temple, little was done to 
improve the city. Rome was at first one of the 
cities of the great confederacy of Latium. It 
was probably originally a colony of Alba Longa 
— an origin to which the legend of Romulus 
seems to point ; but it overthrew its mother- 
city, and attained considerable power under 
the Tarquins. Its power declined after the 
expulsion of the kings (510 B.C.), but again 



Komulus 



revived rapidly, and in 272 the whole of Italy 
was subjugated by Rome. The order of her 
foreign conquests is given under Provincia. 
For the long internal contest for political 
equality on the part of the Plebs against the 
Patricians, see Plebs, and for the political 
organization see Centuria, Comitia, Sena- 
tus, Consul, Praetor, tEdiles, Censor, 
Quaestor, Tribuni Pleeis, Dictator, De- 
cemviri, Pr,EFECTUS UrBI, PrOVINCIA. 

Romani, rd-md'-ni, the inhabitants of Roma 
(q-v.). . , 

Romulus, ro'-mu-his. 1. The mythical 
founder and first king of Rome, was, according 
to the common legend, twin-brother of Remus 
and son of King iNumitor's daughter Ilia (or 
Rhea Silvia) and the god Mars. When their 
mother (see Ilia) was thrown with them into 
the Tiber, the twins, the river being in flood, 
were floated ashore, and were suckled by a she- 
wolf, which took them to her lair, where they 
were found by the king's shepherd Faustulus, 
whose wife, Acca Larentla, adopted and reared 
them. A contest about flocks led to the twin- 
brothers, now grown up, being led before the 
deposed Numltor, who recognized their 
features. Their real origin being now known 
to them, they slew Amulhis, and placed their 
grandfather Numltor on his rightful throne. 
Romulus and Remus then went to found a city, 
753 B.C., on the Tiber, and agreed to give the 
name to it according to the auguries, to observe 
which Romulus went to the Palatine and Remus 
to the Aventine. Remus- saw first six, and 
Romulus afterwards twelve, vultures ; whereon 
the former claimed the right of founding the 
city from having first seen the birds, and the 
latter from having seen double the number. A 
quarrel ensued, and Remus, in derision, jumped 
over the sacred pomoerhtm, or sacred city- 
boundary, which Romulus had traced with his 
plough. To appease the manes of his murdered 
brother, Romulus instituted the Rejuuria {see 
Lemuria). To obtain a population for his 
city, Romulus made an asylum, or place ot 
refuge, for fugitive slaves and homicides ; and 
to obtain wives for these, he invited to the 
festival of the god Consus his Latin and Sabine 
neighbours. His armed followers rushed in 
during the festival, and seized the virgins. 
From this Rape of the Sabine Women a war 
resulted with the Sabines ; but in a desperate 
struggle with them for the citadel, the Sabine 
women rushed between the combatants, and 
appealed to their Roman husbands and Sabine 
fathers and brothers to stay the combat. A 
peace was made, and a union of the peoples 
effected. The Sabine king, Titus Tatius, 
became joint king with Romulus, but was soon 
after killed at Lavimum by some Laurentines, 
and Romulus became sole king, and reigned 
till 716, when he was carried in a storm up to 
heaven in a fiery chariot by his father Mars, 
and soon after appeared, with divine beauty, 
to a senator, Julius Proculus, and ordered his 
worship under the name Qiurlnus. According 
to the later tale, he was murdered in the storm 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Hoscius 



Dy tne senators, who cut his body to pieces, 
and carried away the fragments under their 
robes. The popular belief ascribed to Romulus 
the organization of the Popultis into Patricii, 
and Clie/ites {the Plebs being yet non-existent), 
the division of the Patricii into three tribes, 
Ramnes, Luceres, Titles, the subdivision of 
each tribe into thirty cztricr, and each curia 
into ten gentes, the establishment of the 
Comitia Curiata and the Senatus, and the 
Leglo of 3,000 foot and 300 Equltes. 2. 
Silvius, sil'-vi-us, the son of Ascanius. 3. 
Augustulus, ait-gust '-u-his ; the last Roman 
emperor of the West, was conquered by the 
Heruli under Odoacer, A.D. 476. 

Roscius, ros'-cl-us. 1. Q., a celebrated 
Roman comic actor, born at Solonlum, near 
Lanuvlum, enjoyed the favour of many patri- 
cians, including Sulla, who gave him the golden 
ring (aiiuulas aureus) of the Equltes. 2. 
Sextus, sex'-ttis, a rich citizen of Amerla, in 
UmbrTa, was murdered temp. Sulla. His son, 
of the same name, was accused of the murder, 
and eloquently defended by Cicero, 80 B.C. 3. 
L., Otho, 6th' -0, tribune of the plebs 67 B.C., 
by his Roscla Lex assigned the Equltes the 
fourteen rows or seats behind the senators in 
the orchestra at public festivals. 

Rubi, rub'-i, the town of the Riibltl'ni in 
Apulia. 

Rubicon (-onis), rub'-i-con, a river separating 
Cisapline Gaul from Italy proper, falls into the 
Adriatic north of Arimlnum ; the crossing of 
it by Julius Caesar, who thus stepped out of his 
province without orders to do so, constituted a 
declaration of war against the Republic of 
Rome. 

Rubrum Mare, rub'-ritm vidr'-e {see 
Erythr^um). 

RiiDiyE, ntd'-l-cp, a town of the Peucetii. 
Ennlus was a native of this town. 

Rullus, P. Servilius, rid'-lus, ser-vi'-li-zis, 
tribune of the plebs 63 B.C., unsuccessfully 
proposed an agrarian law. 

Rupilius, P., rtl-pil'-l-tis, consul 132 B.C., 
strongly opposed the tribuneTiberius Gracchus. 

Rusell^i, rH'Sel'-lce, an inland town of 
Etruria, now Roselle, near the mouth of the 
Umbro. 

Ruspinum, rus-pl'-num, a town near Adru- 
metum, in Byzadum, Africa. 

Rutuba, ruf-tc-ba. 1. A river of Liguria. 
2. A tributary of the Tiber, in Latium. 

Rutuli, rut'-u-li, an aboriginal people of 
Latium, on the coast south of the Tiber ; their 
capital, Ardea (conquered and colonized by 
the Romans 442 B.C.), was the residence of 
King Turnus (q. v.). 

Ryph^ei, ry-phcs'-i {see Rhip^ej). 



S 

Saba, sdd'-a. 1. The capital of the Sdbce'i, 
& people of Arabia Felix. 2. A port of 



Sadyattes 

./Ethiopia, on the Red Sea, south of Ptoleniais 
Theron. 

Sabazius, sa-ba'-zi-ics, a Phrygian god, son 
of Rhea (or Cybele), was torn into seven pieces 
by the Titans : he was identified with Bacchus 
or Jupiter. 

Sabelli, sd-bel' -li {see Sabini). 

Sabina, sa-bi'-na. 1. Julia, ju'-li-a, the 
grand-niece of Trajan, and wife of Hadrian ; 
killed herself about a.d. 138. 2. See 
Popp^a. 

Sabini, sa-bl'-ni, a powerful aboriginal 
people of Italy, named from Sablnus, son of the 
god Sancus, consisted of three great branches, 
— the Samnltes (q. v. ); the Sabini proper, 
between the Tiber, Anio, and Nar (bounded 
N. by the Apennines and Umbria, S. by 
Latium, E. by the yEqui, W. by Etruria) ; and 
the Sabelli, or group of small tribes of Sabine 
origin (the Vestlni, Marsi, Marruclni, Frcn- 
tani, Hirplni, Picentes, Lucani, Peligni). The 
Sabines proper were a hardy race, distin- 
guished by temperance, simplicity of life, and 
good faith. After the Rape of the Sabine 
Women by the followers of Romulus (q. v.) 
a portion of the Sabines amalgamated, under 
their king Titus Tatius. with the Romans, 
forming the new people Qulrites, and the rest 
were subdued by Curius Dentatus, 290 B.C. 

Saoe, sa'-cce, a powerful Scythian nomad 
tribe east of the Massagetss. 

Sacer Moks, sa'-cer mons, a hill on the 
right bank of the Anio, three miles from 
Rome, in Sabine territory : to it the Plebs 
(q. v.) four times seceded. 

Sacra Via, sac'-ra vi'-a, the main street in 
Rome, led from the valley between the 
Esquihne and Ccelian mountains past the 
Forum to the Capitol. 

Sacriportus, sac-ri-por'-tiis, a place in 
Latium, where Sulla defeated the younger 
Marlus, 82 b.c. 

Sacrum Bellum, sac'-ruvi bel'-lum, the 
name applied to each of three wars relating to 
the Delphic temple or its property. The 
First Sacred War (or the Cirrha-an War), 
595 — 586 B.C., declared by the Amphictyonic 
Council against the people of Cirrha for their 
robberies of, and outrages to, the visitors to 
the temple of Delphi, resulted in Cirrha being 
stormed and razed, and the surrounding 
country dedicated to the god. The Second 
Sacred War, 448 — 447 B.C., a contest between 
the Phocians and the Delphians for the posses- 
sion of the temple of Delphi. The Spartans 
took the temple from the Phocians, but the 
Athenians restored it to them. The TJiird 
Sacred War, 357 — 346 B.C., arose from the 
Phocians having been heavily fined by the 
Amphictyonic Council for an alleged cultiva- 
tion of the consecrated Cirrhaean plain ; the 
Phocians thereupon seized the temple of 
Delphi, from which they were expelled by 
Philip II., of Macedonia, who, as champion of 
the Amphictyonic Council, conquered them, 
and depopulated their cities. 

Sadyattes, sad-y-af-tes, one of the Mer- 



SEE TON'S CLASSICAL DLCTLONARY. 



Sagaris 

mnadse kings of Lydla, 629 — 617 B.C., son of 
Ardys : he was succeeded by his son Alyattes 
(q. v.). 

Sagaris, sdgf-d-ris, a river of European 
Sarmatia, falls into the Sdgdr'icus Sin! us in 
the north-west of the Euxine. 

Saguntum, sd-gun'-tum, a town of the 
Sedetani, south of the Iberus, in Spain, 
founded by Zacynthians, and by some of the 
Rutuli of Ardea ; it was famous for its 
earthenware goblets. Its surrender to Han- 
nibal, after eight months' siege, 219 B.C., was 
the cause of the second Punic war. 

Sais, sd'-is, a city of the Delta of Egypt, on 
the Canopic branch of the Nile. It contained 
the tomb of Osiris, and a splendid temple of 
Minerva (whose epithet Sdi'tis, at her temple 
on Mount Pontlnus, in Argolis, was traced to 
this city). 

Salamis (-Inis), sdl'-a-mis. 1. An isle off 
western Attica, in the Saronic gulf, about ten 
miles long and twelve broad, named from a 
daughter of Asopus, and, early colonized by 
iEacus's son Telamon (the father of Ajax), 
after his killing his half-brother Phocus. After 
being independent till about 620 B.C., it was 
subjugated by the Megarians, from whom 
the Athenians under Solon took it. The 
Athenians removed here when the Persians 
seized Athens, and off it Xerxes' fleet was 
defeated, 480. 2. A coast city of eastern Cyprus, 
north of the Pediseus, built by Teucer. 

Salapia, sal-dp' -i-a, an ancient town of 
Daunla, in Apulia, near the marsh Sdldpi'na 
pal' us. 

Salii, sdl'-i-i, the two priests of Mars 
Gradlvus, instituted by Numa, had charge of 
the twelve holy shields, Ancllla (q. v.), in 
Mars's temple on the Palatine. On the kalends 
of March and following days they went in 
procession through the city, singing hymns, 
and dancing (whence their name) ; they then 
wore an embroidered tunic, the priestly conical 
cap, a brazen cuirass ; they had swords by 
their sides, and carried spears, or long wands, 
in their right, and in their left, or suspended 
from their necks, the ancile. At the end of 
their solemnities they gave a magnificent 
banquet, whence Sdlid'res ddp'es became 
proverbial. These Salii were called Salii Pala- 
tini (from their sanctuary on the Palatine), in 
contradistinction to the twelve Salii Agoud les, 
or Colli'ni, a college of priests on the Quirinal, 
instituted by Tullus Hostilius for the Titles 
tribe, that of Numa having been originally 
confined to the Ramnes. 

Sallentini, sal-len-ti'-ni, a people of 
southern Calabria, subdued by Rome about 

270 B.C. 

Sallustius, sal-his'-ti-tts. 1. C, Crispus, 
cris'-pus, the Latin historian, born at Amiter- 
num, 86 B.C., was tribune of the plebs 52, 
when he supported Clodius. He was expelled 
from the Senate by the aristocratical party, 
,50, and afterwards attached himself to Caesar, 
who set him over Numidla, 46, where he is 
Kfiud to have amassed a great fortune by mal- 



Samnites 



versation ; on his return to Rome he built 
himself a magnificent house, and, at great 
expense, constructed gardens (Jiorti Sallus- 
tiani) of singular beauty on the Quirinal, and 
there remained till his death, about 34. 
Sallust wrote an extant account of Cati- 
line's conspiracy, an extant account of the 
Jugurthine war, and a History of Rome, in 
five books, of which only fragments exist. 
He imitated the style of Thucydides, and, 
like his model, is at times so concise as to be 
almost unintelligible ; but his descriptions are 
true, and his harangues nervous and animated, 
and well suiting the character and the different 
pursuits of the men in whose mouths they are 
placed. 2. The grand-nephew and heir of (1), 
succeeded Maecenas as Augustus's minister. 
He died about a.d. 20. 

Salmacis, sal'-md-cis, a fountain of Caria. 

Salmoneus, sal-mo' -netts, son of ^Eolusand 
Enarete, brother of Sisyphus, and father of 
Tyro (Sahnd'nis), built Salmd'ne, in Elis. He 
was destroyed by Jupiter's bolts for imitating 
the father of the gods. 

Salonje, sd-lo'-na>, the capital of Dalmatla. 

Salyes (-um), sdl'-y-es, a powerful coast 
people between the Rhone and the Maritime 
Alps, subdued by Rome 123 B.C. 

Samaria, sd-mdr'-i-a, a district of Palestine, 
bounded N. by Csesarea and S. by Joppa. Its 
capital was Samaria. 

Samarobriva, sam'-dr-o-brl'-va, the capital 
of the Ambiani, now A miens. , 

Same (-es), sdm'-e, or Sdm'os. 1. After- 
wards Cephallenla (q.v.). 2. A coast town of 
eastern Cephallenla, destroyed by the Romans 
189 B.C. 

Samnites (-um), sam-ni'-tes, or Samnit^e, 
sam-ni'-t&, the Sabine immigrants into Sam- 
nium, sam'-ni-u7n, a district of central Italy, 
bounded on W. by Latlum and Campania, N. 
by the Marruclni, Peligni, and Marsi, E. by 
the Frentani and Apulia, S. by Lucanla. 
These migratory mountaineers were very for- 
midable to Rome, with which they engaged in 
three destructive wars. The First Samnite 
•war, 343 — 341 B.C., arose from the aid ren- 
dered by the Campanians (themselves of Sam- 
nite origin) to the Sidiclni when attacked by 
the Samnites. The Samnites then attacked 
Capua, which appealed for aid to Rome ; the 
Romans gained a great victory at Mount 
Gaurus, and two others before peace was con- 
cluded. The Second, 326 — 304, was from the 
aid given by the Samnites to Neapolis and 
Palseopolis against Rome, for which the latter 
declared war. The Romans, under Papirlus 
Cursor and Fablus Maxlmus, were very suc- 
cessful ; but in 321 C. Pontius inclosed the 
army under T. Veturlus and Spurius Postu- 
mlus in the Caudine Forks pass, and compelled 
them to pass under the yoke. The trea?y he 
imposed was repudiated by the Senate, and the 
tide again turned, and, after the reduction of 
Bovianum, the Samnites had t» sue for peace. 
But, alarmed by the conquests of Rome in 
central Italy, a coalition of the Etruscans, 
P 



220 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Samos 



Umbrians, and Samnites was formed in 300, 
whence the Third Samnite war, 298 — 290, 
decided by the battle of Sentinum, 295, where 
the younger Deems nobly sacrificed himself. 
In 292, C. Pontius was taken prisoner and put 
to death. The Samnites remained quiet till 
the Marian wars, when they were defeated by 
Sulla, 82, after which the whole population was 
sold into slavery, and their towns were assigned 
to Roman colonists. 

Samos, sdm'-os. 1. A large isle in the 
Icarian Sea, off Mount Mycale in Ionia, about 
80 miles in circumference, early inhabited by 
Carians and Leleges under King Ancseus, then 
Lesbians, and finally by Epidaurians. Its 
naval power and its splendour were at a height 
under the tyrant Polycrates, 530 B.C. Samos 
was famous for its sculptors, architects, and 
painters, and its pottery was in high esteem ; 
Pythagoras and Melissus were born here. 2. 
The capital of (1), on its south-eastern coast ; 
it was a splendid city in Herodotus's time ; 
the Herceum, or temple of its patron goddess 
Juno, was uncommonly magnificent. 3. See 
Same. 

Samosata, sa-mos'-d-ta, the capital of 
Commagene. 

Samothrace, sdm-o-thra'-ce, or Samo- 
THRACIA, sdm-o-thrd'-cl-a, an isle thirty-eight 
miles off the mouth of the Hebrus, in Thrace. 
It was the seat of the worship of the Cablri 
(q.v.). 

Sanchoniathon, san-cho-ni'-d-thon, an 
ancient Phenician historian, translated by 
Philo Bybllus, about 80 a.d. 

Sancus, sand-us {see Dius). 

Sannio, san'-ni-o, the buffoon (zany) in 
mimes. 

Santones, san'-to-nes, a warlike people of 
Gallia Aquitanlca, north of the Garumna. 
Sap^ei, sd-pce'-i, a tribe on Pangaeus, inThrace. 

Sapor, sap' -or. 1. Sapor I., one of the 
SassanldcB kings of Persia, succeeded a.d. 
240 ; he wasted the Roman provinces in the 
East, and took the emperor Valerian prisoner, 
but he was routed by King Odenathus of Pal- 
myra, and soon after assassinated, 273. 2. 
Sapor II., Postumus, pos'-tu-mtis, the Great, 
succeeded his father, Hormisdas II., a.d. 310, 
and carried on war with great success against 
the Romans : he died 381. 

Sappho (-us), sap'-pho, the famous ./Eolian 
lyric poetess, was born at Mytilene (or Eresos), 
in Lesbos, about 630 B.C. She was intimate 
with Alcseus, and is said to have thrown her- 
self from the Leucadian rock when her love 
was rejected by Phaon. Her nine books of 
lyric poems, of which only fragments exist, 
were much admired. She was very licentious. 

Sardanapalus, sar'-dd-?zd-pa'-lus, the last 
king of Assyria, celebrated for his luxury and 
voluptuousness. An insurrection took place, 
when, after making a brave stand in the field, 
he was at length shut up in Nineveh, where he 
raised a funeral pile and burnt himself, his 
wives, and all his possessions, 876 B.C. 

Sardj iaS-di, the inhabitants of Sardinia, 



Saturnia 



sar-din'-i-a, the largest island in the Mediter- 
ranean, between Italy and Africa, at the south 
of Corsica, originally Sanddl'w'tis or Ichnii'sa. 
from its resembling the human foot, and named 
Sardinia from Sardus, a son of Hercules, whf 
colonized it. Sardinia was colonized by th& 
Greeks, but early passed to the Carthaginians, 
from whom it was taken by the Romans soon 
after the first Punic war, but its inhabitants 
gave the Romans much trouble. A large 
amount of corn was exported from Sardinia, 
and salt ; it abounded in a poisonous herb, 
aapbovLov, which, when eaten, contracted the 
nerves and was attended with a paroxysm of 
laughter, the forerunner of death ; whence 
tapboiLOQ (or aapddviog) ye\b>£, a sardonic 
laugh. 

Sardis (-is), sar'-dis, or Sardes (-Turn), the 
capital of Lydia, at the base of Mount 
Tmolus, on the Pactolus. The burning of 
Sardis by the Athenians in the Ionic revolt led 
to the Persian invasion of Greece. 

Sarmatve, sar'-ma-tcF, or Sauromat^E,j«z<;- 
rom'-a-tcc, a people of Asia, north-east 01 the 
Palus Mseotis, from whom the name Sarma- 
tia, sar-mdt'-ia, was given to the part of 
northern Europe and Asia bounded on S. by 
the Caucasus, Euxine, Tibiscus, and Ister, E. 
by the Rha, N. by the extreme north of 
Europe, W. by the Vistula and Sarmatlci 
Montes, and divided by the Tanals into 
Sarmatia Eziropce'a and Sarmatia A sid'tica. 

Sarmatice Portve, sar-mat' -i-cce po^-tce, 
a pass over the Caucasus between Sarmatia 
and Iberia. 

Sarmaticum Mare, sar-mat' '-i-cum mar 1 '-e, 
the Baltic (but sometimes applied by the poets 
to the Black) Sea, on the coast of Sarmatia. 

Sarnus, sar'-mts, a river of Campania. 

Saronicus Sinus, sd-rd '-ni-cus sin'-us, a 
bay of the iEgean, within a line from Scyl- 
laeum in Argolis to Sunlum in Attica, named 
from Saron, sdr'-dn, a king of Troezene, who 
was devoted to hunting, and was drowned in 
it when pursuing a stag which had taken to 
the water. 

Sarpedon (-onis), sar-pe'-don. 1. Son of 
Jupiter and Europa, was banished from Crete 
by his brother, Minos I., and founded Mile- 
tus : he became king of Lycla. 2. A Lycian 
prince, assisted Priam at Troy, and was killed 
by Patroclus. 

Sarra, sar'-ra {see Tyrus). 

Sarsina, sar'-si-na, a town of UmbrTa. 

Sassanid^e, sas-sdn'-i-dcz {see Persia). 

Saticula, sd-tl'-cu-la, a town of Samnlum. 

Satricum, sat'-ri-czim, a town near An- 
tlum, in Latlum. 

Saturn Palus, sdt'-u-rce pal' -us, a part of 
the Pomptine marsh, formed by the Nym- 
phseus. 

Saturnalia, sa-tur-na'-li-a, the Roman 
festivals to Saturn, in December, extending 
eventually to seven days, when great license 
was allowed, and mirth and riot reigned. 

Saturnia, sa-tur'-ni-a. 1. Italy, from its 
king in the golden age, Saturn. 2. Juno, as 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DIC TIONAR Y. 221 



Saturninus 



the daughter of Saturn. 3. Or A urinia, an 
ancient town of Etruria, near Caletra. 

Saturninus, L. Appuleius, sd-tur-nl'-nm, 
afi-fifc-lei'-2(S, a Roman demagogue and sup- 
porter of Marius ; was tribune of the plebs 
102 B.C., when his hired ruffians murdered 
Memmius, the competitor with the demagogue 
Glaucla, for the consulship. The Senate or- 
dered the consul Marius to proceed against 
Saturninus and Glaucia as public enemies. 
Saturninus, Glaucia, Saufeius, &c., seized the 
Capitol, but the water-pipes having been cut, 
they had to surrender to Marius, who, to save 
their lives, put them in the Senate's usual 
place of meeting, the Curia Hostilia ; but the 
inob broke in and killed them with the tiles. 

Saturnus, sd-tur'-mis, son of Ccelus 
(Uranus) and Terra (Ge), was identified with 
the Greek god Crouds, who mutilated his 
father Ccelus. Saturn succeeded to his father's 
kingdom by consent of his brother Titan, on 
promising that he would never rear up any 
male children by his wife Rhea (Ops J ; but 
Rhea gave him large stones, wrapped up as 
infants, to swallow instead of his sons Jupiter, 
Pluto, and Neptune, and these stones, with 
the other children, were afterwards vomited 
up by a potion given him by Metis. Titan, 
learning that sons were being reared to Saturn, 
warred with him, and made him fly to Latlum, 
where he was received by King Janus, and 
settled on the Capitoline (anciently Saturnian) 
Mount, where he reigned as king. He sud- 
denly disappeared from earth, and was 
reckoned a god. Saturn was usually repre- 
sented as an old man, holding a pruning-knife, 
while his feet were girt with a woollen fillet ; 
his festivals were the Saturnalia (q.v.), and 
his temple was the Treasury. 

Satyri, sat'-y-ri, Greek demigods, sons of 
Mercury and Iphthlma (or the Naiades), were 
identified by the Romans with the Italian 
Fauni (q.v.). 

Sauromatve, saic-rom'-a-tce (see Sar- 

MATjE). 

Savus, sav'u-s, the Save, a river flowing 
between Italy and Noricum, Pannonia and 
lllyria, into the Danube, near Singidunum. 

Saxones, sax'-o-nes, a people of Germany, 
between the Albis (Elbe) and C/uilusus 
(Trave). 

Scea, sccc'-a (left), a gate of Troy. 

Sc^evola, scce'-vo-la. 1. Q. Mucius, 
mu'-cl-us, first obtained the name Scasvola 
(left-lianded) from having destroyed his right 
hand by holding it in the fire to show his firm- 
ness when threatened with death by King 
Porsenna (q.v.), into whose camp he had pene- 
trated to kill him ; the king spared him, and 
learning that 300 noble youths of equal en- 
durance had sworn to take his life, he raised 
the siege of Rome. 2. P. Mucius, a learned 
jurist, consul 133 b.c. 3. Q. Mucius, son of 
(2), a distinguished politician and jurist, consul 
95 B.C. 4. Q. Mucius, a learned jurist, son- 
in-law of C. Lsellus, consul 117 B.C. 

Scamander scd-man'-der, a famous river 



Scipio 

of the Troad : its god, Xanthus, had a priest 
and sacrifices. 

Scam and rius, sca-ma7i'-drt-us (see Asty- 
anax). 

Scapte Hyle, scn-b'-te hy'-le, or Scapte- 
syle, scap-te-sy'-le, a coast town o£ Thrace, 
famous for its gold-mines. 

Scaptia, scap'-ti-a, a town of Latium. 

Scarphe, scar'-phe, a town of the Locri 
Epicnemidli. 

Scepsis, scep'-sis, a city of the Troad. 

Scheria, schSr'-i-a [see Ph^eaces). 

Schceneus, schoe '-mus , a king in BceotTa, 
the father of Atalanta [Sckaene'is). 

Sciathus, sci' -a-thus , an isle north of 
Eubcea. 

Scipio (-onis), sci'-pl-o, a celebrated family 
of the Cornelia gens, named from its founder 
having conducted his blind father, and served 
as a staff to him, produced many of the highest 
magistrates, of whom the most illustrious were 
— 1. P. Cornelius, cor-ne' -U-tis , Master of the 
Horse to Camillus, 396 B.C., and consular 
tribune 395 — 4. 2. L. Cornelius, consul 
259 B.C., defeated Hanno, and expelled the 
Carthaginians from Sardinia and Corsica. 3. 
P. Cornelius, son of (2), consul 218, was 
defeated by Hannibal at the Ticlnus, and 
again at the Trebla. In 217 he went to Spain 
with (4), meeting with considerable success, 
but both were slain, 211. 4. Cn. Cornelius, 
the brother of (3), was consul 222, and slain 
in 211 with his brother. 5. P. Cornelius, 
afterwards Africanus, af-ri-ca'-7uis, born 
234 B.C., was son of (3), whose life he saved at 
the Ticlnus defeat. He served at Cannse, and 
displayed great vigour among the survivors at 
Canuslum. He was aedile 212, though under 
age, and was sent, 211, to Spain, to take the 
command when his father fell. After conquer- 
ing Spain, he was consul 205, and, having 
collected a large volunteer force in Sicily, he 
crossed to Africa, where he defeated the Car- 
thaginians and Syphax, and on the 19th 
October, 202, routed Hannibal, who had been 
recalled from Italy, atZama ; thus terminating 
the second Punic war, for which he received 
the surname Africanus. In 193 he was sent to 
mediate between Masinissa and the Carthagi- 
nians ; and he was legate to his brother (6) in 
the war with Antiochus the Great ; and on the 
conclusion of peace both brothers were prose- 
cuted for receiving a bribe from the king. 
Lucius was convicted ; but Scipio, when 
arraigned, summoned the people to go with 
him t- the Capitol to return thanks for the 
victory of Zama, of which that day was the 
anniversary, and the prosecution was allowed 
to drop. Scipio retired to Laternum, where he 
spent the rest of his life, dying about 180. He 
was regarded in the following generations as a 
pattern of virtue, simplicity, courage, and 
liberality. 6. L. Cornelius, Asiaticus, 
a-sl-a! -ti-ctis , was brother of (5), with whom he 
served in Spain and Africa. He was consul 
190, hi-s brother (5) Africanus then becoming 
his legate, and marched against Antiochus tho 



222 



BEE TON'S CLASS ^Ah DICTIONARY. 



Sciron 



Great, whom he defeated at Mount Sipylus. 
On the conclusion of peace he was charged 
with having received a bribe from Antiochus, 
and the condemnation reduced him to poverty. 
7. P. Cornelius Nasica, nd-sl'-ca {pointed 
nose), son of (4) and cousin of (5), went, 204 
B.C., as commissioner with the Roman matrons 
to bring from Ostia Cybele's statue from 
Pesslnus. He was praetor of Hispanla Ulterior 
194 ; and when consul, 191, defeated the 
Boii. 8. P. Cornelius, ^Emilianus, ce-mil'-i- 
a'-nus, adopted by (9), was son of /Emilms 
Paulus, the conqueror of Perseus, and named 
Africanus the younger. He was born about 
185 B.C., and fought at Pydna, 168. In the 
third Punic war he was intrusted with the 
attack on Carthage, being elected consul, 
though under the legal age, and he stormed it, 
146. After being censor, 142, he was accused 
of treason, 139, but acquitted. He 1 educed 
Numantla, 133 ; whence his new surname of 
Numantinus, nu-nia?i-ti'-nus. He opposed 
the popular party on his return to Rome, and 
was found dead in his bed. It is supposed that 
he was murdered by Carbo. Scipio was 
devoted to literature, and numbered Lselius, 
Panastius, Polyblus, Lucilius, and Terence 
among his intimate friends, and he saved many 
Phenician works from the flames of Carthage. 
He emulated the virtues of the elder Africanus. 
9. P. Cornelius, Nasica, son of (7), a cele- 
brated lawyer, styled from his sagacity 
Corculum, cor'-cii-lum. 10. L. Cornelius, 
Asiaticus, grandson of (6), consul 83 B.C., 
supported the Marians. 11. P. Cornelius, 
Nasica Serapio, se-ra'-pi-o, son of (9), was 
the chief instigator of the murder of Tiberius 
Gracchus, 133 B.C., in consequence of which he 
had to retire from Rome. 12. P. Cornelius, 
Nasica, grandson of (11) by his son P. (the 
consul in B.C.), was the father-in-law of 
Pompey the Great, and was himself adopted 
by Metellus Pius. He led the Pompeians at 
Thapsus, and killed himself soon after the 
defeat, 46 B.C. 

Sciron, scl'-rdn, a famous robber on the 
borders of Attica and Megaris, was slain by 
Theseus. He used to make his captives wash 
his feet on the. rocks, Sclro'nla Saxa, on the 
eastern coast of Megaris, and then kicked them 
into the sea. 

Scodra, scod'-ra, a town of Illyricum. 

Scopas, scop'-as, 2l famous sculptor and 
architect of Paros, 380 B.C. 

Scordisci, scor-dis'-ci, a people of Upper 
Pannonla. 

Scotussa, sco-tus'-sa, a town of Thessaly. 

Scribonia. scrl-bo'-ni-a, the first wife of 
Augustus (to whom she bore Julia), was repu- 
diated for Livla. 

Scylacium, scy-la'-cl-ttm, a coast town of 
cutern Bruttlum. 

Scylax, scyl'-ax, a geographer of Caryanda, 
in Caria, temp. Darius Hystaspis. 

Scylla, scyl'-la. 1. Daughter of King 
Nisus of Megara, became enamoured of the 
besieging king Minos, and oflered to betray 



Seleucus 



the city to Minos if he would marry her. He 
consented ; and Scylla cut off from her father's 
head, when he was asleep, the golden hair on 
which the prosperity of Megara depended. 
The subsequent sorties failed, and Megara fell ; 
but Minos treated Scylla with contempt, and 
she flung herself from a tower. According to 
some, she was made a lark, and her father a 
hawk. 2. The daughter of Typhon, or of 
Phorcys, despised the addresses of Glaucus, 
who applied to Circe for advice ; but Circe fell 
in love with him, and poured some drugs into 
the water where Scylla was bathing, when the 
body of Scylla was at once changed into a 
monster, barking like a dog, with twelve feet 
and six heads, each having three rows of teeth. 
Horrified, she flung herself into the sea, and 
was changed into the rocks opposite Charybdis 
(q.v.). According to others, Scylla was killed 
by Hercules for stealing some of the oxen of 
Geryon, and was restored to life by Phorcys. 

Scyros, scy'-ros, one of the Sporades, east 
of Euboea, the seat of the mythical king 
Lycomedes. 

ScvTHyE, scytk'-ce, the partly nomad, partly 
agricultural tribes which inhabited Scythia, 
scyth'-i-a, the region, in Herodotus's time, 
between the Tanais and the Carpathian moun- 
tains. 

Sebennytus, se-Sen-ny'-tus, a city of the 
Delta, on the west of the Sebennytic mouth of 
the Nile. 

Sebethus, se-be'-thus, a river of Campania. 

Sedetani, se-de-td'-ni {see Edetani). 

Segesta, se-ges'-ta {see Egesta). 

Sfjanus, melius, se-ja'-nus, ce'-li-us, born 
about a.d. 14, at Vulsinii, succeeded his father 
Seius Strabo in command of the praetorians, 
and became the favourite minister of Tiberius : 
he aimed at the throne, and cleared his way by 
procuring the death of Tiberius's son Drusus, 
and the banishment of Agripplnaand her sons 
Nero and Drusus. His infamous career was 
stopped, 31, by Sertorlus Macro, who was sent 
by Tiberius from Capreae to supersede him, 
and, Macro having read the letter of the em- 
peror to the Senate, Sejanus was at once con- 
demned to death by the obedient house. He 
was killed, and his body, after being dragged 
about the streets, was thrown into the Tiber : 
his children and relations were involved in his 
ruin. 

Seleucia, se-leu-cl'-a. ■ 1. A great city on 
the Tigris, on the borders of Assyria and 
Babylon. 2. Pter'ia, a city of Syria, at the 
bare of Mount Pierla. — The name belonged to 
several cities. 

Seleucid.e, se-leu'-ci-dce, the successors of 
(Antiochus's son) Seleucus I. on the throne of 
Syria. 

Seleucis, se-leti'-cis, the nokth-western part 
of Syria. 

Seleucus I., se-leu'-cus. 1. Nicator, 
ni-cd-'-tor {victor), son of Antiochus (an 
officer of Philip II. of Macedonia), born 
about 358 B.C., served with Alexander in the 
East, and afterwards under Perdiccas, from 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTLONARY. 



Selimnus 



whom he mutinied, 321, and founded the king" 
doro of Syria, 312, to which he added Media, 
&c, and, having joined the coalition against 
Antigonus, his dominion was extended after 
the battle of Ipsus, 301, so as to embrace 
all from the Mediterranean on the west to the 
Oxus and Indus on the east. In 286 he de- 
feated Demetrius of Macedonia, soon after 
which he broke with Lysimachus, whom he 
defeated, 281. In 280 he crossed to Mace- 
donia, where he was assassinated by Ptolemy 
Ceraunus. 2. Selejcus II., Callinicus, 
cal-li-nl'-cus, succeeded his father, Antiochus 
II., Theos, 246 b.c. ; he warred with Ptolemy 
Euergetes of Egypt, and King Arsaces of 
Parthia: he died 226. 3. Seleucus III., 
Ceraunus, ce-rau'-nus, succeeded his father 
(2), 226 B.C. : he was assassinated 223. 4. 
Seleucus IV., Philopator, phil-op'-d-tor, 
succeeded his father, Antiochus the Great, T87 
b.c. : he was assassinated 175. 5. Seleucus 
V., succeeded his father, Demetrius II., 125 
B.C., but was soon afterwards assassinated by 
his mother Cleopatra. 6. Seleucus VI., 
Epiphanf.s Nicator, e-piph'-d-nes, succeeded 
his father, Antiochus VIII., Grypus, 95 B.C. : 
he defeated his rival, his uncle Antiochus 
Cyzicenus, who fell on the field ; but he was 
soon after expelled by Antiochus Eusebes, 
Cyzicenus's son, and was shortly after killed. 

Selimnus, se-lim'-nus, a shepherd beloved 
by the nymph Arg^ra ; she was changed into 
a fountain, and he into a river. 

Selinus (-untis), se-li'-nus. 1. A river and 
a coast town of south-western Sicily (the town 
colonized from Megara Hyblsea, 628 B.C.). 2. 
A river flowing past Pergamos into the Calcus. 
3. A river of Elis Triphylia. 4. A coast town 
of Ciliria. 5. A river of Achaia. 

Selli, sel'-li (see Dodona). 

Semele, sem'-e-le, the daughter of Cadmus 
and Hermione, of Thebes, was beloved by 
Jupiter, whom, incited by Juno (in the form of 
her nurse Beroe), she asked to appear to her in 
his splendour ; he did so, but Semele was con- 
sumed in his lightnings. Her son Bacchus 
(q. v.) was saved, and afterwards took her up 
to Olympus, where she was deified as 
Thy'dne. 

Semikamis (-Tdis). se-mi'-rd-mis, was 
daughter of the fish-goddess Derceto, by whom 
she was exposed ; she was fed by doves, and 
afterwards by shepherds. She married Onnes, 
a general of King Ninus of Nineveh, and 
distinguished herself by her daring at the 
siege of Bactra. Ninus then took her from 
Onnes, and made her his queen, and on his 
death she became sole ruler. After a distin- 
guished reign, she disappeared from earth in 
1 he form of a dove, leaving the throne to her 
son Ninyis. 

Sempronius, sem-pro'-m-us see Grac- 
chus). 

Sena, se'-na. 1. A coast town of Umbria. 
2. ]\JLiA,ju'-li-a, a town of Etruria. 

Senatus, se-nd'-tus. 1. At Rome, the 
Cpuncil of Elders , firsf instituted by Romulus, 



2y 
Senatus 



who created 100 Pat'res, or Senators. To 
these 100 more were added 011 the union with 
the Sabines (Titienses, under Titus Tatius) ; 
and when the third tribe, Luceres, was incor- 
porated under Tarquinius Priscus, another 
100 (called Patres Mino'rum Geu'tium, by 
way of distinction from the Patres Mdjd'rum 
Gen' Hum, or older Senators), were added, thus 
raising the number to 300. After the expulsion 
of Tarquin Superbus (510 B.C.) the much- 
reduced Senate was filled up by the consuls, 
and the new Senators (many of whom were 
wealthy plebeians) were termed Conscripti, and 
hence the common subsequent designation of 
the Senate, Patres (et) Co7iscripti, the et 
being later dropped. Under the Republic the 
Senate was the executive, the magistrates 
being only its ministers, and its decree (Sena- 
tus-consultum, q.v.) was authoritative without 
the sanction of the Comitia, and in foreign 
affairs it was absolute, except as regarded war 
or peace. The Senate superintended also reli- 
gion and the finances {see Quaestor), and 
could at any time suspend the constitution by 
ordering the consul to name a dictator, or by 
investing the consuls with a dictator's powers. 
The dignity of a Senator was for life, but not 
hereditary, and vacancies were filled up every 
five years by the Censors from those who had 
held any of the higher offices, but the Senate 
always remained an aristocratic house. The 
insignia of a Senator consisted of the Tunica 
Ldticld'via (an under garment ornamented 
with a broad vertical purple stripe), awAnnillus 
Aureus (golden ring), a Calceus Sendtdrius (a 
shoe of a particular form, fastened by four 
straps round the calf of the leg, and adorned 
with a crescent-shaped (lunula) piece of ivory), 
seats reserved in the Orchestra and at the 
public games, and a legdtio libera — i.e., the 
privilege of being invested with the character 
of an ambassador when abroad, though he had 
gone merely on his own private business. 
Under the Empire the power of the Senate 
was merely in appearance. Nominally it had 
the election of magistrates with the emperor ; 
its decrees, and the constitutions of the emperor, 
which it ratified, were the laws ; it decided 
important criminal trials, and elected the 
emperors. The real power assigned to it 
depended, of course, on the temper of the 
reigning emperor. The right of summoning 
the Senate was vested in the consuls, praetors, 
and tribunes of the plebs, and afterwards the 
emperor. The Senate could only meet in a 
templum—i.e., place consecrated by augurs. 
The ordinary council-hall was the Curia 
Hostilia, and when the Senate conferred with 
the ambassador of a hostile state, or with a 
Roman general who did not wish to forfeit his 
imperiuni (military command) by crossing the 
Pomcerium, the meeting usually took place in 
the temple of Bellona, or of Apollo, in the 
Praia Flaminia, at the south of the Campus 
Martlus. 2. At Athens, the BouAjj, Senate or 
Council, consisted in Solon's time of 400 
members, 100 from each fv\fj, and after 



224 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Senatus-Consultum 



Clisthenes' time the dignity was conferred 
annually by lot ; but after being elected, each 
had to submit to a SoM/jLaala, to see if they 
were in every way fit for their duties. Under 
Clisthenes the number of members was raised 
to 500. Each senator received one drachma 
(about ofd.) for each meeting, and was exempt 
from military service, had a particular place in 
the theatre, and wore a myrtle chaplet as a 
badge, and a golden chaplet was generally 
awarded to the whole college at the expiration 
of the year of office. The Athenian Senate 
acted merely as a sort of committee of the 
'EnKXncrta, or popular Assembly, preparing the 
business for it, and it was itself for convenience 
subdivided into monthly committees (see Pry- 
tanes). The'E/<K\i;CT<a was ordinarily held four 
times under each set of Prytanes, in the theatre 
of Dionysus, or, for election of commanders, in 
the Pnyx (an ordinary meeting was nvpia, an 
extraordinary, cv^kX nrog). The Proedri of 
the Prytanes presided. The voting was.usually 
by holding up the hand, x e, P° T < JV '- a > except in 
Ostracism (q. v.). All authority was really 
vested in this Assembly, but for legislative 
purposes a board of Nomdth'etcc decided on the 
expediency of new laws. However, the power 
of these commissioners was resumed gradually 
by the democracy as it became more unbridled. 
All the more important trials were brought 
before the Assembly, but generally referred by 
it to a board of judges, He Hastes. 3. At 
Sparta, the Tepovaia, consisted of the two 
kings and twenty-eight members (itpovrec;). 
The latter, elected for life by popular acclama- 
tion, were above 60 years old, and irresDon- 
sible. They transacted, nominally, all affairs 
of state, and sat in jugdment on capital crimes 
or offences of the kings ; but their age was a 
bar to active participation in government, and 
all real power was in the hands of their minis- 
ters, the Ephori (q.v.). The 'A\t'a,.or popular 
Assembly, like the Senate, possessed no real 
power. Its meetings were merely formal, to 
ratify the decisions of the Senate, or to hear 
what had been done abroad. It possessed no 
judicial powers. Its formal voting was usually 
by acclamation. 

Senatus-Consultum, se-nd'-tus-coii-stW- 
tiwi (see Rogatio). 

Seneca, sen'-e-ca. 1. M. Ann^eus, 
an-nce'-us, the Rhetorician, born at Corduba, 
about 61 B.C., taught at Rome, te7i?p. Augustus. 
Two of his rhetorical works are extant. 2. L. 
Ann,eus, the philosopher, son of (1), was 
banished to Corsica, a.d. 41, being implicated 
by Messallna in the charges brought against 
the paramours of Julia. He was recalled, 49, 
by Claudius's sixth wife, Agripplna, to become 
tutor of Nero, whom he afterwards supported 
in the contest which resulted in the death of 
Agrippina, 60. He was accused of participat- 
ing, with his nephew the poet Lucan, in Piso's 
conspiracy, and by Nero's orders killed himself, 
65. His wife Paulina resolved to die with him, 
and their veins were opened at the same 
moment ; but by Nero's orders her wounds 



Servi 



were closed, and she lived some years after. 
His extant works are chiefly on moral subjects, 
and are written in a nervous and ornate, but 
somewhat affected style. His doctrines were 
Stoical. Various extant tragedies are, without 
any basis, attributed partly to him and parLly 
to his father. 

Senones, seu'-o-ues, a Gallic tribe on the 
Sequana. Some of them migrated to Italy, 
400 B.C., and captured Rome 390. They fixed 
their abode in Umbria, but were, after prolonged 
warfare, almost exterminated by the consul 
Dolabella, 283. 

Sentinum, sen-ti'-mim, a fortified town oi 
Umbria, where the Romans defeated the united 
Etruscans, Umbrians, Gauls, and Samnites, 

295 B.C. 

Sequana, se'-qud-na, the Seine, flowing 
through Lugdunense Gaul into the ocean. 

Sequani, se'-qud-ni, a people of Belgic Gaul. 

Serapis (-Idis), se-rd'-pis, an Egyptian god, 
at first a symbol of the Nile, and so of fertility, 
but later an infernal god. 

Serica, se'-ri-ca, the country of the Seres, 
se'-res, (perhaps China) in eastern Asia, whence 
seriaim, silk, was brought. 

Seriphus, se-rl'-phtis, one of the Cyclades, 
residence of King Polydectes ; it became a 
Roman state prison. 

Sertorius, Q., ser-td' -rl-us , a famous 
Roman general, born at Nursla, served under 
Marlus against the Cimbri and Teutones, 105 
— 102 B.C., and as military tribune under T. 
Didlus in Spain, 97. He supported Marius 
against Sulla ; he afterwards went to Lusi- 
tanla, where he headed the insurgent Lusitani, 
and was soon joined by many officers who had 
fled from the proscription by Sulla ; he organized 
the province and appointed a senate, &c., and 
maintained his independence against the 
Roman armies under Metellus Pius and Pom- 
pey, till assassinated by his subordinate, M. 
Perperna, at a banquet, 72. 

Servi, ser'-vi, slaves. 1. Among the 
Romans, persons might become slaves by their 
mother being a slave at the time of their birth, 
by being taken in war, or as a punishment for 
heinous offences. The slaves had no personal 
or political rights, and could not contract a 
regular marriage, but only a contubernium, 
with another slave, the offspring being vemce ; 
and for any wrong done to or by a slave, satis- 
faction was due to or by his master, who also 
could seize any property ( peciiliuvi) he accu- 
mulated. A great slave trade was carried on 
under the Empire, and enormous sums were 
given for accomplished slaves, and U»fore the 
close of the Republic their numbers became 
very formidable, and they maintained a bloody 
revolt (the Servile wars) against the Romans, 
under Eunus and Athenlo in Sicily, 135 — 132 
B.C., and 103 — 99, and under Spartacus, with 
the gladiators, in Italy, 73 — 71. The Romans 
divided the slaves into those on their country 
estates, fdmtlia rnstica, and those employed 
for domestic purposes, fainitia urbana. Slaves 
were often let out by their masters to work at 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Servius Tullius 



trades, and much money was made by 
educating them and then selling them or 
setting them up in a profession. Their 
manitmissio was effected in three ways : — (i) 
Vindicta, when the slave, accompanied by 
his master, appeared before the praetor, and a 
third person laid a rod on his head and claimed 
him as a free man ; his master turned the slave 
three times round and gave him a slight blow 
on the cheek, and the praetor then pronounced 
him free. (2) Censtt, by the mere act of his 
master returning his name as that of civis to 
the censor. (3) Testdmento, or per fidei 
commissum, the freedom being bequeathed by 
his master's will. (4) The Senate occasionally 
bestowed freedom on meritorious slaves. And 
(5) there were also various informal modes of 
liberation, as by the master pronouncing him 
free in the presence of witnesses or by a letter, 
or by allowing him to sit at table with him ; 
but in this case the slave's freedom was less 
secure. A freedman, called liberties in relation 
to his master, and llbertlnus in relation to his 
social position, took the nomen and prasnomen 
of his master, his previous appellation being now 
his cognomen, and was bound to his master, 
like the old client (see Plebs) to his patron. 
Freedmen were confined to the four city tribes 
till Appius Claudius, 312 B.C., dispersed them 
among all : they were nominally eligible to 
all offices. 2. In the best days of Athens, 
her slaves, whose condition was much the 
same as among the Romans, constituted nearly 
two-thirds of the population ; their masters 
were forbidden to put them to death, and in 
case of gross cruelty they might demand to be 
resold. When emancipated by the state or 
their masters, they occupied the same position 
as the Metceci (foreign residents), their former 
master being now their npoaTdrng, patron. 
A special armed police, called the Scythians, 
or archer-g7card(jo^oTat), composed of slaves, 
guarded the Agora and the Areopagus. 3. 
For the Spartan slaves, see Helos. 

Servius Tullius, ser'-vt-ns tid'-lt-ns. 1. 
The sixth king of Rome, was son of OcrisTa, 
a female slave of Tanaquil, the queen of Tar- 
quimus Priscus, and was reared as a royal 
child, Tanaquil having, from her powers of 
divination, foreseen his greatness. He dis- 
tinguished himself in several battles against 
the Etruscans and Sabines, and married the 
daughter of Tarquin. On the murder of his 
father-in-law by the sons of Ancus Marcms, he 
was made king, 578 B.C. To him are ascribed 
the division of the Roman territory into thirty 
tribes, the institution of the census, and divi- 
sion of political power according to property 
(see Centuria), increase and walling of the 
city, and alliance with the Latins. He mar- 
ried his daughters to the two Tarquins, Lucius 
and Aruns ; and he was murdered by Lucius, 
534. 2. Maurus, 7/iau'-rus (or Marius, mar'- 
l-us) Honoratus, //.du-d-rd'-tzes, a celebrated 
Latin grammarian and commentator on Virgil, 
about a.d. 400. 

Sksostris (-idis), se-sos'-tris or R;m'ses } 



225 



SibyllsB 

the third king of the 19th Egyptian dynasty, 
enriched Egypt by his extensive conquests and 
magnificent buildings. 

Sestos, ses'-tos, an ^olian town of Thrace, 
opposite Abydos, famed for the loves of Hero 
and Leander and Xerxes' bridge of boats. 

Sethon, seth'-on, a king of Egypt. 

Setia, se'-ti-a, an ancient town of Latium, 
east of the Pomptine marshes, famous for 
wines. 

Severa, se-ver'-a. 1. A vestal, married by 
Heliogabalus. 2. Valeria, va-ler'-l-a, the 
wife of Valentinian. 

Severus, se-ver'-us. 1. L. Septimius, 
sep-tivi'-i-us, born a.d. 146, atLeptis, in Africa, 
was made Senator by M. Aurelms, and dis- 
tinguished himself in Africa, Spain, Gaul, and 
Pannonia. He was proclaimed emperor, 193 ; 
he warred successfully with the Parthians, 198, 
and passed to Britain 208, where he built a 
wall against the Caledonian incursions, from 
the Solway to the Tyne : he died at Ebora.- 
cum (York), 211. 2. Alexander M. Aure- 
lius, al-ex-an'-der, au-re-li-?(s, son of Gessius 
Marcianus, and cousin and adopted son of 
Heliogabalus, was born at Arce, in Phoenicia, 
a.d. 205 ; he succeeded Heliogabalus, 222 ; he 
warred with King Artaxerxes of Persia, 232, 
and was slain by some mutinous troops on his 
march to Gaul, 234. 3. Flavius Valerius, 
fla'-vi-us va-ler'-i-iis, of Illyrfcum, associated 
with Galerius, A. D. 306 ; was, in 307, killed 
by Maxentius. 4. Libius, lib'-i-tis, a Lucanian, 
proclaimed Roman emperor by Ricimer, a.d. 
461 ; died 465. 

Sextus Empiricus, sex'-tus ejii-pl'-rl-cus,^. 
physician of Mytilene, about a.d. 180, studied 
under the Sceptic Herodotus of Tarsus. He 
carried to an extreme the sceptical system of 
Pyrrho, his maxim being oudev fiaWov, i.e., 
no one thing deserves to be preferred to 
another, for all things are uncertain, and the 
perfect state of mind is hnoxh, suspension of 
judgment ; whence comes uTapa? ta or /jLerpto- 
7tat)eia, mental repose and perfect equanimity. 

Sibylla, si-byl'-lcB, prophetic women, who 
flourished in different parts of the ancient 
world. Ten Sibyls were generally spoken of ; 
viz., the Sibyl of Persia, of Libya, of Delphi, 
of Cumae in Italy, of Erythraea, of Samos, of 
Cumae in yEolia, of Marpessa on the Helles- 
pont, of Ancyrae in Phrygia, and of Tiburtis. 
Of these the most famous is the Sibyl oi 
Cumae in Italy, who was consulted by ./Eneas 
before his descent to the nether world, and she 
was generally believed to be the one who, 
according to the legend, delivered the famous 
Sibylll'ni Ll'bri to King Tarquinms Superbus. 
According to the story, an aged woman ap- 
peared before the king at Rome, and offered 
him nine books at a high price, which he 
refused ; she afterwards returned and offered 
six for the same price, having destroyed 
three, and he again refused ; she retired, de- 
stroyed three, and appeared with the remain- 
ing three, demanding the same price as 
originally for the nine, and the king, by 



220 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Sicambri 



advice of the augurs, purchased them. A 
college of priests, Decemviri, was instituted 
to guard these sacred Sibylline verses, which 
were always ordered by the Senate to be con- 
sulted when the state was in peril. The 
original verses perished in the fire of the 
Capitol, during the Marian wars, and a collec- 
tion of reputed Sibylline verses was made 
throughout the world. 

Sicambri, si-cam' -bri, a people north of the 
Ubii. 

Siceli, si'-ce-li, or Siculi, sid-ii-U, or 
Sicani, si-ca'-ni, the chief inhabitants of 
Sicilia, si-cil'-i-a, the largest isle, next to 
Sardinia, in the Mediterranean, also called, 
from its triangular shape, anciently Thrinddia 
(or from tipiva.%, trident, as sacred to Nep- 
tune), or Trifiac'ria, and by the Romans 
Tri'quStra. It is at the south-west of Italy, 
and its three corners are the promontories 
Lilybaeum, Pachynus, and Pelorus. It was 
exceedingly fertile in fruits and corn, and 
hence was early colonized ; its aboriginal 
Cyclopes and Lsestrygones were succeeded by 
the Siceli from Italy, and the Phenicians 
founded emporia on the northern coast, and in 
the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. many 
Greek colonies were founded, — Naxos, Syra- 
cuse, Leontlni, Catana, Megara, Gela, Sellnus, 
Agrigentum, &c. ; and these Greek immigrants 
were later designated Siceliotve, si-cel'-i-o'-tce. 
The struggle between the Siceliota? and the 
Carthaginians, who had won the west, resulted 
in the Punic wars, in the second of which 
Sicily passed to the Romans, and was made a 
province. 

Sich^eus, si-cha'-us {see Dido). 

Sicinius, si-ciu'-i-7is. i. L. Dentatus, 
den-td'-tus, tribune of the plebs 454 B.C., was 
distinguished for his courage and deeds in the 
field. He was murdered by the Decemviri, 
450. 2. L. Bellutus, bel-lu'-tus, led the first 
secession of the plebs, 494 B.C. 

Sicoris, sic'-o-ris, now the Segre, a river of 
Hispania Tarraconensis. 

Siculum, sid-u-lum, or Scyll^eum Fretum, 
scyl-ke?-tim fret'-um, now the Straits of 
Messina, between Sicily and Italy. 

Sicyon, si'-cy-on, the capital of Sicyonia, 
si-cy-o'-ni-a, a fertile district in north-east of 
the Peloponnesus, east of Achala, and west of 
Corinth. Sicyon, anciently ALgldlea, and 
afterwards Mecdne, was subjected to Agamem- 
non, from whose successors it passed to the 
Heraclldas. It was famous for its painters 
and statuaries. 

Side, si'-de, a coast city of Pamphylla. 

Sidicini, sid-i-ci'-ni, a people of north-west 
Campania. 

Sidon, si'-don, a famous city, twenty-five 
miles north of Tyre, and sixty west of Damas- 
cus, on the coast of Phenicla. 

Sidonius Apollinaris, sz-do'-ni-us d-pol'- 
li-na'-ris, a Christian writer, .a.d. 470, was 
born at Lugdunum, and made a senator by 
the emperor A Vitus, He wrote extant poems 
and epistles. 



Siris 



Sigeum, si-ge'-tim, a promontory of south- 
western Troas. 

Silarus, sil'-d-rus, a river of Picenum. 

Silenus, si-le'-?ius, a demigod, represented 
as chief of the Satyrs, and nurse, preceptor, 
and attendant of Bacchus. He was born at 
Nysa, or at Malea, in Lesbos. He is gene- 
rally represented as a fat and happy old man, 
riding on an ass, crowned with flowers, and 
always intoxicated. He had the gift of pro- 
phecy, and those who consulted him had to 
surprise him asleep and bind him with floral 
chains. The Fauni in general, and the Satyri 
are all often called Szleui. 

Silius Italicus, C, si'-li-us i-tdl'-i-cus, a 
Roman epic poet, was born about a.d. 25, and 
starved himself, 100 ; he was distinguished at 
the bar, and was consul 68. His great epic, 
Pfinica, on the second Punic war, is extant ; 
he imitated Virgil, but with little success. 

Silvanus, sil-vd'-nus, an Italian god of the 
woods, fields, and flocks ; he is often con- 
founded with Faunus, Pan, and Silenus. He 
is represented as a cheerful old man, often carry- 
ing a cypress. Pomona was loved by him. 

Simois, sim'-o-is, a river of the Troad. 

Simonides, si-mon'-i-des. 1. A celebrated 
lyric poet of Cos, born 556 B.C. He amassed 
a large fortune by acting as a poet laureate to 
several Greek states. He died 467. He is 
said to have added r\, to, ?, x/r to the Greek 
alphabet ; his poetry, of which only some frag- 
ments exist, was distinguished for elegance and 
sweetness rather than vigour. 2. An iambic 
poet of Samos, flourished at Amorgos 660 B.C. 

Simplicius, sun-plid-i-zcs, of Cilicla, a Neo- 
Platonic philosopher, a.d. 540. 

Sinnis, sin'-nis, a famous robber of Corinth. 

Sinon, sin'-dn, son of iEsImus or Sisyphus, 
and grandson of Autolycus, went with Ulysses 
to Troy. He let himself be taken prisoner, 
pretending that he had fled from the Greek 
camp because the lot had, by Ulysses' artifice, 
fallen on him to be offered in sacrifice. When 
received by the Trojans, he persuaded them to 
admit the wooden horse. 

Sinope, si-no'-pe, an important Milesian 
colony in the Euxine, rose to power, and be- 
came the capital of Pontus. 

Sinti, sin'-ti, the people of Sin'tica, in 
Macedonia, a district east of Crestonia. 

Sinuessa, sin-u-es'-sa, acoast city of LatTum. 

Sipontum, si-pon'-tti7n, a town of Apulia. 

Sipylus, sip'-y-lus, a mountain on the fron- 
tiers of Lydla and Phrygla, on which Niobe 
was changed into a stone, and near which 
L. Scipio (Asiaticus) defeated Antiochus III. 
of Syria, 190 B.C. 

Sirenes, sz-re'-nes, sea-nymphs, whose songs 
so charmed listeners that they forgot all their 
employments and continued listening till death 
overtook them. They were placed by Homer 
on the south-western coast of Italy, but by the 
Latin poets off the coast of Campania, on the 
three rocky isles Sirenii'sce oxSire'num Scop' Mi. 

Siris, si'-ris, a river of Lucanla, with an 
ancient Greek city, Siris, at its mouth. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



227 



Sisenna 



Sisenna, L. Cornelius, si-sen'-na, cor-ne'- 
li-us, praetor 78 B.C., and legate of Pompey 
against the pirates 67, wrote on his own times, 
translations, &c. 

Sisyphus, sl'-sy-phtcs, or JEol'ides, king of 
Corinth, son of ^Eolus and Enarete, married 
Merope the Pleiad, who bore him Glaucus, 
Thersander, &c. He marked the feet of his 
oxen, and thus was able to recover them when 
stolen by Autolycus (q.v.), who became his 
friend. Sisyphus is said to have been the real 
father of Ulysses by Autolycus's daughter 
Anticlea, whom he debauched before her mar- 
riage with Laertes. He built Ephyra (Co- 
rinth). For his wickedness on earth he was 
condemned in the lower world to perpetual 
punishment, rolling up hill a huge stone, 
which, as soon as it reached the top, fell back 
into the plain. 

Sithonia, si-thon'-i-a, a peninsula of Chal- 
cidlce, in Macedonia, between the Toronaic 
and Singitic gulfs, named from King Sithon of 
Thrace. 

Smerdis, sme> J -dis, the brother of King 
Cambyses of Persia, was put to death by the 
tyrant's orders. 2. The Pseudo-Smerdis, 
Patizlthes, one of the Magi, who had been set 
over the palace and treasures of Cambyses, 
proclaimed himself king, representing himself 
to be (1), and that he had escaped from the 
murderers sent by Cambyses. He held the 
throne eight months, till killed by the seven 
noble conspirators, when Darius 1. Hystaspes, 
became king. 

Smintheus, smiit '-them , epithet of Apollo, 
either from the town Smin'the, in T*soas, or 
from the vi07tse (anivOoc;), a prophetic «nimal. 

Smyrna, smyr'-na, a famous commercial 
city of Ionia, at the base of Mount Imolus. 

Socii, sd'-ci-i, the allies of the Romans. The 
population of the Roman world consisted of 

(1) Gives Romani, who alone enjoyed the full 
ci' vitas, i.e., the jus suffra'gii, right of voting 
in the popular assemblies ; jus ho no' rum, eligi- 
bility to all public offices ; jus pj'OZ'dcd'tld'uis, 
right of appeal to the Comitla from any sen- 
tence depriving one of the cap'ut {i.e., in- 
volving loss of life, personal freedom, or poli- 
tical or social privileges) ; jus connii'bii, right of 
contracting a lawful marriage ; and jus com- 
mer'cii, right of acquiring, transferring, or 
holding property of all kinds according to the 
Roman laws. These rights might be acquired 
by birth, gift, or manumission, and some might 
be held without the others : the rights belonged 
to the members of the thirty-three tribes at 
Rome, the citizens of Roman colonies in Italy, 
and, by gift, to the citizens of certain towns. 

(2) No'jnen Lati'num, Roman colonies which 
had not the full citizenship, but stood in the same 
relation to Rome that the members of the old 
Latin league had : what these privileges were 
is uncertain. And (3) Socii, the towns which 
voluntarily or after conquest had concluded a 
treaty, fcedus, with Rome, which determined 
the rights of each town : Municip'ia, adminis- 
tered their internal affairs and had the cii'Has 



Socrates 



in various degrees ; Prcefectu'rce were admin- 
istered by a prefect annually sent from Rome, 
but in other respects were like the Municipia ; 
the various hamlets, oppida,fora, conciliabula, 
vici, castella, surrounding a municiplum or 
prasfectura, stood in the same relation to it 

that it itself did to Rome. Many Roman 

statesmen had meditated conferring_ the full 
civltas on all Italy, as the younger Sciplo Afri- 
canus, C. Gracchus, &c. ; and the rejection of 
the proposal of the tribune M. Llvlus Drusus to 
that effect, 91 B.C., led, all Italy having eagerly 
expected the franchise, to the Social ox Mar- 
sic war, 90 — 89, which broke out at Asculum, 
in Picenum. The allies intended to make 
Confinlum (Halted) the capital of the new con- 
federation. The Socii formed two groups, the 
Marsi, Marruclni, Peligni, Vestini, Picentes, 
and the Samnites, Lucanians, Apulians. At 
length they submitted, the franchise being con- 
ferred on them all by the Plautia Papiria 
Lex. Julius Caesar granted the full civltas to 
Gallia Cisalplna, the emperor Claudius readily 
sold it for money, and finally Caracalla con- 
ferred it as a gift on all the inhabitants of the 
Roman empire. 

Socrates, sd'-cra-tes, the famous Athenian 
philosopher, son of the Athenian statuary 
Sophroniscus and the midwife Phsenarete, and 
husband of the shrew Xanthippe, born 469 
B.C., served in the battles at Potidsea, Dellum, 
and Amphipolis, and was a senator, 406. He 
was brought up as a statuary, but abandoned 
his profession to become a teacher of a most 
unique character, unparalleled in history, and 
only possible in the then state of society, when 
all the citizens had a certain amount of educa- 
tion, and lived quite a public life in the Agora. 
Socrates professed that he himself knew 
nothing, and the great mission of his life, 
which he believed to be imposed on him by the 
gods, was to expose the false persuasion of 
knowledge which was universal : this he did 
by his Socratic dialectic, i.e., cross-examining 
a person on his alleged knowledge of any 
subject, and gradually bringing him to confess 
his ignorance ; but Socrates himself had no 
positive solution to offer for the difficulties he 
made patent, and hence his unpopularity at 
Athens ; for, like the Sophists whom he opposed, 
he generated a sceptical spirit. Socrates be- 
lieved himself to be inspired by a da?mo7i, or 
inward spiritual voice, a divine agency, which 
by different workings and manifestations con- 
veyed to him special revelations ; he also 
believed in dreams, &c. , and conformed to the 
polytheistic worship of the time. Being hated by 
all parties, he was at length accused, 399, by 
the orator Lycon, the tragic poet Meletus, and 
the demagogue Anytus, of corrupting the 
youth, and of substituting new for the tutelary 
deities of the state. ■ He was condemned, and 
on his boldly refusing to acquiesce in a greater 
punishment than a fine of 60 minae (one talent, 
or .£243. 15s. sterling), he was sentenced to 
death. The sentence could not be carried out 
for thirty days, till the return of the periodical 



228 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Sogdiana 

Theoric mission to Delos ; at the expiration of 
that time he was obliged to drink the poison, a 
bowlful of hemlock, which he did with com- 
posure and cheerfulness, his last moments 
being spent in conversations with his disciples 
on the immortality of the soul. The personal 
appearance of Socrates was striking : he had a 
flat nose, thick lips, and prominent eyes, like a 
Silenus ; he went barefooted at all seasons, and 
was capable of bearing great physical fatigue. 
His value in the history of philosophy is that 
he "brought down philosophy from heaven," 
he revolutionized the method and the object of 
philosophic inquiry, directing philosophy away 
from physics to social, political, and ethical 
topics. He combated commonplace, and sub- 
stituted morality from ethical grounds for the 
morality of custom and habit ; for this new 
morality the determination of conceptions was 
necessary ; hence the origination of the method 
of Induction, and the giving of strict Logical 
Definitions must be ascribed to him. His only 
positive doctrinal sentence transmitted to us is 
that "Virtue is knowledge :" in his view the good 
action followed as necessarily from the know- 
ledge of the good as a logical conclusion from 
its premise. His disciples branched into the 
schools of Antisthenes the Cynic, Aristippus 
the Cyrenaic, Euclides the Megarian, and 
Plato the Academic. 

Sogdiana, sog-di-d'-na, a north-eastern pro- 
vince of Persia. 

Sogdianus, sog-di-d'-nus, illegitimate son of 
Artaxerxes I. Longimanus, murdered Xerxes 
II., 425 B.C., and was in seven months mur- 
dered by his brother Ochus. 

Sol, sol (the sun) (see Apollo). 

Solinus, C. J., so-li'-nus, a geographer, 

A.D. 240. 

Solon (-onis), sol' -on, a famous Athenian 
legislator, born about 638 B.C., was in early 
life a foreign trader, and first became pro- 
minent on occasion of the quarrel between 
Athens and Megara for Salamis, when he 
rushed into the Agora, feigning madness, and 
reciting an elegiac poem calling on the 
Athenians to regain the isle. Solon was him- 
self made general, and, after a protracted war, 
Sparta, chosen arbiter, assigned the isle to 
Athens. After the first Sacred War, of which 
he was the promoter, he was archon, 594, at 
Athens, and instituted his reforms. These 
consisted of a aeiatixVeia (a measure for re- 
leasing debtors equitably), division of citizens 
into classes, enlargement of the power of the 
Ecclesia, and creation of the Senate of 400. 
Having bound the people to observe his laws 
for ten years, he travelled abroad, in Egypt, 
Cyprus, Lydia(«^ Crcesus), &c, and 011 his 
return to Athens found his reforms to a con- 
siderable extent nullified by his cousin-german, 
Pisistratus (q. v.) : he died about 560. Some 
fragments of his terse poems remain. 

Sophene, sd-phe'-ne, a. district of Armenia. 

Sophistve, sd-phis'-tce, a name under which 
a large number of persons are included, who 
had nothing more in Common than the carry- 



Sophocles 

ing out, in morals, politics, and religion, of 
the intellectual tendency of their age. The 
original meaning of ao<p«ni]q was equivalent to 
our philosopher, and it is applied by Hero- 
dotus to both Solon and Pythagoras : in Greece, 
in the 4th century b. c. , every man who taught 
or gave lessons to audiences, more or less 
numerous, was so called, and in the Athenian 
law, enacted 307 B.C., against the philosophers 
and their schools, the philosophers generally 
are designated aotpiarai. The moderns 
speak of the Sophists as if they were a pro- 
fessional body of men, maintaining theses, 
and employing arguments which every one 
could easily detect as false ; but such a class 
never could have maintained its existence, and 
this character is assigned to them as they are 
usually depicted from their opponents' mis- 
representations. By Plato and his critics they 
are represented as having prostituted their 
talents for gain, in teaching and in political 
life, of having laid claim to universal know- 
ledge, of having generated scepticism and 
uncertainty by their carrying out the negative 
dialectic, — the maintaining of opposite theses 
as equally true, — of having catered for popular 
favour, &c. ; but as regarded their negative 
dialectic, Socrates and Plato (except in his 
later days) were Sophists, and the claim to 
universal knowledge was then common to all 
philosophers. The Sophists really mark merely 
a transition period, the clearing-up period, as 
necessarily preparatory to the dogmatic, and 
they were the natural result of the restlessness 
of the time. Of the Sophists, the Hegelian 
writer ^r. Scwhegler says : — " They threw 
among the people a fulness in every depart- 
ment of knowledge ; they strewed about them 
a vast number of fruitful germs of develop- 
ment ; they called out investigations in the 
theory of knowledge, in logic, and in lan- 
guage ; they laid the basis for the methodical 
treatment of many branches of human know- 
ledge, and they partly founded and partly called 
forth that wonderful intellectual activity which 
characterized Athens at that time. Their 
greatest merit is their service in the depart- 
ment of language ; they may be even said to 
have created and formed the Attic prose. . . 
With them, Athenian eloquence, which they 
first incited, begins." The Sophists are 
divisible into two classes, — those teachers who 
were of real value in regard to philosophy, as 
Protagoras, GorgTas the Leontine, HippTas of 
Elis, Prodlcus, &c. : and those to whom the 
usual meaning of Sophist applies, who "sank 
to a common level of buffoonery and disgrace- 
ful strife for gain, and comprised their whole 
dialectic art in certain formulas for entangling 
fallacies." 

Sophocles, soph'-o-cles. 1. The famous 
Athenian tragic poet, son of Sophillus, was 
born at Colonos, in Attica, 495 B.C., and 
received a liberal education. From his skill 
in music and dancing he was chosen, when 
sixteen, by the Athenians to lead the chorus 
that danced around the trophy erected in 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



229 



Sophonisba 

honour of the victory of Salamis. His first 
tragedy was represented 468, his competitor 
being the famous ^Eschylus ; party spirit was 
so much evoked that the archon hesitated to 
name the judges, when the victorious Cimon 
and his nine colleagues, from Scyros, entered 
the theatre, and were at once appointed 
judges. They awarded the prize to Sophocles ; 
whereon iEschylus retired from Athens. In 
440 Sophocles took part with Pericles in the 
war against Samos, and in the following years 
his star paled before that of his young rival 
Euripides. In his old age he was charged 
with imbecility by his son Iophon, who was 
jealous of the old man's affection for a grand- 
son, Sophocles ; but the judges at once dis- 
missed the case when he read to them the 
magnificent chorus in his CEdlpus Coldneus, 
668 — 719 ; he died 406. Of his 130 plays, 
eighty-one of which were written after he was 
54, only seven are extant. 2. The son of (1), 
was also an Athenian tragic poet. 

Sophonisba, soph-d-nis'-ba, daughter of 
Cisco's son Hasdrubal, was betrothed to 
Masinissa, but married Syphax. On his 
death she was captured by Masinissa, who 
married her: she poisoned herself when Scipio 
demanded her surrender. 

Sora, so'-ra. 1. A town of Latium, on the 
Liris. 2. A town of Paphlagonia. 

Soracte, so-rad-te, a mountain of Etruna. 

Sosigenes, sd-sl'-ge-ucs, an astronomer, 
46 B.C., assisted Caesar in reforming the 
Calendar. 

Sosius, sos'-i-iis, two brothers, the Sosii, 
were noted publishers at Rome temp. Horace. 

Sospita, sos'-pi-ta {saving goddess), Juno. 

Sparta, spar'-ta, or Ldcedcs'i7tdn, the 
capital of the country {Ldco'nia or Ldcd'nica) 
of the Spartiates, spar-tl-d'-tes, or Spar- 
TANI, spar-ta'-ni, or Lacones, la-co'-nes, or 
Laced/EMONH, la'-ce-dce-mo)i'-i-i, was on the 
plain of the river Eurotas (on its right bank), 
about twenty miles from the sea ; it was not 
walled till very late. In the pre-historic 
period Sparta was the seat of Menelaus, and 
it was united with Argos by the marriage of 
Agamemnon's son Orestes, with Menelaus's 
daughter Hermidne. On the conquest by the 
Heraclldae, Sparta fell to Eurysthenes and 
Procles, the twin sons of Aristodemus, whence 
its two lines of jointly-reigning kings, Etiry- 
sthenldce (q.v.) and Proclldce. It received a 
new constitution from Lycurgus (q.v.). At the 
close of the second Messenian war, 668, Sparta 
became the most powerful state in the Pelo- 
ponnesus, and, after the overthrow of its rival 
Athens, 404 (see Peloponnesiacum Bellum), 
it held the hegemony in Greece till humiliated 
by the victory of the Thebans at Leuctra, and 
the restoration of the Messenians. It there- 
after gradually declined, despite the endea- 
vours of Agis and Cleomenes III. The popula- 
tion of Sparta consisted of Dorian citizens only, 
while the Helotcz (serfs) and the old Achaean 
remnant, the Per'icrci {dwellers arotmd), occu- 
pied the country districts and the towns. The | 



Stilpo 

life of the citizens of military age was that of a 
regular garrison, and all family life, or literary, 
&c. pursuits, were discouraged ; the citizens of 
military age took their meals together {see 
Phiditia). The government was vested in 
two kings {see Eurysthenid^e), the Ephdri 
(who really wielded all power), a Geronsla 
{see Senatus, 3), and a popular Assembly, 
who had no real power. 

Spartacus, spar'-td-ctcs, a Thracian gla- 
diator, headed a revolt in Italy, 73 — 71 B.C. 

Sparti, spa-Z-ti {sawn-meii), the offspring 
of the dragon's teeth {see Cadmus). 

Sperchius, sper-chi' -tis; a river of southern 
Thessaly. 

Speusippus, speu-sip'-pus, the successor of 
Plato in the Academy, taught 347 — 339 B.C. 

Sphacteria, sphac-te'-ri-a, an isle in the 
Bay of Pylos {Navaruid), now Sphagia. 

Sphinx (-gis), spliinx, a female monster, 
having the winged body of a lion and the 
breast and head of a woman, came from the 
country of the Arimi to Thebes in Boeotla, 
and put to death all who could not solve her 
riddle — "What being has four feet, two feet, 
three feet, and one voice, and is weakest when 
it has most feet?" (Edipus (q.v.) solved it by 
saying that it was man, who crawls on all fours 
in infancy, walks on two feet in manhood, and 
on three (by supporting himself with a stick) 
in old age : the Sphinx then threw herself into 
the sea. 

Spoletum, spo-le'-ticm, a town of Umbrfa. 

Sporades, spor'-a-des, a number of scat- 
tered isles in the ^Egean. {See Cyclades.) 

Stabi/e, stdb'-l-ce, a town of Campania. 

Stagira, std-gl'-ra, a town of ChalcidTce, in 
Macedonia,' the birthplace of the philosopher 
Aristotle. 

Statius, std'-ti-us. 1. P. Papinius, pd- 
pln'-l-us, a Roman epic poet, son of a gram- 
marian of Neapolis, became tutor to the 
emperor Domitian. He died about a.d. 96, 
aged about 35 ; his works, an epic, Thebais, in 
twelve books (expedition of the Seven against 
Thebes), five books of Silvce (miscellaneous 
poems), and an Achilleis. 2. See C*eci- 
lius(3). 

Stator, stdt'-or (stayiug-JIight), Jupiter. 

Stentor, sten'-tor, a Greek herald at Troy, 
whose voice was as loud as that of fifty men. 

Stenyclerus, steu-y-cle'-rus, a to»vn of 
northern MessenTa. 

Sterope, ster'-o-pe {see Pleiades,. 

Stesichorus, ste-sich'-d-rus, a famous lyric 
poet of Himera, in Sicily, 600 B.C. 

Sthenebcea, stheii-e-bce'-a, daughter of 
Jobates of Lycia, married Bellerophon. 

Sthenelus, stheu'-e-hts. 1. The father of 
Eurystheus. 2. A son of Capaneus, was in 
the wooden horse at Troy. 

Stheno, sthen'-d (see Gorgones). 

Stilicho, stll'-i-cho, a famous Vandal 
general of Theodosius I. and Honorius. Ht» 
was slain at Ravenna, a.d. 408. 

Stilpo, stil'-fid, a philosopher of Megara, 
330 B.C., developed the philosophy of Kuclid. 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



230 

Stobeeus 



StobjEUS, Joannes, sto-bce'-tis, jo-an'-nes, 
a learned Macedonian of Stobi, probably a. u. 
480. His valuable extracts from ancient 
writers exist. 

Stoici, sto'-i-ci {see Zeno, 2). 

Strabo, strdb'-d, the geographer, born at 
.AmasTa, in Pontus, about 55 B.C., died about 

A.D. 24. 

Straton, Physicus, strdt'-on, fhys'-i-cus, 
a Peripatetic of Lampsacus, was tutor to 
Ptolemy Philadelphia. 

Stratonicea, strdif-o-nl-ce'-a, a town of 
Carta. 

Strongyle, stron'-zy-le, one of the TEolTdes. 

STROPHADES,s/r(;///-a-rt£\y, originally Pid'tte, 
two isles in the Ionian Sea, off western Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

Strophius, stroph' -i-ns , the father of 
Pylades. 

Strymo, stry'-mo [see Laomedon). 

Strymon, stry'-mo?i, a river of Macedonia. 

Stymphalus, stym-phd' -lus , a town, river, 
lake, and mountain of north-eastern Arcadia. 
The neighbourhood was infested with carni- 
vorous birds, Styviplid' lides, which were at 
length destroyed by Hercules. 

Styx (gen. Stygis), a river of the nether 
world. The gods' oath by it was inviolable. 

Subura, su-bu'-ra, a street connecting the 
Viminal and Quirinal at Rome. It was the 
haunt of bad characters. 

Suessa, sii-es'-sa, a town of Latium. 

Suetonius, su-e-td'-iii-ns. 1. C. Paulinus, 
f>ati-li'-nus, governor of Britain under Otho. 
2. C. Tranquillus, tran-qzcil'-las, a famous 
Latin biographer, the favourite of Hadrian. 
He was banished by the influence of the 
empress Sabina. His lives of the first twelve 
Caesars and fragments of his lives of grammari- 
ans exist. 

Suevi, su-e'-vi, a powerful people in the 
north-eastern parts of Germany. 

Sulla, L. Cornelius, sid'-la, cor-ne'-ll-us, 
born 138 B.C., served as quajstor under Marius 
in Africa. The surrender of Jugurtha to Sulla 
gave umbrage to Marius, and thus laid the 
basis of a future quarrel. After being praetor 
he was sent to restore Ariobarzanes to Cappa- 
docla ; and on settling the Marsic war he was 
elected consul. He wished to have also the 
conduct of the Mithridatic war, and the resist- 
ance of Marius (q.v.) to this led to Sulla 
marching upon Rome, and putting to death 
many of the partisans of the popular or Marian 
party, 87. He then proceeded to the East, 
and compelled Mithridates' forces to retire 
from Greece, of which he made himself master 
by two battles at Chaeronea and Orchomenos, 
and he followed the Pontic king to Asia ; but 
he granted peace, 84, and returned to Rome, 
leaving Murena in charge. He collected a 
large army in Italy, 83, and marched into 
Rome, 82, where he was made dictator ; and 
in the proscription that followed the streets 
ran with blood. After passing several laws in 
fgyour of the aristocratical party, he abdicated 



Syssitia 

his dictatorship, 79, and retired to Puteuli, 
where he spent the rest of his life in volup- 
tuousness. He died 7S. His character is that 
of an ambitious, dissimulating, tyrannical, 
licentious, but resolute man. 

Suliuo, sid'-mo, a. town of the Peligni. 

Sunium, su'-7ii-um, a promontory of southern 
Attica, now Cape Colomii. 

Superum Mare, sup'-e-rum mdr'-e, the 
Upper or Adriatic Sea {see Adria, 3). The 
Tyrrhene was Inferum. 

Surenas, s?7-re'-uas, or grand vizier, of 
King Orodes of Parthia, defeated Crassus. 

Susa, su'-sa, the capital of Persia, in 
Susiti'iia, built by Tithonus, the father of 
Memnon. 

Susarion, sft-sar'-i-dn, of Megara, founder 
of the Attic Comedy, flourished 580 b.c. 

Sutrium, suf-rl-um, a town of Etruria. 

Sybakis, syb'-d-ris, a famous Achaean city 
on the Bay of Tarentum, noted for the effe- 
minacy and debauchery of its inhabitants. It 
was destroyed by CrotGna, 510 B.C. 

Sybota, syb'-o-ta, a harbour of EpTrus, op- 
posite which are several islets of the same 
name. 

Syene, sy-e'-ne, a town of Thebiiis, in Egypt. 
Sygambki, sy-gam'-bri {see Sigambki). 
Symplegades (-um), sym-ple'-ga-des {see 
Cyane^e). 

Syphax, syph'-ax, king of the Massaesyli, in 
Mauretania, concluded an alliance with the 
Romans, but deserted to the Carthaginians on 
his marrying Sophonisba. He was captured 
by Masinissa at Cirta, and adorned the tri- 
umph of Scipio : he died in prison, 201 B.C. 

SyracuS/E, syr-d-cic'-sce, a famous city of 
eastern Sicily, founded by Corinthians, 732 B.C. 
Its districts were Achradlna, Tyche, EpTpolae, 
Neapolis, and the isle Ortygla. It had two 
great harbours, separated by Ortygla. After 
being freed from the tyranny of Thrasybulus, 
446 B.C., it enjoyed security till the usurpation 
of the Dionysli, who were expelled by Timoleon, 
343. Its king, Hiero II., allied with the 
Romans ; but after the defection of his suc- 
cessor, Hieronymus, it had to withstand a 
famous siege by Marcellus, by whom it was 
stormed, 212, the science of Archimedes being 
unavailing. 

Syria, syr'-i-a, a large country of Asia, in 
its widest sense bounded E. b^ the Euphrates, 
N. by Mount Taurus, W. by the Mediterranean, 
S. by Arabia, and including Phoenicia, Seleucis, 
Palestine, Mesopotamia, Babylon, and Assyria 
proper. It is often called Assyria. Its later 
rulers were the Seleucidce. 

Syrinx, s^-rinx, a nymph of Arcadia, wai 
changed into a reed when pursued by Pan. 

Syros, sy'-ros, an isle east of Delos. 

Syrtes, syr'-tes, two large sandbanks off 
Africa, one near Leptis, the other near 
Carthage. The Major Syrtis was the eastern- 
most. 

Syrus, syr'-tis {see Publius). 
Syssitia, sys-si'-tZ-a {see Philit;\), 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Tabellarise Leges 



T 

Tabellarise Leges, ta-bel-lcH-rt-ce Ic'-ges, 
four laws regulating the manner of voting by- 
ballot in the comitia at Rome : Gabinia lex, 
139 B.C. ; Cassia, 137 ; Papirla, 131 ; Ccelia, 
X07. 

Tabern.e, td-ber'-ncE. 1. Nov^e, ?iov'-<z, a 
traders' street in Rome. 2. Tres, ires, a vil- 
lage on the Appia Via, in Ljtlum. 

Tacitus, tad-i-tus. t. C. Cornelius, cor- 
ne'-ll-iis, a celebrated Roman historian, was 
son of a Roman knight, governor of Belgic 
Gaul, and born about a.d. 60. He was patron- 
ized by Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Nerva, 
and Trajan. He was praetor 88, and consul 
97. He was an intimate friend of the younger 
Plinj', and married a daughter of the famous 
general C. J. Agricula. He died about 120. 
His works consist of the Annates from a.d. 14 
to 6S, of which only I —IV., VI., XII— XV., 
partsof V., XL, and XVI. exist ; the Historlee 
(a.d. 6S— 96), of which onfy I. — IV. and part 
of V. are extant ; the Vita Agricolce, and De 
Moribus et P epulis GermaiiicE ; a Dlalogus 
de Ordtdribus is also attributed to hirn, but its 
authenticity is doubtful. The style of Tacitus 
is epigrammatic and vigorous, but so elabo- 
rately concise as to be at times obscure. 2. 
M. Claudius, clau'-di-vs, elected Roman 
emperor on the death of Aurelian, by the 
Senate, 25th September, a.d. 275, when 70 
years old ; died 9th April, 276. 

T^exarum, tee-na-rum, a promontory and 
town of southern Laconla, celebrated for its 
temple of Neptune, statue of Arion (who 
landed here) and the dolphin, and a cave, 
supposed, from its black and unwholesome 
vapour, to be the mouth of hell through which 
Hercules dragged Cerberus. 

Tages, tdg'-es {see Haruspex). 

Tagus, tdg'-v.s, a river of Celtiberia. 

Talaus, tal'-a-us, king of Argos, son of Bias 
and Pero, and father of Adrastus, Partheno- 
pseus, Pronax, Mecisteus, Aristomachus, Eri- 
phyle. 

Talthybius, tal-thyb'-l-us, Agamemnon's 
herald. 

Tamesa, tdtu'-e-sa, now the Thames, in 
England, the river on which Louduiium 
stands. 

Tanager, tan'-a-ger, a river of LucanTa. 
Tanagra, td-nd'-gra, a town of BceotTa. 
Tanais, tdn'-d-is, the Don, a river of 
Scythia. 

Tanaquil, tdn'-d-quil {see Tarquinius, i). 

Tantalus, tan'-td-lus, king of Lydia, son 
cf Jupiter and a nymph, Pluto, was father of 
_N T iobe, Pelops, &c, by the Atlantid Dione 
(Euryanassa) ; for his cruelty to Pelops (q.v.) 
he was condemned in the nether world to per- 
petual thirst, and was placed up to the chin in 
water, which fled from his lips the moment he 
attempted to touch it. 

Tarentum, td-reu'-fum, a Greek city of 



Tarquinius 



Calabria, near the mouth of the Galesus, re- 
founded from Sparta (see Parthenle). Its 
struggle with Rome led to the invasion of 
Italy by Pyrrhus, and it fell, after his de- 
parture, 282 B.C., under Rome. 

Tarpeius, tarp-e '-i-us , a steep hill at Rome, 
whence malefactors were thrown. It was 
named from Tarpela (daughter of Tarpeius, 
the governor of the citadel), who betrayed the 
Capitol to the Sabines under T. Tatlus, being 
promised "what they wore on their arms" 
(bracelets) ; when they entered, they flung 
their shields on her. 

Tarquinii, tar-quin' , a city of Etruria. 

Tarquinius, tar-qui)i'-i-us. 1. Priscus, 
L., pris'-cus, the elder Tarqv.in, the fifth king 
of Rome, was son of a Corinthian, Demaratus, 
who settled at Tarquinii, in Etruria. Tarquin 
married Tanaquil, an Etruscan woman, and 
he removed to Rome, an eagle swooping down 
upon him, lifting his cap, and again replacing 
it, as he entered the city, from which Tanaquil 
augured his becoming king. He rose to power, 
and was nominated by the king, Ancus Mar- 
cius, guardian to his two sons ; but the people 
assigned the crown to Tarquin, 616 B.C. He 
tried to incorporate the Plebs, but was pre- 
vented : however, he added 100 to the Senate, 
among whom were many wealthy plebeians. 
He obtained several successes over the Latins, 
Sabines, and Etruscans, and improved the city 
by sewers and aqueducts. He was assassinated 
by the two sons of Ancus Marclus, 578 ; but 
Tanaquil secured the throne for Servius Tullius 
(q.v.). 2. L. Superbus, sil-per 1 -bus(tJie Proud), 
grandson of (i), by Tullla, younger daughter 
of Servius Tullius, whom he murdered ; he 
then ascended the throne without the consti- 
tutional election by the Popuhis, 534 B.C. His 
continued disregard of the Senate and Comitia 
made him very unpopular, and to divert the 
popular feeling he undertook wars against the 
neighbouring cities. When he was encamped 
before Ardea, a discussion arose among the 
young nobles as to the domestic virtues of 
their wives, when each praised his own wife ; 
and it was agreed to go to see what their wives 
respectively were occupied in. Lucretla, the 
wife of Collatinus, was found spinning among 
her female servants ; her beauty attracted the 
lust of Sextus Tarquin, cousin of Collatinus, 
who again revisited her house at midnight, and 
compelled her, by threats of death, to yield to 
his passion. Lucretia afterwards sent for her 
husband, and, having related the violence to 
him and his friends, stabbed herself. Brutus 
(q. v.), who had till then feigned madness, 
seized the reeking blade, and swore on it ven- 
geance against the Tarquins. Collatlnus's 
party proceeded to Rome, and the city rose 
in insurrection. The king hastened back to 
Rome, but was refused admission, 510, and 
retired among the Etruscans, who, under Por- 
senna, and again with the Latins (defeated at 
Lake Regillus), tried to restore him. He died 
496, and with him the Roman monarchy 
ended. For his famous purchase of the Sibyl- 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



232 

Tarracina 



Jine books, see Sibylla. 3. Sextius, sejd- 
ti-us, the eldest son of (2), entered Gabii when 
nis father was besieging it, mutilated, and pre- 
tending he had fled from his tyranny. He was 
received by the inhabitants, and intrusted with 
the command. His messenger to his father 
for advice was replied to only by the king cut- 
ting off the heads of the tallest poppies before 
the messenger. Tarquin acted on the hint, 
and procured the death of the chief citizens, 
and then betrayed the cit}? to his father. 

Tarracina, tar-ra-cl'-na, a town of 
Latlum. 

Takraco, tar'-ra-co, the capital of His- 
panla Tarraconensis, now Tarragona. 

Tarsus, tar'-sus, a city of Cilicla. 

Tartarus, tar'-tar-tis, or Tar , tara{-oxwm), 
the region of punishment in the nether world. 

Tartessus, tar-tes'-sus {see Gades). 

Tatius, T., ta'-tl-us {see Romulus).; 

Tauri, tau'-ri, a people of the Tau'rlca 
Chersdne'sus (the Crimea), a peninsula south- 
west of Palus Mseotis. 

Taurini, tau-ri'-ni, a people of Cisalpine 
Gaul. 

Tauromenium, tau-ro-meii'-i-um, now 
Taormi7ia, a city on the eastern coast of 
Sicily. 

Taurus, tau'-rus, a finely wooded mountain- 
range of Asia Minor. 

Taygetus, ta-yg'-e-tns, a mountain of 
Laconla. 

Teanum, te-a'-num, a town of Campania. 

Tegea, teg'-e-a, a town of Arcadia. 

Telamon, tel'-a-mon, son of iEacus and 
Endeis, fled from Megara after the homicide 
of his brother Phocus, to Salamis, where he 
married King Cychreus's daughter Glauce, 
and succeeded to the throne. He accom- 
panied Jason to Colchis, and was armour- 
bearer to Hercules against King Laomedon. 
Hercules rewarded him with the hand of 
Hesione. 

Telchines, tel-cM'-nes, the aborigines of 
Rhodes, destroyed by Jupiter for their wicked- 
ness. 

Teleboes, te-leti '-o-es , the piratical inhabit- 
ants of the islets Taph'iiz, between Leucas and 
Acarnama. 

Telegonus, te-leg'-o-inis, son of Ulysses 
and Circe of JEssa., went, when grown up, to 
Ithaca, to make himself known to his father; 
he was shipwrecked on Ithaca, and plun- 
dered the inhabitants ; Ulysses and Tele- 
machus came against him, and Telegonus 
unwittingly killed his father. He is said 
by some to have afterwards married Pene- 
lope, who bore him a son, Italus. Tele- 
gonus founded Tusculum and Tibur (or Prae- 
2este) in Italy, and from his daughter Mamilia 
jhe Roman Mamilii claimed descent. 

Telemachus, te-lhii'-a-chus, son of Ulysses 
Kind Penelope, went in search of his father, 
«vho had been so long absent at Troy, and 
visited Menelaus and Nestor ; he returned to 
Ithaca, and by Minerva's aid discovered his 
father, whom he aided in killing Penelope's 



Teucer 



suitors. He is said to have married Circe, and 
on accidentally killing her he fled to Italy, and 
founded Clusmm. 

Telephus, te'-le-phits, king of Mysla, son 
of Hercules and Aleus's daughter Auga (q.v.), 
assisted Priam. 

Tellus, tel'-Ius {see Ccelus). 

Telmessus, tel-mes'-sus, a town of Caria. 

Temenus, te'-men-us {see Heraclid^.). 

Temesa, tem'-e-sa, a town in Calabria. 

Tempe (n. pi.), tem'-pe, a beautiful valley of 
Thessaly, between Olympus on the north, and 
Ossa on the south. 

Tenedos, ten'-e-dos, an isle off the Troad, 
originally Lezc'copluys, and re-named by Tenes. 

Tenes, te'-nes, son of Cycnus and Proclea ; 
he rejected the overtures of his father's second 
wife, Philonome, who in revenge falsely accused 
him to his father, and he was then exposed on 
the sea, and drifted to Tenedos (q. v.). His 
sister Hemithea accompanied him, and he was 
killed by Achilles while defending her from the 
hero's violence, and she was, on her prayer, 
swallowed up by the earth. 

Tentyra (-orum), ten'-ty-ra, a city of 
Upper Egypt. 

Teos, te'-ds, a coast town of Ionia, the 
birthplace of the poet Anacreon (Tehis). 

Terentius, ter-eu'-ti-;:s. 1. P., Afer, 
af'-er, a Roman comic poet, originally a Car- 
thaginian slave, born 195 B.C., was manumitted 
by his master, Terentius Lucanus, a Roman 
senator, after having been liberally educated. 
Terence was very intimate with the elder 
Sciplo Africanus and Lselius, who were sus- 
pected of aiding his compositions. He died 
158. His works were chiefly adaptations of 
Menander : of his 108 comedies only six are 
extant. Quintilian pronounced him the most 
elegant and refined of all the comic writers. 2. 
Varro, var'-ro, the consul with ^Emillus 
Paullus at Canna; ; he escaped to Canuslum. 

Tereus, te'-retcs {see Philomela). 

Terminus, ter'-mi-nus, the Roman god of 
territorial bounds and limits ; he was repre- 
sented without a human head, and without feet 
or arms ; his festivals, Termhia'Ua, were an- 
nually observed in February, when peasants 
crowned the Terinlni, landmarks, with gar- 
lands, and offered libations of milk and wine, 
and the sacrifice of a lamb or young pig. 

Terpander, terp-an'-der, a lyric poet of 
Lesbos, 675 B.C. ; he added the fourth string 
to the lyre. 

Terpsichore, terp-szch' -o-re , one of the 
Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 
presided over dancing. 

Terra, ter'-ra {see TellusV 

Tethys, te'-thys, a marine goddess, daugh- 
ter of Coelus and Terra, married Ocean us 
(q. v.), and bore the various river-gods, the 
Oceanides, &c. 

Teucer, teu'-cer. 1. King of Phrygla 
{Teucria), was son of the Scamanderand Ida; 
his people were called Teu'cri. His son-in- 
law Dardanus succeeded him. 2. A son of 
King Telamon, of Salamis, and Hesione, dis- 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



233 



Teuthras 



tinguished himself against Troy : from his 
father's severity he retired, after the war, to 
Cyprus, where he built Salamis. 

Teuthras, teu'-thras (see Auga). 

Teutones, teu'-to-nes (see Cimbri). 

Thales, thdl'-es. 1. An Ionian philosopher 
of Miletus, about 600 B.C. ; he was the founder 
of the Ionic school, or physical philosophers, 
who endeavoured to find the first cause in 
something physical : he supposed it to be 
water. His successors were Anaximander 
and Anaximenes. Thales was also distin- 
guished in astronomy. 2. A lyric poet of 
Gortyna, in Crete, 670 B.C. 

Thalia, thd-li'-a, the Muse of pastoral and 
comic poetry, was usually represented on a 
column, with a shepherd's staff in her left 
hand, and in her right a mask. 

Thamyras, tkam' '-y-ras , a Thracian musi- 
cian who challenged the Muses, and was, as a 
punishment, deprived of his eyesight and his 
voice. 

Thapsus, thajf-sns, a town of Africa, where 
Caesar defeated the Pompeians, 46 B.C. 

Thasos, thas'-os, an island off Thrace. 

Thaumas, thau'-mas, the father of Iris. 

Theb./e, the'-bce. 1. The capital of Boeotia, 
on the Ismenus, founded by Cadmus (q. v.), 
famous in connection with CEdipus, Eteo- 
cles, and the Epigoni. In the historical period 
Thebes played an unpatriotic part in the Per- 
sian invasion, and it made an attack on Plataea 
at the opening of the Peloponnesian war. 
Under Epaminondas (q.v.) Thebes rose to the 
hegemony of Greece, but at his death it again 
fell ; it resisted the Macedonian supremacy, 
and was razed by Alexander. It was rebuilt 
by Cassander, but never regained its im- 
portance. 2. A famous city of the district 
Thebais, the-ld'-is, in Egypt ; it was razed 
by King Cambyses, of Persia. 

Themis, them'-is, daughter of Ccelus and 
Terra, married Jupiter against her own in- 
clination ; she bore Dice, Irene, Eunomia, &c. 

Themiscyra, the-mis-cy-ra, a coast town 
and fertile plain in the north of Pontus. 

Themistius, the-mis'-ti-us, a philosopher 
of Paphlagonia, temp. Constantius, author of 
extant orations and fragments of a commen- 
tary on Aristotle. 

Themistocles, the-mis'-to-cles, a famous 
Athenian general, born 514 B.C., was dis- 
inherited by his father, Neocles, for his vices. 
This led to his reformation and devotion to the 
public service. He was a general of the fleet 
of the Athenians at the time of Xerxes' in- 
vasion, and, by sending a message to the Per- 
sians, he caused the Greek fleet to be hemmed 
in, and it had no alternative but to fight, as he 
desired, at Salamis, 480 B.C. Many suppose 
that Themistocles at the same time intended 
to curry favour with the Persian king in the 
event of defeat, and he afterwards informed 
Xerxes that the Greeks intended to cut the 
bridge of boats over the Hellespont, which 
caused the hasty flight of Xerxes. Themis- 
tocles was afterwards banished by the Athe- 



Theopompus 



nians, being implicated in the intrigues of 
Pausanias, and took refuge with the Persian 
king Artaxerxes, who kindly received him, 
and, on his offers to procure for him the sub- 
jugation of Greece, assigned him Magnesia 
and a great income : here he died, 449. It is 
said that he poisoned himself with bull's blood, 
feeling his inability to fulfil his promises. 

Theocritus, the-od -ri-tzis , a Greek pastoral 
poet of Syracuse, 282 B.C. He was in favour 
with Ptolemy Philadelphus. His thirty Idylls, 
imitated in Virgil's Eclogues, and some Epi- 
grams, in the Doric dialect, are extant ; they 
are distinguished by great elegance and sim- 
plicity. 

Theodoricus I., the-o-do'-ri-cus. 1. King 
of the Visigoths, killed, in his defeat of AttTla 
at Chalons, a.d. 451. 2. Theodoricus II., 
son of (1), assassinated by his brother Euric, 
466. 3. Theodoricus III., the great king of 
the Ostrogoths, invaded Italy, 489, and con- 
quered Odoacer. Theodoric reigned over 
Italy till 526. 

Theodorus, the-o-do'-rus. 1. A rhetorician 
of Byzantium, temp. Plato. 2. A Cyrenaic 
philosopher of Athens, flourished 300 B.C. 3. 
A rhetorician of Rhodes, 5 B.C. 

Theodosius 1., the-d-dos'-i-us. 1. Flavius 
M.AGmiS,jld'-vi-tismag'-nus, Roman emperor, 
was invested with the purple, by Gratian, as 
successor to Valens, a.d. 379, and set over 
Thrace and the eastern provinces. He met 
with great success over the Goths, and restored 
peace to the empire. Theodosius was a warm 
supporter of the Church, and did public 
penance at Milan, imposed by St. Ambrose, 
for having put the people of Thessalonica to the 
sword for killing one of his officers ; he died at 
Milan, 17th January, 395. 2. Theodosius II., 
born a.d. 401, grandson of (1), succeeded, when 
eight years old, his father Arcadius as Roman 
emperor of the West ; the regency was con- 
ducted by his sister Pulcheria. When of 
age he married the virtuous Eudoxfa, and 
proceeded against the Persians, whom he 
defeated ; but he failed in the siege of Nisibis, 
and had to bribe the Huns and Vandals. He 
died 450. An excellent code of laws was pro- 
mulgated in his reign. 

Theognis, tlie-og'-nis, a Greek gnomic poet 
of Megara, 549 B.C. ; some of his maxims 
exist. 

Theophane, the-oph'-d-ne, daughter of 
Bisaltus, was transformed into a sheep by 
Neptune, who himself took the form of a rain ; 
she bore the ram with the golden fleece (see 
Phryxus). 

Theophrastus, the-o-phras'-tus, son of a 
fuller of Eresus, in Lesbos, born about 390 
B.C. ; he succeeded his master Aristotle in 
the Lyceum. He is said to have written over 
200 philosophical treatises, of which about 
twenty are extant, consisting of his Characters 
(a moral treatise), and physical works. He 
died 287. 

Theopompus, tke-o-pom'-j>us. 1. King of 
Sparta, 723 B.C., instituted the Ephori. 2. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Thera 



A historian of Chios, 354 B.C., disciple of 
Isocrates. 

Thera, tJie'-ra, one of the Sporades. 

Therapn^e, the-rap' -nee , a town of 
Laconla, birthplace of Castor and Pollux 
( Therap?ue'i fra'tres). 

Therma, tlier'-ma, the ancient name of 
Thessalonlca, in Mygdonia, on the TJienna'uus 
Sln'?(s. 

Thermopyl.?:, ther-mop'-y-la (hot gates], 
the pass by lae hot batlis, leading over the 
mountains from Thessaly into Locris and 
Phocis, celebrated for the resistance of the 
three hundred Spartans under Leonidas to the 
Persian forces, 7th August, 480 B.C. 

Theron, tlii'-ron, tyrant of Agrigentum, 
480 B.C. 

Thersites, ther-si'-tes, a deformed Greek 
officer before Troy, fond of reviling the gene- 
rals, especially Agamemnon, Achilles, and 
Ulysses. He was killed by Achilles for 
laughing at the death of Penthesilea. 

Theseus, the'-seiis, king of the Athenians 
(T/ieseidte), was son of yEgeus (q. v.) and King 
Pittheus's daughter yEthra. On his way from 
Trcezene .'where he was educated) to Athens, 
to make himself known to his father, he slew 
the famous robbers, Sinnis, Sciron, Cercyon, 
Periphetes, Procrustes, and the sow Phaea, 
On his arrival at Athens Medea (q. v.) incited 
yEgeus to kill Theseus ; but the king recognized 
his son, and Theseus then put the Pallantldse 
(q. v.) to death. Theseus afterwards caught 
the famous bull of Marathon, and led it in 
procession through the streets to be sacrificed 
to Minerva. His next exploit was killing the 
Minotaurus (q. v.), and, on his return, he 
abandoned Ariadne (q. v.) in Naxos ; and, 
through a mistake in not hoisting the white 
flag as agreed on when the ship of Theseus 
was in sight of Athens, yEgeus, supposing 
Theseus to be dead, killed himself. . Theseus, 
now king, 1235 B.C., consolidated the state and 
united the demes of Attica into one city, 
Athens (see PanatheNjEa). His territories 
were invaded b3 r King Pirithous (q. v.), of the 
Lapithae, but, before am- engagement, the two 
kings became intimate friends. Theseus was 
afterwards present at the famous contest of the 
Lapithae and Centaurs at Pirithous's marriage 
with Hippodamla. Theseus, on the death of 
his wife Phsedra, by Pirithous's assistance 
carried off the famous Helen, but Castor and 
Pollux recovered her. The two friends after- 
wards descended to Hades to carry off 
Proserpine for Pirithous. There the latter 
remained for ever ; but Theseus was relieved 
from imprisonment when Hercules visited 
Hades to take away Cerberus. On his return 
to Athens Theseus found the throne in pos- 
session of Mnestheus, a descendant of Erech- 
theus ; and, failing to recover the crown, he 
withdrew to King Lycomedes of Scyros, who 
perfidiously flung him down from a precipice. 

Thesmophoria, tlies-mo-phor'-i-a, Athenian 
festivals in honour of Ceres, observed with 
fjreat solemnity. 



Th.ueydid.es 

Thesmothet^e, tJtes-moth' -e-tce {see Ak- 

CHONTES). 

Thespis, thes'-pis, a tragic poet of Attica, 
536 B.C., the inventor of Tragedy. His repre- 
sentations were given on a temporary stage on 
a waggon, which travelled from town to town. 

Thespius, tiles' -pi-us, king of Thesfpia, a 
town of Boeotia, at the base of Mount Helicon. 
His fifty daughters, ThespVades, bore children 
to Hercules. 

Thesprotia, tlies-prd'-tl-a, a district of 
Eplrus. 

Thessalia, thes-saF-i-a, anciently Hce- 
ntonia, j&mathia, Dryopis, Pelasgicum, &c., 
a country bounded S. by Greece proper, E. 
by the yEgean, N. by Macedonia and Myg- 
donla, \V. by Illyricum and Eplrus. It was 
divided into Thessallotis, Pelasgiotis, His- 
tlaeotis, and Phthlotis : some add a fifth, 
Magnesia. It was governed by a Td'gus, or 
president, till subject to Macedonia. 

Thessalonica, thes'-sd-ld-ni'-ca, a town of 
Macedonia (see Therma). 

Thestius, tlies'-ti-us, a king of yEtoha, the 
father of Meleager, Leda, &c 

Thestor, tJies'-tor, the father of Calchas 
(T/iestoSides). 

Thetis, thet'-is, a marine goddess, daughter 
of Nereus and Doris, married yEacus's son, 
Peleus, or Pellon, the marriage being attended 
by all the deities (see Discordia). Her most 
famous child was Achilles (q. v.). 

Thisbe, this! -be (see Pvramus). 

Thoas, tJw'-as. 1. The king of the Tauric 
Chersonese when Iphigenia(q.v.) was priestess 
to the Tauric Diana. 2. King of Lemnos, 
abdicated for his daughter Hypsipyle (q. v.), 
and escaped the massacre by the Lemnian 
women by flight to Chios. 

Thracia, thra'-ci-a, the country of the 
Thra'ces (sing. Thrax), bounded on the S. by 
the yEgean, W. by Macedonia and the Stry- 
mon, N. by Mouut Haemus and Scythla, E. 
by the Euxine, Propontis, and Hellespont. It 
was inhabited by semi-barbarous tribes, under 
independent princes, but also contained several 
Greek colonies. 

Thrasybulus, thras-y-b$!-lus, a famous 
general of Athens, procured the downfall of 
the tyrants and restoration of the democracy 
by the Spartans, after the Peloponnesian war, 
403 B.C. After various successes with the 
Athenian fleet on the Asiatic coast, he was 
killed by the people of Aspendus, 390. 

Thrasyllus, thra-syl'-lics. 1. An astro- 
loger of Rhodes, temp. Augustus and Tiberius. 
2. A general of Athens, 410 B.C. 

Thrasymachus, thra-sym!-a<hus y of ChaJ- 
cedon, a sophist at Athens, te?np. Gorglas. 

Thrasymenus, thra-sy-me'-nus, a lake of 
Italy, near Perusium, where Hannibal de- 
feated the Romans under Flaminlus, 217 B.C. 

Thrinacia, thri-nac '-l-a (see Sicilia). 

Thucydides, thu-cy'-di-des, a famous Greek 
historian, born at Athens, about 471 B.C, son 
of Ol5rus and a relation of Miltiades. In the 
Peloponnesian war he was exiled, 424, for 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



235 



Thule 



being too late in relieving Amphipolis, which 
Brasldas seized. In his banishment he wrote 
his extant history of the war (in eight books, 
of which the last is imperfect) down to its 
twenty-first year. He was subsequently re- 
called to Athens, 403, and died about 391. His 
style is characterized by great vigour and by 
epigrammatic conciseness, from which, how- 
ever, obscurity and pointless antithesis fre- 
quently result ; a rhetorical character is given 
to the work by the frequent introduction of 
speeches ; its historical value is very great, as 
Thucydides spared no pains in collecting au- 
thentic materials, and his impartiality has been 
questioned only in regard to his description of 
Cleon. 

Thule, thu'-le, or Ul'tima Thule, an isle 
placed by the ancients in the remote part of 
the German Ocean, probably Shetland or 
Iceland. 

Thurii, thu'-ri-i, a Greek town of Lucania, 
built by a colony of Athenians near Sybaris, 
444 B.C. 

Thyades, thy'-d-des, the Bacchantes (q.v.). 

Thyestes, thy-es'-tes, was placed, at 
Atreus's death, on the throne by iEgislhus, 
but was banished by Agamemnon to Cythera, 
where he died. [See under Atreus, Pelopea, 
^Egisthus.) 

Thymbra, tkym'-bra, 1. A town of LydTa. 
2. A plain of Troas, with a temple of Apollo 
(Thymbrafus). 

Thymbrium, thym'-bri-um, a town of 
Phrygla. 

Thymcetes, thy-mce'-les, a Trojan prince, 
avenged the death (by Priam's orders) of his 
wife and son by persuading the Trojans to 
admit the wooden horse. 

Thyni, thy'-ni, a people of Bithynia. 

Thyone, thy-d'-ne, Semele (q.v.) ; whence 
Bacchus is called Thyon^us, thy-d-nce'-tis. 

Tiberis, tib'-e-ris, or Tybris, tyb'-ris, a 
famous river of Italy, on whose left bank 
Kome stands, flows into the Tyrrhenian sea at 
Ostia, from the Apennines ; it was anciently 
Albula, from its colour, and named Tiberis 
from KingTiBERiNUS, tib-e-rl'-nus, of Alba(son 
of Capetus), who was drowned in it, and be- 
came its god. 

Tiberius, ti-ber'-i-its, the second Roman 
emperor {Tiberius Clau'dms Dru'sus Ner'o 
C<z'sar), was son of Llvla (q. v.) and Tiberius 
Claudius Nero, and born 42 B.C., after his 
mother's marriage with Augustus, by whom, 
with his twin brother Drusus, he was adopted. 
He obtained several military successes in 
Spain and Germany, and acquired popularity 
at Rome by his exhibitions of gladiators, &c. 
Having fallen under Augustus's displeasure, 
he retired to Rhodes, where he remained for 
seven years, till recalled by Livia's influence ; 
he then received the command of the legions 
in Illyrlcum, Pannonla, and Dalmatla, and 
gained considerable renown. On the death of 
Augustus, a.d. 14, he succeeded to the empire, 
but made a great show of declining the purple. 
He soon riveted the fetters on the people by 



Timoleon 



removing the Praetorians to Rome, and he 
became odious for his ingratitude to Livia, to 
whom he was indebted for the throne, and by his 
cruelties to Julia, Drusus, Agripplna, &c, 
and all nobles whose aspirations he suspected ; 
and he was even believed to have caused the 
poisoning of Germanlcus (q.v.). A great deal, 
however, must be deducted from the charges 
against him, for the chief authority is Tacitus, 
the champion of the aristocrats against the im- 
perialists ; and it cannot be denied that his 
rule was beneficial to the Roman world gene- 
rally, while the patricians as a class suffered 
from him. At length, 26, on pretence of dedi- 
cating temples in Campania, he withdrew, to 
shield his vices from the public eye, we are 
told, to Caprese, a small isle, leaving the 
government to Sejanus (q. v.). He is said to 
have spent there the remainder of his life in the 
most unnatural indulgences and extreme de- 
bauchery. He died 16th March, a.d. 37, Cali- 
gula, it is said, having hastened his death by suf- 
focation. According to the accounts we have 
of him, Tiberius was a master of dissimulation ; 
he feigned all the virtues till his power was 
sufficiently established to make it safe to throw 
off the cloak. He dedicated some time to 
study, and patronized learning. 

Tibullus, A. Albius, ti-bui'-lus, al'-bi-us, 
a Roman elegiac poet. He was of the eques- 
trian order, and served under Messala Cor- 
vlnus at Corcyra ; but, dissatisfied with the 
toils of war, he soon returned to Rome, and 
devoted himself to literature. Pie lost his 
estates in the confiscation by the second Tri- 
umvirate, 42 B.C., for his support of Brutus. 
Four books of his elegies exist, written with 
much grace and purity. 

Tibur, ti'-bur, an ancient town of the Sa- 
bines, twenty miles north of Rome, founded 
by Catilus and Tiburtus, sons of Amphiaraus. 
Horace had his villa here. 

Ticinus, ti-ci'-nus, a tributary of the Po, 
where Hannibal defeated the Romans 218 B.C. 

Tifata, ti-fd'-ta, a mountain east of 
Capua. 

Tifernus, ti-fer'-nus, a mountain and river 
of Samnlum. 

Tigellinus, ti-gel-li'-mis, a favourite of 
Nero. 

Tigranes, ii-grd'-nes, king of Armenia, 
was son-in-law of Mithridiites the Great, 
whom he joined against the Romans ; he was 
defeated by Lucullus, 69 b.c. He afterwards 
refused to receive Mithridates in his flight, 66, 
and continued in peace with Rome. 

Tigranocerta, ti-grd '-no-cer '-ta, the capital 
of Armenia, was captured by Lucullus. 

Tigris, tig'-ris, a river of Asia, flowing from 
Mount Niphates, in Armenia, to the Persian 
Gulf. 

Timjeus, ti-m<z!-us. 1. A Pythagorean phi- 
losopher of Locris. 2. A historian of Sicily, 
262 B.C. 

Timavus, ti-md'-vus, a river of northern 
Italy, now the Ti7nao. 
Timoleon, tt-mol'-e-dn, a Corinthian, after 



236 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Timon 



Killing his brother Timophanes, who aspired to 
the tyranny of his native city^ sailed for Syra- 
cuse with ten Corinthian ships to put down the 
tyranny of Dionysius II., in which he suc- 
ceeded, 343 B.C. He increased the reduced 
population by Corinthian immigrants, redis- 
tributed the land, drew up a new code of laws, 
and effectually repulsed the Carthaginians. 
He died 337, lamented by all the Sicilians. 

Timon, ti'-mon. 1. The Misanthrope, 
flourished at Athens, 420. 2. Of Phlius, a 
Pyrrhonist philosopher, 280 B.C. 

Tingis, tin'-gis, a coast town of Mauretania. 

Tiphys, ti'-phys, pilot of the Argonauts. 

Tiresias, ti-res'-i-as, a famous blind Theban 
seer, regarded as infallible by all the Greeks. 
His oracle at Orchomenos was much esteemed. 
His shade in the netherworld was consulted by 
Ulysses. 

Tiryns, tl'-ryns, a town of Argolis. 

Tisiphone ti-siph '-d-ne {see Erinnyes). 

Tissaphernes, tis-sa-pher'-nes, a Persian 
satrap, 400 B.C. 

Titan, tl'-tdn, son of Ccelus and Terra, ex- 
pelled his brother Saturnus (q. v. ) fromhis throne. 

Titanes, tl-td'-nes, the sons of Ccelus and 
Terra — Titan, Saturnus, IIyperio7i, O claims, 
Iapetus, Cottus, Bridreus, &c, — of gigantic 
stature and strength, were kept in confinement 
by their father Ccelus (q. v.), till he was muti- 
lated by Saturn with a scythe which Terra 
gave him. Titan and the others made war 
afterwards with Saturn (q. v.), and this contest 
is often confounded with the war of the Giants 
against the gods. 

Titania, ti-td'-ni-a, Pyrrha, granddaughter 
of Titan and wife of Deucalion. 

Titaresius, tl-ta-re'-si-us [see Eurotas 2). 

Titkonus, ti-tho'-mis, son of King Laome- 
don and Strymo, was carried off by Aurora, 
who was enamoured of him, and who bore him 
Memnon and -/Ematlnon. At his request, 
Aurora granted him immortality ; but he had 
forgotten to ask for youthful vigour, and there- 
fore grew decrepit. As he could not die, 
Aurora changed him into a grasshopper. 

Titienses, tit-l-en'-ses {see Romulus). 

Titus, Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, 
tlt'-us, fld'-vi-us sd-bl'-nus ves-pas' -i~a! -nus, 
son of Vespasian and Flavia Domitilla, born 
A.d. 40, distinguished himself in the army, and 
especially at the storming of Jerusalem. He 
became Roman emperor 79, and all at once 
changed from one of the most dissolute men 
into a model of virtue. He reformed the 
government and social manners, and his bene- 
volence was conspicuous during a three days' 
fire at Rome, and when several towns in 
Campania were destroyed by an eruption of 
Vesuvius and a pestilence swept the empire. 
His death, 13th September, 81, was universally 
lamented. 

Tityus, tlt'-y-us, a giant, son of Terra (or 
of Jupiter and Orchomenos's daughter Elara), 
was killed by the darts of Apollo and Diana 
for offering violence to their mother Latona. 
In Tartarus a serpent continually devoured his 



Tribuni 



liver ; or, according to others, a vulture preyed 
upon his entrails, which grew again as soon as 
devoured. 

Tlepolemus, tle-pol' -e-mus , son of Hercules 
and Astyochla, migrated from Argos, after his 
homicide of Licymnlus, to Rhodes, and became 
king. He went to Troy, and was killed by 
Sarpedon {see Polyxo). 

Tmolus, tmo'-lus, a great mountain of Lydla, 
named from the husband of Omphale. 

Toga, tog'-a, the Roman civic dress. 

Tolemus, to-le'-7iiiis, a river of Latium. 

Tolosa, td-ld'-sa, a town of Narbonense 
Gaul, now Toulouse, on the Garonne. 

Tolumnius, to-lion'-ni-us, Lars or king of; 
Veii 

Tomi, torn' -1, the capital of Lower Mcesia, or. 
the Euxine, Ovid's place of exile. 

Tomyris, tom'-y-ris {see Cyrus, 2). 

Torone, to-ro'-ne, a town of Macedonia. 
Its capital was Tra'chin. 

Torquatus, tor-qud'-tus, the surname 
gained by T. Manlius, man'-li-ns, from his 
winning the to7-ques, or collar, from the neck 
of a gigantic Gaul, slain by him as champion of 
the Roman army, 361 B.C. When afterwards 
in command of the troops he was very severe. 
From his rigour when dictator and censor, 
severe edicts were called Manila! na edict ta. 

Trachinia, trd-chin'-l-a, a coast district of 
Phthiotis. 

Trajanus, M. Ulpius Crinitus, trd-jd'- 
nus, ul'-pi-us cri-ni'-tus, born at ItalTca, in 
Spain, a.d. 52, recommended himself by his 
services as an officer, governor, and consul, to 
the emperor Nerva, who adopted him as his 
son, and associated him with himself as Catsar. 
On the death of Nerva, 98, Trajan was elected 
Roman emperor amid general rejoicings. He 
defeated with great loss the Dacian king 
Decebalus ; subdued Armenia, Assyria, and 
Mesopotamia, and advanced to the frontiers 
of India ; but had to hurry back to repel the 
incursions of the barbarians. He died, on the 
march, at Sellnus (Trajanopolis), in Cilicia, 117. 
Trajan did his best to restore the spirit and 
morals of ancient Rome. 

Tralles, tral'-les, a town of Lydia. 

Trapezus, trd-pez'-us, now Trebizond, a 
coast city of Pontus. 

Trasimenus, trds-i-vie '-mis {see Thrasy- 

MENUS). 

Trebatius, C. Festus, tre-bd'-ti-us, 
fes'-tus, a Pompeian, afterwards was recalled 
by Caesar. He was distinguished for his learn- 
ing and military experience. 

Trebellius, Pollio, tre-bel' -li-tis , pol'-li-d, 
a Latin historian, biographer of the Roman 
emperors, a.d. 300. 

Trebia, treb'-i-a, a river of Cisalpine Gaul. 

Trebonius, C, tre-bd'-ni-us, a friend of 
Caesar, was consul and praetor, and killed by 
Dolabella. 

Triballi, tri-bal'-li, a people of Lower 
Mcesia. 

Tribuni, tri-bii'-ni. 1. Plebis, pie' -bis, the 
Tribunes of tlie Commons, annu; Roman 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



23? 



Tribuni 



officers, instituted after the first secession of 
the Plebs, 494 B.C., to protect their interests, 
the Plebs being then excluded from political 
offices and status, and overwhelmed with debt. 
From the characteristics of this office, it is 
evident that such an anomalous feature as the 
Tribunes of the Commons in the constitution 
could at first have been intended to be merely- 
temporary, till a different arrangement was 
come to between the Patricians and Plebeians ; 
but a permanent character was given to the 
office 457, when the number, originally two or 
five, was raised to ten. The houses of the 
Tribunes were to be open at all hours, that any 
one requiring their aid might approach them ; 
and, to give them the necessary protection, 
their persons were declared inviolable, sacro- 
saucti; i.e., any one offering them violence 
was accursed, sdcer, and might be slain by any 
person. Only Plebeians (by birth or adoption) 
were eligible for the Trlbfinl'cia potes'tas, 
with which, under the Empire, the prince was 
usually invested, the Tribunate being still re- 
tained, but without any influence or authority. 
The Tribunes were not, strictly speaking, 
magistrates, nor had they any especial offices 
in the government. Their duty was to protect 
the Plebeians by imposing their veto (inter- 
cessio) on the encroachments of the Patricians, 
either in the shape of a decree of the Senate or 
of a magistrate ; but, though probably not at 
their institution, one Tribune could nullify the 
decision of the rest by his intercessio, and thus, 
by procuring the alliance of one Tribune, the 
opposite party could render the veto of the rest 
inoperative. The Tribunes early arrogated the 
right of summoning the Patricians before the 
Comitia Tributa, and gradually assumed the 
initiative in the proposal of laws at this 
Assembly. After the equalization of the Plebs 
and Patricians, the object of the veto was to 
oppose those encroachments on the rights of 
the united people which were attempted by the 
government through decrees of the Senate, or 
by the Magistrates, and they occasionally 
enforced this veto by confiscation and arrest. 
They had the right of being present at a meet- 
ing of the Senate, and of calling it together ; 
but they were not members of the house till 
131 B.C. The authority of the Tribunes did not 
extend beyond j,ooo passus (1,618 English 
yards), and they could not be absent from 
Rome one entire day. Each Tribune had a 
state attendant, via! tor, but they had no other 
external symbols of dignity. 2. Militares 
Consulari Potestate, mi-li-ta'-res con-su- 
la'-ri pd-tes-td'-te, officers, chosen indifferently 
from Patricians and Plebeians, instituted 445 
B.C., after the third secession of the Plebs, as a 
compromise of the proposal to throw open the 
Consulship, with the powers and insignia of 
which these officers were intrusted. Their 
number varied from three to six. The Consul- 
ship was restored 365. 3. Militum, vii'-li-tum, 
officers in the Leglo. 4. Celerum, cel'-e-rum, 
commander of the royal body-guard (see 
Equites). 



Troja 

Tridentum, tri-den'-him, a town in the 
south of Rhsetia, now Tretit. 

Trinacria, trl-nac '-rl-a {see Sicily). 

Triphylia, tri-phy' -U-a, the southern part 
of Elis (q. v.) 

Triptolemus, trip-tol'-e-mus, son of King 
Celeus, of Attica, and Metanira (q. v.), was 
gifted by Ceres (q. v.), for the hospitality of 
Celeus, with the knowledge of agriculture, 
and she gave him her chariot, drawn by two 
dragons, to travel over the earth and com- 
municate this knowledge. He nearly lost his 
life by the perfidy of King Lyncus, of Scythia; 
on his return to Attica he instituted the 
Eleusinia (q. v.). 

Triquetra, trV -quet-ra {see Sicilia). 

Trismegistus, tris'-me-gis'-tus (see Mer- 
curius, 2). 

Triton, trl'-ton, a sea-god, son of Neptune 
and Amphitrite ; he was generally represented 
half-man, half-dolphin, and blowing a shell. 

Tritonis, trl-to'-nis, a lake of Africa, near 
which was a temple of Minerva (Trlto'nis). 

Triumviri, tri-urn'-vi-ri, three men, the 
name applied to the rulers in the First Trium- 
virate, 60 B.C., Cn. Pompeius Magnus, C. J. 
Caesar, and M. Crassus ; and in the Second 
Trmmvirate, 43 B.C., Octavianus (Augustus), 
M. Antomus, and M. -/Emillus Lepidus. The 
triumvirs divided the Roman power and 
dominion among themselves. 2. Cold'nice 
deducen'dce agro'qne dlvldun'do, three per- 
sons appointed to lead a colony and apportion 
the land. 3. Nocturni, noc-tu?'-ni, commis- 
sioners of the night police. 4. Capitales, 
cdp-i-td'-les, magistrates charged with the 
preservation of the public peace, along with 
the ^Ediles, the custody of criminals and the 
execution of sentences, the care of prisons, 
&c, and, as successors of the primitive Quces- 
tdres Parricldti, they investigated capital 
crimes and committed the accused. 

Trivia, triv'-i-a (see Diana). 

Trivicum, trl-vl'-cttm, a town of the Hir- 
plni. 

Troas, tro'-as, a district of north-western 
Phrygia. 

Trcezene, troe-ze'-ne, the capital of Trce- 
zenia, a district in the south-east of Argulis. 

Troglodyte, trog-lod'-y-tce, a pastoral 
people of ^Ethiopia, named from their 
dwelling in caves. 

Troilus, tro'-l-hcs, son of Priam, was killed 
by Achilles. 

Troja, tro'-ja, the capital of Troas, on a 
hill near Mount Ida, close to Sigeum, about 
four miles from the sea ; its citadel was Ilioft 
(or Pergamd), a name often applied to the 
city. Troy was called Dardan'ia from King 
Dardanus, and Troja from King Tros. It was 
destroyed by Hercules in the reign of Laome- 
don (q. v.), and during the reign of his suc- 
cessor Priam it was besieged by all the forces 
of Greece under Agamemnon, for the recovery 
of Helen ; but the quarrel of Agamemnon and 
Achilles (q. v.) led to the war languishing for 
ten years, while the Greeks betook themselves 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



238 

Trophonius 

to plundering the neighbouring country. After 
the return of Achilles and the death of Hector, 
Troy was stormed. According to the later 
legend, Troy was captured by a huge wooden 
horse, dedicated to heaven, being introduced 
within the walls : it was filled with armed men, 
who issued forth at night and opened the gates 
to their comrades, who had hidden themselves 
in Tenedos. iEneas, with others, fled to Italy. 
The subject of the Trojan war has been 
commemorated in the three great epics of 
antiquity, the Iliad and Odyssey cf Homer, 
and the J&neid of Virgil. 

Trophonius, tro-pho' -ni-us {see under Aga- 
Iwedes). The cave of Trophonius (near 
Lebadea, in Eceotia), in which, according to 
the second legend, he was swallowed up alive 
by the earth, became the seat of a famous 
oracle. 

Tros, trds, Icing of Troy, was father, by 
Callirrhoe, of Ilus, Assaracus, Ganymedes. 

Trossulum, tros'-su-hnn, a town of 
Etruria. 

Tubero, Q. Kaavs, tii'-be-ro, (s'-U-us, a 
Roman consul, son-in-law of ^Emilius Paullus, 
the conqueror of King Perseus, was noted for 
his poverty. 

Tullianum, tul-li-d'-mim, a subterranean 
prison at Rome, built by King Servius 
Tullius. 

Tullus Hostilius, tul'-lus hos-tl'-li-tis, 
third king of Rome, succeeded Numa, 672 
B.C. After the famous combat between the 
Horatii and Curiatii, he destroyed Alba, and 
met with great success against other Latin 
cities : he died 640. 

Turnus, tur'-nus, king of the Rutuli, 
warred with iEneas (q.v.), by whom he was 
killed. 

Tuscr, tus'-ci {see Etruria). 

Tusculum, ttts'-cu-lum, a town of LatTum, 
founded by Telegonus, son of Ulysses. 
Cicero's villa, Tusculd'fizim, was in its 
vicinity. 

Tyana, tyf-an-a, a town of Cappadocia. 

Tybris, tyb'-ris {see Tiberis). 

Tyche, tych'-e {see Syracuse). 

Tydeus, ty'-deus, son of King CEneus, of 
Calydon and Peribcea, fled, after an accidental 
homicide, to King Adrastus (q.v.), of Argos, 
whose daughter Deipyle he married. He con- 
veyed to Eteocles Adrastus's declaration of 
war, and afterwards displayed great courage 
among the Seven against TJiebes ; he was 
mortally wounded by Menalippus, whom, 
before expiring, he killed. He was the father 
cf Diomedes (Tydi'des). 

Tyndarus, tyn'-dd-rus, son of CEbalus and 
Gorgophone, was king of Sparta and husband 
of Leda, who bore Helen ( Tynddris), Castor, 
Pollux, Clytemnestra, Timandra, Philonoe, 
&c. : his children were called Tynddr'idce. 

Typhon, typh'-dn. 1. Or Typhoeus, ty- 
pho'-eus, a famous monster, son of Tartarus 
and Terra, had a hundred heads, each like a 
serpent's ; he darted flames from his mouth 
and eyes, and uttered the most dissonant 



Ulysses 

shrieks. At his birth he began war with the 
gods for the death of his brothers the Giants, 
and the deities fled in terror, and assumed 
various shapes ; at langth Jupiter rallied, 
attacked Typhon with his bolts, and crushed 
him under Mount ^Etna, on the isle Inarlme. 
Typhon was father, by Echidna, of Cerberus, 
Geryon, and Orthos. 2. See Osiris. 

Tyro, ty'-rd, a beautiful nymph, daughter 
of King Salmoneus, of Elis, and Alcidice, fled 
to her uncle Cretheus from the cruelty of her 
mother-in-law. She was enamoured of the 
river-god Enlpeus. Neptune assumed his form, 
and Tyro bore him Pelias and Neleus : the 
twins were exposed, but saved, and afterwards 
avenged Tyro on her mother-in-law. She 
afterwards married Cretheus, to whom she bore 
Amythaon, Pheres, iEson. 

Tyrrhenum Mare, tyr-rh^-num mdr'-e, 
the sea off Etruria, called also the Lower 
{In'ferum) Sea. 

Tyrt^eus, tyr-ta^-ns, a Greek elegiac poet 
of Attica, 684 B.C. When, in the second Mes- 
senian war, the Spartans were told by an 
oracle that they must procure an Athenian 
general, they applied to the Athenians, who 
spitefully sent them the deformed poet. But 
his martial songs, of which fragments are ex- 
tant, inspired the Spartans with such courage 
that they were victorious. 

Tyrus, tyr'-us, anciently Sar'ra, a Sidonian 
colony in Phoenicia, south of Sidon, whose 
power and splendour it soon eclipsed. Tyre 
maintained its independence till the time of 
Alexander the Great, by whom it was cap- 
tured. It founded Carthage, Gades, Leptis, 
Utica, &c. It was a great emporium, and 
famous for its purple dyes, obtained from a 
small shell-fish {miirex). 



U 

Ubii, ub'-t-i, a people of Germany, near the 
Rhine, about the modern Cologne. 

Ucalegon, u-cdl'-e-gon, 2l Trojan chief, 
brave and prudent, but accused of betraying 
Troy. 

Ufens, u' -fens, a river of Latium. 

Ulpianus, Domitius, ul-pi-a-nus do-mif- 
z-us, a famous lawyer, the premier of Alex- 
ander Severus, was murdered by the praetorians, 
A.D. 226. Some fragments of his compositions 
on civil law exist. 

Ulysses, ic-lys'-ses, called Odys'seus by the 
Greeks, the famous wily chief of Ithaca, son ot 
Laertes (or Sisyphus) and Anticlea (q. v.), 
succeeded to the throne of Ithaca on the 
abdication of Laertes. He married Penelope, 
after having advised Tyndarus to bind all the 
suitors of Helen by an oath to protect her. On 
the rape of Helen, Ulysses feigned madness to 
avoid going against Troy ; he yoked a horse 
and a bull together, ploughed the seashore, 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 239 



Umber 



ard sowed salt. But Palamedes (q. v.) de- 
tected his dissimulation by placing Telema- 
chus, the infant son of Ulysses, in the furrow, 
when he at once turned the plough aside. 
Ulysses afterwards detected Achilles (q.v.) in 
disguise at Lycomedes' court, and he brought 
Philoctetes (q. v.) against Troy, in the siege of 
which his cunning, prudence, and valour were 
conspicuous. With Diomedes' aid he slew 
Rhesus (q.v.), and carried off the Palladium, 
for which he was rewarded with the arms of 
Achilles, which Ajax disputed with him. On 
his return, after the capture of Troy, Ulysses 
was tossed about on the Mediterranean, and 
his wanderings have been immortalized in the 
Odyssey of Homer. He visited the Lotophagi, 
Cyclopes (see Polyphemus), YEolus, the Lse- 
strygones, and Circe at JEssa., and descended 
to the nether world to consult Tireslas, and, 
when again on earth, passed unhurt the 
Sirenes, and between Scylla and Charybdis. 
His comrades having stolen some sacred oxen 
of Apollo in Sicily, the god destroyed all the 
ships of Ulysses and drowned the crews ; 
Ulysses alone escaped, and was washed ashore 
on Ogygla. where he spent seven years with 
Calypso, who bore him two sons. He was 
ordered away by Mercury, and Calypso sup- 
plied him with a ship ; but Neptune, in revenge 
for the mutilation of his son Polyphemus, 
overwhelmed the ship. Ulysses swam ashore 
to Scheria, where he was found by the 
princess Nausicaa, who conducted him to her 
father Alcinous. He was restored to Ithaca 
by the Phseacians ; he made himself known to 
his steward Eumaeus, and with his assistance, 
and that of his son Telemachus, he put to 
death all the suitors who had in his absence 
importuned Penelope (q. v.) for her hand, and 
consumed his substance. He was killed in his 
old age by his son by Circe, Telegonus (q. v.). 

Umber, tnn'-ber, a lake of Umbria, near the 
Tiber. 

Umbria, um'-irt-a, a district of Italy, 
bounded N. by the Adriatic, E. by Picenum 
and the Sabines, S. by the Nar, W. by 
Etruria. It was subjected to Rome about 
320 B.C. 

Unelli, ii-nel'-li, a coast people of northern 
Gaul. 

Urania, ii-ran'-i-a, the Muse of astronomy, 
was represented as a virgin, clad in an azure 
robe, crowned with stars, and holding a globe 
in her hand, with mathematical instruments 
placed round it. 

Uranus, il'-ra-nus {see Ccelus). 

Uria, u'-ri-a (Hyrla), a town of Calabria. 

Urso, ur'-sd, a strongly fortified Roman 
colony in Hispama BEetica, where the Pom- 
peians made their last effort. 

Usipetes, thsi'-pe-tes, a people of Germany. 

Uspe, us'-pe, a town of the Siraci (or 
Siraceni), in Sarmatla, east of the Tanais. 

Ustica, us-ti'-ca, a valley of the Sabines. 

Utica, iit'-i-ca, a city near Carthage. 

Uxentum, ux-en'-tzim, a town of Calabria. 

Uxn, it-xi-i, a tribe of Persis proper. 



Valerius 



v 

Vacc^ei, vac-ccs'-i, a people in the north of 
Spain. 

Vacuna, va-cu'-na, the Roman goddess ot 
leisure. 

Vadimo, vad'-i-mo, a lake of Etruria, where 
the Romans defeated the Etruscans and Gauls, 
283 B.C. 

Vagienni, va-gi-en'-ni, a people of Liguria. 
Vahalis, va'-ha-lis, the Waal, a river of 
Germany. 

Valens, vaV-ens. i. Flavius, fla'-vl-us, 
son of Gratian, born a.d. 328, was associated 
by Valentinian I. on the throne, as Roman 
emperor of the East, 364. He overcame his 
rival Procopms, but committed a fatal error in 
permitting the Goths to settle in Thrace ; he 
tried to remedy this later, but was defeated, 
and fled to a house, where he was burnt alive, 
378. Valens was illiterate, indolent, and 
superstitious. 2. Valerius, vd-ler'-i-ns, pro- 
consul of Achaia, proclaimed himself Roman 
emperor, and was, six months after, assas- 
sinated by his troops, A.D. 261. 

Valentinianus I., val-en-ttn'-t-a'-nus, 
son of Gratian, born a.d. 321, succeeded to 
the Roman purple 364, and assigned the 
empire of the East to his brother Valens, 365. 
He was victorious over the barbarians in Gaul, 
Africa, and Germany ; in an expedition against 
the Quadi, he burst a blood-vessel, and died, 
375. Valentinian was of a proud and cruel 
disposition. 2. Valentinianus II., second 
son of (1), was proclaimed emperor, though 
only five years old, on the death of his father. 
Maxlmus deprived him of his throne, but 
Theodosms, emperor of the East, restored it. 
He was strangled by a favourite, Arbogastes, 
a Gaul, 392. 3. Valentinianus III., son of 
Constantlus and Placidia (daughter of Theo- 
dosms the Great), was proclaimed Roman 
emperor when six years old, a.d. 425. When 
he grew up he disgraced himself by his 
violence, oppression, and licentiousness ; he 
was murdered 455. 

Valeria Lex, va-ler'-t-a lex, by Valerius 
Poplicola, sole consul 509 B.C., gave an appeal 
to the Comitia in all capital crimes. 

Valerianus, vd-ler'-l-a'-nvs. 1. P. Licin- 
ius, U-chi'-i-tcs, proclaimed Roman emperor 
by the troops in Rhsetia, a.d. 253. Formerly 
distinguished for his talents and virtues, he 
displayed on the throne only inability and 
meanness; he associated Gallienus with him 
in the empire ; he persecuted the Christians, 
warred with the Goths and Scythians ; but, on 
an expedition against King Sapor, of Persia, 
260, he was defeated, taken prisoner, and 
treated with the greatest contumely. At last he 
was flayed alive, when he died in the greatest 
torment. 2. See Licinius (4). 

Valerius, vd-ler'-l-us. 1. P., surnamed 
Poplidola or Public 'ola, from his patriotism ; 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Vandali 



was active in the expulsion of the Tarquins. 
He received the consulship on the retirement 
of Collatinus, 509 B.C., and defeated, with 
Brutus, the Etruscan supporters of the Tar- 
quins. 2. See Corvus. 3. Maximus, max'- 
i-mzis, the author of biographical anecdotes, 
in nine books, of illustrious Romans, a.d. 30. 
4. Flaccus, flac'-cus, a Latin poet, temp. 
Vespasian, author of a poem, in eight books, 
on the Argonauts. 

Vandali, van'-da-tt, 3. federation of German 
tribes on the north coast of Germany under 
King Genseric, conquered Africa a.d. 429, 
and plundered Rome 455. They were con- 
quered by Belisarlus, 535. 

Varius, L. Rufus, var'-z-zts, ru'-fus, a 
tragic poet, intimate with Horace and Virgil. 
Some fragments exist. 

Varro, var'-ro. 1, M. Terentius, te-re7i'- 
tz-us, a learned Latin writer, born 116 B.C., was 
Pompey's legate in the piratical wars, and died 
28 B.C. Of his numerous works, only a treatise 
de Re Rzistzca, and another, in five books, de 
JLinguti Latma. 2. Atacinus, at-a-cl '-mis , 
of Gaul, temp. Julius Caesar, wrote epigrams, 
elegies, translations, &c. : fragments exist. 

Varus, va'-rus. 1. Quintilius, qzdn- 
tzl'-z-us, governor of Syria, and afterwards 
proconsul of the armies in Gaul, was surprised 
by the Cherusci under Arminius, himself 
killed, and his army cut to pieces, a.d. 10. 2. 
A critic, temp. Augustus, the friend of Horace 
and other literary men. 

Vascones, vas-co-nes, a people of the Pyre- 
nees. 

Vaticanus, vd-tl-ca'-nus {see Roma). 

Vatinius, va-tl'-nl-us. 1. An intimate 
friend of Cicero. 2. A shoemaker, a favourite 
of Nero. 

Veii, vei'-i, a powerful city of Etrurla, sus- 
tained many fierce wars with Rome, and at 
last fell, after a ten years' siege by Camillus. 

Vejovis, ve'-jo-vis, the destructive Jupiter. 

Velabrum, ve-la!-brum, a marsh between 
the Aventine and Capitoline, drained by 
Augustus. 

Velia, vel'-z-a. 1. Or El'ea, a coast town 
of Lucanla, the seat of the Eleatic school of 
Parmenldes. 2. A hill in the forum at Rome. 

Velina, ve-li'-na, a part near Mount Pala- 
tine. 

Velinus, ve-li'-nus, a lake and river of the 
Sabines. 

VelitrjE, ve-li'-tr<z, an ancient town of 
Latium. 

Velleius Paterculus, vel-le'~z-zis fia-ter'- 
cu-lus, a Roman historian, served under Tibe- 
rius in Gaul and Germany. _ Part of his epi- 
tome of Greek and Roman history is extant. 

Venafrum, ve-na'-frum, a town of Cam- 
pania. 

Veneti, ven'-e-ti, or Hen'eti, a people of 
Cisalpine Gaul, emigrated from Paphlagonla. 

Venilia, ve-nl'-U-a. 1. The goddess Am- 
phitrite. 2. A nymph, mother of Turnus by 
Daunus. 

Venti, veti'-ti, the winds, worshipped by 



Vespasianus 



the ancients, especially at Athens : their king 
was ^Eolus. The four chief winds were Boreas 
(N.), Eurus (E.), Notus (S.), and Zephyrus 
(W.). 

Ventidius Bassus, P., ven-tid'-l-tis las'- 
sz(s, a general under Caesar and Antony. 

Venus, ven'-us. 1. Called Aphrodi'te by 
the Greeks, arose from the sea (into which the 
mutilated parts of Ccelus had been cast) near 
Cythera, or Cyprus, and was wafted ashore by 
the Zephyrs, and received by the Horae ; she 
was soon recognized by the other deities as a 
goddess. Jupiter, to punish her refusal of 
himself, gave her in marriage to the deformed 
Vulcan, to whom she often proved unfaithful, 
becoming mother of Hermione and Cupid by 
Mars, Hermaphrodltus by Mercury, Priapus 
by Bacchus, Eryx by Neptune, ^Eneas by 
Anchlses, &c, and she was deeply enamoured 
of Adonis. Her powers over the heart were 
assisted by her famous girdle, fcovn, or cestus. 
Her contest with Juno and Minerva for the 
Golden Apple of Discord, which was awarded 
to her as the fairest by the Judgment of 
Paris, led to the Trojan war. Venus was re- 
garded as the goddess of beauty, the mother 
of Love, and the mistress of the Graces and of 
pleasures. Her worship, which often degene- 
rated into obscenity, was very general, and 
particularly observed at Paphos ; victims were 
rarely offered on her altars. The rose, myrtle, 
and apple were sacred to her ; and the dove, 
swan, sparrow, and, among fishes, the aphya 
and lycostomus were her favourites. 2. See 
Hesperus. 

Venusia, ve-inis'-i-a, a town of Apulia. 

Veragri, ver-a'-gri, a people near the 
Allobroges. 

Vercell>e, ver-cel'-lcB, a town of Cisalpine 
Gaul. 

Vergili^:, ver-gil'-z-o? {see Pleiades). 

Veritas, ve'-rl-tas, the goddess of truth. 

Verona, ve-rd'-na, a town of Venetla, 

Verres, C, ve^-res, a Roman, praetor of 
Sicily 73 — 71 B.C., was accused by Cicero for 
his extortion, and withdrew from Rome, 50. 
He was killed by some of the soldiers of 
Antony, 43. 

Verticordia, •ver-ti-cor'-di-a, Venus, as 
turning the hearts of the matrons to modesty. 

Vertumnus, ver-tum'-7i7is, a Roman god of 
orchards and the spring. He married Pomona 
(q. v.), 

Verul^e, ver'-u-liz, a town of the Hernici. 

Verus, L. Ceionius Commodus Aurelius, 
ve'-rus, cei-o' -ni-zis com'-mo-dtis au-re'-li-us, 
son of iEHus, was adopted and, a.d. 161, 
associated with himself on the throne by the 
Roman emperor M. Aurelius, whose daughter 
Lucilla he married. He was successful against 
Parthia, and died in an expedition against the 
Marcomanni, 169. Verus disgraced by his 
debaucheries his virtuous colleague. 

Vescia, ves'-ci-a, a town of Campania. 

Vespasianus, Titus Flavius Sabinus, 
ves'-pas-i-d'nus, tzf-us fld'-vi-us sa-bl'-nus, of 
obscure birth, served under Claudius and Nero 



SEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



241 



Vesta 



against the Jews', and was proclaimed emperor 
a.d. 69. He died in 79, being succeeded by 
Titus. 

Vesta, ves'-ta, called by the Greeks Hes'fia, 
■was the goddess of the hearth. Her sacred 
fire was kept perpetually burning on the 
domestic hearth and in her public temple ; and 
her worship was combined with that of the 
Penates. She was the daughter of Saturn and 
Ops. 

Vestales, ves-td'-les, the virgin priestesses 
of Vesta, who kept unceasing watch over the 
sacred fire in the goddess's temple. They were 
instituted by Numa, on the model of a similar 
college at Alba Longa, and were six (two from 
each of the three tribes, Ravines, Luceres, 
Titles), but originally four (the Luceres being 
unrepresented). Only Patrician virgins were 
eligible, and violation of their vow of conti- 
nence was punished with burial alive in the 
Campus Scelerdtus, near the Colline gate ; 
while, for neglecting the sacred fire and 
allowing it to be extinguished, they were 
flogged by the Pontifex Maxlmus. They were 
treated with great reverence by all the people, 
and even the consul had to lower his fasces in 
token of reverence when he met them, and 
they occupied a conspicuous position at all 
solemnities. Their period of service usually 
extended over thirty years, but they rarely 
returned to the outer world. In addition to 
guarding the fire, they had to keep the temple 
clean. From the inviolability of the shrine, 
wills and documents of importance were in- 
trusted to them. 

Vestini, ves-tl'-ni, a Sabellian race of 
Italy. 

Vesulus, ves'-u-lus, a mountain of Etruria. 

Vesuvius, ve-suv'-l-us, a mountain of Cam- 
pania. Its first recorded eruption was a.d. 79, 
when Herculaneum and Pompeii were over- 
whelmed. 

Vetranio, ve-tran'-i-o, a general of Con- 
stans, proclaimed emperor a.d. 350. He 
abdicated 351. 

Vettius, L., vet'-ti-us, a friend of Cicero. 

Vettones, vet-to' -nes, a people of Lusitania. 

Vetulonia, vet-u-lo'-ni-a, a city of Etruria. 

Vibo, vl'-bo, a town of Bruttium. 

Vicentia, vi-cen'-ti-a, a town of VenetTa. 

Victor, Sextus Aurelius, mc'-toi',sex'-tiis j 
an-re'-li-us, a Latin author of a work on the 
Caesars, temp. Julian. 

Victorinus, vic-to-rl'-nus, one of the thirty 
tyrants, temp. Gallienus, was assassinated 
a.d. 268. 

Vienna, vi-eu'-na, the capital of the Allo- 
broges. 

Viminalis, vi-mi-nd'-lis, a hill at Rome. 

Vindelicia, vin-de-lic '-i-a, a Roman pro- 
vince, bounded S. by Rhaetla, E. by the CEnus, 
N. by the Danube, W. by the Helveth. {See 
Rheetia.) 

Vindobona, vin-dob-d'-na, a town of Pan- 
nonia. 

Vipsania Agrippina, vip-sa'-m-a ag-rifi- 
pi'-na, wife of Tiberius. 



Volaterree 



Virbius, vir'-bi-us, Hippolytus when deified. 

Virgilius Maro, P., v ir-gll '-i-us mdr'-d, 
the famous Roman epic poet, born at Andes, 
near Mantua, 70 B.C., studied at Neapolis 
under the Greek Parthenfus. His farm, con- 
fiscated for Augustus's soldiers, 42, was re- 
stored by the influence of Asinlus Polllo, by 
whom he was introduced to the emperor, whose 
favour he received by his affecting lines on 
Marcellus (4, q. v.), Mn. vi. 883. He died 
soon after returning from a visit to Greece, 19, 
at Brundusium, and was buried at Naples. 
He was always in weak health and asthmatic, 
but enjoyed all the luxuries of life by the 
liberality of the emperor. Virgil's works are 
his Bucol'ica, or pastorals ; Geor'gica, an agri- 
cultural treatise ; and a famous epic in twelve 
books, sEue'is, on the wanderings of ^Eneas, 
and his settlement in Italy. Minor poems, 
Cutex, Ciris, &c, are ascribed to him. 

Virginia, vir-gin'-i-a, the daughter of the 
tribune L. Virgimus and the betrothed of 
L. Icilius, was one day seized by a client of 
the decemvir Applus Claudius, whose lust she 
had excited, and she was claimed as his slave 
before the tribunal of the tyrant, that the client 
might then give her up to Claudius. Her 
father was summoned from the camp, and, 
finding that the decemvir was bent on pos- 
sessing her, Virginius, to save her from dis- 
honour, stabbed her. The tumult that followed 
caused the overthrow of the Decemviri, 449 

B.C. 

Viriathus, vlr-i-a! -thus , a Lusitanian, 
headed a guerilla band, and kept the Roman 
armies at bay, 150 — 140 B.C., till assassinated. 

Viridomarus, vir-i-dom' -d-rus, a chief of 
the yEqui. 

Virtus (-utis), vir'-tus, the goddess of 
manliness. 

Vistula, vis'-tu-la, a river of Germany, 
separating it from Sarmatia. 

Visurgis, vi-sur'-gis, now Weser, a river of 
northern Germany. 

Vitellius, A., vi-tel'-U-us, the favourite of 
Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, and Galba, 
was proclaimed Roman emperor a.d. 69, and 
defeated Otho at Bedriacum ; he was six 
months after defeated and put to death by 
Vespasian : during his brief reign he aban- 
doned himself to sensualism. 

Vitruvius Pollio, vi-truv' -i-us pol'-U-o, an 
architect and writer on architecture, temp. 
Julius Caesar. 

Voconius Saxa, Q., vo-co'-m-us sax'-a, 
tribune of the Plebs 169 B.C., by his Voco7iia 
lex forbade a possessor of 100,000 sesterces 
making a female his heir, or bequeathing to 
any one more than the heir or heirs should 
receive. 

Vocontii, vo-con'-ti-i, a people of Nar- 
bonense Gaul. 

Voces us, vo'-ge-sus, or more correctly 
Vos'egus, now Vosges, a mountain-range of 
Gaul. 

Volaterree, vol-a-ter'-rce, a city of north- 
ern Etruria. 



£ EE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



242 

Volcse 



VoLCiE, voF-cce, a people of Narbonense 
Gaul. 

Volci, vol'-ci, a city of Etruria. 
Volsci, vol'-sci, an ancient people of Latlum, 
bravely maintained their independence till 338 

B.C. 

VoLSINll, vol-sln'-i-i, a city of Etruria. 

Volumnia, vd-lum'-ni-a (see Coriolanus). 

Vosegus, vos'-e-gus (see Vogrsus). 

Vulcanic Insula, vid-ca' -id-ce in'-sii-lce 
{see iEoLiJE). 

Vulcanus, vul-ca'-mis, called HepJices'tus 
by the Greeks, was the ancient god of fire and 
the protector of workers in metals. Vulcan 
was deformed by being kicked out of Olympus 
on to Lemnos by Jupiter, for delivering Juno 
(q.v.) from her fetters ; he married Venus. 
His workmen were the Cyclopes of Sicily, and 
his forges were under Mount ./Etna and the 
./Eolia? isles. Among his famous works were 
the arms of Achilles and ./Eneas, the shield of 
Hercules, the collar of Hermione, the sceptre 
of Agamemnon, &c. He was father of Cupid (?), 
Caeculus, Erichthonlus, Cecrops, Cacus, Cer- 
cyon, Periphetes, &c. 

Vuleatius, vid-e-a' -ti-us , a senator, temp. 
Diocletian. 

Vulgientes, vtd-gi-cn'-tes, a people of 
Narbonense Gaul. 

Vulsinii, vul-sfri'-i-i [see Volsinii). 

Vultur, vul'-tur, a border mountain of 
western Apulia, now Voltoire, near Venusi'a. 

Vulturnum, vul-titr'-num, a town of Cam- 
pania, at the mouth of the Vulturnus. 



X 

Xanthippe, xan-thip'-pe (see Socrates). 

Xanthippus, x an- 1 hip' -pus. i. See Regu- 
LUS (i). 2. The father of Pericles, commanded 
the Athenian fleet at the victory off Mycale, 
479 B.C. 

Xanthus, xan'-thus. r. A large river and 
city of Lycia. 2. See Scamander. 

Xenocrates, xen-oc'-rd-tes, a philosopher of 
Chalcedon, born 396 B.C., studied under Plato, 
and succeeded Speusippus as president of the 
Academy, 339 : he died 314. 

Xenophanes, xeji-dph'-d-nes, a famous phi- 
losopher of Colophon, 520 B.C. In his didactic 
poem On Nature, he taught the pantheistic 
unity of God. He established his (Eleatic) 
school at Elea (Vella), in Lucanla ; his doc- 
trines were developed by Parmenldes and 
Zeno (1). 

Xenophon, xen'-o-phon, a famous Athenian, 
born about 440 B.C., was a pupil of Socrates, 
whose life he saved at Dellum, 424 ; he was a 
general under Cyrus (2), and has immortalized 



Xyniaa 

the famous Retreat of the Ten Thousand 
Greek auxiliaries after Cyrus's defeat and 
death at Cunaxa, 401. After the death of 
Socrates, Xenophon was banished from Athens, 
and served under King Agesilaus of Sparta in 
Asia, and took part with him in the defeat of 
the Athenians at Coronea, 394. He spent the 
rest of his life in retirement at Scillus, in Elis, 
and Corinth : he died about 350. Xenophon's 
works consist of the Cyropcedi'a, an ideal 
life of Cyrus, intended as a treatise on govern- 
ment ; Anabasis, account of the expedition 
with Cyrus ; Mem' ordbil'ia, valuable memoirs 
of his master Socrates ; an Apoldg'ia of 
Socrates ; a Socratic dialogue, Hi'ero ; Hel- 
lenica, a continuation of Thucydides, &c. 

Xenos, xen'-ds, a guest-friend, Sevoc, i.e., 
any citizen of a foreign state with whom one 
has a treaty of hospitality for himself and his 
heirs, confirmed by mutual presents and an 
appeal to Zei/g fevioc. Xenos is generally 
applied to the guest, as opposed to the host 
(^tivoboKoq). For a similar public relation 
among the Greeks see Proxenos (2). A similar 
bond among the Romans was called Hospitf- 
ium, and the Xenos was called Hos'pes, and 
the tie was hereditary, the descendants of each 
being recognized by a particular token (tes'sera 
hospita! lis). As also among the Greeks, some 
Romans seem to have acted as a Hospes 
Pttblicus, e.g., Cicero's cousin Lucius to Syra- 
cuse, L. Cornelius to Gades, and King Eume- 
nes (189 B.C.) to the Rhodians, &c. 

Xerxes I., xer'-xes, king of Persia, suc- 
ceeded Darius I., 485 B.C., and after quell- 
ing the revolt in Egypt, set out for Greece, 
to continue Darius's war ; at his bridge of 
boats on the Hellespont he reviewed his im- 
mense army, said to exceed 2,000,000 men, and 
marched by land, (his fleet keeping by the 
coast and through the canal he dug across 
Athos), through Macedonia and Thessaly, to 
Thermopylae, where he annihilated the bravn 
300 Spartans of Leonldas (q. v.). He entered 
Athens in triumph, the citizens having with- 
drawn to Salamis ; but, on the defeat of his 
fleet oft' that island, and having received a 
notification from Themistocles (q. v.) that the 
bridge of boats was to be cut on the Helles- 
pont, he precipitately fled to Sardis by land, 
leaving Mardonlus in command, and his 
splendid armaments were destroyed at Pla- 
tsea and Mycale in the following year, Xer- 
xes was assassinated. 465, by Artabanus. 2. 
Xerxes II., succeeded Artaxerxes I., his 
father, and was assassinated, in two months, 
425, by his half-brother Sogdisnus. 

Xuthus, xu'-thus, son of Hellen, and 
father, by Creusa, oi Achseus and Ion, the 
mythical ancestors of the Ionians and Acfueans 
respectively. 

Xyline, xyl'-i-ii£. a town of Pamphylla. 

XynI;E, xtf-m-a, a town of Thessaly. 



% BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Zacyntlrus 



Z 

Zacynthus, zd-cyn'-thus, an isle off Elis. 

Zagreus, zd-gri'-us, or Bacchus, son of 
Jupiter and Proserpine (before her marriage 
with Pluto), was torn to pieces by the Titans. 

Zaleucus, za-leu'-cus, a famous legislator 
of the Epizephyrian Locri, 660 B.C. 

Zama, zam'-a, a town of Numidia, near 
which Scipio defeated Hannibal, 202 B.C. 

Zamolxis, za-7iiol' -xis , or Zalmox'is, a 
slave and disciple of Pythagoras, returned to 
his countrymen, the Getae, and taught them. 

Zela, ze'-la, a city of southern Pontus, 
where Caesar defeated Pharnaces, 47 B.C. 

Zelia, ze-li'-a, a city of Mysia, on the 
^Esopus. 

Zeno (-onis), ze'-nd. 1. The Eleatic, born 
at Elea (Vella), in Italy, about 488 B.C., was a 
favourite disciple of the Eleatic philosopher 
Parmenldes, with whom he went to Athens 
about 450. He developed and defended the 
system of his master, not by any new defences 
of its Absolute One against objectors, but by 
directing an attack on the rival scheme of an 
Absolute Ma.7iy. With Gorgias, he imparted 
a new character to Greek philosophy by his 
development of negative dialectic, or mode of 
arguing by meeting an opponent with starting 
difficulties to his system instead of defending 
one's own. This was carried to the extreme by 
Socrates and the other Sophists. Zeno denied 
the existence of the phenomenal world by 
showing the contradictions in which a belief in 
it involved us ; and he constructed four famous 
arguments against the possibility of motion. 
2. The Stoic (from his being the founder of 
Stoicism), was born about 340 B.C., at Citlum, 
in Cyprus. Deprived of his property by ship- 
wreck, he betook himself to philosophy, and 
went to study at Athens, first under the Cynic 
Crateas, then the Megarian Stilpo. and iastiy. 
Xenocrates and Polemo at the ncaaemy, 
whence the eclectic character of his doctrines. 
He opened a school in the piazza, Called the 
Pceclle stoa {■noiKiXn utoo), or painted porch, 
whence his followers were called Stoics (oi e« 
Trj£ cttouq, or ot ZTuiKoi), or philosophers of 
the porch. After presiding for fifty-eight years 
over his school, honoured with the friendship of 
King Antigonus Gonatas of Macedonia, and 
respected by the Athenians for his simple, 
abstemious life, he put an end to his existence 
about 260. The best-known of his successors 
were Cleanthes, Chrysippus, Panaetlus, and 
Posidonlus. Stoicis?n, a development of Cyni- 
cism, made subjectivism its basis, and was 
essentially practical. According to the Stoics, 
Philosophy is the aiming at the highest per- 
fection {<To<pia, wisdom), or virtue of man, and 
develops itself in the knowledge of the nature 
of things, in the knowledge and practice of the 
Good, and in the formation of the understand- 
ing. Philosophy is thus subdivided into 



Zopyrus 

Physics, Ethics, and Logic. The Stoical 
Physics were pantheistic. Matter is the ori- 
ginal substratum or ground for the divine 
activity ; God (the formative energy) dwells 
within, and is essentially united to matter, as is 
soul to body. The universe was thus regarded 
as an animal (fSoi/), and its soul (God) was the 
Universal Reason which rules the world and 
penetrates all matter. This ideal conception 
of God was clothed in material form, and the 
Deity was spoken of symbolically as fire, breath, 
ether, &c. Their Ethics made Virtue consist 
in acting in conformity with this Universal 
Reason, this law pervading all nature ; whence 
their rule of life, Vi'vere cotivhiien'ter natu'rce, 
"Live according to nature;" i.e., the indi- 
vidual is to be subjected to the universal, and 
every personal end excluded ; and hence Plea- 
sure, being an individual end, is to be disre- 
garded ; but for the most part the Stoics satis- 
fied themselves with portraying in general 
terms their ideal wise man, without descending 
to exact rules. Their Logic aimed at obtaining 
a subjective criterion of the truth, and this they 
found in the sensuous impression, as they 
limited all scientific knowledge to the know- 
ledge given by the senses. 3. Of Sidon, an 
Epicurean philosopher, who had among his 
pupils at Athens, Cicero, Attlcus, Cotta, 
Pompey. 4. The name of several Roman 
emperors of the East in the fifth and sixth 
centuries. 

Zenobia, ze-nob'-i-a, a famous queen of 
Palmyra (q. v.), the widow of Odenathus. She 
entertained Longlnus (q.v.) and other literary 
men at her court. She tried to found an 
empire of the East, whereon she was attacked 
and taken prisoner by the Roman emperor 
Aurelian, a.d. 273. She was kept in easy 
captivity nearTibur. 

Zenodotus, ze-nod'-o-tus, a grammarian of 
Ephesus, 210 B.C., was made keeper of the 
royal Musetnn at Alexandria. 

Zephyrium, ze-phyr -1-71211. 1. A promontory 
of south-eastern Bruttlum. 2. A promontory 
ana town of Cilicla. 3. A promontory of 
western Cyurus. 

ZtrtivKus, zeph'-y-ms, the West wind, 
was the son of Astraius and the husband of 
Chioris (Flora). 

Zervnthus, ze-ryn'-thus, a town of Thrace. 

Zetes, ze'-tes, or Zethes, the brother of 
Calais and son of Boreas and Orithyla, de- 
livered, with Calais, Phineus from the Harpies, 
whom the brothers banished to the Stro- 
phades. 

Zethus, ze'-thus {see Antiope). 

Zeugitana, zeu-gl-td'-iia, a northern dis- 
trict of Africa Propria. 

Zeus, zetcsf (see Jupiter). 

Zeuxis, ze7ix'-is, a famous Greek painter of 
Heraclea, pupil of Apollodorus, flourished at 
Athens 415 B.C. {see Parrhasius). 

Zoilus, zd'-i-lus, a grammarian of Amphi- 
polis, 259 B.C. He was a severe censurer of 
Homer. 

Zopyrus, zo'-Py-rus, a noble Persian, who, 



244 



BEE TONS CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



■Zoroaster 



by stratagem, gained Babylon for Darius I. 
Hystaspes, after its revolt ; he mutilated him- 
self, and fled into Babylon, pretending to have 
been thus disfigured by the king. He was 
intrusted with the command, from his great 
military knowledge, and he then betrayed the 
city. 

Zoroaster, zd-ro-as'-ter, or Zoroas'tres, 
the legendary founder of what is now known 
as the Parsee religion, is said to have been a 
native of Bac'cria ; but in the accounts we have 
of him it is impossible to say what is true and 
what false. His actual date is uncertain, but 
he cannot be placed later than iooo B.C. Zo- 
roaster reformed the Magian religion, which, 
under the fire -priests before him, the Soshy- 
antds, had consisted of the worship of a plu- 
rality of good spirits, called Ahuras, in place 
of which he established the worship of one 
supreme good Being, Ahtird Mazdad (Creator 
of the Universe), the Ormazd of the modern 
Parsees ; but to solve the problem of the 
origin of evil he supposed two original moving 
cazises — Vohu Mano, the good mind, and 
Akem Mano, the bad mind,— and these twin 
pauses are spread everywhere, in God as in 



Zygritse 



men. The system of Zoroaster was thus theo- 
logically a monotheism, but its philosophical 
dualism soon changed its monotheism into 
a dualistic system, with Ahuro Mazda6, the 
Spirit of Good (light), on the one hand, and 
Angro Mainyus (Ahrimanius), the Spirit of 
Evil (darkness), on the other; and fire or the 
sun being the symbol of the Spirit of Good, 
with many it degenerated into a material fire- 
worship ; but the Magi remained steadfast to 
the old doctrine. The Persian sacred book, 
the Zend-Avesta, gives the legendary doctrines 
of Zoroaster. 

Zosimus, zo'-si-mus, a Greek writer, a.d. 
410, author of an extant history of the Roman 
empire, in six books ; he was justly severe in 
his strictures on Constantine, and some of his 
Christian successors. 

Zoster, zos'-ter, a promontory and town of 
western Attica. 

Zygi, zy'-gl, oxZy'gii, nomad tribes along the 
Euxine, between the Caucasus and Cimmerian 
Bosporus. 

Zygia, zyg'-i-a, epithet of Juno (Hera), as 
the patroness of marriage, the Roman PrS'nuiA. 
Zygrit/e, zyg-rl'-ix, a tribe of Libya. 



( 245 ) 



APPENDICES. 



I.— The Eras of Greek and Roman Literature. 

i. The Principal Eras of Greek Literatttre. | 2. The Four Eras of Roman Literatim. 

II.— Greek and Roman Chronology. 

1. Dating by Olympiads and A.U.C. I 3. The Roman Calendar, and Table of the 

2. The Greek Calendar. Calends, Nones, and Ides. 

III.— Roman Weights, Measures, and Money. 

1. Roman Weights. I 4. Roman Measures of Capacity. 

2. Roman Measures of Length. 5. Roman Money. 

3. Roman Measitres of Sitrface. I 6. Roman Computation of Interest. 

IV.— Greek Weights, Measures, and Money. 

1. Greek Weights. I 4. Greek Measures of Capacity. 

2. Greek Measures of Length. 5. Greek Mo7iey. 

3. Greek Measures of Surface. I 

Y. — Pronunciation and Metre, 



I. — Eras of Greek and Roman Literature. 



H The Principal Eras of Greek 
Literature. 

(1.) Before 800 B.C. — The early Epic Period, 
comprising the Iliad and Odyssey of 
Homer, the Homeric Hymns, and the 
Poems of Hesiod. 

(2.) From 800 to 530 B.C.— The Period of the 
early Lyric, Elegiac, and Iambic poets 
(chiefly in Asia Minor and the ./Egean 
islands), Archilochus, Simonides of Amor- 
gus, Terpander, Tyrtaeus, Alcman, Anon, 
Pittacus, Sappho, Alcseus, Stesichorus, 
Anacreon, Theognis, &c. 

(3.) From 530 to 510 B.C. — The Period of 
Pisistratus, Polycrates, &c, the beginning 
of tragedy at Athens (Thespis, Phrynlcus, 
Choerilus), and the early historians (Heca- 
taeus, Anaximander, Scylax). 



(4.) From 510 to 470 B.C. — The Period of the 
Persian wars, when ^Eschylus improved 
Greek tragedy, and Pindar, Simonides of 
Ceos, Corinna, and Myrtis perfected lyric 
poetry. 

(5.) From 470 to 431 B.C. — The Period of 
Athenian supremacy : perfection of Greek 
tragedy by Sophocles and Euripides, and 
the Ionic prose of Herodotus and Hippo- 
crates, and early Attic prose of Antiphon. 

(6.) From 431 to 403 B.C. — The Period of the 
Peloponnesian war : perfection of the Old 
Comedy by CratTnus, Plato, Aristophanes, 
Phrynichus, Cephisodorus ; best Attic prose 
in Pericles' speeches, Thucydides, &c. 

(7.) From 403 to 336 B.C. — The Period of 
Spartan and Theban supremacy, and of 
Philip : the Middle Comedy (Eubulus, 
Araros, Anaxandrides, Alexis), the Attic 



BRETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



prose of Lysias, Plato, and Xenophon, and 
perfection of oratory by Demosthenes, JEs- 
chrines, &c. 

(8.) From 336 to 146 B.C. — Comprising the 
Macedonian Period (prose of Aristotle and 
Theophrastus, and the New Comedy of 
Philippides, Sopater, Menander, and Posi- 
dippus), and the Alexandrian Period (the 
later Epic and Elegiac poets, Callimachus. 
Theocritus, Aratus, Apollonius RhodTus, 
&c, and the critics and scientific writers, 
Aristophanes of Byzantium, Apollodorus, 
Archimedes, Eratosthenes, Aristarchus, 
Ctesiblus, &c. 

(9.) The Roman Period : Epigrammatic poets, 
the Hellenic prose of Polyblus, &c, the 
Alexandrian prose of Philo, &c, and 
critics, the revived Atticism of Lucian, &c. 



2. The Four Eras of Roman Literature. 

(1.) The Golden Age, 217 B.C. — A.D. 14, com- 
prising the period before Caesar, in which 
the poets Livius Andronicus, Cu. Nsevlus, 
Plautus, Caecillus, Terence, and Lucilius, 
and the prose writers Fabms, Cato the 
Censor, and Sisenna flourished ; the Period 
of Caesar, — the poets Catullus and Lucre- 
tius, and the prose writers Caesar, Sallust, 
Hirtius, Cicero, and Cornelius Nepos, and 
the mimographers Dec. Laberius and P. 
Syrus ; and the Augustan Age, — the poets 
Virgil, Horace, Propertius, Tibullus, Ovid, 



Macer, Gratlus Faliscus, and Gallus, the 
historians Livy and Varro, and the fabulists 
Phaedrus and HygTnus. 

(2.) The Silver Age, a.d. 14— 117, comprising 
the poets Persius, Lucan, Sih'us Itallcus, 
Valerius Flaccus, Juvenal, Statms, Martial, 
and the satirist Petronius ; the rhetoricians 
Seneca, Porclus Latro, and Quintilian ; the 
historians Valerius Maxlmus, Velleius 
Paterculus, Curtlus, Tacitus, Florus, and 
Suetonius ; the physicians Celsus, Scri- 
bomus Largus ; the agricultural writer 
Columella ; the geographer Pomponlus 
Mela ; the natural historian the elder 
Pliny ; and the grammarians AsconTus, 
Sollnus, and Aulus Gelllus. 

(3.) The Brazen Age, a.d. 118— 4i6,_ com- 
prising the poets Calpurmus, Nemesianus, 
Avienus, Ausonlus, Prudentlus, Claudian ; 
the historians Justin, Spartianus, Capito- 
llnus, Lampridius, Gallicianus, Vopiscus, 
Ampelius, Aurelius Victor, Eutroplus, 
Ammianus, Trebelllus Polllo, Orosius ; the 
grammarians Terentianus Maurus, Dona- 
tus, Macroblus, Servlus ; the lawyer 
Ulpian ; and the physicans Serenus and 
Coelms Aurelianus. 

(4.) The Iron Age, a.d. 422 — 600, comprising 
the poets Sidonms Apollinaris and Fortu- 
natus, and the satirist Marcianus Capella ; 
the philosopher Boethms ; and the gram- 
marians Priscian, Festus, Nonius Mar- 
cellus, and Cresconlus Corippus (also 
poet); and the historians Jornandes and 
Cassiodorus. 



II. — Greek and Roman Chronology, 



z. Dating by Olympiads and A.U.C. 

In each particular Greek state the year was 
usually named in public documents after one 
of the chief officers of the state. But the prac- 
tice of computing by Olympiads, or the recur- 
rence of the Olympic games every fifth year, at 
the full moon nearest the summer solstice, 
became general among the Greek historians 
after the time of Timaeus, 300 b.c. The 
Olympiads count from the victory of Corcebus 
at the games, 776 B.C. The first year of the 
195th Olympiad coincides with a.d. 1 ; the last 
Olympiad (the 293rd) was in a.d. 391. Each 
Olympiad contained four years ; and the be- 
ginning of the Olympic year was about the 1st of 
July. To convert a date from a given Olympic 
year (the first, second, third, or fourth year of 
an Olympiad) to the year of the Christian era, 
proceed as follows : (A) If the event happened 
between the 1st of July and the 1st of December 
(inclusive), (a) subtract one from the given 
Olympiad, (/3) multiply the remainder by four, 
(7) add to the product the year of the current 



Olympiad, and (3) if the sum is less than 776, 
subtract it from 777 (the result being the date 
B.C.) ; but if it is greater than 776, subtract 
776 from it (the result being the date a.d.). 
( B) For an event that happened between the 1 st of 
January and the 30th of June (inclusive), proceed 
the same as in (A) ; but (e) if the sum in (7) is 
less than 776, subtract one from the remainder 
so found ; and if it is greater than 776, add one 
to it. Thus, Boedromion, in the 2nd year of 
the 75th Olympiad, corresponds to 479 B.C. 

a ) 75-i = 74- 
/ft 74x4=296. 
(7) 296 + 2=298. 
(3)777-298=479. Am. 
And Munychion, in the 3rd year of the 6th 
Olympiad, corresponds to the spring of 
753 B.C. 

(a) 6-1 = 5. 

(/3) 5x4 = 20. 

(7) 20+3 = 23. 

05) 777-23=754- 

(e) 754-1 = 753- Am. 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



247 



And Anthesterion, in the 1st year of the 224th 
Olympiad, corresponds to A.D. 118. 

(a) 224—1=223. 

{$) 223x4=892. 

(7)892+1=893. 

(5) 893-776=117. 

(e) 117+1 = 118. Am. 

All dates before the 195th Olympiad corre- 
spond to years B.C. in our computation. The 
first year of the 195th Olympiad coincides with 

A.D. I. 

The Roman Era was the feast of the Palilia, 
21st April (A.D. XI. Kal. Mai), 753 B.C., the 
date of the foundation of Rome by Romulus. 
This computation is denoted by the initial 
letters A.u.c. (ab Urbe condttd, from the Foun- 
dation of the City). To convert any year 
A.u.c. into the corresponding year of the 
Christian Era, proceed thus : If the given year 

A. u.c. is not more than 753 (included), subtract 
it from 754, and the remainder will be the date 

B. C. If the year a.u.c. is any number greater 
than 753, subtract 753 from it, and the re- 
mainder will be the date a.d. Thus 322 

A. u.c=432 B.C. (for 754—322 = 432), 508 A.u.c. 
=246 b.c. (for 754—508=246), 753 A.U.C. = I 

B. C. (for 754-753 = I )> 754 a.u.c.=a.d. i (for 
754-753=i)» 1128 a.u.c.=a.d. 375 (1128-753 

= 375), 1229 A.U.C. = A.D. 476 (1229-753 = 476). 

To convert a year B.C. to the corresponding 
year a.u.c, subtract the year B.C. from 754, 
and the remainder will be the date A.u.c. 
Thus, 2 B.C. = 752 A.u.c. (for 754—2=752). To 
convert a year a.d. to one a.u.c, add the year 
a.d. to 753, and the sum will be the date A.u.c. 
Thus, a.d. 74=827 a.u.c (74+753=827). 



2. The Greek Calendar. 

The names and the length of the months 
varied very much in the various states of 
Greece, but the, Athenian Calendar is chiefly 
followed by ancient authors. 

The Athenian year was divided into twelve 
months, which contained 30 and 29 days alter- 
nately. Those which contained 30 days were 
called full,nhrjpetg, and also deKacptiivoi, as end- 
ing upon the third tenth day. Those which con- 
sisted of 29 days were called hollow, noiKoi, 
and also kwea^Oivoi, as ending upon the ninth 
day. The following were the Athenian 
months : — ■ 

1. Heddtombce'on, of 30 days, corresponding 
to the latter half of July and the first half 
of A ugust, named from the great sacrifices, 
Hecdtombcza. 

2. Metdgeitfnlon (the Boeotian Pa'nemos and 
Spartan Carneios), of 29 days, corre- 
sponding to the latter half of August and 
first half of September ; so named because 
people then changed their abodes and 
neighbours ; whence the festival Metdgeit- 
nia, to Apollo Metdgeitnios. 

3. Boedrom'ton, of 30 days, corresponding to 
the latter half of Septeviber and first half 
of October, named from the Boedromia, 



games in memory of the defeat of the 

Amazons by Theseus. 

4. Pydnep'sion, of 30 days, corresponding to 
the latter half o( October and first half of 
November, named from the festival Pya- 
nepsia, when beans, or peeled barley and 
pulse, were boiled and eaten. 

5. Mcemacte'rion (Boeotian Alalcomen'ioi), 
of 29 days, corresponding to the latter half 
of November and first half of December, 
named from the festival to Zeus Mcemac- 
terios (Jitpiter the boisterous). 

6. Posl'deon, of 29 days, corresponding to 
the latter half of December and first half of 
January, named from the festival Posl- 
donia, in honour of Poszdon (Neptune). 

7. Gdme'lidn (anciently Lense'on, from the 
Lensea), of 30 days, corresponding to the 
latter half of Ja?iuary and first half of 
February , named from its being the fashion- 
able month for marriages. 

8. Antheste'rion, of 29 days, corresponding 
to the latter half of Febritary and first half 
of March, named from the three days' 
festival to Dionysus (Bacchus), the Anthes- 
teria (feast of flowers'). 

9. EV dphebol'ion, of 30 days, corresponding 
to the latter half of March and first half of 
April, named from the festival Eldphebolia, 
in honour of Artemis Eldphebolos {Diana 
the deer-hunter). 

10. Milnych'ion, of 29 days, corresponding to 
the latter part of April and the beginning 
of May, named from the festival Miinychia, 
in honour of Artemis (Diana), worshipped 
at the Athenian harbour Munychia. 

11. Tharge'lion, of 30 days, corresponding to 
the latter half of May and first half of June, 
named from the festival Thargelia, in 
honour of Apollo and Artemis (Diana). 

T2. Scir'dphdr'idn, of 29 days, corresponding 
to the latter half of Jtine and first half of 
July, named from the festival Scirophorla, 
in honour of Athena (Minerva) Sciras 
(either from a a-Kipov, white parasol, being 
borne by the priestesses in procession, or 
from a temple built to her by Scirus, a man 
of Salamis, the promontory of Attica oppo- 
site Salamis being called Sciradzon). 
Each Athenian month was divided into three 
decades. In the First Decade, the first day 
(of themonth) was called veoutivla(or vou/xrivia.), 
from being the time of the new moon : the 
following days of the first decade were 
reckoned in their order, with the addition of 
the word IcrTafxevou or cxpx«ii(-»ov [/ui/i/ot;], 
" beginning." The days of the Second 
Decade were numbered, first, second, third, 
&c, with the addition of hnl 6ena, "after 
ten" or LteaovvTug [unvog], " in the middle" 
the last being called eludg, " twentieth." 
The days of the Third Decade were 
either numbered in their order, first, second, 
third, &c, with the addition of kit' einddt, 
" after the tzventieth" or, more tisualiy back 
from the last day of the month (the day from 
which, as well as the day to which, they 
reckoned, being included), with the addition of 



248 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



the word (ptilvovrog or navouei'Ov or 'SijyovTog 
[uitivot;}, " ending." The thirtieth day was 
generally called eVij Kui vea, the old and the 
new, so named because the old Greek year being 
lunar, and the moon's monthly orbit being 295 
days, if the first month began when the sun 
and moon were together at sunrise, this month 
would end and the next month begin at sunset, 
an irregularity which Solon prevented by 
making the latter half-day belong to the first 
month In the six months that consisted of 
only 29 days there was of course strictly no 
but the name was usually applied 
to the last day in these also. The following is 
a table of the days in a Month of Thirty 
Days : — 

(First Decade.) 

1. Ned me nia. 

2. Histamenou deutera. 

3. Histamenou trite. 

4. Histamenou tetarte. 

5. Histamenou pempte. 

6. Histamenou hekte. 

7. Histajnenou hebdome. 

8. Histaiuenou ogdoe. 

9. Histamenou ennate. 
10. Histamenou dekate. 



{Second Decade.) 

11. Pro te epi deka or Prote mcsountos. 

12. Deutera „ or Deutera ,, 

13. Trite or Trite „ 

14. Tetarte „ or Tetarte ,, 

15. Pempte „ or Pempte „ 

16. Hekte ,, or Hekte „ 

17. Hebdome „ or Hebdome ,, 

18. Ogdoe ,, or Ogdoe ,, 

19. Ennate „ or Ennate ,, 



20. Eikas, or Eikoste. 



( Third Decade. ) 

21. PhtJiinontos (or pauomenoii, or legontos) 

dekate, or prote ep' eikadi. 

22. ennate, oxDeutera 

23. „ ogdoe, or T?-lte 

24. „ hebdome, or Tetarte 

25. hekte, orPempte 

26. pempte, ox Hekte 

27. tetarte, orHebdome 

28. „ trite, ox Ogdoe 

29. deutera, ox Ennate 

30. Ene kai nea, or Triakas. 

In a Month of Twenty-nine Days the first 
and second decades were numbered as in a 
month of 30 days. The last nine days were 
numbered thus - 



21. PhtJiinontos ennate , ox Prote ef eikadi. 

22. ogdoe, or Deutera 

23. hebdome, or Trite ,, 

24. hekte, or Tetarte ,, 

25. pempte, or Pempte ,, 

26. „ tetarte, or Hekte ,, 

27. „ /r//<?, or Hebdome ,, 

28. deutera, or Ogdoe „ 

29. &rtz «ev3!, or Ennate ,, 



3. The Roman Calendar, and Table of 
the Calends, Nones, and Ides. 

Each month was divided into three periods 
by the CalendcE, Nd>ia:, and Idus. The 
Calendce, Calends, marked the first of the 
month (being derived from calo, xaXib, the 
people being anciently called together imme- 
diately after the appearance of the New Moon, 
to be told the arrangement of days for the 
month) ; the Nonce, Nones, the First Quarter 
(from Nonus, the Nones being on the ninth 
day, inclusive, before the Ides) ; and the /dies, 
Ides, the Full Moon (from an Etruscan verb, 
idudre, to divide, the Full Moon dividing the 
lunar month). The Nones sometimes fell as 
early as the 5th, and sometimes as late as the 
7th, and the Ides sometimes as early as the 
13th and sometimes as late as the 15th, as the 
New Moon is sometimes visible on the evening 
after conjunction and sometimes not for two or 
three days. When any event did not happen 
exactly on the Calends, Nones, or Ides, the 
Romans calculated th» day by reckoning back- 
wards from the next division of the month. 
Thus, if it occurred between the Calends and 
Nones, it was said to take place so many days 
before the Nones ; if between the Nones and 
Ides, it was said to take place so many days 
before the Ides ; and, if after the Ides, it was 
said to take place before the Calends of the 
eustdng month: and the day from which, 
as well as the day to which, they recko7ied, 
was always included. In Latin, by a peculiar 
contraction of expression, on the sixth day 
before the Nones of January is expressed by 
Ante diem sextzim Nonas Jantcarias, and so 
in all cases when the date is marked by "on 
such and such a day before." When an event 
occurred on the day before one of the divisions 
of the month, the word Pridie was used : 
thus, the 31st January was Pridie Calendas 
Februarias. When it occurred on the day of 
the division, an ablative was used with the 
names of the month in the ablative also, or in 
the genitive (with mensis) — "On the Calends 
(Nones, or Ides) of January," Caleudis (Nonis, 
Idibus) Januariis, or Januarii \mensis\ 
Ante diem is generally indicated by the initial 
letters a.d. ; thus a.d. VI. Cal. Dec. (for 
ante diem sextum Calendas Decembres, the 
sixth day before the Calends of Decemberj 
j i.e. 26th November). 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



249 



Q « 



Apr. Jun. Sept. 
Nov. 



Calendas 
A.D. IV T . Nonas 
A.D. III. Nonas 
Pridle Nonas 
Nonse 
A.D. VIII. Idus 
A.D. VII. Idus 
A.D. VI. Idus 
A.D. V. Idus 
AD. IV. Idus 
A.D. III. Idus 
Pridie Idus 
Idus 

A.D. XVIII. Cal * 
A.D. XVII. Cal. 
A.D. XVI. Cal. 
A.D. XV. Cal. 
AD. XIV. Cal. 
AD. XIII. Cal. 
A.D. XII. Cal. 
A D. XI. Cal. 
A.D. X. Cal. 
A.D. IX. Cal. 
A.D. VIII. Cal. 
AD. VII. Cal. 
A.D. VI. Cal. 
A.D. V. Cal. 
A.D. IV. Cal. 
AD. III. Cal. 
Pridle Calendas* 



Jan. Aug. 
De-. 



Calendas 
A.D. IV. Nonas 
A.D. III. Nonas 
Pridie Nonas 
Nons 
A.D. VIII. Idus 
A.D. VII. Idus 
A.D. VI. Idus 
AD. V. Idus 
A.D. IV. Idus 
A.D. III. Idus 
Pridie Idus 
Idus 
AD. XIX. Cal.* 
A.D. XVIII. Cal. 
A.D. XVII. Cal. 
AD. XVI. Cal. 
A.D. XV. Cal. 
A.D. XIV. Cal. 
A.D. Xtll. Cal. 
A.D. XII. Cal. 
A.D. XI. Cal. 
AD. X. Cal. 
A.D. IX. Cal. 
A.D. VIII. Cal. 
A.D. VII. Cal. 
A.D. VI. Cal. 
AD. V. Cal. 
AD. IV. Cal. 
A.D. III. Cal. 
Pridie Calendas* 



Mar. Mai. 
Jul. Oct. 



Calenda? 
A.D. VI. Nonas 
A.D. V. Nonas 
A.D. IV. Nonas 
A.D. III. Nonas 
PriHIe Nonas 
Nona? 
A.D. VIII. Idus 
A.D. VII. Idus 
A.D. VI. Idus 
A.D. V. Idus 
A.D. IV. Idus 
A.D. III. Idus 
Pridle Idus 
Idus 

AD. XVII. Cal.* 
A.D. XVI. Cal. 
A D. XV. Cal. 
AD. XTV. Cal. 
A.D. XIII. Cal. 
A.D. XII. Cal. 
A.D. XI. Cal. 
AD. X. Cal. 
AD. IX. Cal. 
AD. VIII. Cal. 
AD. VII. Cal. 
A.D. VI. Cal. 
A.D. V. Cal. 
A.D. IV. Cal. 
A.D. III. Cal. 
Pridie Calendas* 



Februarius. 



Calendar 
A.D. IV. Nonas 
AD. III. Nonas 

Pridle Nonas 
Nonse 
A.D. VIII. Idus 
A.D. VII. Idus 
A.D. VI. T.lus 
A.D. V. Idus 
A.D. IV. Idus 
A.D. III. Idus 

Pridie Idus 
Idus 
AD. XVI. Cal.* 
A.D. XV. Cal. 
AD. XIV. Cal. 
A.D. XIII. Cal. 
AD. XII. Cal. 
AD. XI. Cal. 
A.D. X. Cal. 
AD. IX. Cal. 
AD. VIII. Cal. 
A.D. VII. Cal. 
A.D. VI. Cal. 
A.D. V. Cal. 
AD. IV. Cal. 
A.D. III. Cal. 
Pridle Calendas 
[Martis 



Of the following month. 



III. — Roman Weights, Measures, and Money, 



1. Roman Weights. 

The As (or Lihrd) was the Roman unit of 
weight, like the Pound in the British system. 
As was used to denote (1) the copper coin, (2) 
the unit of weight {libra), (3) the unit of 
measure (jugerum), or (4) any unit or integer 
considered as divisible into equal parts. Its 
multiples are Dupondhcs (duo pondo), or 2 
Asses ; Sestertius (sesqui tertlus), or i\ Asses ; 
T?-essis, or 3 Asses ; Quatrussis, or 4 Asses, 
and so on to Ceutussis, or 100 Asses. The As, 
whatever unit it represented, was divided into 
12 equal parts, called Unclce, and the Uncia 
was subdivided into 24 equal parts, called 
Scrupula (or Scrlpula), the Scrripulum being 
thus the part of the As. The As, as unit 



of weight, was equal to about 11* oz. Avoir- 
dupois, or to .7375 lb. Avoirdupois. 



Divisions of t/ie As. 

As = 12 Uucice. 

Deunx = n 

Dextans = 10 „ 

Dodrans = 9 

Bes, or Bess is = 8 

Septunx = 7 

Semis, or Semissis = 6 

Qicinciinx = 5 

Triens = 4 „ 

Quadrans, or Teruncius.. ..= 3 „ 

Sextans = 2 

Sescitnx, or Sesuncia = ij- 

Uncia — T V As. 



250 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Divisions of the U ucia. 





..= £Uncia= -^j 








..= i „ = A 




..= i „ = »V 






Scrupulum . . 


• • — it >> 2": s 




• — Tit >> XT-Is 



The Roman writers occasionally employed the 
Greek weights Drachma and Obolus, reck- 
oning 

Drachma— J- Uncia = A ^4^. 

ObollCS =A >> =676 J> 

2. Roman Measures of Length. 

The Pes was the Roman unit of Lineal 
Measure, like the British Foot. The Pes was 
equal to about 11.64 inches, or .97 of a foot, 
imperial measure. The Pes was subdivided 
into 16 Digiti (finger-breadths), or 4 Pal mi 
(hand-breadths), or 12 Pollices (thumb-joint- 
lengths), or 12 Uncia (whence our ifich). 

The Measures longer than the Pes were — 

Palmipes = 1 Pes+iPalmus. 

Cubitus = 1 Sesquipes. 

Gradus = 2$ Pedes.' 

Passus = 5 Pedes., 

Dcccmt>eda or Pertiea — 10 Pedes. 

Actus = 120 Pedes. 

Miile Passuum = 5,000 Pedes. 

The Roman Mile, 1,000 Passus {Miile Pas- 
suum), being equal to 5,oco Roman feet, equals 
only 4,850 British feet, or 1,616 yards 2 feet, 
and is shorter than the British Mile by 430 
British feet, or nearly 144 yards. Ulna, the 
Greek w\evn (whence £11), is used sometimes 
as Cubitus, and sometimes as = 6 Pedes. 



3. Roman Measures of Surface. 

The Roman unit was the Jugerum. It con- 
sisted of two Act ?(s put together (each Actus 
being = 120 Roman feet), and was therefore a 
rectangle 240 Roman feet long and 120 Roman 
feet broad. Consequently the Jiigerum con- 
tained 27,097.92 British Square Feet, and was 
a little under | Acre. The Jugerum was sub- 
divided into twelve equal parts, which bore the 
same names and were in the same proportion 
to itself as the subdivisions of the As (Deuux, 
Dexta?is, &c). The multiples of the Jugerum 
were the Heredinm (= 2 Jiigera), the Ce?i- 
tiiria (= 100 Heredia = 200 Jugera), and the 
Saltus (= 4 Centuries = 400 Heredia = 800 
Jiigera). 

4. Roman Measures of Capacity. 

The Roman unit was the Amphora, or 
Quadrantal, which was equal to 5.687 
British gallons, or nearly 5 gallons* 2 quarts, 
1 pint, 2 gills. The Amphora (or Quadrantal) 
was usually restricted to liquids, the unit of 
Dry Measures, in ordinary use, being the 
Modius. The Modius was = \ Amphora, 



and therefore contained 1.896 gallons, or .948 
of a peck, British measure. The following 
were the divisions of the Amphora and Mcdlus 
respectively. 



Liquid Measure. 

4 Ligiil& 
1! Cyathus 
2 Ace tabula 
2 Quartarii 
2 He mi nee 
6 Sextant 
4 Congii 
2 Urua? 
20 A ?nphor<s 



1 Cyathus. 
1 Acetabulum. 
1 Quartarius. 
1 Hemina. 
1 Sextdrhts. 
1 Congius. 
1 Urna. 
1 Amplwra, 
1 Ciileus. 



Dry Measure. 



4 LI gules 
ik Cyathus 
4 Acctdbula 
2 He mi 7 103 
8 Sextdrii 
2 Semimodii 



1 Cyathus. 
1 Acetabulum. 
1 Hemina. 
1 Sextdrius. 
1 Semimodius. 
1 Modius. 



5. Roman Money. 

The Copper coins were the Teruncius, Sem- 
bella, and As or Libella ; the Silver, the 
Sestertius, Quifidrius or Victdridtus, and 
Denarius ; and the Gold, the A ureus. 

£ s. d. 
=0 o 0° ^ 



1 Teruncius 

2 Teruncii = 1 Sembella = o 
2 Sembelles = \ As ox Libella— o 
2 j Asses = 1 Sestertius — o 
2 Sestertii = 1 Qulnarius\ _ 

or Victoridtus ) 
— 1 Denarius = o 
= 1 Aureus — o 



ii - 1 - 



\Juinani 
Denarii 



Sums of money were computed either by 
Asses or by Sestertii. The following were 
the ordinary expressions when the computation 
as by Sestertii : — 

£ s. d. 

o o t4- ~ 



80 14 

807 



7sf 
it 



5 10 



Sestertius (or Nummus).. = o o 

Decern Sestertii = o 1 

Centum Sestertii = o 16 

Sestertium (or Miile \ 

Sestertii) i~ 

Decern Sestertia 
Centmn Sestertia (or" 

Centum Millia Se 

tertiu?ii) 

Decies Sestertium (or } 

Decies Centena Millia > = 

Nummum) ) 

C en ties (or C en ties HS.).. = 20,729 3 4 

Millies HS = 807,291 13 4 

Millies Centies HS. = 888,020 16 8 

The Sestei-tius having been originally equal 
to 25 Asses (though later = 4 Asses) was 
represented by the symbol IIS (i.e. two units 
and a semi, or half) which has passed into 
HS. (a line being drawn through the 
figures to mark that they were to be taken 



3,072 18 
80,729 3 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



together) : the symbol is sometimes also LLS. 
When a line is placed over the numbers, cen- 
tena mill la (100,000) is understood : thus, 
HS. MC. is = Millies centles HS. ; but 
HS. MC. is only 1,100 Sestertii. 

6. Roman Computation of Interest. 

The ordinary rates of interest {Femes or 
Usurce) on capital lent {Caput or Sors) were 
the Femes Unciarium and the Usurce Cen- 
tesimce. Since the capital was regarded as 
the As or unit, and the interest was originally 
reckoned by the old Roman year of ten 
months, the Femes Unciariian was Tjth of 
the capital, or 8| per cent. ; and, on the two 
months (January and February) being added 
by Numa, the rate was equivalent to 10 per 
cent, per year (of 12 months). The mode of 
reckoning by Usurce Centesimce (yj^- of the 
capital), or 1 per cent., was introduced towards 
the close of the Republic, when the interest 
was reckoned monthly, so that the UsiircB 
Centesimce, or one per cent, per month, was 



12 per ce7it. -per annnm. When a higher rate 
than Usurce Centesimce was demanded on 
doubtful securities, the expressions were Blnce 
Centestmee (24 per cent, per annum), Quci- 
ternce Centesimce (48 per cent, per annum), 
Quince Centesimce (60 per cent, per annum), 
&c. But when a lower rate than the Usurce 
Centesimce was charged on exceptionally good 
securities, the divisions of the As were used 
to mark the proportions : thus — 

Per ce7it. Per cent, 
per month, per annum. 

Usurce Cejitesimce =1 - 12 

Semisses Usurce =* . i = 6 

Trientes Usurce — \ = 4 

Qttcidrantes Usurce = \ = 3 

S extant es Usurce = A = 2 

Uncice Usurce = ™ . = 1 

Qui?icunces Usurce — -f^ = 5 

Septunces Usurce = yV = 7 

Besses Usurce = § = 8 

Dodrantes Usurce = f = g 

Dextantes Usurce = | = 10 

Deunces Usurce = = 11 



IV,— Greek Weights, Measures, and Money 

1. Greek Weights. 



(1.) TJie /Eginetan Scale. 

Avoirdupois. 
lb. oz. gr. 

1 Obol ('0/3oX6c) = o o 18.472! 

= iD; 



6 Obols = 1 Drachmae „ „ TT „ 5 , 
(ApaxM) i = ° ° Ila83 * 



100 Drachmas=i Mina (Mi<a)= 
60 Minas = 1 Talent l 
(TdXavrov) / ' 



9 I45-33I 
o 



(2.) The Euloic Scale, or Attic Commercial 
Weights. 

Avoirdupois. 
lb. oz. gr. 

1 Obol ( OySoAog) = 00 15.393IT 

6 Obols = 1 Drachma \ n „ _ „> , 

100 Drachmas=i Mina(Mi/a)= 15 48.611! 
60 Minas =?= 1 Talent \ „„ „ , , 



(3.) The Attic Stiver Weights. 

Avoirdtipois. 
_ lb. oz. gr. 

1 Obol ....... = o o 11.0833! 

6 Obols = 1 Drachma \ „ ,-, _ 
(Apa X ^)/= ° ° 66 -5 
100 Drachmas=iMina(Mi/a)= o 15* o 

60 M inas = 1 Talent "| 

(Jd\avjov)J~ 



57 o 



2. Greek Measures of Length. 
The unit for sjnaller measures in common 
use was the novg {foot), and its multiples were 
the Pechus {irnxvo) (Roman cubitus or ulna, 
the fore-arvi, ell), and the Orguia ('Op-yr/id) 
(the length of the out-stretched arm, about 
our fathom). In longer measures, e.g., for 
land, Pous was also the unit, its multiples being 
the Pechus, Orguia, and Stadlon (crrabiov), 
and occasionally the Persian Parasang (napa- 
<rd7 mg). 

British Measures. 
ft. in. 
o .75S437, , t 
o 1.516875 
° 3-03375 
o 7-584375 
o 8.3428125 

9.10125 

1 0.135 
I 1. 651875 - 
I 3-16875 

1 6.2025 

2 6.3375 

4 6'6o75 
0.81 



Dacticlos 

Kondiclos 

Palceste 

Lichas 

OrtJwdoron 

Spithame 

Pous 

Pugme 

PllgOfl 

Pechus 

Bema 

Xidoii 

Orguia 

Kalcimos, or De- 



li 'amma 
Plethrou 
Stadlon . . 
Diaulos. . 
Hipplkon 
Mlllon .. 



= 6 

= 10 1.35 

= 60 8.1 

= 101 1.5 

= 606 9 

= 1,213 6 

= 2,427 o 

= 4,854 o 



Pdrcisanges = 3 miles, 2,362 ft., 6 in. 
Schcenus.... = 6 „ 4,735 „ o„ 



252 



BE ETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



3. Greek Measures of Surface. 

The measures in common use were the unit, 
Pons, irovg {foot), and its multiple (10,000 
times) the Plethron, irXeOpov (neXetipov in 
Homer). The Plethron is a little above 37 
perches (exactly 37 perches 153.02 square feet), 
or less than a rood by about 2 perches. 

British Measure. 
Square feet. 

Pous = 1.0226 

Hexdp3d.es = 36.81456 
A kceua .... = 102. 26266 
Hemlektos = 852. 1888 
Hcktos .. .. = 1,704.3776 
Arotira . . = 2,556.5664 
Plethron .. = 10,226.2656 

4. Greek Measures of Capacity. 
(1.) Attic Liquid Measures. 

In common use the unit was the Cydthos, 
KvaOog (small cup), and its muitiples the 
Xestes, tearing (Roman Sextarius, nearly a 
pint), Chous, xoxig (Roman Congius), and 
A7npJioreus, an^opevg, or Metrites, fierpfjTrtg 
(about 9 gallons), The Amphoreus contained 
x\ Kerdmia, the Kepap.iov being the Roman 
Amphora (or Quadranlal). 

British Measure. 
Gals. Pints. 

Kochliarion = o .008 

Cheme = o .016 

Mustron = o .02 

Kogche = o .04 

Cydthos = o .08 

Oxubdphon o .12 

Tetarton =0 ,24 

Kotule or Hemlna .. =0 .48 

Xestes = o .96 

■Chous = o 5.76 

Kerdmidn = 5 6.08 

Amphoreus qx Metre tes = 8 5.12 

(2.) Attic Dry Measures. 

In common use the unit was the Cydthos, 
Kvadog (small cup) and its multiples, the 
Kotule, KOToXri (half-pint), Xestes, ?eo-T»i£ 
(Roman sextarius, nearly a pint), Chcenix, 
\oivi% (about a quart), and Medimnos, \iihi\ivoq 
(about six Roman mddii, nearly 12 gallons, or 
ik bushel).. 

British Measures. 
Gals. Pints. 

Kochlidriott = o .008 

Cydthos = o .08 

Oxu'bdphdn = o .12 

Kotule, or Hemlna = .48 
Xestes , ,. .. = o .96 



British Measure. 
Gals. Pints. 

Clicenix — o 1.92 

Hemzektoti = o 7.68 

Hektos = 1 7.36 

Medimnos ... =11 4.16 



Greek Money. 
(x.) The Attic Copper and Silver Coins. 

British Money. 
£. s. d. 

Lepton o o o 2. 1 16 

Chalkous , o o o f.8125 

Dlchalkon (Quarter-Obol) . 000 5.625 
Hemlobdlio?i (Half-Obol). . o o o f.25 

Ob olds o o 1 is 

Didbolon Two Obols) o o 3 £ 

Tridbolon [Three Obols) .. o o 4 is 
Tetrdbolon (Four Obols) .. 006^ 

Drachma o o 9 § 

Didrachmon (Two Drach- 
mas) o 1 7s? 

Tridrach7no7i (Three 

Drachmas) o 2 si 

Tetradrachmon (Four 

Drachmas) o 3 3 

Mina 4 1 3 

Talanton (Talent) 243 15 o 

The Mina, Mva, and Talent, TdXavrov, 
were, of course, not coins, but merely expres- 
sions of computation, denoting the -weight of 
the money. The coins that are generally men- 
tioned are theObol, 'OfioXdg, and the Drachma, 

(2.) The A^ginetan and Euboic Standards 
for Money. 

The JEginetan Drachma was = is. 4^d. 
sterling, and the AEginetan Talent was .6406. 
5s. sterling. The Euboic Drachma was nearly 
= is. iid. sterling, and the Euboic Taleitt 
was = A338. ios. iod. sterling. 

(3.) Greek Gold Coins. 

The Athenian gold coin was the A ttic Staler, 
Iraryjp, which was equal to 20 Attic Drachmas, 
or 1 6s. 3d. sterling. The name Stater is also 
applied to a Persian gold coin, the Darlcus 
(AapeiKog) Or StaterDarzcus (crrar^p AapeiKog), 
which was coined of very pure gold by Darius I. 
Hystaspes (and named from him, like a Louis- 
<Tor, a Napoleon, &c). This Persian Stater 
or Daric, was = £1. is. iod. sterling. The 
Cyzicene Stater was = 28 Attic Drachmas, or 
£1. 2s. gd. sterling. It was in circulation 
throughout Greece. There were also staters 
of several other cities, as Lampsacus, Phocaa, 
Corinth, Smyrna, Ephesus, &c. 



BEETON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



253 



V.— Pronunciation and Metre, 



Pronunciation. 

There is no generally accepted system for 
the pronunciation of Latin or Greek : each 
nation follows the analogy of its own language. 
But, from the general similarity of the pro- 
nunciation in Scotland and on the Continent, 
it is usual to speak of the Foreign or Conti- 
nental, as opposed to the English, system of 
pronunciation. Hitherto it has been customary 
in England to pronounce a generally as in 
came, e as in rn^re, i as in z're, and u, c, j, g, 
and the diphthongs, as in English. But a 
committee of the Oxford Philological Society 
has reported in favour of an approximation to 
the Foreign system. It is proposed to sound 
& as a in father, a as the first a in papa, e as a 
in cake, e as the first a in aerial, z as e in he, 
z as e in behalf, o as o in hone, d as o in rot, u 
as in who, ii as u in frz/ition, ce as a in cake, 
au as ow in owl, ei as i in z'dle, eu as eu in 
ez^phony, ce as a in cake, ui (diphthong) as 
wee in weed, j as _y in .yard, z/ as the English 

c and £- soft (as s, and as g in progenitor) 
before e, i, ae, ce, and y, and hard (as k, and as g 
as in £T>at) before the other letters ; and all the 
other letters as in English. In all probability 
this system of pronunciation will speedily be 
adopted at Oxford and throughout the country. 
In this work the division of syllables has been 
made in accordance with the change. When 
the accent is on a short syllable, it is therefore 
placed on the following consonant, if there is 
one, and not on the short vowel — thus : 
Cldr'-ds, not Cld'-ros. 

The pronunciation of words which are of 
less frequent occurrence and are not included 
in the " Classical Dictionary," may be ascer- 
tained from the following list of endings, with 
the quantity of the last syllable but one (the 
penultimate) marked. The accent is on ths 
penultimate when the vowel is marked long ; 
when the penultimate vowel is short, the accent 
is on the preceding syllable (the antepenul- 
timate), the accent in Latin and Greek never 
being placed farther back than the third 
syllable : — acus, ades, ae, cenetus, agathus, 
agetus, agon, agoras, agros, dger (exception, 
Meleager), ais (in masculines), ais (in some 
feminines), alis, dlus, anuis, anax, anes, 
angelus, antra, dnor, anus (exception, Erid- 
dnus), don, dpus, ardtus, ares, arete, aretus, 
dries, dsns, dtus, dies, dzon, dzus, bates, bdtos, 
bius, brdtus, billies, cedes, cephdlce, cephdhts, 
chdris, chdi us, clea, clia, clitus, cdmes, comon, 
cdmum, coon, crates, creon, critus, cydes, 
damas, damns, dates, delus, demus, dicus, 
docus, dorus, dolus, drdmos, eces, edits, eis, 
Hits, enor, era y erus, esus (but nesus), elus, 



ens, but (eTo£, lengthened occasionally into 

ezus) in adjectives formed from proper names, 
genes, getes, getus, gtton, gnetus, gnotus, 
gouus, goras, ia but la in the endings daniia 
and gema, and in names of towns formed from 
the names of individuals, iclms, teles, Idas, 
ides, but tdes in patronymics derived from 
words having the last syllable long (generally 
from words in eus) or from words in which the 
last syllable but one is long and is followed by 
a vowel in the last syllable, ilus, hints, tnus, 
ipJwn, iphron, ipus, ira, Iri, tries, ises, is?is t 
ites, ias, tits, Idus, Icon, Icos, loc/tus, lycus, 
lytus, mdchus, vtedes, medon, meles, me his t 
mine, mines, mortis, nesus, nicus, but ulcus 
in those oi an adjective termination, nomus, 
nous, nymus, ochus, deles, ocus, odes, odus, de, 
oils, dlus, dmus, onax, o nymus, don, dp/ton, 
ophron, dpus, but opus in words derived from 
(the voice, or face), dsns, diis, pater, petus, 
phdgus, phdnes, phemus, phi his, phobus, 
phdnus, phorus, phyle, phylis, pithes, sthenes, 
stratus, strophus, teles, thelitis, theus, thous, 
limits, trephes, tropus, iicus, iidtts, unus, 
iirus, ustis, fitus, xeuus, ylus (but phylus), 
yuus, yrus, yzus. 

Metre. 

The ordinary Metrical Feet in Latin and 
Greek are dissyllabic or trisyllabic. The dis- 
syllabic are — the Pyrrhic, o o ; the Spon'dee, 
- - ; the Tro'cJtee, - o ; and the lam' bus, u -. 
The trisyllabic are— the Trib'rach, 000; the 
Molos'sus, - - - ; the Dadtyl, - u o ; the 
An'apcest, 00-; the Am'phibrach, o - u ; the 
Amphim' deer, - o - ; the Bacchi'tis, u - - ; 
and the An'tibacchi'us, - - o. 
The chief kinds of verse are the following : — 
(1 .) The Dactyl' ic Hexant'eter, — or Heroics, 
\ the measure used in Epic poems, of which 
Homer is the Greek and Virgil the Latin 
model — consists of six feet, the first four being 
Dactyls or Spondees indifferently, the fifth a 
Dactyl, and the sixth a Spondee : thus the 
line, Ad nos vix tenuis famce pei-labitur aura, 
is scanned, or separated into its component 
feet, as follows : — 
Ad nos I vix tenu[Is fajmae per]labitur aura. 

Very rarely a Spondee is used in the fifth ioot, 
the line being then called Spondaic. 

(2.) The Dactyl' ic Pentam'eter consists of 
two parts, the first containing two feet (Dac- 
tyls or Spondees indifferently) and a long 
Csesural syllable, and the second two Dactyb* 
and a Caesural syllable : thus — 

Flebam | succesjsu || posse ca^rere dojlos. 



554 



BEE TON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 



Dactylic Pentameters are never found in a 
system by themselves, but always in combi- 
nation with Dactylic Hexameters. Hex- 
ameters and Pentameters placed alternately 
constitute what is termed the Elegiac Dis- 
tich (a species of verse originally employed 
in mournful strains, but generally used by the 
Greeks in hymns, epigrams, and war-songs, 
and by the Latins in epigrams, episries, and 
all kinds of amatory poetry). 

(3.)_The Iam'bic Trim'eter, the usual mea- 
sure in the dialogue of Tragedy, consists of 
six leet, each of which may be an Iambus. 
But a Spondee may be substituted for an 
Iambus in the first, third, and fifth feet (and 
occasionally in the sixth, in which case the 
verse is called Scazon, halting), a Dactyl in 
the first and third, and an Anapaest in the 
first (and also in the second, third, fourth, or 
fifth, in the case of Proper Names that could 
not be otherwise introduced). A verse con- 
taining only the first four feet of an Iambic 
Trimeter is called an Iambic Dimeter. 

(4.) The Iambic Trimeter is also used in 
Lyrics. Of the other numerous Lyric mea- 
sures the chief are the Alcaic Stanza, the 
Sapphic Stanza, the Choriambic Metre, and 
the Phalcecia7i Metre. 

In the four lines of the A Ica'ic Stanza (named 
from Alcaeus, the inventor of the metre) the 
first two lines are Alcaic Hendecasyllabics, the 
third an Alcaic Enneasyllabic, and the fourth 
an Alcaic Decasyllabic. The Alcaic He?i- 
decasyllabic consists of two parts, the first 
containing two feet and a half (viz., a Spondee 
or an Iambus, an Iambus, and a long Caesural 
syllable), the second two feet (viz., a Dactyl, 



and a Dactyl or an Amphimacer). Th» 
A Icaic Enneasyllabic consists of four feet a nd 
a half, the first being a Spondee or an Iambus, 
the second an Iambus, the third a Spondee, 
and the fourth an Iambus, after which is placed 
the Caesural syllable. The Alcaic Decasyllabic 
consists of four feet, the first and second being 
Dactyls, the third a Trochee, and the fourth a 
Trochee or Spondee. The following lines from 
Horace (Odes, II. 14, 5) illustrate the scansion 
of this stanza : — 

Non, si I trece|nls, || quotquot e|unt dies 
Aml|ce, pla|ces || illacri|mabllem 
Pluto|na tau|rls, qui | ter am|plum 
Geryonjen Tlty]onque | trlstl. 

The Sap'phic Stanza (named from Sappho) 
is composed of three Sapphic lines followed by 
one Adonic line. Each Sapphic verse consists 
of five feet, the first a Trochee, the second a 
Spondee, the third a Dactyl, the fourth a 
Trochee, and the fifth a Trochee or Spondee. 
The Adonic line consists of two feet, the first 
a Dactyl and the second a Spondee or Trochee. 

The Choriam'bic Metre (named from the 
quadrisyllable foot, Choriam'bus, -00-), or 
Asclep'iade'an (from a lyric poet, Asclepiades, 
ot _ uncertain date), may be Tetrameter or 
Trimeter. The Choriambic Tetrameter con- 
sists of— 1st, a Spondee ; 2nd and 3rd, a Cho- 
riambus ; and 4th, an Iambus or a Pyrrhic. 
The Choriambic Trimeter consists of three 
feet, each being a Choriambus. 

The Phalce'cian Hendedasyllab'ic consists of 
five feet — 1st, a Spondee or Trochee ; 2nd, a 
Dactyl ; 3rd and 4th, a Trochee ; and 5th, a 
Trochee or Spondee. 



THE END. 



London : 

Warwick House, Salisbury Square, R. C, 



WARD, LOCK & CO.'S 

LIST OF 

STANDARD REFERENCE VOLUMES, 

Approved Educational Works, 

AND 

POPULAR USEFUL BOOKS. 



Price 



7/6 

per 
Volume. 



THE NEW WORK FOR SELF-EDUCATORS. 



Complete In Three Vols. Royal 8vo, cL gilt, each 7s. Gd. ; half-calf, 12s. 
THE 

UNIVERSAL INSTRUCTOR; 

Or, Self- Culture for All. 

A Complete Cyclopcedia of Learning and Self- Education, meeting 
the requirements of all Classes of Students, and forming 
a perfect System of Intellectual Culture. 
WITH UPWARDS OF 2,000 ILLUSTRATIONS. 



HE enormous success which has attended the publication 
V!/ of Ward and Lock's Universal Instructor is the 
best possible proof of its merit. The work has, indeed, been 
welcomed both by press and public, as far surpassing anything 
of the kind ever before attetnpted, not only by the excellence of its 
articles, but also by the convenience of its size, the cheapness of 
its price, and the attractiveness of its appearance. 



<( T7ie ivork is excellent, and it is to be hoped it may meet with 
the popularity it deserves.' — AthsNjEUM. 

"The comprehensive excellence of the work is combined with cheap- 
ness. . . .An undoubted boon."— Daily Chronicle. 

"We are quite sure that any person who could really master the con- 
tents of this one volume (i.e. Volume I.), would be one of the most accom- 
plished men of his generation."— Illustrated London News. 

%* Hundreds of Educational and other Journals have favourably 
reviewed the Universal Instructor, and the Publishers have received 
numerous lettirs from Schoolmasters and other persons, testifying to tht 
great usefulness and value of the work. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.G. j 
New York : 10, Bond Street. j 



HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT. 



Price 



7/6 



7/6 



6/- 



THE BEST CO OKERY BOOK IN THE WORLD, 

Improved and Enlarged Edition (373rd Thousand), strongly bound 
price 7s. Gd. ; cloth gilt, gilt edges, 8s. Gd. ; half-calf, 10s. 6d. 

MRS. BEETON'S BOOK OF 

HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT. 

COMPRISING 

1,350 Pages, 4,000 Recipes and Instructions, 1,000 Engravings, and 
New Coloured Cookery Plates. 

With Quantities, Time, Costs, and Seasons, Directions for Carving, 
Management of Children, Arrangement and Economy of the Kitchen, Duties 
of Servants, the Doctor, Legal Memoranda, and 250 Bills of Fare. 

*** As a Wedding Gift, Birthday Book, or Presentation Volume at 
any period of the year, Mrs. Beeton's " Household Management * is en- 
titled to the very first place. In half -calf binding, price half a guinea, 
the book will last a lifetime, and save money every day. 

" A volume which will be, for many years to come, a treasure to be 
made much of in every English household. "—Standard. 



A COMPANION VOLUME TO "MRS. BEETON'S 
BOOK OF HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT." 



THE HOUSEWIFE'S TREASURY 

OF 

DOMESTIC INFORMATION. 

With numerous full-page Coloured and other Plates, and ahout 600 
Illustrations in the Text. 
Crown 8vo, half-roan, 7*. Gd. ; half-calf, 10s. 6d. 

Among the subjects treated of will be found ; — How to Build, Buy, 
Rent, and Furnish a House.— Taste in the House.— Economical 
Housekeeping. — Management of Children. — Home Needlework, 
Dressmaking and Millinery. — Fancy and Art Needlework. — The 
Toilet.— Modern Etiquette.— Employment of Leisure Hours. 

" In the one thousand and fifty-six pages in this marvellous ' Home 
Book' there is not one tvortliless or unnecessary item, not one 
article we would ever wish to forget." — The Court Journal. 



The MOST I MP OR TANT BOOK on THRIFT YET PUBLISHED. 
Just ready, medium Svo, cloth gilt, price 6s. 

WARD & LOCK'S THRIFT BOOK 

A CYCLOPAEDIA OF 

COTTAGE MANAGEMENT AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY. 
PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED. 

The Subjects treated of include : Choice of a Home— Furnishing 
— Cookery and Housekeeping— Domeetic Hygiene — Dress and 
Clothing— Children— Household Pets and Amusements, &c, &c. 
From THE SATURDAY REVIEW: 

"Ward and Lock's 'Thrift Book' is the most important publica- 
tion, so far as variety of subjects is concerned, which we have yet 
seen for the benefit of families of small means." 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York; 10, Bond Street. 



COOKERY AND HOUSEKEEPING BOOKS. 



Price 

3/6 

2/6 
2/6 

2/6 

V- 

li- 
ed. 

6d. 

Id. 
Id. 
Id. 



THE 

STANDARD COOKERY BOOKS. 



MRS. BEETON'S EVERY-DAY COOKERY AND HOUSE- 
KEEPING BOOK. Instructions for Mistresses and Servants, and 
over 1,650 Practical Recipes. With Engravings and 142 Coloured 
Figures. Cloth gilt, price 3s. Gd. 

MRS. BEETON'S ALL ABOUT COOKERY. A Collection 

of Practical Recipes, arranged in Alphabetical Order, and fully Illus- 
trated. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, price 2s. Gd. 

THE COOKERY INSTRUCTOR. By Edith A. Barnett, 

Exanvner to the National Training School for Cookery, &c. Illus- 
trated. The reasons for Recipes, which are almost entirely omitted in 
all Modern Cookery Books, are here clearly given. CrovVn 8vo, cloth 
gilt, 2s. Gd. "A most useful little book."— Queen. 

GOOD PLAIN COOKERY. By Mary Hooper, Author of 

"Little Dinners," "Every Day Meals,'' &c. This entirely New Work, 
by an acknowledged Mistress of the Cuisine, is specially devoted to 
what is generally known as Plain Cookery. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 
2s. 6d. 

MRS. BEETON'S ENGLISHWOMAN'S COOKERY BOOK. 

An entirely New Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Containing upwards 
of 600 Recipes, 100 Engravings, and Four Coloured Plates ; Direc- 
tions for Marketing, Diagrams of Joints, Instructions for Carving, 
Folding Table Napkins, &c, and Quantities, Times, Costs and Seasons. 
Post 8vo, cloth, price Is. ; cloth gilt, price Is. Gd. ; on thick paper, 2s. 

THE PEOPLE'S HOUSEKEEPER. A Complete Guide to 
Comfort, Economy, and Health. Comprising Cookery, Housebold 
Economy, the Family Health, Furnishing, Housework, Clothes, Mar- 
keting, Food, &c, &c. Post 8vo, cloth, price Is. 

THE ECONOMICAL COOKERY BOOK, for Housewives, 
Cooks, and Maids-of-all-Work ; with Advice to Mistress and Servant. 
By Mrs. Warren. New Edition, with additional pages and numerous 
Illustrations. Post 8vo, cloth, price Is. 

THE SIXPENNY PRACTICAL COOKERY AND ECONOM- 
ICAL RECIPES. Comprising Marketing, Relishes, Soiled Dishes, 
Vegetables, Soups, Side Dishes, Salads, Stews, Fish, Joints, Sauces, 
Cheap Dishes, Invalid Cookery, &c. Price Gd. 

THE COTTAGE COOKERY BOOK. Containing Simple 
Lessons in Cookery and Economical Home Management. An Easy 
and Complete Guide to Economy in the Kitchen, and a most valuable 
Handbook for Young Housewives. Price Gd. 

BEETON'S PENNY COOKERY BOOK. New Edition, with 
New Recipes throughout. 400th Thousand. Containing more than 
Two Hundred Recipes and Instructions. Price Id. ; post free, x\d. 

WARD and LOCK'S PENNY HOUSEKEEPER and GUIDE 

TO COOKERY. Plain and Reliable Instructions in Cleaning and 
all Domestic Duties. Price Id. ; post free, x\d. 
BEETON'S PENNY DOMESTIC RECIPE BOOK: Con- 
taining Simple and Practical Information upon things in general use 
and necessary for every Household. Price Id.; post free, \\d. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York: 10, Bond Street. 



HIGH-CLASS EOOKS OF REFERENCE. 



Price 



18/- 



42/- 



7/6 



7/6 



7/6 



" The most Universal Book of Reference in a moderate 
compass that we know of in the English Language."— Times. 

HAYDN'S DICTIONARY OF DATES. Relating to all 

Ages and Nations ; for Universal Reference. Containing about 10,000 
distinct Articles, and 90,000 Dates and Facts. Seventeenth 
Edition, Enlarged, Corrected and Revised by Benjamin Vincent, 
Librarian of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. In One thick 
Vol., medium 8vo, cloth, price 18s. f half-calf, 24s. f full or tree- 
calf, 31s. Gd. 

"It is certainly no longer now a mere Dictionary of Dates, but a 
Comprehensive Dictionary or Encyclopaedia of general in- 
formation."— The. Times on the 17th Edition. 

"It is by far the readiest and most reliable Work of the 
kind."— -The Standard. 



THE CHEAPEST ENCYCLOPEDIA EVER PUBLISHED. 
Complete in Four Vols., royal 8vo, half-roan, price 42s. ; half-calf, 63s. 
BEETON'S ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF UNI- 
VERSAL INFORMATION. Comprising Geography, History, 
Biography, Art, Science, and Literature, and containing 4,000 
Pages, 50.G00 Articles, and 2,000 Engravings and Coloured Maps. 

Entirely New Edition, re-written throughout. By G. R. Emerson. 

Of all Works of Reference published of late years, not one has gained 
such general approbation as Beeton's Illustrated Encyclopaedia. It 
is undoubtedly one of the Most Comprehensive Works in existence, and is 
the Cheapest Encyclopaedia in the World. This New Edition has 
been re-written throughout, and brought down to the latest date. 

" We know of no book which in such small compass gives so 
much information."— The Scotsman. 

" A perfect mine of information."— Leeds Mercury. 



VINCENT'S DICTIONARY OF BIOGRAPHY, Past and 

Present. Containing the Chief Events in the Lives of Eminent Persons 
of all Ages and Nations. By Benjamin Vincent, Librarian of the Royal 
Institution of Great Britain, and Editor of "Haydn's Dictionary of 
Dates." In One thick Vol., medium 8vo, cloth, 7*. Gd. ; half-calf, 12s. ; 
full or tree-calf, 18s. 

" It has the merit of condensing into the smallest possible compass the 
leading events in the career of every man and woman of 
eminence. ... It is very carefully edited, and must evidently be 
the result of constant industry, combined with good judgment and taste." — 
The Times. 

HAYDN'S DOMESTIC MEDICINE. By the late Edwin 

Lankester, M.D., F.R.S., assisted by Distinguished Physicians and 
Surgeons. New Edition, including an Appendix on Sick Nursing and 
Mothers' Management. With 32 full pages of Engravings. In One 
Vol., medium 8vo, cloth gilt, 7*. 6d. ; half-calf, 12s. 
"The fullest and most reliable work of its kind."— Liver- 
pool Albion. 

HAYDN'S BIBLE DICTIONARY. For the use of all Readers 

and Students of the Old and New Testaments, and of the Apocrypha. 
Edited by the late Rev. Charles Boutell, M.A. New Edition, 
brought doivn to the latest date. With 100 pages of Engravings, 
separately printed on tinted paper. In One Vol., medium 8vo, cloth 
gilt, 7*. Gd. ; half-calf, 12s. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York: 10, Bond Street. 



NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS. 



Price 

18/ 



7/6 



7/6 



7/6 



ENTIRELY NEW AND REVISED EDITION. 

BEETON'S DICTIONARY OF UNIVERSAL INFORMA- 
TION, relating to Geography, History and Biography. New and 
Enlarged Edition, containing Several Thousand Additional Articles. 
By Geo. R. Emerson. With Maps. In One Handsome Volume, 
half-leather, 18s. 

"In proposing tq themselves, as the chief aim of their enterprise, a 
combination of accuracy, compactness, comprehensiveness, 
and cheapness, the publishers have achieved a success which cannot 
fail to be appreciated by the public."— Glasgow Herald. 



THE MOST COMPLETE AND USEFUL BOOK 
HITHERTO PRODUCED FOR AMATEURS IN CARPENTRY 

AND THE CONSTRUCTIVE ARTS. 
EVERY MAN HIS OWN MECHANIC. Being a Complete 

Guide to all Operations in Building, Making, and Mending that can be 
done by Amateurs in the House, Garden, Farm, &c, including House- 
hold Carpentry and Joinery, Ornamental and Constructional 
Carpentry and Joinery, and Household Building, Art and 
Practice. With about 750 Illustrations of Tools, Processes, Build- 
ngs, &C. Demy 8vo, cloth gilt, price 7s. 6d. ; half-calf, 12s. 

" There is a fund of solid information of every kind in the work before 
us, which entitles it to the proud distinction of being a complete f vade- 
mecum' of the subjects upon which it treats. 
Telegraph. 



-The Daily 



ONE OF THE MOST USEFUL BOOKS EVER ISSUED. 
AMATEUR WORK, Illustrated. A Work for Self-Helpers. 

Edited by the Author of " Every Man His Own Mechanic." With 
Folding Lithographic Supplements, containing Designs, Sketches, 
and Working Drawings,' and 500 Wood Engraving3 in the Text. 
Crown 4to, cloth gilt, price 7s. 6d. 

Among- the subjects treated of by '■'Amateur Work, Illustrated" 
willbe found: — Lathe Making — Electro Plating— Modelling— Organ 
Building — Clock Making— Photography — Boat Building — Book- 
binding — Gas Fitting — Tools and Furniture — Veneering — French 
Polishing— Wood Carving— Plaster Casting— Fret Work— Decora- 
tion, &c, &c. 

HOUSEHOLD MEDICINE: A Guide to Good Health, Long 

Life, and the Proper Treatment of all Diseases and Ailments. Edited 
by George Black, M.B. Edin. Fully and accurately Illustrated, 
With 450 Engravings. Royal 8vo, cloth gilt, price 7s. 6d. 

" Considerable is the care which Dr. Black has bestowed upon his 
work on Household Medicine. He has gone carefully and ably into all the 
subjects which can be included in such a volume. . . . On the whole, 
the work is worthy of study and attention, and likely to pro- 
duce real good." — Athenaeum. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.G. 
New York: SO, Bond Street. 



THE PEOPLE'S STANDARD CYCLOPEDIAS. 



Price 

7/6 



7/6 
7/6 
7/6 
7/6 

7/6 

7/6 

8/6 

10/6 
12/- 

V- 

51- 



EVERYBODY'S LAWYER (Beeton's Law Book). EnUrely 

New Edition, Revised by a Barrister. A Practical Compendium 
of the General Principles of English Jurisprudence : comprising up- 
wards of 14,600 Statements of the Law. With a full Index, 27,000 
References, every numbered paragraph in its particular place, and 
under its general head. Crown 8vo, 1,680 pp., cloth gilt, 7*. 6d. 
***-The sound practical information contained in this work is equal 
to that in a whole library of ordhiary legal books, costing many guineas. 
Not only for every non-professional man in a difficulty are its contents 
valuable, but also for the ordinary reader, to whom a knowledge of the 
law is more important and interesting than is generally supposed. 

BEETON'S DICTIONARY OF GEOGRAPHY: A Universal 

Gazetteer. Illustrated by Maps— Ancient, Modern, and Biblical, and 
several Hundred Engravings. Containing upwards of 12,000 distinct 
and complete Articles. Post 8vo, cloth gilt, 7*. 6d. f half-calf, 10s. 6d. 

BEETON'S DICTIONARY OF BIOGRAPHY: Being the 

Lives of Eminent Persons of All Times. Containing upwards of 10,000 
Articles, profusely Illustrated by Portraits. With the Pronunciation 
of every Name. Post 8vo, cloth gilt, 7*. 6d. ; half-calf, 10s. 6d. 
BEETON'S DICTIONARY OF NATURAL HISTORY: A 

Popular and Scientific Account of Animated Creation. Containing 
upwards of 2,000 'Articles, and 400 Engravings. With the Pronuncia- 
tion of every Name. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 7s. 6d. ; half-calf, 10s. 6U. 
BEETON'S BOOK OF HOME PETS: How to Rear and 
Manage in Sickness and in Health. With many Coloured Plates, and 
upwards of 200 Woodcuts from designs principally by Harrison 
Weir. With a Chapter on Ferns. Post 8vo, half-bound, 7*. 6d. 

THE TREASURY OF SCIENCE, Natural and Physical. 

Comprising Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, Chemistry, Geology, 
Mineralogy, Botany, Zoology and Physiology. By F. Schoedler, 
Ph.D. Translated and Edited by Henry Medlock, Ph.D., &c. 
With more than 500 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 7s. 6d. 

A MILLION OF FACTS of Correct Data and Ele- 
mentary Information concerning the entire Circle of the Sciences, and 
on all subjects of Speculation and Practice. By Sir Richard Phillips. 
Carefully Revised and Improved. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 7*. 6d. 

THE TEACHER'S PICTORIAL BIBLE AND BIBLE DIC- 
TIONARY. With Marginal References and Explanatory Notes, 
Original Comments, and Selections from the most esteemed Writers. 
With Engravings and Coloured Maps. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, red 
edges, 8s. 6d. ; French morocco, 10s. 6d. ; half-calf, 10s. 6d. 

THE SELF-AID CYCLOP/EDIA, for Self-Taught Stu- 
dents. Comprising General Drawing ; Architectural, Mechanical, and 
Engineering Drawing; Ornamental Drawing and Design; Mechanics 
and "Mechanism; the Steam Engine. By Robert Scott Burn, 
F.S.A.E., &c. With upwards of 1,000 Engravings. Demy 8vo, half- 
leather, price 10s. 6d. 

BROOKES' (R.) GENERAL GAZETTEER, OR GEO- 
GRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Revised by J. A. Smith. 8vo, 
cloth, price 12s. 

BROWN'S (Rev. J.) DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE. 

8vo, cloth, price 7s. 

GURNEY'S (Rev. W.) DICTIONARY OF THE HOLY 

BIBLE. By the Rev. J. G. Wrench, M.A. Cr. 8vo, cloth, price 5s, 



London : 



WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.G. 
New York : 10, Bond Street. 



GARDENING BOOKS. 


Price 


THE 


1 


Standard Gardening Books. 

Gardening, properly managed, is a source of income to thousands, and oi 
healthful recreation to other thousands. Besides the gratification it affords, the 
inexhaustible field it opens up for observation and experiment commends its in- 
teresting practice to everyone possessed of a real English home. 


7/6 


tithTOiN S BOOK OF GARDEN MANAGEM tlMT. Em- 
bracing all kinds of information connected with Fruit, Flower, and 
Kitchen Garden Cultivation, Orchid Houses, &c, &c. Illustrated with 
vuiuuiciA irictmo ana. numerous XjiJ^icvViii^b. irost ovo, ciotxi 
price 7*. 6d. ; or in half-calf, 10s. 6d. 

The directions in Beeton's Garden Management are conceived in 
a practical ?na7tner, and are, throtcghout the -work, so simply given that 
none can fail to understand them. The Coloured Plates show more than a 
hundred different kinds of Plants and Flowers, and assist in the identi' 
f cation of any doubtful specimen. 


*h 


MAWE'S EVERY MAN HIS OWN GARDENER. With 

Additions by George Glenny. nmo, cloth gilt, price 5s, 


3/6 


BEETON'S DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY GARDENING. 

Constituting a Popular Cyclopaedia of the Theory and Practice of 
Horticulture. Illustrated with Coloured Plates, made after Original 
Water Colour Drawings, and Woodcuts in the Text. Crown 8vo, cloth 
gilt, price 3s. 6d. 


2/6 


ALL ABOUT GARDENING. Being a Popular Dictionary of 
Gardening, containing full and practical Instructions in the different 
Branches of Horticultural Science. Specially adapted to the capabilities 
and requirements of the Kitchen and Flower Garden at the Present 
Day. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, price 2s. Gd. 


1/- 


BEETON'S GARDENING BOOK. Containing full and prac- 
tical Instructions concerning General Gardening Operations, the Flower 
Garden, the Fruit Garden, the Kitchen Garden, Pests of the Garden, 
with a Monthly Calendar of Work to be done in the Garden throughout 
the Year. With Illustrations. Post 8vo, cloth, price Is. ; or cloth 
gilt, with Coloured Plates, price Is. Gd. 


V- 


KITCHEN AND FLOWER GARDENING FOR PLEASURE 

AND PROFIT. An Entirely New and Practical Guide to the Culti- 
vation of Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers. With upwards of 100 
Engravings. Crown 8vo, boards, Is. 


*/- 


GLENNY'S ILLUSTRATED GARDEN ALMANAC AND 

FLORISTS' DIRECTORY. With numerous Illustrations. Pub- 
lished Yearly, in coloured wrapper. Demy 8vo, price Is. 


Id. 


BEETON'S PENNY GARDENING BOOK. Being a Calendar 
of Work to be done in the Flower, Fruit, and Kitchen Garden, together 
with Plain Directions for Growing all Useful Vegetables and most 
Flowers suited to adorn the Gardens and Homes of Cottagers. Price 
Id. ; post free, x%d. 


London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York: 10, Bond Street. 



WARD & LOCK'S POPULAR DICTIONARIES, 



Price 



6/- 



51- 
3/6 

3/6 
2/6 
5/- 
3/6 

3/6 
2/- 
V- 



1/- 

V- 

1/- 



6d. 
Id. 



THE STANDARD 
DICTIONA RIES OF LA NGUAGE, 

WARD AND LOCK'S STANDARD ETYMOLOGICAL 

DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. With 40 
Pages of Engravings and an Appendix. Demy 8vo, cloth gilt, 
price 5s. ; half-roan, 6s. 

" We have here, in a compact and neatly got-up volume of some 530 
pages, a very full and comprehensive vocabulary of the English language. 

The work is brought well up to date Altogether, for its 

size, it will be found to be the most complete popular Diction- 
ary of our Language yet published."— The Athenaeum. 
AN ETYMOLOGICAL & PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
OF DIFFICULT WORDS. By the Rev. E. Cobham Brewer, 
LL.D., Author of "A Guide to Science," " Dictionary of Phrase and 
Fable," &c. Demy 8vo, cloth gilt, 1,600 pp., price 6s. 
WEBSTER'S UNIVERSAL PRONOUNCING AND DE- 
FINING DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
Condensed by C. A. Goodrich, D.D. With Walker's Key to the Pro- 
nunciation of Classical and Scriptural Proper Names, &c. Royal 8vo, 
half-bound, 5s. ; demy 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d. 
WEBSTER'S IMPROVED PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Condensed and adapted by 
Charles Robson. Cloth, priced*. 6d. ; strongly half-bound, 3s. 6d. 
WALKER AND WEBSTER'S ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 

With Key by Longmuir. 8vo, cloth, 5s. ; half-bound, 6s. 
AINSWORTH'S LATIN DICTIONARY, English-Latin and 
Latin-English. Containing numerous Improvements and Additions by 
John Dvmock, LL.D. Imp. i6mo, cloth, 3s. 6d. 
NEW FRENCH-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-FRENCH PRO- 
NOUNCING DICTIONARY. On the Basis of Nugent ; with 
many New Words. Imp. i6mo, cloth, 3s. 6d.; i8mo, half-bound, 2s. 

WEBSTER'S POCKET PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 

OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Revised Edition, by William 
G. Webster, Son of Noah Webster. Containing 10,000 more words 
than "Walker's Dictionary." Royal i6mo, cloth, price Is. 

WARD AND LOCK'S POCKET SHILLING DICTIONARY 

OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Condensed by Charles Rob- 
son. Super-royal 32mo, cloth, 768 pp., Is. 
WARD AND LOCK'S SHILLING DICTIONARY OF THE 

GERMAN LANGUAGE. Containing German-English and English- 
German, Geographical Dictionary, &c. Cloth, 900 pp. , Is.; half-roan, 2s, 

WALKER AND WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY. Containing 
upwards of 35,000 Words — nearly 12,000 more than any other Dic- 
tionary issued at the same price. i8mo, cloth, Is. f half-roan, Is. 6d. 

WEBSTER'S SIXPENNY POCKET PRONOUNCING 
DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Revised 
Edition, by William G. Webster, Son of Noah Webster. Strongly 
bound in cloth, price 6d. 

WEBSTER'S PENNY PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 

OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Containing over 10,000 words. 
Price Id. ; or linen wrapper, 2d. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York: 10, BoRd Street. 



! 



USEFUL HANDBOOKS. 



Price 

3/6 



2/6 



2/6 



EVERY-DAY HANDBOOKS. CI. gilt, 3s. 6d. 

1 Beeton's Every-Day Cookery. 142 Coloured Figures. 

2 Beeton's Every-Day Gardening. Coloured Plates. 

3 The Manners of Polite Society. Also, cloth plain, 2s. 

ALL ABOUT IT BOOKS. Cloth gilt, 2s. 6d. 

1 All About Cookery. A Dictionary of Practical Recipes. 

2 All About Everything. A Domestic Encyclopaedia. 

3 All About Gardening. With numerous Illustrations. 

5 The Dictionary of Every-Day Difficulties in Read- 

ing, Writing, and Spelling. Also in cloth plain, price 2s. 

6 All About Book-keeping, Single and Double Entry. 

7 All About Etiquette. For Ladies, Gentlemen, and Families. 

8 The Mother's Home Book. Illustrated. 

9 Webster's Dictionary of Quotations. With full Index. 

Also in cloth, 2s. and on thinner paper, wrapper boards, Is. 

io The Dictionary of Games and Amusements. Illust. 

USEFUL HANDBOOKS. Cloth gilt 2s. Gd. 

1 The Cookery Instructor. By Edith A. Barnett. 

2 The Law of Domestic Economy. Including the Li- 

censing Laws and the Adulteration of Food. With copious Index. 

3 Profitable and Economical Poultry-Keeping. By 

Mrs. Eliot James, Author of " Indian Household Management." 

4 The Manners of the Aristocracy. 

5 Ward and Lock's Letter Writer's Handbook. 

6 Common-Sense Clothing. By Edith A. Barnett. 

7 Plain and Fancy Needlework (Handbook of ). Illust. 

8 Good Plain Cookery. By Mary Hooper. 

9 Our Servants: Their Duties to Us and Ours to Them. 

Including the Boarding-out Question. By Mrs. Eliot James. 

10 Familiar Talkson Food & Drink. Dr. R. J.Mann. Illust. 

11 The Bible Student's Handbook: An Introduction to 

the Holy Bible. Including a Synopsis of the Life of Christ. 

12 The Lady's Guide to Home Dressmaking and 

Millinery. With Illustrations. 

13 Stepping Stones to Thrift: A Guide to Success in Life. 

14 The Modern Housewife; or, How We Live Now. By 

Annie Thomas. _____ 

4 EVERY MAN HIS OWN MECHANIC ' SERIES, is. each. 

1 Elementary Carpentry and Joinery. 257lllusts. 

2 Ornamental and Constructional Carpentry and 

Joinery. 271 Illustrations. 

3 General Building Art and Practice. 224 Illusts. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York: 10, Bond Street. 



NEEDLEWORK BOOKS. 



Price 



7/6 



V- 



6d. 



v- 

2/6 



THE 

Standard Needlework Books. 



BEETON'S BOOK OF NEEDLEWORK. Consisting of 670 
Needlework Patterns, with full Descriptions and Instructions as to 
working them. Every Stitch Described and Engraved with the 
utmost accuracy, and the Quantity of Material requisite for each 
Pattern stated. 

Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, gilt edges, price 7*. €d. 
Contents :— 



Tatting Patterns. 
Embroidery Patterns. 
Crochet Patterns. 
Knitting & Netting Patterns. 
Monogram & Initial Patterns. 
Berlin Wool Instructions. 
Embroidery Instructions. 



Crochet Instructions. 
Knitting and Netting Instruc- 
tions. 
Lace Stitches. 

Point Lace and Guipure Pat- 
terns. 
Crewel Work. 



*** Just as The Book of Household Management takes due pre- 
cedence of every other Cookery Book, so this extraordinary collection of 
Needlework Designs has become the book, par excellence, for Ladies to 
consult, both for Instruction in Stitches and all kinds of Work, and 
Patterns of elegant style and irreproachable good taste. 



MADAME GOUBAUD'S 

SHILLING NEEDLEWORK BOOKS- 

Imperial i6mo, ornamental wrapper, price Is. each. 

1 Tatting Patterns. With 66 Illustrations. 

2 Embroidery Patterns. With 85 Illustrations. 

3 Crochet Patterns. With 48 Illustrations. 

4 Knitting and Netting Patterns. With 64 Illustrations. 

5 Patterns of Monograms, Initials, &c. With 151 Illusts. 

6 Guipure Patterns. With 71 Illustrations. 

7 Point Lace Book. With 78 Illustrations. 



MADAME GOUBAUD'S 

NEEDLEWORK INSTRUCTION BOOKS 

Imperial i6mo. ornamental wrapper, price 6d. each. 

1 Berlin Wool Instructions. With 18 Illustrations. 

2 Embroidery Instructions. With 65 Illustrations. 

3 Crochet Instructions. With 24 Illustrations. 



HOME NEEDLEWORK. With 80 Diagrams. Priced. 

ART NEEDLEWORK. Illustrated. Pricey. 

THE FANCY NEEDLEWORK INSTRUCTION BOOK. 

Price Is. 

SYLVIA'S HANDBOOK OF PLAIN AND FANCY NEEDLE- 

WORK. Illustrated. Price 2s. 6d. 



London: WARD, LQCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York: 10, Bond Street. 

S: - m - - A < - - « _^ ! 



NEEDLEWORK BOOKS. 



Price 



10/6 

51- 
51- 



II- 



SYLVI A'S 

New Needlework Books. 

Crown 8vo, fancy boards, profusely Illustrated, price Is. each. 

1 The Child's Illustrated Fancy Work and Doll Book. 

Containing Suggestions and Instructions upon the Making of Dolls, 
Furniture, Dresses, and Miscellaneous Articles, suitable for Presents. 
Illustrated. 

2 Sylvia's Lady's Illustrated Lace Book. A Collection 

of New Designs in Point Lace, Renaissance Work, Guipure, and 
Punto Tirato. Illustrated. 

3 Sylvia's Book of Ornamental Needlework. Contain- 

ing Illustrations of various New Designs, with full Instructions for 
working. 

4 Sylvia's Illustrated Macrame Lace Book. Contain- 

ing Illustrations of many New and Original Designs, with complete 
Instructions for working, choice of Materials, and suggestions for 
their adaptation. 

ART NEEDLEWORK. A Complete Manual of Embroidery 
in Silks and Crewels. With full Instructions as to Stitches, Materials, 
and Implements. Demy 4to, in the new and handsome wood binding, 
10s. 6d. With many Designs in the Text, and Four Valuable 
Folding Supplements. A most useful and handsome Presentation 
Volume for Ladies. 

THE LADY'S BAZAAR AND FANCY FAIR BOOK. Con- 
taining Suggestions upon the Getting-up of Bazaars, and Instructions 
for making Articles of Embroidery, Crochet, Knitting, Netting, Tatting, 
&c. With 364 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, gilt edges, price 5s. 

THE LADY'S HANDBOOK OF FANCY NEEDLEWORK. 

Containing several hundred New Designs in Ornamental Needlework, 
Lace of various kinds, &c. With full Instructions as to working. Crown 
8vo, cloth gilt, gilt edges, price 5s. 



THE LADY'S 

Bazaar and Fancy-Fair Books. 

Crown 8vo, fancy wrapper, price Is. each. 

1 Sylvia's Book of Bazaars and Fancy-Fairs. How to 

Organise a Bazaar or Fancy-Fair, and arrange for Contributions of 
Work, Fitting up the Stalls, suitable Dress, Organisation of Lotteries 
and Raffles. With 75 Illustrations. 

2 Sylvia's Book of New Designs in Knitting, Netting, 

and Crochet. Arranged with special reference to Articles Saleable 
at Bazaars and Fancy- Fairs. With 107 Illustrations. 

3 Sylvia's Illustrated Embroidery Book. Arranged 

with special reference to Bazaars and Fancy-Fairs. Coloured Em- 
broidery, White Embroidery. With 139 Illustrations. 

4 Sylvia's Illustrated Book of Artistic Knicknacks, 

Articles suitable for Sale at Bazaars and Fancy-Fairs. Every variety 
of Decoration for the House and the Person, with minute Instructions 
for Making. With 36 Illustrations. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York: 10, Bond Street. 



REFERENCE BOOKS FOR THE PEOPLE. 



Price 



1/- 



51- 
3/6 

2/6 

/6 
/- 

h 



h 

Gd. 
U. 
Gd. 
Gd. 



National 



BEETON'S 

REFERENCE 



BOOKS. 



Strongly bound in cloth, price One Shilling each. 
(Those marked thus * can be had cloth gilt, price Is. Gd.) 

*i Beeton's British Gazetteer: A Topographical and 

Historical Guide to the United Kingdom. 

2 Beeton's British Biography: From the Earliest Times 

to the Accession of George III. 

3 Beeton's Modern Men and Women: A British Bio- 

graphy, from the Accession of George III. to the Present Time. 

*4 Beeton's Bible Dictionary : A Cyclopedia of the 

Geography, Biography, Narratives, and Truths of Scripture. 

*5 Beeton's Classical Dictionary : A Cyclopaedia of 

Greek and Roman Biography, Geography, Mythology, &c. 

*6 Beeton's Medical Dictionary: A Guide to the Symp- 
toms and Treatment of all Ailments, Illnesses, and Diseases. 

7 Beeton's Date Book: A British Chronology, from the 

Earliest Records to the Present Day. 

8 Beeton's Dictionary of Commerce. Containing Ex- 

planations of the Terms used in, and modes of transacting Business. 

9 Beeton's Modern European Celebrities. A Bio- 

graphy of Continental Men and Women of Note. 

T egg's Readiest Wages Reckoner. Fcap. folio, cloth, ss. 
Profit and Discount Tables. For the use of Traders in 

their Purchases, Sales, and taking Stock. Demy 8vo, cloth, 3s. Gd. 

Beeton's Counting House Book: A Dictionary of Com- 
merce and Ready Reckoner combined. Post 8vo, cloth, price 2s. Gd. 

Showell's Tradesmen's Calculator. New Edition, j*. 6d. 
Beeton's Guide Book to the Stock Exchange and 

Money Market. Entirely New Edition, post 8vo, linen boards, Is. 

Beeton's Investing Money with Safety and Profit. 

New and Revised Edition. Post 8vo, linen covers, Is. 

Beeton's Ready Reckoner. With New Tables, and much 

Information never before collected. Post 8vo, strong cloth, Is. 

Beeton's Complete Letter Writer, for Ladies and 

Gentlemen. Post 8vo, strong cloth, price Is. 
Webster's Shilling Book-keeping. Comprising a Course 

of Practice in Single and Double Entry. Post 8vo, cloth, Is. 

The Bible Student's Handbook. An Introduction to the 

Holy Bible. Crown 8vo, cloth, Is. 

Webster's Sixpenny Ready Reckoner. 256 pp. cl., Gd. 
Beeton's Complete Letter Writer for Ladies. Gd. 
Beeton's Complete Letter Writer for Gentlemen. Gd- 
The New Letter Writer for Lovers. Price Gd. 
Tegg's Readiest Reckoner Ever Invented. 32mo, 6d.; 

I i8mo, Is. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York: 10, Bond Street. 



EDUCATIONAL AND USEFUL BOOKS. 



The Iron Shipbuilders', Engineers', and Iron Mer- 
chants' Guide and Assistant. Containing the calculated Weights of 
150,000 different sizes of Iron Plates. New Edition, half bound, 25s. 

Lavater's Essays on Physiognomy. With 400 Profiles 

and Memoir of the Author. 8vo, cloth, price 12s. 

The Pictorial Alias of Nature. Containing 500 Original 

Engravings of Men, Animals, and Plants of all Quarters of the Globe. 
Descriptive Notes by H. W. Dulcken, Ph.D. Folio, Ss. 
"A book to delight the student."— The School Board Chronicle. 
The Seaman's Manual. By R. H. Dana, Jun. Revised 

and Corrected by John J. Mayo, Esq., Registrar-General of Shipping 
and Seamen. With PlatSS. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 5s. 

Peter Parley's Universal History, on the Basis of Geo- 
graphy. IllUStratsd.. Square i6mo, cloth gilt, price 5s. 

The Kindergarten System ; or, Toy Teaching and Play 

Learning. Crown 8vo, boards, 2s. ; cloth gilt, 2s. Gd. 

Lindley Murray's Introduction to the English Reader. 

i2ffio, cloth gilt, 2s. Gd. 

Lindiey Murray's English Exercises. i2mo, cloth gilt, 

2s. 

Watts' Short View of Scripture History. Royal i8mo, 

2s. ; royal 32mo, Is. 

The Child's Guide to Knowledge. Adapted to the Present 

Time by H. R. Hamilton, Univ. London. Cloth gilt, price 2s. 

Ann's First French Book. New Edition. By S. Barlet, 

Head Master, Mercers' School, London. i2mo, cloth, Is. Gd. 

Ann's First German Course. New Edition. By Jacob 

Gaber, University of Heidelberg. 12010, cloth, Is. Gd. 
Intoxicating Drinks: Their History and Mystery. By Dr. 
J. W. Kirton, Author of " Buy Your Own Cherries." Crown 8vo, 
boards, Is. ; cloth gilt, Is. Gd. 

Beeton's Pictorial Spelling Book. 196 pp., 430 Illus- 
trations, Is. 

Ward and Lock's Indestructible ABC. With numerous 

Engravings. Mounted on cloth, post 8vo, boards, Is.; cloth gilt, 2s. 

Ward and Lock's Guide to the House of Commons. 

With Biographies of all the Members. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, price Is. 

The Shilling Self-instructor; or, Every Man His Own 

Schoolmaster. Comprising Art of Self-Education — Grammar — Writing 
— Geography — Geometry — English History — Astronomy — French 
Grammar and Natural Philosophy. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, Is. 

Beeton's Family Washing Book. Check Perforated Lists 

for 52 Weeks. In wrapper, Is. ; Edition for 26 Weeks, Gd. 

Webster's Spelling Book. 250 Illustrations, cloth, Gd. 

Ward and Lock's Picture ABC. Cloth, 6d. 

The Ladies' School Register; or, Half- Yearly Report of 

Conduct. Post 8vo, sewed, Gd. 

The Art of Money Getting. By P.T. Barnum. Price Gd. 



London 



WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York: 10, Eond Street. 



•77 X 



tr— ' ' ' 

POPULAR SHILLING MANUALS. 



Price 



i/- 



i/- 



V- 



WARD AND LOCK'S 

LONG LIFE SERIES. 

Accurately Written and Carefully Edited by Distinguished 
Members of the Medical Profession. 
Price Is. per Volume. 

1 Long Life, and How to Reach It. 

2 The Throat and the Voice. 

3 Eyesight, and How to Care for It. 

4 The Mouth and the Teeth. 

5 The Skin in Health and Disease. 

6 Brain Work and Overwork. 

7 Sick Nursing: A Handbook for all who have to do with 

Cases of Disease and Convalescence. 

8 The Young Wife's Advice Book: A Guide for Mothers 

on Health and Self-Management. 

9 Sleep : How to Obtain It. 

10 Hearing, and How to Keep It. 

11 Sea Air and Sea Bathing. 

12 Health in Schools and Workshops. 

The Saturday Review says : " Messrs. Ward and Lock have done 
good service to the public in procuring, at the hands of highly qualified 
members of the medical profession, a series of manuals compressing into 
the smallest possible space the elementary principles and practical rules of 

healthful living It is not too much to say of them, as 

a series, that the shilling invested betimes in each of them 
may be the means of saving many a guinea." 



BEETON'S LEGAL HANDBOOKS. 

Now ready, in strong linen boards* price Is. each. 

i Property.— 2 Women, Children, and Registration.— 3 Divorce 
and Matrimonial Causes— 4 Wills, Executors, and Trustees. — 
5 Transactions in Trade, Securities, and Sureties.— 6 Partnership 
and Joint-Stock Companies.— 7 Landlord and 1 enant, Lodgers, 
Rates and Taxes— 8 Masters, Apprentices, Servants, and Working 
Contracts.— 9 Auctions, Valuations, Agency, Games and Wagers. — 
10 Compositions, Liquidations, and Bankruptcy.— 11 Conveyance, 
Travellers, and Innkeepers.— 12 Powers, Agreements, Deeds, and 
Arbitrations.— 13 The County Courts.— 14 The Householder's Law 
Book.— 15 The Licensing Laws.— 16 The Married Women's Property 
Act, 1882. 

WARD AND LOCK'S 

EDUCATIONAL SERIES. 

Fcap. 8vo, neat cloth, price Is. 

1 Cobbett's English Grammar. New Annotated Edition. 

2 How to Pass Examinations; or, The Candidate's Guide 

to the Army, Navy, Civil Service, &c. 

3 Cobbett's French Grammar. New Annotated Edition. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.G. 
New York: 10, Bond Street. 



INDISPENSABLE HANDBOOKS. 



Price 



V- 



SYLVIA'S HOME HELP SERIES 

of Useful Handbooks for Ladies. 
Price Is. each. 

(Those marked * can also be had in cloth gilt, price Is. 6d.) 

*i How to Dress Well on a Shilling a-Day. A Guide 

to Home Dressmaking and Millinery. With a large Sheet of 
Diagrams for Cutting out Dress BodicQS in Three Sizes, and 
Fifty Diagrams of Children's Clothing. 
*2 Art Needlework: A Guide to Embroidery in Crewels, 

Silks, Applique, &c, with Instructions as to Stitches, and Explan- 
atory Diagrams. With a large and valuable Sheet of Designs in 
Crewel Work. 

*3 Hostess and Guest. A Guide to the Etiquette of Din- 
ners, Suppers, Luncheons, the Precedence of Guests, &c. IllUSt. 

*4 Babies, and How to take Care of Them. Con- 
taining full and practical Information on every subject connected 
with " Baby.'' With a large Pattern Sheet of Infants' Clothing. 

*5 Dress, Health, and Beauty. Containing Practical 

Suggestions for the Improvement of Modern Costume, regarded 
from an Artistic and Sanitary point of view. Illustrated. 

*6 The House and its Furniture. A Common-Sense 

Guide to House Building and House Furnishing. Containing 
plain Directions as to Choosing a Site, Buying, Building, Heating, 
Lighting.Ventilating, and Completely Furnishing. With 170 Illusts. 

*7 Indian Household Management. Containing Hints 

on Bungalows, Packing, Domestic Servants, &c. Invaluable for 
all visiting India. 

8 How to Manage House and Servants, and Make the 

Most of your Means. 

9 The Management of Children, in Health, Sickness 

and Disease. 

* io Artistic Homes ; or, How to Furnish with Taste. A 

Handbook for all Housewives. Profusely Illustrated. 

11 How to Make Home Happy. A Book of Household 

Hints and Information, with 500 Odds and Ends worth Remembering. 

12 Hints and Helps for Every day Emergencies. In- 

cluding Social, Rural, and Domestic Economy, Household Medi- 
cine, Casualties, Pecuniary Embarrassments, Legal Difficulties, &c. 

13 The Economical Housewife; or, How to Make the 

Most of Everything. With about 50 Illustrations. 

14 Sylvia's Book of the Toilet. A Lady's Guide to 

Dress and Beauty. With 30 Illustrations. 

15 Home Needlework. A Trustworthy Guide to the Art 

of Plain Sewing. With about 80 Diagrams. 

16 Children, and What to Do with Them. A Guide 

for Mothers respecting the Management of their Boys and Girls. 

17 Our Leisure Hours. A Book of Recreation for the Use 

of Old and Young. Illustrated. 

18 The Fancy Needlework Instruction Book. Pro- 

fusely Illustrated. 



London 



WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York: 10, Bond Street. 



ETIQUETTE BOOKS. 



Price 

3/6 

2/6 
2/6 

7- 

•/- 

■/- 

7- 



6d. 



THE 

Standard Etiquette Books. 



THE MANNERS OF POLITE SOCIETY; or, Etiquette for 

Ladies, Gentlemen, and Families. A Complete Guide to Visiting, Enter- 
taining, and Travelling, Conversation, the Toilette, Courtship, &c. ; 
with Hints on Marriage, Music, Domestic Affairs, &c. Crown 8vo, 
elegantly bound, cloth gilt, 3s. Gd. ; cloth plain, 2s. 

THE MANNERS OF THE ARISTOCRACY. By One of 

Themselves. A complete and modern Guide to the Etiquette of Dinners, 
Weddings, At Homes, Hostess and Guest, Visiting, Precedence, Sec. 
Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, price 2s. 6d. 

ALL ABOUT ETIQUETTE; or, The Manners of Polite 
Society : for Ladies, Gentlemen, and Families ; Courtship, Correspon- 
dence, Carving, Dining, Dress, Ball Room, Marriage, Parties, Riding, 
Travelling, Visiting, &c, &c. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 2s. Gd. 

THE COMPLETE ETIQUETTE FOR LADIES. A Guide 
to Visiting, Entertaining, and Travelling ; with valuable Hints on general 
Conduct. Post 8vo, cloth, Is. 

THE COMPLETE ETIQUETTE FOR GENTLEMEN. A 

Guide to the Table, the Toilette, and the Ball Room ; with valuable 
Hints on general Conduct. Post 8vo, cloth, Is. 
THE COMPLETE ETIQUETTE FOR FAMILIES. A 

Guide to Conversation, Parties, Travel, and the Toilette ; with Hints 
on Domestic Affairs. Post 8vo, cloth, Is. 

HOSTESS AND GUEST. A Guide to the Etiquette of 
Dinners, Suppers, Luncheons, the Precedence of Guests, &c. With 
numerous Engravings. Fcap. 8vo, ornamental wrapper, Is. ; cloth gilt, 
Is. Gd. 

THE ETIQUETTE OF MODERN SOCIETY. A Guide to 
Good Manners in every possible situation. Crown 8vo, cloth, price Is. 



THE "HOW" HANDBOOKS. 



Elegantly bound in cloth, gilt edges, with beautifully Coloured Frontispiece, 
price Gd. each ; or in wrapper, 3d. 

1 How to Dance ; or, Etiquette of the Ball Room. 

2 How to Woo ; or, The Etiquette of Courtship and Marriage. 

3 How to Dress; or, The Etiquette of the Toilet. 

4 How to Dine ; or, Etiquette of the Dinner Table. 

5 How to Manage; or, Etiquette of the Household. 

6 How to Entertain; or, Etiquette for Visitors. 

7 How to Behave; or, The Etiquette of Society. 

8 How to Travel ; or, Etiquette for Ship, Rail, Coach, or 

Saddle. 

*** Thgse elegant and attractive little Manuals will be found useful 
Text-Books for the subjects to which they refer ; they are full of sugges- 
tive hints, and are undotibtedly stiperior to any hitherto published. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York: 10, Bond Street. 



EDUCATIONAL HANDBOOKS. 



Price 



2/- 



6d. 



9d. 



9d. 



DRAWING & MECHANICAL BOOKS- 

For Schools, Students and Architects. By R. Scott Burn. 
Demy 8vo, neat cloth, price 2s. each. 

1 The Illustrated Drawing Book. With 300 Illustrations. 

2 The Illustrated Architectural, Engineering, and 

Mechanical Drawing Book. With upwards of 300 Illustrations. 

3 The Steam Engine. With 310 Illustrations. 

4 Mechanics and Mechanism. With 250 Illustrations. 

5 Ornamental Drawing and Architectural D&sign. 

With 300 Illustrations. 

WARD, LOCK & CO.'S 

SCIENCE PRIMERS 

For the People. Well Executed and Unprecedentedlv Cheap. 

Messrs. Ward, Lock & Co., believing that the demand for sound 
scientific information at a low price has not yet been fully met, and that 
there is room for the production of a carefully planned Series of 
Elementary Handbooks by Eminent Writers, placing the best attain- 
able knowledge in an attractive style before readers of all classes, have 
undertaken the publication of such a Series, wider the general Editorship 
of Mr. G. T. Bettany, M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S. The books are copiously 
Illustrated, consist of 128 pages, clearly printed in bold type, and are sold 
at the low price of SIXPENCE FA CII. 

The Publishers guarantee to the public that everything in their power 
has been done to ensure that intelligent Artisans, Students in Science 
Classes and the Upper Classes in Schools, may find in these books valuable 
Introductions to the subjects of which they treat. The known position of 
the Authors will sufficiently attest the genuineness of the endeavour which 
the Publishers are making to appeal to the vast mass of the reading public, 

1 Introductory. By Dr. W. B. Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S. 

2 Chemistry. By Professor W. Odling, F.R.S. 

3 Physical Geography. By Prof.P. Martin Duncan,F.R.S. 

4 Physiology. By Dr. W. B. Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S., &c. 

5 Botany. By G. T. Bettany, M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S. 

TEGG'S SPELLING BOOKS. 

Carefully Re-edited and Modernised, ximo, 9d. each. 
Carpenter's Spelling Assistant. I Mark ham's Spelling & Reading. 



Fenning's Universal Spelling. Mayor's Spelling Assistant. 

Guy's New British Spelling. | Vyse's New London Spelling. 

BLAIR'S & WILSON'S CATECHISMS. 

Improved Editions, price 9d. each. 
BY REV. DAVID BLAIR. 
1 First, or Mother's Catechism.— 2 Second, or Mother's Cate- 
chism.— 3 Third, or Mother's Catechism. 

BY REV. T. WILSON. 
1 Child's First Catechism.— 2 Common Things, I.— 3 Common 
Things, II.— 4 Common Things, III.— 5 Geography.— 6 Natural Philo- 
sophy, I.— 7 Natural Philosophy, II.— 10 Gospel History.— 11 English 
History.— 12 English Grammar.— 13 Modern History.— 14 Botany, I.— 
15 Botany, II.— 16 Music— 17 Astronomy.— 18 Agricultural Chemis- 
try.— 19 Biography, I.— 20 Biography, II.— 21 Sacred Geography. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York: 10. Bond Street. 



GAMES AND AMUSEMENTS. 



Price 

15/- 

6/- 

«/- 

«/- 

5/- 

5/- 

2/6 
2/6 
2/6 

V- 



Gd. 



THE BILLIARD BOOK. By Captain Crawley, Author of 

the Articles on" Billiards and Bagatelle" in " Encyclopaedia Briun- 
nica," &c, and William Cook, Five Years Champion. With 54 Steel 
Engravings and many Woodcuts. Royal 8vo, cloth gilt, gilt top, 15s. 

MANLY GAMES FOR BOYS. By Captain Crawley. 
Illustrated by John Proctor. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, price Gs. 

THE HANDY BOOK OF GAMES FOR GENTLEMEN. 
By Captain Crawley. Comprising Billiards, Bagatelle, Whist, Loo, 
Cribbage, Chess, Draughts, Backgammon, Ecarte, Piquet, All Fours, 
&c. With many Illustrations and Diagrams. Cr. 8vo, cloth gilt, 5s. 

BEETON'S HOUSEHOLD AMUSEMENTS and ENJOY- 
MENTS. Acting Charades, Burlesques, Conundrums, Enigmas, Re- 
buses, and Puzzles. With many Engravings. Handsomely bound, 
cloth gilt, gilt edges, 5s. 

THE BOY'S HANDY BOOK OF GAMES, SPORTS AND 

PASTIMES. With Hundreds of Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 
gilt, bevelled boards, gilt edges, 5s. ; cloth gilt, gilt edges, 3s. Gd.; 
cloth gilt, 2s. Gd. ; on thinner paper, cloth gilt, gilt edges, 2s. ; cloth 
gilt, Is. 6d. ; wrapper, Is. 
THE BOY'S BOOK OF OUTDOOR GAMES. Edited by 
Captain Crawley. With numerous Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo, cloth 
gilt, price 5s. 

BILLIARDS: Its Theory and Practice. By Captain Crawley. 

With upwards of 40 Diagrams. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 2s. 6d. 
THE CARD PLAYER'S MANUAL. By Captain Crawley. 

Crown 8vo, boards, 2s. ; cloth gilt, 2s. 6d. 
HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP. By Colonel Greenwood. 

With numerous Wood Engravings. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 2s, 6d. 
THE MODERN METHOD of TRAINING for RUNNING, 

WALKING, ROWING, AND BOXING. By Charles Westhall, 

Pedestrian Champion. Pott 8vo, cloth, Is. 



CAPTAIN CRAWLEY'S 

Each Volume fully Illustrated, 
Author of " The 
Fcap. 8vo, wrapper, Is. 
OUTDOOR GAMES. 

1 Cricket, Base ball & Rounders. 

2 Foot-ball, Golf,Curling, Hockey, 

&c. 

3 Swimming, Skating, Rinklng, 

and Sleighing. 

4 Rowing, Sailing, Boating, Ca- 

noeing, &c. 

5 Bicycle Riding, in Theory and 

Practice. 



SHILLING HANDBOOKS. 

and Edited by Captain Crawley, 
Billiard Book," &c. 
each ; cloth gilt, Is. Gd. 

6 Lawn Tennis, Croquet, Bad- 
minton, &c. 

7 Gymnastics, Athletics, Train- 
ing, Boxing, Wrestling, &c. 

INDOOR GAMES. 

1 Billiards and Bagatelle. 

2 Whist, Loo, and Cribbage. 

3 Chess and Draughts. 

4 Backgammon. [Games. 

5 Bezique, and the New Card 



NEW SIXPENNY SERIES OF OUTDOOR BOOKS. 

Pott 8vo, neat cloth, Gd. each. Edited by Capt. Crawley, and Illustrated. 

5 Lawn Tennis, Badminton, Cro- 
quet, &c. 

6 Football, Golf, Curling, &c. 

7 Athletics and Gymnastics. 

8 Handbook of Fencing. 



1 Cricket, as it should be Played. 

2 Swimming, Skating, Rinking. 

3 Rowing, Sculling, and Canoe- 

ing : Sailing and Yachting. 

4 The Bicycle, and How to Rideit. 



London 



WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, 
New York: 10, Eond Street. 



E.C. 



BOOKS FOR THE COUNTRY. 



Price 



V- 



7/6 



3/6 



3/6 



2/6 



WARD AND LOCK'S 

COUNTRY LIFE BOOKS, 

Crown 8vo, ornamental wrapper, Is. each. 

1 The Cow : A Complete Guide to Dairy Management. 

2 How to Manage Poultry: Fowls, Ducks, Geese, 

Turkeys, &c. 

3 How to Choose and Manage a Farm Profitably. 

4 Sheep, Pigs, Goats, Asses, and Mules. 

5 How to Manage Corn and Root Crops. 

6 The Horse, and How to Manage Him. 

7 Kitchen and Flower Gardening, for Pleasure and Profit. 

8 Bees, Birds, and Rabbits. 

9 Country Sports by Flood and Field. 

10 Trees, and How to Grow Them. 

11 Dogs and Cats : How to Rear and How to Treat Them. 

12 Poultry and Pigeons: How to Rear and Manage. 

13 British Song and Talking Birds. 

14 British Song Birds: How to Rear and Manage. 

15 The Parrot Book: How to Rear and Manage. 

16 Birds' Nests and Eggs and Bird -Stuffing. 

17 Rabbits and Squirrels: How to Rear and Manage 

Them. 

20 Marine Botany and Sea-side Objects. 

21 British Ferns and Mosses : Their Haunts, Forms, and 

Uses. 

22 Wild Flowers : Where to Gather and How to Preserve. 



WARD AND LOCK'S BOOK OF FARM MANAGEMENT 

AND COUNTRY LIFE. A Complete Cyclopedia of Rural Occu- 
pations and Amusements. The Management of the Farm — The 
Crops of the Farm — Cows and the Management of the Dairy — 
The Horse— The Dog— The Fruit and Flower Garden— Trees 
and Tree Planting — Field Sports and Rural Recreations. 
With Coloured Plates and many other Illustrations. Large crown 
8vo, cloth gilt, 7*. 6d. ; half-calf, 10s. Gd. 

" It is an exhaustive and yet a popular work ; it is practical, yet not 
dull ; scientific, yet readable. . . . A booh that ought to be in the 
hands of every agriculturist." — Norwich Argus." 

BEETON'S BOOK OF BIRDS: How to Rear and Manage 
them in Sickness and in Health. With Coloured Plates and 100 En- 
gravings, principally by Harrison Weir. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, gilt 
edges, price 3s. 6d.; cloth gilt. 2s. 6d. 

BEETON'S BOOK OF POULTRY AND DOMESTIC 

ANIMALS: How to Rear and Manage in Sickness and in Health. 
With Coloured Plates and ICO Engravings, principally by Harrison 
Weir. Cr. 8vo, cloth gilt, gilt edges, price 3s. 6d.; cloth gilt, 2s. 6d. 

BRITISH SONG BIRDS: Their Habits, Nidification and 
Incubation, Rearing and Treatment. By Joseph Nash. Illustrated. 
Imp. i6mo, cloth, price 2s. 6d. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.G. 
New York: 10, Bond Street. 



POPULAR GUIDE BOOKS. 



Price 



V- 



3/G 
2/6 
1/- 

V- 

6d. 



Every care has been taken to render these Books amusing and readable, 
as well as useful for reference. The personal and historical associations 
and local feattires of the various districts have been carefully delineated. 
The copiousness and beauty of the Illustrations, and the elegance of the 
typography render them -worthy of permanent preservation as well as in- 
dispensable Travelling Companions. They are undoubtedly the CHE APE ST 
AND MOST TRUSTWORTHY GUIDES to the districts of which they treat. 

WARD AND LOCK'S 

TOURISTS' PICTORIAL GUIDE BOOKS. 

Price Is. each ; or cloth gilt, Is. Gd. each. 
Ward and Lock's Pictorial Guide Books will be found to contain 
accurate information respecting the Railways and other routes, New 
Buildings, Clubs, Hotels, Boarding Houses, and everything affecting the 
convenience and comfort of Travellers ; numerous Coloured and ether 
I llustratio?is— representing the chief Public Buildings and the Scenery 
most attractive to the Tourist; with Maps and Plans drawn from the 
Ordnance Survey. 

1 London. Map, and 35,000 Cab 

2 Environs of London. [Fares. 

3 Edinburgh and Environs. 

4 Dublin and Neighbourhood. 

7 Glasgow and the Clyde. 

8 Liverpool and Environs. 

9 Leeds and Vicinity. 

10 Nottingham and Environs. 

11 Brighton and Suburbs. 

12 The Channel Islands. 

13 The Isle of Wight. 

14 The Isle of Man. 

16 Loch Lomond, Loch Katrine, 

The Trosachs, &c. 

17 Ayr, Arran, Dumfries, and 

Land of Burns. [of Scott. 

18 Abbotsford, Melrose, and Land 

19 Oban and the Western Isles. 

20 Inverness and Neighbourhood. 

21 Perth, Dundee, &c. 

22 Aberdeen, Deeside, Balmoral. 

24 Killarney and Vicinity. 
24A Cork and Vicinity. 

25 Limerick,theShannon,Kilkee. 



25ALisdoonvarna Spas, &c. 

26 Connemara (Western High- 
lands) : Galway to Sligo. 

27 County Wicklow. 

30 South port and Vicinity, [shire. 

31 Scarborough and Eastern York- 

32 Whitby and Neighbourhood. 

33 Redcar and Neighbourhood. 
33ASaltburn-by-the-Sea, &c. 

34 Bridlington Quay, Filey, &c. 

35 Harrogate and Neighbour- 
hood, [nity. 

36 llkley, Bolton Abbey, and Vici- 

37 Buxton and Peak District. 

38 Matlock and Dovedale. 

39 Derby and the Natural Wonders 
of Derbyshire. 

40 Leamington, Warwick, &c. 

41 Ken i I worth & Neighbourhood. 

42 Stratford-on-Avon, the Home 
of Shakespeare. [hoed. 

43 Birmingham and Neighbour- 

44 JL'Ile de Jersey (in French), 
wrapper, 6d.; cloth, Is. 

Pictorial Guide to Warwickshire: Its Antiquities, Asso- 
ciations, Towns and Villages, &c. Map, Coloured and other Illustra- 
tions. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, price 3s. Gd. 

London and its Environs. Including: Hampton Court and 

Windsor Castle. With numerous Maps, Plans, Coloured and ether 
Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo, cloth gilt, price 2s. Gd. 

The Holiday Companion and Traveller's Guide. Crown 

8vo, wrapper boards, price Is. 

Holiday Trips round London. With. Map, Sketch Routes, 

and Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo, boards, price Is. 

WARD AND LOCK'S 

READY GUIDES AND HANDBOOKS FOR TOURISTS. 

With County Map, price Gd. each. 

1 Ready Guide to Kent. I 3 Ready Guide to Sussex. 

2 Ready Guide to Derbyshire. | 4 Ready Guide to Surrey. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.G. 
New York: 10, Bond Street. 



GEIKIE'S SCHOOL SERIES. 



PHc Messrs. Ward, Lock & Co. beg to state that they have 
purchased the Copyright, Plant and Stock of Geikie's School 
Series, formerly published by Messrs. Strahan & Co,, 
Limited. 



Approved by the School Boards of London, 
and other Cities and Towns. 



GEIKIE'S SCHOOL SERIES, 

Edited by CUNNINGHAM G-EIKIE, D.D. 

"In the compilation of school books, Dr. Geikie may be said to stand 
almost unrivalled." — Liverpool Daily Post. 

"Dr. Geikie has a genius for preparing school books.'' — Noncon- 
formist. 

" Dr. Geikie has put parents and teachers under immense obligations 
to him by his admirable publications." — Sheffield Independent. 



GEIKIE'S READING BOOKS. 



"The Schoolmaster" on "Geikie's Reading Books." 
" The binding is admirably calculated to stand the wear and tear of 
ordinary school usage, whilst the type and excellent wood engravings speak 
with equal strength on behalf of the skill of the engraver and the printer. 
But our warmest praise is due to Dr. Geikie. He has produced a series 
.that will commend itself to all practical teachers. In the earlier books of 
the series the plan pursued has been to introduce one sound at a time, and 
thus every sound is properly studied, and ample practice is provided to 
secure it in the pupil's mind. In the advanced numbers of the series the 
difficult words are placed at the head of the lessons, properly syllabified 
and accented. Few reading books are so carefully and scientifically 
graduated as these." 

" The whole series is worthy of high commendation, and ought to prove 
largely acceptable."— Bradford Observer. 

2 c l t Primer, Part I. Cloth, 32 pages, 2d. 

" For good material, good binding, and good print, ' Geikie's Reading 
Books' are, perhaps, unsurpassed." — Coventry Herald. 

I 2^d. Primer, Part II. Cloth, 50 pages, 2\d. 

" Carefully prepared, and sure to prove an aid to teachers."— Not- 
tingham Guardian. 

4-d. Primer, Complete. Cloth, 80 pages, 4d. 

" Well printed and illustrated. In all respects good."— Record. 

[Continued on next J>age. 

London : WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.G. 
f New York: 10, Bond Street. 



GEIKIE'S SCHOOL SERIES. 



Price 



2id. 



3d. 

5& 
5d. 

6eZ. 

1/- 

1/6 

2/- 
2/6 



1/6 



GEIKIE'S READING BOOKS {continued). 
Based on the principle of teaching only one sound at a time. 

" The distinguishing feature of these books is a great advantage " 

Athenaeum. 

New Primer, Part I. Cloth, 32 pages, 2\d. 

"We think very highly both of the idea and the intelligent way in 
which it is carried out to the minutest detail." — Baptist. 

" They illustrate only one sound at a time, and do that very 
thoroughly." — Scotsman. 

New Primer, Part II. Cloth, 48 pages, 3d. 

"This new system seems admirably adapted for elementary pur- 
poses."— Christian World. 

New Primer, Complete. Cloth, 80 pages, 5d. 

" Such works should be in every school-house.''— Liverpool Daily 
Post. 

First Reading Book. Cloth, 96 pages, 5d. 

" Admirably adapted to facilitate the work of the teacher."— Ayr 
Advertiser. 

Second Reading Book. Cloth, 128 pages, 6d. 

"Thoroughly scientific ; will be found to economise the labour of the 
teacher, and to facilitate the acquisition of the art of reading."— Noncon- 
formist. 

Third Reading Book. Cloth, 224 pages, is. 

"The third book is calculated to be the delight of any child. It is in 
every respect an excellent reading book."— School Board Chronicle. 

Fourth Reading Book. Cloth, 228 pages, is. 6d. 

"The Fourth is the most perfect reading book we have met with." — 
Weekly Review. 

Fifth Reading Book. Cloth, 416 pages, 2s. 

"The Fifth Reading Book is one of the very best that we remember to 
have seen." — Bradford Observer. 

"It is remarkably well edited, well printed, and strongly bound." — 
Nonconformist. 

Ditto, in Two Parts, cloth, each is. 

Sixth Reading Book. Cloth, 400 pages, 2s. 6d. 

" It would be difficult to find a reading book to excel this substantial, 
well-written, and beautifully-illustrated volume." — Scholastic World. 

" Compiled with the skill of a true educationist." — Edinburgh Daily 
Review. 

"The School Board Chronicle" on "Geikie's Reading Books." 

" The lessons are so interesting in themselves that it is a mystery how 
the author has contrived to produce them, while making each lesson an 
illustration of certain modes of representing certain sounds." 



THE SCIE4NCE OF COMMON LIFE: A Practical Read- 
ing Book. Including : What is Natural is not always Best — The Air 
we Breathe — The Houses we Live in — Household Cleanliness — The 
Clothing we Wear — The Body we Inhabit — How Life is Sustained- 
How Food Sustains us — The Foods we Eat — Flesh-forming Food — Our 
Vegetable Foods — How to Make the most of our Foods — The Water we 
Drink. Cloth, 160 pages, Is. 6d. 

" Geikie's Reading Books are in all respects remarkably good; while 
in regard to explanation and illustration, they may perhaps be reckoned the 
best books of their kind."— Record. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York: 10, Bond Street. 



GEIKIE'S SCHOOL SERIES. 



Price 



5cl 



1/. 



2d. 



GEIKIE'S SPELLING BOOKS. 

Presenting the Vowel Sounds classified hi a careftil progression from the 
easier forms to the more dififictilt. 

English Spelling and Pronouncing. First Grade. 

Fcap. 8vo, 64 pages, 4x1. In Two Parts, each 2d. 

"Dr. Geikie's Spelling Book commends itself by its careful and sys- 
tematic arrangement. Its distinguishing characteristic is its thoroughness." 
— Schoolmaster. 

English Spelling and Pronouncing. Second Grade. 

Fcap. 8vo, 64 pages, 4d. 

" Provincialisms and vulgar words and pronunciation will become a thing 
of the past if Dr. Geikie's book on English spelling is fairly mastered." — 
Sheffield Independent. 

English Spelling and Pronouncing. Third Grade. 

Fcap. 8vo, 76 pages, 5d. 

"We like Dr. Geikie's Spelling Book very much."— School Board 
Chronicle. 

"The Spelling Book is the best out, by far.''— Coventry Herald. 

English Spelling and Pronouncing. Complete. Fcap. 

8vo, 204 pages, Is. 

" To those about to purchase spelling books, we would recommend an 
inspection of this book as one very likely to meet their requirements." — 
Schoolmaster. 

*** This Spelling Book has received the highest commendation of 
Teachers and the Press generally. It is a Pronotcncing as well as a Spel- 
ling Book, a7id is simply invaluable for the vistruction of the childre7i in 
Elementary and other Schools. 



GEIKIE'S ENGLISH SCHOOL CLASSICS. 

Price Twopence each. 

1. MARMION. Scott. Canto I. 32 pages. 

2. LADY OF THE LAKE. Scott. Canto I. 36 pages. 

3. THE TRAVELLER. Goldsmith. 24 pages. 

4. THE PLEASURES OF HOPE. Campbell. Part I. 32 pages. 

5. THE DESERTED VILLAGE. Goldsmith. 24 pages. 

6. PARADISE AND THE PERI. Moore. 24 pages. 

7. LADY OF THE LAKE. Scott. Canto II. 40 pages. 

8. MARMION. Scott. Canto II. 40 pages. 

9. THE PROPHECY OF DANTE. Byron. Cantos I. and II. 20 pages. 

10. THE SEASONS : Spring. Thomson. 48 pages. 

11. MARMION. Scott. Canto III. 40 pages. 

13. THE PROPHECY OF DANTE. Byron. Cantos III. and IV. 16 pages. 

" Thanks t:) Dr. Geikie's efforts, wherever his books are introduced the 
work of the teacher is lightened. The English classics, as used by him, are 
exceedingly valuable, both to the teacher and the taught." — Liverpool 
Daily Post. 



London: WARD, LOCK 

New York: 



Sc CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
10, Bond Street. 



GEIKIE'S SCHOOL SERIES. 



Price 

2/6 



Gd. 

V- 

6cl. 

V- 

1/6 
1/6 



THE BEST ENGLISH HISTORY FOR SCHOOLS. 
GEIKIE'S SCHOOL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 

Copiously Illustrated with Woodcuts, Maps, &c. 

Crown 8yo, 373 pp., cloth, 2s. Gd. 

This Histor3>- will be found to embody the results of the latest research. 
It is based on the writings of Freeman, Stubbs, Gardiner, Seebohm, 
Green, and other historians of the day ; and thus presents on many points 
entirely different aspects of the great story of our Country's History from 
those current in ordinary School Histories. 

Modern research in the Record Office, and study of the ancient 
chronicles, have thrown a flood of light on much that was hitherto dark and 
misunderstood in our past history, and this research and study, which have 
thus revolutionised the traditional narrative of many great events, have been 
utilised for this history. 

" It is pleasant to see so able and accomplished a writer as Dr. Geikie 
lend his aid to this work." — Record. 

" Admirably adapted for educational purposes."— Christian World. 



GEIKIE'S POETRY BOOKS. 

" Deserve the inspection of every teacher who is seeking a suitable 
collection of standard poetry for his pupils." — Schoolmaster. 

First Poetry Book. In Two Parts, 112 pp. each, Gd. 

" Unique in their structural and comprehensive utility We can 

strongly recommend them."— Southampton Times. 

First Poetry Book. Complete. 224 pp., is. 

" One of the best collections of poetry we have ever seen." — Bristol 
Mercury. 

" An excellent selection." — City Press. 

"A very excellent selection.'' — Nonconformist. 

Second Poetry Book. In Two Parts. 112 pp. each, 6d. 

" The second poetry book will be found well fitted for a text-book of 
English literature in the more advanced classes of our schools and 
colleges." — Edinburgh Daily Review. 

Second Poetry Book. Complete. 224 pp., is. 

VS" Adopted as a Text Boole at Dulwich College. 

"The notes, biographical and explanatory, are instructive, brief, and 
sufficient for their purpose." — Nonconformist. 

Child's First Treasure of English Verse. Fcap. 8vo, 

cloth gilt, 112 pp., Is. 6d. 

"Carefully selected, and well suited to be read, understood, and 
learned by children." — Scotsman. 

Child's Second Treasure of English Verse. Fcap. 8vo, 

cloth gilt, 112 pp., Is. 6d. 

" For children it is a liberal education to make so earhy in life the 
acquaintance of these masters of English song." — Sheffield Independent. 

" Geikie's School Books show admirable taste in making selections, 
careful and scholarly editing, while enriched with illustrative notes of the 
very highest value."— Liverpool Daily Post. 



London : WARD, LOCK 

New York : 



£ CO., Salisbury Square, 
10, Bond Street. 



E.G. 



WARD AND LOCK'S PRACTICAL COPY BOOKS. 



Price 

2d. 



2d. 



<5eikie j s Prize Copy Books, 

Price Twopence each. 

The Educational News says: — "The ingenuity displayed in giving 
freshness and variety to the different sets that appear is wonderful ; as re- 
gards ruling, heading, figuring, and lettering, we know of nothing 
superior." 

The Schoolmaster says : — " The models are beautiful specimens of 
caligraphy, and the exercises included in the twenty-one numbers leave 
nothing to be desired." 

These Copy Books obtained the Prise in the Great National Competition 
invited by tJie Projectors of Geikie's School Series, an experienced In- 
spector of Schools having been the A djudicator. 

i Elements of Letters. Medium Text.— 2 Letters and Short 
Words. Medium Text.— 3 Short Words. Medium Text.— 4 Longer 
Words, and Figures. Medium Text.— 5 More Difficult Words. Medium 
Text.— 6 Capitals and Words. Medium Text.— 7 Smaller Text with 
Capitals.— 9 Small Hand with Capitals.— 10 Small Hand with 
Capitals.— 11 Narrative Poetry, &c. Small Hand.— 12 Narrative 
Poetry, &c. Small Hand.— 13 English Grammar. Small Hand, ad- 
vanced.— 14 Large Text with Capitals.— 15 English Composition, 
&c. Small Hand.— 16 Population and Productions of British and 
Foreign Cities, &c. Small Hand, advanced— 17 Historical Facts and 
Dates, &c. Small Hand.— 18 National and Literary History, &c. 
Small Hand.— 19 English Literary History Small Hand.— 20 Business 
Forms, Notes of Hand, Bills of Parcels, Invoices, &c— 21 Letters, 
Invoices, &c. 

The "Good Hand" Copy Books. 

Price Twopence each. 

This Series will be found eminently calculated for the formation of a 
good handwriting. The Copy Eooks from Nos. 1 to 12 have been arranged 
systematically, with the greatest care, on a graduated plan, by which the 
learner is carried forward through the various stages of penmanship until a 
good and free style has been acquired, commencing with the simplest ele- 
ments, and advancing step by step to more elaborate and difficult copies. 
The importance of a good handwriting, especially to all engaged in Com- 
mercial or Secretarial pursuits, is becoming more and more manifest every 
day. In many cases the handwriting decides the choice of the successful 
one among many applicants for employment. 

The following are the points to which the Publishers confidently rely for 
the continued and increased success of this Series of Copy Books : — 

The adaptation of the system to the needs of the present time. 

These books help the learner over preliminary difficulties. 

They are especially useful for Practice and Self-Tuition. 

There is nothing in them to unlearn. 

The Completeness and Variety of the Course. 

Certain of them are adapted for Special Practice. 

1 The Beginner's Copy Book.— 2 The more Difficult Letters. — 
3 Short Words in text hand.— 4 Long Letters in text hand.— 5 
Separate Words in text hand.— 6 Words in half text.— 7 Words 
simliar in Sound.— 8 Sentences In large double «gmall hand.— 9 
Small hand.— 10 Smail hand Sentences— 11 Long Words in large 
text. — 12 Practice Book of the various hands. 

The above list will show that arrangement, selection, and proper 
sequence of lessons have fortned the basis on which the Series of Copy Books 
has been prepared. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York: 10, Bond Street. 



PENNY BOOKS FOR THE PEOPLE. 



Price 



Id. 



id. 



WARD AND LOCK'S 

Penny Books for the People. 

This Popular Series now comprises nearly 
250 DIFFERENT BOOKS 

AND HAS ATTAINED A SALE OF 

4,0 00,000 COPI ES. 

In Ward & Lock's Penny Books for the People we have the most 

interesting literary experiment of the day. The object of tJiese books is to 
bring usefid, elevating, and interesting literature to every mans door, and 
to furnish him with a Coiitplete Library at a price which it is no ex- 
aggeration to say is no cost at all. 

For those who wish to do a little good by contributing to the elevation 
of their fellows, no better plan cczrid be devised than the Distribution on 
an extensive scale <t/"Ward & Lock's Penny Books for the People. 
By the expenditure of a few shillings, a village — indeed, a whole coimtry 
parish — might receive an intellectual impulse, or an impulse in the direc- 
tion of co7nfort and eco7iomy, the effects cf which it would be difficult to 
calculate. . 

I. WARD & LOOK'S PENNY EDUCATIONAL & USEFUL SERIES. 

This Series includes Treatises on the principal subjects that go to 
form a sound education, and also Household and Useful Books, specially 
adapted for the great Working Classes of this country. 
i Penny English Grammar. 
Penny Art of Penmanship, 



3 Penny History of England. 

4 Penny Modern Geography. 

5 Penny Arithmetic. 

6 Penny Self-Educator. 

7 Penny Letter-Writer. 

8 Penny Table Book of Arith- 

metic. 

9 Penny Book-keeping. 

10 Penny Dictionary. 

11 Penny Daily Blunders. 

12 Penny Popular Proverbs. 

13 Penny Ail About Common 

Things. 

14 Penny Natural Philosophy. 

15 Penny French Grammar. 

16 Penny Astronomy. 

17 Beeton's Penny Cookery Book 

18 The Penny Housekeeper. 

19 Beeton's Penny Gardening 

Book. 

20 Penny Doctor's Book. 

21 -Penny County Court 

Book. 

22 Penny Ready Reckoner. 



23 Beeton's Penny Landlord and 

Tenant. 
24 Penny Poultry Book. 

25 Penny Recipe Book. 

26 Nine Hours' Wages Book. 

27 Penny Book for Cook and 

Housemaid. 

28 Penny Book for General 

Servant, Laundry and Dairy 
Maid. 

29 Penny Book for Lady's 

Maid, Upper & Under Nurse. 

30 Penny Book for Butler, 

Housekeeper, Footman, Valet, 
and Coachman. 

31 Penny Synopsis of the New 

Weights and Measures Act. 

32 Beeton's Penny Stamps and 

Taxes. 

33 Life of the Prince of Wales. 

34 Beeton's Popular Song Book. 

35 National Song Book. [dren. 

36 Penny Watts' Songs for Chil- 

37 The Married Women's Pro- 

perty Act, 1882. 

38 Penny Geometry. 



II. — WARD & LOOK'S PENNY CHILDREN'S BOOKS. 



61 Beeton's Pictorial ABC 

Book. 

62 Beeton's Pictorial Spelling 

Book. 

63 Beeton's Pictorial Primer and 

Easy Word Book. 

64 Beeton's Pictorial Reader. 



65 Beeton's Pictorial History of 

England. [tory. 

66 Beeton's Pictorial Blole His 

67 The Easy ABC. 

68 Easy Words. 

69 Easy Spelling. 

70 Easy Reading. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York: 10, Bond Street. 



PENNY BOOKS FOR THE PEOPLE. 



Price 

Id. 

Id. 
Id. 



Id. 



Id. 



ILL — KIETON'S PENNY TEMPEEANCE BOOKS, 

These Books have been written by the Author of " Buy Your Own 
Cherries-" in his usual p ovular style, and have met with great success. 



Si A Glass of Ale: Its History and 
Mystery. 

82 A Glass of Stout: Its History 

and Mystery. 

83 A Glass of S'pirits : Its History 

and Mystery. 



A Glass of British Wine: Its 
History and Mystery. 

85 A Glass of Foreign Wine: Its 

History and Mystery. 

86 What Ought to be Done, and 

Who Ought to Do it. 



IV.— KIETOFS PENNY EECITEES AND DIALOGUES. 

Twenty-three different Sorts (Nos. 421 to 444), price One Penny each 

V.— WAED & LOOK'S PENNY SEAKSPEAEE for the PEOPLE. 

201 The Tempest.— 202 The Two Gentlemen of Verona.— 203 A 
Midsummer 1 Night's Dream.— 204 Twelfth Night.— 205 Merry Wives 
of Windsor. — 206 Measure for Measure. — 207 Much Ado about 
Nothing.— 208 As you Like It.— 209 The Merchant of Venice.— 210 
Love's Labour's Lost. — 211 Taming the Shrew.— 212 All's Well that 
Ends Well.— 213 A Winter's Tale.— 214 Comedy of Errors.— 215 Mac- 
beth.— 216 King John.— 217 King Richard II.— 218 King Henry IV., 
Part 1.— 219 Ditto, Part 2.— 220 King Henry V.— 221 King Henry VI., 
Part 1.— 222 Ditto, Part 2.-223 Ditto, Part 3.— 224 King Richard 111.— 
225 King Henry VIII.— 226 Timon of Athens.— 227 Coriolanus.— 228 
Julius Caesar.— 229 Antony and Cleopatra.— 230 Cymbeline.— 231 Titus 
Andronicus.— 232 Pericles— 233 King Lear.— 234 Romeo and Juliet.— 
235 Troilus and Cressida.— 236 Hamlet, Prince of Denmark.— 237 
Othello, the Moor of Venice.— 23S Venus and Adonis; Lucrece.— 
239 Sonnets.— 240 Life and Glossary. 

VI.— WAED & LOCK'S PENNY BIOGRAPHICAL SEEIES. _ 

The lives of great men are here given in a very attractive style. It is 
hoped that not only the men themselves, but the events connected with their 
lives will, by the aid of these biographical sketches, be better understood. 

242 Gladstone.— 243 Beaconsfield.— 244 Nelson.— 245 Wellington. 
—246 Luthsr. — 247 Chatham.— 24S Chaucer.— 249 Humboldt.— 250 
Carlyle.— 251 Caesar.— 252 Wesley.— 253 Peter the Great.— 254 Burns. 
—255 A'Becket.— 256 Scott.— 257 Columbus.— 25S Shakspeare.— 259 
Bunyan.— 260 Dante.— 261 Goldsmith.— 262 Frederick the Great. — 
263 De Montfort. — 264 Moliere. — 265 Johnson. — 266 Burke. — 267 
Schiller.— 268 Raleigh.— 269 Napoleon.— 270 Stephenson.— 271 Spur- 
geon.— 272 Dickens.— 273 Garibaldi.— 274 Cromwell.— 275 Fox.— 276 
Washington. — 277 Wallace.— 278 Gustavus Adolphus— 279 Calvin.— 
2S0 Alexander the Great.— 281 Confucius. — 282 Alfred the Great. — 
2S3 Knox.— 2S4 Bruce.— 285 Socrates— 286 Bright.— 2S7 Homer.— 2S8 
Hugo.— 289 Pitt.— 290 Queen Victoria.— 291 Joan of Arc— 292 Queen 
Elizabeth— 293 Charlotte Bronte. 

Vn.-WAED & LOOK'S PENNY HISTOEIOAL SEEIES. 

Narrative Sketches, setting forth those imforta?it events hi History, 
by which the various periods are defined, or which are important links 
connecting one period with another. Each book is fully Illustrated. 



321 Free Trade and Protection. 

322 From Alma to Sebastopol. 

323 Plague and Fire of London. 

324 TheTemperance Movement 

325 The Vengeance of '89. 

326 Caesarism in Rome. 

327 Wilkes and Liberty. 

328 The Great Reform Bill of '32. 



329 The Knights Templars. 

330 The Story of Methodism. 

331 The South Sea Bubble. 

332 What Came of a No Popery 

Cry. 

333 From Elba to Waterloo. 

334 Strongbowand King Dermot 

335 The Elizabethan Age. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York: 10, Bond Street. 



PENNY BOOKS FOR THE PEOPLE. 



Price 

Id. 



id. 



Penny Historical Series— continued. 



336 The Mutinies at Spithead 

and the Nore. 

337 Guy Fawkes. 

338 The Reign of Terror, 1792. 

339 Dost Mahomet and Akbar 

Khan. 

340 What Came of the Beggars' 

Revolt. 

341 Hand in Hand for England. 

342 Magellan's Great Voyage. 

343 Out in the Forty-five. 

344 Federals and Confederates. 

345 Scotland's Sorrow. 

346 India's Agony. 

347 British Charters of Liberty. 

348 Gallant King Harry. 

349 The Sicilian Vespers. 

350 Hampden and Ship-Money. 

351 From the Black-hole to Plas- 

sey. 



Eng- 



Vm.— KIRTOFS "CHEERFUL HOME" TRACTS. 

A New Series for Popular Reading, written in the usual cheery style 
of the Author of " Buy your Own Cherries." Fully Illustrated. 



401 On Falling in Love and 

Courting. 

402 A Home of my Own: and 

How to Get It. 

403 May I Fix the Wedding Day? 

404 With this Ring 1 Thee Wed. 

405 The Best of Wives. 

406 For Better, for Worse. 



407 For Richer, for Poorer. 

408 Married and Settled. 

409 A Bright Fireside. 

410 The Secret of a Happy 

Home. 

411 Thrifty Husbands and Care- 

ful Wives. 

412 Our Precious Darlings. 



IX. — STEPPING- STONES TO THRIFT. 



460 Friendly Societies.& Trades 

Unions. 

461 Building Societies with re- 
ference to Thrift. 

462 Co-operation with reference 
to Thrift. 

463 The National Debt and Life 
Insurance, witk reference to 
Thrift. 

X, — WARD AND LOCK'S FIRESIDE TRACTS, 

Eleven Different Books (Nos. 464 to 475). Stirring Addresses by 
Eminent Divines, Rev. T. Guthrie, Rev. R. M. M. Cheyne, &c. 



453 Pleasures of Thrift. 

454 Thrift for Girls. 

455 Thrift for Women. 

456 Thrift for Boys. 

457 Thrift for Men. 

458 Thrift for Domestic Ser- 

vice. 

459 Savings Banks with refer- 

ence to Thrift. 



XI. — ANECDOTE, WIT, 
4S0 Curiosities of Character. 

481 Curiosities of Criticism. 

482 Curiosities of Language>tnd 

Literature. 

483 Curiosities of Legend and 

Superstition. 

484 Historical and Traditional 

Curiosities. 

485 Laconic and Sentimental 

Curiosities. 



AND HUMOUR SERIES. 

486 Curious' Notes on Nature 

and Art. 

487 Literary Gems, Old and New. 
4S8 Ditto. 2nd series. 

499 Literary Quips and Cranks. 

490 Curiosities of Literature. 

491 Curious Selections in Prose 

and Verse. 

492 Ditto. 2nd series. 

493 Ditto. 3rd series. 



352 Through Slaughter to a I 

Throne. 

353 The Reformation in 

land. 

354 Prom Torbay to St. James's. 

355 A Dark Deed of Cruelty. 

356 The Men of the "Mayflower." 

357 The Massacre of Scio. 

358 The Fight at Fontenoy. 

359 The 9th of Thermidor. 

360 Arrest of the Five Members. 

361 The Penny Newspaper. 

362 Scotland's Great Victory. 

363 The Penny Post. 

364 " Long Live the Beggars." 

365 Bible and Sword. 

366 John of- Leyden and the 

Anabaptists. 

367 Rizzio and Darnley. 

368 V/yatt's Rebellion. 



London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C. 
New York : 10, Bond Street. 



* 



AUG 6 1900 



